1 Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges Sponges. 2 Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges Introduction Phylum...

1 Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

Sponges


Introduction

• Phylum Porifera “pore bearer”

• Aquatic and mostly marine• Sessile • Body can be stony,

rubbery, or gelatinous• Size range: few

millimeters to five meters • Radially symmetric or

asymmetrical

Jason Buchheim

Jason Buchheim


Structure

• Simplest form resembles a tube closed at the attached end and open at the other.

• Outer surface is called the pinacoderm (made up of pinacocyte cells)

• Pinacoderm has many porocytes (pores) which allow water to enter the sponge wall.

• The atrium opens to the outside through the osculum (large opening at top)


Structure


Structure

• Beneath the pinacoderm is the mesohyl (gelatinous matrix that contains support structures and amoebocytes)

• Body supported by calcareous or siliceous spicules (needle, rod, star shaped) and/or spongin fibers

• Atrium wall consists of choanocytes which create a flow of water through the sponge by beating their flagella

• As water flows in the amoebocytes pick up and distributes nutrients to the sponge.


Structure

Spongin

Spicule


Feeding

• Water flow created by choanocytes

• Water enters porocyte

• Nutrients picked up by amoebocytes

• Waste products deposited in water flow

• Water enters atrium

• Flow carries waste materials and water out the osculum


Feeding

Choanocyte


Reproduction

• Many can regenerate • Asexual and sexual reproduction• Asexual by fragmentation and

budding• Sexual: Hermaphroditic• Most fertilization is external• Larvae is free swimming and

attaches to a suitable hard surface after a few hours to several days later (two types)

• Changes into a sponge

Parenchymella Larvae

Amphiblastula Larvae


ReproductionReleasing gametes


Economic• Harvested for bath sponges

• Anticancer biochemicals

http://www.keyshistory.org/SL-Key%20West-exchange.jpg


Body Types• Asconoid (simplest)• Syconoid• Leuconoid (most complex)• Body wall folding is the main difference between

body types• Body folding increases surface area:

– Increases choanocyte layer and reduces the amount of water needed to filter

– Increased turbulance puts more food in contact with amoebocytes

– Enables the sponge to grow large because of the added nutrition


Asconoid

• Simplest in form

• Cylindrical in shape

• No body wall folding


Syconoid

• More complex than asconoid

• Mostly cylindrical in shape

• Some body wall folding

• Increase # of choanocytes

Flagellated chamber


Leuconoid

• Most complex

• Varied in shape

• Extreme body wall folding

• Greatly increases # of choanocytes


Sponge Classes

• Class Calcarea

• Class Hexactinellida

• Class Demospongiae


Class Calcarea

• Spicules composed of calcium carbonate

• No spongin

• Entirely marine

• Usually found in shallow water

• All three body types

• Typically less than 10 cm in height


Calcarea


Class Hexactinellida

• Called glass sponges• Siliceous spicules• Most symmetrical looking sponges• Cup, vase, or urn-like in shape• 10-30cm in height• Inhabit deep water: 200m to 1000m• Dominant sponge in the arctic• Leuconoid body type


Hexactinellida

NOAA NOAA

NOAA


Class Demospongiae

• Siliceous spicules and/or spongin fibers• Most are marine, FW sponges belong to

this class• 90% of sponges• Leuconoid body type• Inhabit shallow to deep water• Irregular in shape• Bath sponges belong in this class


Demospongiae

Jason Buchheim


The End


Resources

• Barnes, Robert D. and Edward Ruppert. Invertebrate Zoology: Sixth Edition. Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing, 1994

• BIODIDAC: A Bank of Digital Resources For Teaching Biology. 20 Dec. 2006. <http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/>

• Kinsella, John, Drew Richardson and Bob Wohlers. Life on an Ocean Planet. California: Current Publishing Corp., 2006

• Taylor, Walter K. and Robert L. Wallace. Invertebrate Zoology: A Laboratory Manual Sixth Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002

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