SREE NARAYANA GURU CENTRAL SCHOOL.docx

7/21/2019 SREE NARAYANA GURU CENTRAL SCHOOL.docx

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SREE NARAYANA GURU SENIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL

ZHUKON , KOTTARAKARA

(SENIOR SECONDARY Affiliated by C.B.S.E, New

DELHI.CODE:930!3"

IN#ES$I%A$ORY &RO'EC$ OR) ON &HYSICS

$O&IC:

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CEN$RAL BOARD O SECONDARY ED4CA$ION

Ce1tified a5d b*5afide &1*6e7t *18 d*5e by:

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Rei+te1 N* :

Yea1 Of Sb2i++i*5 :;0


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the study of TFM

values of various samples of soap is

conde record of project or! done "y

#REE$%MA&A&$ toards the partial

fulllment of standard 'II under C($E

sylla"us&

)rincipal

Internal E*aminer

Ajay (a"u

+ate,

E*ternal E*aminer +T-


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AC./-01E+#EME/

T

I do here "y e*press my sincere 2ratitude to

$mt& $oumya $asidharan3 my chemistry

teacher3 $ri& Ajay (a"u3 my )rincipal3 $mt&

.avitha&C&$3 my class teacher ho helped meso much toards the ma!in2 of this project& I

than! my parents3 friends ho too have played

the lead roles in "uildin2 up my determination

and stren2th to do this or!& I further e*tend

than!s to the mana2ement3 ithout hich

nothin2 of this ould have "een possi"le&


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I/+E'

Topic

Introduction

$oap

$tructure Of Soap

Eect Of Alkali

)rocedure

Result

Conclusion

(ilio!rap"#


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T-)IC

To study the TFM values of

various samples

of soap&


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I/TR-+4CTI-/

$his project is of Investigatory Type. In this project, various samples of soaps arecollected and to study its TMF(Total Fatty Matter).

The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap like materials dates back

to around !""#$ in ancient #abylon. % formula for soap consisting of &ater, alkali, and

cassia oil &as &ritten on a #abylonian clay tablet around ""#$.

The 'bers papyrus ('gypt. " #$) indicates the ancient 'gyptians bathed

regularly and combined animal and vegetable oils &ith alkaline salts to create a soap*like substance. 'gyptian documents mention a soap*like substance &as used in the

preparation of &ool for &eaving.

In the region of +abonidus (*- #$), a recipe for soap consisted of uhulu

(ashes),cypress(oil) and sesame (seed oil) /for &ashing the stones for the servant girls.0

In modern times, the use of soap has become universal in industriali1ed nations due to a

better understanding of the role of hygiene in reducing the population si1e of pathogenic

microorganisms. Industrially manufactured bar soaps first became available in the late

2nited 3tates promoted popular a&areness of the relationship bet&een cleanliness and

health.


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3oap are the sodium or pottasium salt of higher fatty acids.The fatty acid contains long

chain of *!carbon atoms.

St17t1e *f S*a*

3oap contains t&o parts;

.% long hydrocarbon chain,&hich is &ater repelling called a non polar tail.

.%nionic part &hich is &ater attracting called hydrophobic.It is called polar tail.

3oap may be represented as;

CH;>CH;>CH;>CH;>CH;>CH;>CH;>CH;>CH;>CH;>CH;>CH;>CH;>CH;>CH;>COONa

3oap are also made from animal fats and vegetable oil.Fats and oils are ester of higher fatty

acids are called


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Clea5+i5 A7ti*5 Of S*a

The dirt in the cloth is due to presence of dust particle in fat or grease, &hich sticks to

the cloth. 8hen the dirty cloth is dipped in soap or detergent solution the soap and dust

particle come in contact &ith each other the non polar tails of the soap begin to dissolve

in non*polar :I= or grease &hile the polar head part remains directed in &ater. %s more

particle enter the grease each fat or oil surrounde by a number of negatively charge

polar head and the similar charge repel each other. The oil or grease droplets break off

and are still surrounded by negatively charged polar head of the soap molecule. %s a

result the cloths get free from the dirt and the droplets are &ashed a&ay &ith &ater.

DIERENCE>

SOA& DE$ER%EN$S

.3oap are sodium salt of .3ynthetic detergents are sodium

long chain carbo4ylic acids. salts of long chain ben1ene

sulphonic acid.

.3oap are not suitable for .3ynthetic detergent can be used for

&ashing purpose &hen &ater &ashing even &hen &ater is

hard. is hard.

-. 3oap have relatively &eak -.3ynthetic detergent have a strong

cleansing action. cleansing action.

Structure of a micelle a cell-like structure formed by the aggregation of soap

subunits (such as sodium stearate): the exterior of the micelle is hydrophilic (attracted

to water).


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'ffect of the alkali

The type of alkali metal used determines the kind of soap product. 3odium soaps,

prepared from sodium hydro4ide, are firm, &hereas potassium soaps, derived

from potassium hydro4ide, are softer or often li>uid. 9istorically, potassium hydro4ide

&as e4tracted from the ashes of brackenor other plants. =ithium soaps also tend to be

hard?these are used e4clusively in greases.

'ffects of fats

3oaps are derivatives of fatty acids. Traditionally they have been made

from triglycerides(oils and fats). Triglyceride is the chemical name for the tri estersof

fatty acids and glycerin. Tallo&, i.e.,rendered beef fat, is the most available triglyceride

from animals. Its saponified product is called +*di2 tall*wate. Typical vegetable oils

used in soap making are palm oil, coconut oil, olive oil, and laurel oil. 'ach species

offers >uite different fatty acid content and, hence, results in soaps of distinct feel. The

seed oils give softer but milder soaps. 3oap made from pure olive oilis sometimes

called $astile soapor Marseille soap, and is reputed for being e4tra mild. The term

6$astile6 is also sometimes applied to soaps from a mi4ture of oils, but a high

percentage of olive oil.

The properties of common fatty acids for soap making are (7):

=auric %cid; 9ard bar, e4cellent cleansing, lots of fluffy lather can be drying to

skin. =inoleic %cid; $onditioning, silky feel.

Myristic acid; 9ard bar, cleansing, fluffy lather

:leic acid; $onditioning, slippery feel, stingy lather, kind to skin.

@almitic acid; 9ard bar, cleansing, stable lather.

Aicinoleic acid; 3ofter bar, conditioning, moisturi1ing, lots of fluffy stable lather,

kind to skin 3tearic acid; 9ard, long lasting bar, stable lather
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_soaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille_soaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_soaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille_soaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide


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)R-CE+4RE

.Take " gm of >uantity of each sample in &hich percentage of fatty material has to bedetermined.

. @repare the solution of each soap in &ater.

-.%dd " to drops of 9$l in each solution and heat the solution for to " min.

B.Fatty matter float on the soap solution surface by forming upper layer and ho& by filter

paper is &eighed for titration.

.+o& collect the fatty material from each solution by filtrate ion and again &eigh the

filter including filtrate (fatty material) are dissolved in the filterate (fatty material) in etherfor calculating oil materials.

.+o& take the solution in separating flask on the surface of solution and remove the

solution e4cept oily material.

C. +o&,remaining solution is e4posed in sunlight to evaporate ether from solution.

!.+o& oily matter can be easily &eighed by &eighing machine.


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RE$41T

S.NO NA/E O

SOA&

EI%H$ O

IL$ER&A&ER(A"

EI%H$ O

IL$ER A$$Y/A$ERIAL(B"

A$$Y

/A$ERIAL (B>A"


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C-/C14$I-/

Soap contains alkali matter, &hich affects our skin and even skin may crack. Tomaintain the oily and moisture balance on our skin, fatty material re>uired in soap. In

general the fatty matter in soap is appro4imately C"D to !"D fatty matter belo& C"D

made our skin dry, rough and skin may crack &here as highest percentage ED of fatty

matter above !"D made the soap sticky and oily and &ashing become very difficult.From the table it is clear that the =u4 international is the best soap for bathing purpose

because it contain large amount of TFM or ma4imum percentageED of TFM.


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