STALIN IN THE SOVIET UNION• Lenin’s death in 1924 led to a power struggle in the

Communist Party.• Stalin emerged as the leader mostly by assassinating the

competition

• Stalin’s totalitarian government:• Seized private farm land and formed state-run collectives.

• Stalin’s farm policies led to famine.• Protesters were sent to labor camps – 15 million by

1933• The Gulag -

• Stalin used his “Red Army” to maintain control.• Executions -

OLIGARCHS IN MEIJI JAPAN

• Japan in the mid to late 1800s -

• In 1868 a new emperor comes to power.

• Meiji =

• Oligarchy:

• Policy of Oligarchs:

• fukoku kyohei - rich nation, strong army

JAPANESE IMPERIALISM• Settled Hokkaido and extended control over small islands

nearby.• Sino-Japanese War with China (1894-95):

• Treaty of Shimonoseki – Japan gains Taiwan, Pescadores Islands, and the Liaotung Peninsula. Korea remains independent.

• Russo-Japanese War with Russia (1904):• Fight over Manchuria

• 1910, Japan annexes Korea.• 1931 Japan occupies Manchuria.• 1941 Japan occupies French Indochina.• And then…

HITLER’S RISE TO POWER • German Worker’s Party -

• Growth of the party:

• The German Worker’s Party platform:• The unification of all Germans into one nation (Reich)• Opposition to the Treaty of Versailles.• To seek new territory for German’s to live in (Lebensraum).• Citizenship requirements based on race – no Jews could be citizens.• Religious freedom except for those practicing religions deemed harmful to

the German race.• A strong central government.

HITLER’S RISE TO POWER• 1920 – The swastika chosen as party symbol.• Name change: National Socialist German Workers’ Party. • “Nationalsozialistische” is shortened to Nazi

• 1921 – Germany’s economy went into recession because of war reparations. • Hitler promised a better tomorrow.

• Unhappy with their situation, people chose to follow him.

HITLER’S RISE TO POWER• Beer Hall Putsch

• Barvarian state officials taken hostage.• Held in hall until they joined “the revolution”.• Officials, under duress, agree to join Nazis.• Deception discovered.

• Hitler arrested for treason• Trial judge –

• Hitler in the courtroom –

• Sentence –

HITLER’S RISE TO POWER• Hitler in prison

• Conditions:

• Dictated Mein Kampf (My Struggle)• Best seller. Never read.• Expressed hatred of Jews

• Hitler’s new strategy (1925-1929):

• Hitler has two goals for the Nazi Party:1. Membership growth

2. Creation of a Nazi “shadow government” that can be put into place once Hitler is elected to office.

HITLER’S RISE TO POWER

• The Great Depression hits -

• 1930 Campaign for the Reichstag• Nazis get 107 seats • Second largest party in the Reichstag

• Geli Raubal suicide:• Hitler’s 20 year-old half-niece.• Shot herself after an argument with Hitler about

going out with friends.• Hitler fell into a deep depression

HITLER’S RISE TO POWER• 1932 Presidential Election

• An elderly President Hindenburg agrees to run again to keep Hitler out of the Presidency.

• Hitler loses a close election to Hindenburg.

• A deal with Kurt von Schleicher –• Hitler agrees to support von Schleicher in exchange for Schleicher’s support in

lifting a ban that had been placed on the SS and SA.• SS = Hitler’s elite body guard. SA = “storm troopers”, private army

• Bloody Sunday:• On July 17, 1932 the SS and SA marched into a communist area of Hamburg

(Prussia) and started shooting. • 19 people were killed and 300 were wounded.

HITLER’S RISE TO POWER

• July 1932 Elections – for Reichstag• Nazis win 230 seats in Reichstag - now the largest party.• Hitler demands the chancellorship, but is offered only vice

chancellorship.

• Eva Braun – suicide attempt:

• Government falls apart:• Nov 6, 1932 election – loss of 34 seats in Reichstag.• Hitler again demands Chancellorship, denied.• January 30, 1933 – Hitler finally granted chancellorship.

HITLER IN POWER• The Reichstag Burns -

• Last Free Elections – March 5, 1933.

• Hitler becomes dictator:• Political enemies arrested and placed in prison camps.• Establishes Gestapo – Geheime Staats Polizei

• Dachau opens for political prisoners – becomes model camp.• Theodor Eicke

• Revolt of the SA and Night of the Long Knives:

HITLER IN POWER

• Summer 1934 – Death of President Hindenburg from natural causes.• Hitler becomes Fuhrer of all Germany (combined President and Chancellor)

• The Nazi Reich:• Demands obedience to Adolf Hitler rather than the state of Germany.

• Organized on the outside, chaotic and inefficient on the inside.

• Sept 1935 – Nuremberg Laws Nazi Laws• Forbid intermarriage and citizenship for Jews.

• Who is a Jew?