Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2

7/30/2019 Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2

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Succeeding with Technology 4th ed> Hardware Designed to Meet the Need >

Please discontinue useof cell phoneand turn off the ringer.

The Digital Revolution Integrated Circuits and Processing

Storage

Input, Output, and Expansion

Selecting and Purchasing a Computer

Hardware Designed to Meet

the Need

Chapter 2


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What does it mean to be digital?

The Digital Revolution

Key Terms

Binary number system

Digital convergence


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The Digital Revolution

Understand the

importance of

digitizationlearn about

how devices of

all types use

bytes.

Digital Camera

Digital Convergence

DIGITAL TV

DIGITAL

DIGITAL

Whats all the fussabout digital?!


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The Bit (binary digit)

Bits are the 1s and 0s that allow us to

represent, store, and manipulate data

They are the smallest unit of data in a digital

electronics device

Recall from chapter 1.


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The Bit

Bits arent really 1s and 0s, they aredevices that can be set to one of twostates.

A bit can be a capacitor that iselectronically chargedor notcharged.

A bit can be an area of metalparticles on the surface of a disk that

are eithermagnetically chargedornot.

A bit can be a microscopic spot on ahighly reflective disk surface thateither has a pit burned into it or not.
http://www.at-consultants.com/img/hard-drive.jpghttp://www.pcmech.com/images/memory/memory.jpg


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The Bit

How can a bit (an on-off switch) represent

useful data and information?

Information can be assigned to the two

states of the bit:

On =

Off =

1 and 0 are typically used to describe the state of

a bit, but you could use anything; black/white,

true/false, male/female, etc.


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00 =

01 =

10 =

11 =

The Bit

How many units of information could be

represented with 2 bits?



The Bit

How many units of information could be stored

using 3 bits?

000 =

001 =

010 =011 =

100 =

101 =

110 =111 =



Bit & Bytes

Bytes can represent any

collection of items using a

look-up table approach

ASCII is used to representcharacters

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information

Interchange

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII



The Value of Going Digital

Anything that can be expressedthrough words, numbers, sounds,pictures, and even scents can bedigitized.

Digital information is easy tomanipulate.

Digital information is easy to copyand transfer.

Digital information is long lasting.

Digitization standardizes theformat of all different types ofdata and information leading to
http://www.trisenx.com/intro.htmlhttp://www.trisenx.com/intro.html



Digital Convergence

Digital convergenceis the trend to merge

multiple digitalservices into one

device.



Integrated Circuits and

Processing

Key Terms Consider PC Choices

Transistor

Integrated circuit

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Motherboard

Arithmetic/logic unit

Control unit

Random Access Memory (RAM)

The machine cycle

Megahertz (MHz)

Gigahertz (GHz)

Gigaflop

Moores Law



Lets go shopping!

CompUSA

SonyApple

In order to shop intelligently, you

must understand the basics about

processors, storage, input/output,

and peripherals.
http://www.compusa.com/http://www.sonystyle.com/is-bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/eCS/Store/en/-/USD/SY_BrowseCatalog-Start;sid=ARDuX1jvT5zvdBwEttDkVBf_NLmPJX7YtL0=?CategoryName=hid_notebooks_advisor&CatName=cpu_VAIONotebookComputershttp://www.apple.com/hardware/http://www.apple.com/hardware/http://www.sonystyle.com/is-bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/eCS/Store/en/-/USD/SY_BrowseCatalog-Start;sid=ARDuX1jvT5zvdBwEttDkVBf_NLmPJX7YtL0=?CategoryName=hid_notebooks_advisor&CatName=cpu_VAIONotebookComputershttp://www.compusa.com/



Key Components

Processor

MemoryStorage

OS

Video

Removable Storage

Networking

Security



Transistor

A transistoris anelectronics component,composed typically of

silicon, that opens orcloses a circuit to alterthe flow of electricity tostore and manipulatebits.



Integrated Circuit

An Integrated Circuit(chip)combines transistors and

capacitors in a tiny module

to store and process bits andbytes in todays digital

electronic devices.

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/integrated_circuit/history/index.html



The Central Processing Unit

The Central ProcessingUnit(CPU) is a group ofintegrated circuits that work

together to perform the

processing in a computer

system.



The Motherboard

The motherboardis the primary circuit boardof a computing device that houses the digital

devices circuitry including the microprocessor

and memory.



Processing

The microprocessor accesses instructions

stored in memory over the system bus.

Random AccessMemory(RAM) istemporary, or volatile,

memory that stores

bytes of data andprogram instructions

for the processor to

access.



CPU Components

Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU):contains the circuitry to carry outthe instructions in theprocessors instruction set.

Control Unit: sequentiallyaccesses program instructions,decodes them, and coordinatesthe flow of data throughout the

system.Registers: hold the data andinstructions currently beingprocessed (~300 bytes).


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Latest Technology

Multicore technologyrefersto housing more than one

CPU on a chip.

Dual-core processorsandquad-core processorsusetwoand four CPUs on onechip that work together to

provide twice and four timesthe speed of traditional

single-core chips.


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System Bus

The system bus

connects the CPU to

the chipset, andthrough it to RAM and

other components on

the motherboard.


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Processing The Machine Cycle

The four stages of

the machine cycle

are (1)fetch the

instruction frommemory, (2)decodeand (3)execute theinstruction, then (4)

store the results.


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CPU Characteristics

The first consideration in selecting a computer is

typically its speed: how quickly it can carry out such

tasks as loading a program, opening a file, and writing

to a CD.


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Computer Performance ~ Factors


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Moores Law

Gordon Moore,

cofounder of Intel,

observed in 1965 that the

continued advances intechnological innovation

made it possible to

reduce the size of

transistors, doubling their

density on the chip every

two years.


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Storage

Key Terms

Read-only Memory

Magnetic Storage

Optical Storage

CD-ROM

DVD

CD-RW

Solid State Storage

Flash memory card

USB


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Secondary Storage

Secondary storageis used tostore data more permanently

without the need for electricity.

Tape Drive

One of the storage silo robots in NERSCs

8.8-petabyte High Performance Storage

System.

Mini Cards


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Secondary Storage

23

Storage Media Type

Magnetic storagedevices use themagnetic properties of iron oxide particles

to store bits and bytes more permanently

than RAM.

Microdrives can store gigabytes of data on

a disk one or two inches in size.

Optical storagemedia store bits using an

optical laser to burn pits into the surface ofa highly reflective surface.

Solid State storagedevices use flashmemory to store bits.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory


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System Storage

System storageis storage that is used by acomputer system for standard operations.

Forms of system storage, include

RAM

Cache

Video RAM

ROM

CMOS


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Graphics Memory

Graphics memory,sometimescalled videoRAM or VRAM, is usedto store imagedata fora computer display in

order to speed the

processing and display

of video images.


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Microdrives from Toshiba

provide iPods with their ultra

high storage capacity.

Magnetic Storage

Hard Disk Drives

Magnetic Tape

High-capacity Disks &

Floppy Disks (outdated)

Microdrives
http://sdd.toshiba.com/http://www.apple.com/ipod/ipod.htmlhttp://www.apple.com/ipod/ipod.htmlhttp://sdd.toshiba.com/


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Optical Media

CD, DVD, Blu-laser Disk (BD)


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Solid State

A flash memory cardis achip that, unlike RAM, is

nonvolatile and keeps its

memory without the need forelectricity.

Universal Serial BusorUSBis astandard that allows a wide variety of

devices to connect to a computer

through a common port.

USB Flash Drivesuse flashmemory to provide high

capacity storage through the

USB port.


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Input, Output, and Expansion

Key Terms

Input device

Output device

Touch screen

Game controller Display resolution

LCD


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I/O Concepts

An input deviceassists incapturing and entering raw

data into the computer

system.An output device allows

you to observe the results of

computer processing with

one or more of your senses.


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I/O Concepts

Speed and Functionality

Human vs. Machine

Readable Data

Source Data Automation


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Input Devices Keyboard, Mouse,

Trackball

Touch screen, stylus,kiosks

Microphone, speechrecognition

Gamepad, othergame-centered

devicesDigital cameras

Scanning devices

http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/tabletpc/default.mspx


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Output DevicesDisplays Liquid crystal display(LCD) orFlat

panel

Printers and Plotters

Sound Systems


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Selecting and Purchasing aComputer


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Researching a Computer Purchase

Web sites such as www.cnet.com andwww.zdnet.com can help you decide on a

computer type and platform.


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Online Vendors

Online merchants allow you to compare

packages from varying manufacturers to find

the best configuration and price.


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Strategies for Computer Shopping

Choose type: notebook,desktop, tablet, smart

phone, or netbook

Choose platform Windows/Mac/Linux

Choose Manufacturer

Choose Model Select Add-ons


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Helpful Links for Computer Shopping

Research www.zdnet.com

www.cnet.com

www.macworld.com

Computer Retailers www.cdw.com

www.compusa.com

Direct from Manufacturer www.apple.com

www.dell.com

www.sony.com

www.hp.com

www.gateway.com

www.toshiba.com
http://www.zdnet.com/http://www.cnet.com/http://www.macworld.com/http://www.cdw.com/http://www.compusa.com/http://www.apple.com/http://www.dell.com/http://www.sony.com/http://www.hp.com/http://www.gateway.com/http://www.toshiba.com/http://www.toshiba.com/http://www.gateway.com/http://www.hp.com/http://www.sony.com/http://www.dell.com/http://www.apple.com/http://www.compusa.com/http://www.cdw.com/http://www.macworld.com/http://www.cnet.com/http://www.zdnet.com/


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Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2

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