The Shallow Water Marine Sponges (Porifera) of Cebu, Philippines
sponges read H - Somma Science · 2018-01-17 · Sponges are aquatic, invertebrate animals that...
Transcript of sponges read H - Somma Science · 2018-01-17 · Sponges are aquatic, invertebrate animals that...
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SPonges Name:_________________________________________Class:__________Date:____________
So what exactly is a sponge? Herewehaveagiantpinkbarrelspongeadornedwithtubespongesandgorgonianseafans.Howcansomethingthatlookslikethatbeconsideredananimal?Where'sthehead?Wherearethelegs?Where'sthemouth?Spongesareaquatic,invertebrateanimalsthatmakeupthephylumPorifera.ThewordPoriferameans“pore-bearing,”andahighlyporousbodyisoneofthemoststrikingfeaturesofsponges.Spongesarethesimplestmulticellularanimalsfoundinthefossilrecord.Itisdifficulttoimaginethatanorganismascomplicatedasahumanbeingcouldberelatedtosucharemarkablysimpleanimal.However,spongesrepresentanessentialstepintheevolutionofcomplexanimals:thetransitionfromsimpleprotiststomulti-celled,complexanimals.Inthisconceptwewillconsiderthecharacteristicsandclassificationofsponges,theirspecificstructuralfeatures,howtheyreproduce,andtheenvironmentsthattheyinhabit. Characteristics and Classification of Sponges ThephylumPoriferacontainsmanybeautifullycoloredspongespeciesthat
rangeinsizefromonecentimeter(aboutthewidthofapinkyfinger)tooveronemeter(aboutthearmspanofahuman)indiameter.Spongesaroseroughly500millionyearsago,andtherearecurrentlyover5,000differentspecies.Adultspongesaresessile,meaningthattheyarenotabletomovefromplacetoplace.Thischaracteristicmakesspongesseemsuperficiallyplant-like,butspongesdonotshareotherfeaturesofplants.Inparticular,spongesarenotcapableofphotosynthesis.Spongesdonothaveorgansortruetissues,however,theydohavespecializedcellsthatcancarryoutdistinctfunctionswithintheorganism.Thisisgenerallyreferredtoascellular-levelorganization.Cellspecializationisoneofthemajoradvantagesthatmulticellularanimals,ormetazoans,haveoversingle-celledorganisms.Thisisthefirststepintheevolutionoftissueandorgansystems,suchasthemuscularandnervoussystems.Thesedevelopmentsultimatelyallowhigherorganismstohavecomplexinteractionswiththeirenvironments.Therearethreeclasseswithinthephylumporifera:Calcerea,Desmospongia,andHexactinellida.Spongesaredividedintotheseclassesbasedprimarilyonthecompositionoftheirspiculesandskeletalfibers.Spiculesarerod-shapedcellularprojectionsthatmakeuptheskeletonofsponges.SpongeswithintheclassCalcereahaveskeletalspiculesmadeupofcalciumcarbonate.SpecieswithintheclassHexactinellidaarealsoreferredtoas
glassspongesbecausetheirskeletonsconsistofspiculesmadeofsilica,theprimarycomponentofglass.TheskeletonsoftheclassDesmospongiaarecomposedofspiculesmadeupofsilicaandskeletalfibersmadefromspongin,atypeofcollagenprotein.Desmospongiaisthemostabundantclassofspongesalivetoday.Morethan90%ofallknownspongespeciesarefoundwithintheclassdesmospongia.Becausetheirskeletonsareoftencomposedprimarilyofsponginfibersthatarelessrigidthanspicules,itisdesmospongiaspeciesthathavebeenusedtomakethecleaningspongeswecommonlythinkofwhenweheartheword“sponge”.
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Spongesarefilter-feedersthatpumpwaterinviatheirporoussurfaceandthroughasystemofinternalcanalswherebacteriaandnutrientscanbetrappedanddigested.Summary
• Spongesarethesimplestmulticellularorganisms,classifiedbytheirprimitivecellular-leveloforganization,theirporousbodies,andtheirfilter-feedingsystem.
• Spongeshavespecializedcellsthatcancarryoutdistinctfunctionswithintheorganism.• Spongesaredividedintothreeclassesbasedprimarilyonthecompositionoftheirspiculesandskeletal
fibers.Review
1. Howmanydifferentspeciesofspongesarethere?Howaretheycharacterized?2. Howarespongesdividedintodifferentclasses?3. Whatclassofspongesismostcommon?