Spetrochemical Analysis: Instrument components
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Transcript of Spetrochemical Analysis: Instrument components
Instrument Components
© Glydenne Glaire P. Gayam
1. source of radiant energy
2. wavelength selector
3. sample container
4. detector
5. signal processor and readout
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© Glydenne Glaire P. Gayam
Two wavelength selectors are needed to select the excitationand the emission wavelengths. The selected source radiation isincident on the sample and the radiation emitted is measured,usually at right angles to avoid scattering.
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A source of thermal energy, such as a flame, produces ananalyte vapor that emits radiation that is isolated by thewavelengths selector and converted to an electrical signalby the detector.
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Cells
Windows
Lenses
Wavelength Dispersing Element
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I. Optical Materials
Transmittance ranges for various optical materials.
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I. Optical Materials
Silicate glass: Visible region
Fused silica or quartz: UV region (<380nm)
Halide salts: IR region© Glydenne Glaire P. Gayam
1. Continuum sources• emit radiation that changes in intensity only slowly as a
function of wavelength
• Widely use in absorption and fluorescence spectroscopyfor UV region
2. Line sources• emit a limited number of bands of radiation, each of
which spans a very limited range of wavelength
• Widely used in atomic absorption spectroscopy and inmolecular florescence spectroscopy
• Eg. Hg and Na vapors lamps
•Generate a beam of radiation with sufficient and stable power
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The spectrum of a continuum source (a) is much broader than that of a line source (b).
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Source Wavelength Region, nm Type of Spectroscopy
Xenon arc lamps 250-600 Molecular Fluorescence
H2 and D2 lamps 160-380 UV MolecularAbsorption
Tungsten/Halogen lamp 240-2500 UV/vis/near-IR molecularabsorption
Tungsten lamp 350-2200 Vis/near-IR molecular absorption
Nernst glower 400-20,000 IR molecular absorption
Nichrome wire 750-20,000 IR molecular absorption
Globar 1200-40,000 IR molecular absorption
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provides radiation of all wavelength within a particular spectral region.
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A tungsten lamp of thetype used in spectroscopyand its spectrum. Intensityof the tungsten source isusually quite low atwavelengths shorter thanabout 350 nm.
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A cylindrical tube (contains deuterium at a low pressure) with a quartz window (the radiation exits)
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A deuterium lamp of the type usedin spectrophotometers and itsspectrum.
Globar source: 1 - 40 μm (Globar heated to about 1500℃)
5- by 50-mm silicon carbide rod.
Nernst glower: a cylinder of zirconium and yttrium oxides.
Nichrome wire
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1. Monochromators and Polychromators
2. Grating
3. Radiation Filters
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- enhance both the selectivity and the sensitivity
1. Monochromators and Polychromators• Advantage: the output wavelength can be varied
continuously over a considerable spectral range. (the more common type)
2. Grating – disperse radiation into its component wavelengths• Qualitative analysis: narrow slits and minimum effective
bandwidths
• Quantitative analysis: wider slits permit operation at lower amplification (greater reproductibility
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3. Radiation Filters• Advantage: simplicity, ruggedness and cheapness
• Interference filter: effective bandwidths of 5 to 20 nm• Dielectric material: CaF2 of MgF2
• Absorption filter: effective bandwidths of 50 to 250 nm
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detector: indicates the existence of some physicalphenomenon.
ex: photographic film, pointer of a balance, mercury level ina thermometer, and human eye
transducer: converts signals, such as light intensity, pH,mass and temp. into electrical signals that can besubsequently amplified, manipulated and finallyconverted into numbers proportional to the magnitudeof the original signal.
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Types of Transducers
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1. Photon Detectors• Phototubes• Photomultiplier tubes• Silicon photodiodes• Photoconductive cells
2. Heat Detectors• Thermocouples• Bolometers• Pneumatic cells• Pyroelectric cells
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Common Detectors for Absorption Spectroscopy
Type Wavelength Range, nm Type of Spectroscopy
Photon Detectors
Phototubes 150-1000 UV/visible and near-IR absorption
Photomultiplier tubes 150-1000 UV/visible and near-IR absorption, molecular fluorescence
Silicon photodiodes 350-1100 Visible and near-IR absorption
Photoconductive cells 1000-50,000 IR absorption
Types of Transducers
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Common Detectors for Absorption Spectroscopy
Type Wavelength Range, nm Type of Spectroscopy
Heat Detectors
Thermocouples 600-20,000 IR absorption
Bolometers 600-20,000 IR absorption
Pneumatic cells 600-40,000 IR absorption
Pyroelectric cells 1000-20,000 IR absorption
Types of Transducers
Sample Containers
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Typical examples of commercially available cells for the UV/visible region.
Cells or cuvettes: 0.1 to 1-cm path length