Spss Help and Tutorials v 15 Parts 1 - 4

8/9/2019 Spss Help and Tutorials v 15 Parts 1 - 4

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Descriptive StatisticsDescriptive Statistics

Version 15Version 15Part 1Part 1

www.youtube.com/mycsulawww.youtube.com/mycsula


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The Purpose of this

Workshop

To show you how to input data into SPSS

according to the data type you have

To show you how to perform statistics, and

to interpret the results of that statisticalperformance


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Agenda Data Manipulation

Select Cases

Split File

Reporting Copy and Paste into

Word

Introduction ResearchStages

Open SPSS

Creating a data file Define Variables

Enter Data

Descriptive Statistics Frequency

Crosstabs


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Wh

at isS

PSS?

Statistical

Package for

Social

Science


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What is Statistics?Statistics is a set ofMathematical

techniques used to:

summarize research data

determine whether the data supportthe researchers hypothesis


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Researc

h Stages

1. Planning and Designing

2. Data Collecting

3. Data Analyzing

4. Data Reporting


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Format of QuestionsFixed Response

Open-Ended

Response

e.g.

PROs

CONs

Easy to Enter Easy to Construct

Difficult to ConstructDifficult to Enter

Invalid Responses

What is your gender?

a. Female b. Male

What is your gender?

( _____________ )


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Improving YourSurvey

Look at this categoryWhat kind of color do you like to have for your computer?

1. Beige 2. Black 3. Gray 4. White 5.Others __________

omputer Owned * color rossta ulation

o t

1 1 2 3 7

8 1 5 10 24

2 2 1 5

11 2 9 14 36

A e

IB or o atib

o e

o ter

e

ota

beige b ack hite 5

co or

ota


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Test of SignificanceTest of Significance

Version 15Version 15

Part 2Part 2



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The Purpose of

This Works

hop

To show you how SPSS can help

you interpret the results o tained

from a sample and make

inferences a out the population.

SAMPLE POPULATION

Statistically Significant?


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Agenda

Null Hypothesis

Test of Significance

Correlations

Paired-SamplesTTest

Independent-Samples T

Test

Multiple Response Sets Frequency

Crosstabs

Data Entry

Copy and Paste

variables

Insert variables andcases

Delete variables and

cases


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A null hypothesis (H0) is a statisticalhypothesis that is tested for possiblerejection under the assumption that it istrue.

The purpose of most statistical tests isto determine if the obtained results

provide a reason to conclude hether ornot the differences are the result ofrandom chance.

Rejection of H0 leads to the alternative

hypothesis.

Null Hypoth

esis


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Research Questions

# : s there any relationship etween

academic performance and nternet

access?Hands-on: Correlation

# : s there any instructional effect

taking place?

Hands-on: Paired-Samples T Test


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# : Is there a difference in the

average numberof seedlings

gro n in the light and those gro nin the dark??

Hands-on: ndependent-Samples TTest

Research Questions


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Correlations

A correlation is a statistical device that

measures the nature and strength of a

supposed linearassociation etween twovaria les.

No Relationship

Y

X

Negative

Relationship

Y

X

Y

X

Positive Relationship


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TTests T Tests are used to test if an o served difference

etween two means is statistically significant.

Hands-onPaired-Samples T Test One Single Group (Students) with Two Varia les

(Pretest and Posttest) for each student

Hands-on

ndependent-Samples T Test Two groups of seedlings receiving different treatments


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Multiple Response Sets

Used when respondents are allowed toselect more than one answerin a singlequestion.

y running a frequency analysis, theresult provides an overall raw frequencyfor each answer.

Crossta s can also e used to examinethe relationship etween the sets andother varia les.


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Research Questions

# : Which airline was selected ashaving een flown most often in theprevious six months?

Hands-on: Frequency Analysis

# : Which airline was selected most

often y passengers who identifiedthemselves as afraid to fly?

Hands-on: Crossta s


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Part 3Part 3

Linear RegressionLinear Regression



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The purpose of this orkshop

To sho you ho SPSS can help

you in ans ering research

questions or testinghypothesis byusingRegression.

To provide you ith step-by-step

instructions on ho to performRegression ithSPSS.


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Agenda

Simple Regression Scatter Plot

Predicting Values of

Dependant Variables PredictingThis YearsSales

Multiple

Regression Predicting Values of

Dependant Variables

PredictingThis YearsSales

Data Transformation

Computing

Reporting

Chart Editing


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What is LinearRegression?

Linear: Straight line

Regression: Finds t

he model t

hatminimizes the total variation in the

data (i.e., the best fit).

Linear

Regression: Can be dividedinto t o categories: Simple

Regression and Multiple Regression


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Dependent & Independent

Variables Variables can be classified into t o

categories: independent and dependent

variables. An independent variable is a variable that

influences the value of another variable.

Adependent variable is a variable hosevalues are influenced by another variable.

This is influence, notcause and effect.


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Simple

Regression Estimates the linear relationship bet een one

dependent (Y) and one independent (X) variable:

Linear Equation:Y = aX + b

- a: the slope of the line- b: constant (Y-intercept, here X=0)

- X: Independent Variable

- Y: Dependent Variable

Since e already kno the values ofX andY,hat e are trying to do here is to estimate a

(slope) and b (Y-intercept).


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Scatter Plot Before you perform

regression, youshould try todetermine hether a

linear relationsh

ipexists bet een t ovariables.

Scatter plot allo syou to examine the

linear nature of therelationship bet eent o variables.

If the relationshipdoes not seem to belinear, then you mayend up ith a eak

regression model.


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MultipleR

egression Estimates the coefficients of the

linear equation, involvingmore than

one independent variable.

For example, you can predict a

salespersons total annual sales (the

dependent variable) based onindependent variables such as age,

education, and years of experience.


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Multiple Regression

Linear Equation: Z =aX + bY + c

a &b: slope coefficients

c: Constant (Y-Intercept)

X &Y: Independent variables

Z: Dependent variable


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ChiChi--Square and ANOVASquare and ANOVA


Part 4Part 4



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The purpose of this workshop

To sho you ho SPSS can help you inans ering research questions or testinghypothesis by using Chi-Square and

ANOVA. To provide you ith step-by-step

instructions on ho to perform Chi-Squareand ANOVA ithSPSS.

To s

ho you

ho to import and exportdata using Microsoft Excel and Po erPoint

Ho to use scripting in SPSS


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Agenda

Chi-Square test Test for Goodness of Fit

One Way ANOVA

Post-Hoc Tests

Two-Way ANOVA

Importing/Exporting ExcelSpreadsheets

UsingScrpiting in SPSS


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Chi-Square Test

Chi-Square goodness-of-fit test:

estimates how closely an o served

distri ution matches an expected

distri ution.


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Weight Cases

Before Chi-Square is run, Weight Cases

should is used to identify the o served

values.


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With Fixed Expected Values

Research Question #1: A large hospitalschedules discharge support staff assuming

that patients leave the hospital at a fairlyconstant rate throughout the week. The

hospital administration wants to determine

whether the num er of discharges is the same

or different for each day of the week.

H0: Patients leave the hospital at a constant rate.

Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit


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With Fixed Expected Values within a

Contiguous Subset of Values

Research Question #2: The hospital requestsa follow-up analysis: can staff e scheduled

assuming that patients discharged on weekdays

only (Monday through Friday) leave at a

constant daily rate?H0: Patients discharged on weekdays only

(Monday through Friday) leave at a constant

daily rate.



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With Customized Expected Values

Research Question #3: A manufacturertries first-class postage for direct mailings,hoping for faster responses than with ulkmail. Order-takers record how many weeksafter the mailing each order is received.

H0: First-class and ulk mail do not result indifferent customer response times.



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One Way ANOVA

ANOVA: Analysis of Variance.

One-way ANOVA can be thought of as a

generalization of th

e pooled t-test. Instead of dealingwith two populations,

we have more than two populations or

treatments.


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One Way ANOVA Hands On

Research Question #4: Four differentalloys are tested for corrosion resistance.

Five plates of the same size of each alloy

are placed underwater for days. Each

plate has the num er of corrosion pits

measured.

H0: The four alloys exhi it the same kind ofehavior and are not different from one

another.


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Post Hoc Tests

The null hypothesis in ANOVA is rejected

when there are some differences in , ,

, x

.

But, we need to know where specifically

these differences are.

This is achieved with the Post Hoc Tests.


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Research Question #5: Since the nullhypothesis has een rejected in thefirst case (proving that all the alloys do

not exhi it the same ehavior) the nextstep is to determine which of the meandifferences are significantly different?

H0: The differences in the treatmentmeans are not significant.

H0: 0 = 1 = a

Post Hoc Tests


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Two-Way ANOVA

Instead of having one independent

varia le, Two-way Analysis of Variance

procedures produce an analysis for a

quantitative dependent varia le affected

y more than one factor.

It also provides information a out how

varia les interactor com ine in the effect


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Two-Way ANOVA Hands On

Research Question #6: Students are to writetheir final exam with either a lue- ook or alaptop. In addition, students are divided into

three groups according to their typing a ility.After evaluating the final, the mean score ofdifferent groups is examined to see whethertyping a ility and testing method affect examscores.

H0:Typing a ility and test methods do not affectexam scores.


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Importing/Exporting Data

Data can e imported into SPSS from an

Excel spreadsheet

Data can e exported from SPSS to anExcel spreadsheet or to PowerPoint

slides.


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UsingScripting in SPSS

Used to capture commands that are used

repeatedly.

Can use different data files as long as thevaria les in the commands always have

the same name.

Spss Help and Tutorials v 15 Parts 1 - 4

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Transcript of Spss Help and Tutorials v 15 Parts 1 - 4