Special Senses

Olfactory (Smell)

Receptors

Pathways

Discrimination

Gustation (taste) Papillae

Receptors Taste buds

Basal cells (stem cells)

Gustatory cells Taste pore Survive 10 days

Discrimination

Primary taste sensations Bitter Sour Salty Sweet

Secondary taste sensation Umami Water

Aging

Vision Accessory structures

Palpebrae (eyelids) Medial/lateral canthus

(corners of your eye) Eyelashes Tarsal glands Lacrimal caruncle

Thick fluid

Conjunctiva Conjunctivitis

Palpebral conjuctiva

Cornea

Lacrimal apparatusLacrimal glandLysozyme

Orbital fat

Eye Iris

Pupil (opening) Constrictor muscles Dilator muscles

Retina Photoreceptors

Rods Cones

Optic disc Blind spot

Chamber of the eye Anterior Posterior

Lens Cataracts

Refraction (light is bent) Focal point

Accommodation Astigmatism

Image reversal

Visual acuity

Visual Physiology

Recovery after stimulation Bleaching Night blindness

Color vision Blue cones Green cones Red cones Color blindness

http://colorvisiontesting.com/ishihara.htm

http://www.color-blindness.com/ishihara-38-plates-cvd-test/#prettyPhoto

http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/games/illusions/lots_of_illusions.htm

Visual pathway

Visual Physiology

Central processing of visual informationField of vision

Depth perceptionBrain stem and

visual processingCircadian rhythm

Which sphere is bigger?

Left facing or right facing?

Lines straight or curved?

How many triangles?

Standing up or lying down?

How many legs?

Equilibrium and Hearing

External ear Auricle Acoustic canal Tympanic membrane Ceruminous glands Cerumen

Middle ear Tympanic cavity Auditory tube Auditory ossicles

Malleus, incus, stapes

Inner ear Bony labyrinth Cochlea

Cochlear Implant

Equilibrium Semicircular ducts

Hair cells

Utricle and saccule Receptors for gravity

and balance

Pathways for sensations vestibular

Hearing

Cochlear Duct

Introduction to sound Amplitude: how high

the wave travels Wavelength: top of

one wave to the next

Frequency/Pitch: how many times the wavelength repeats in a second

Decibels (amt of energy)

Hearing Hearing Process

Spiral ganglion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkPj4IGbmQQ&

feature=related

Auditory pathways Cochlear branch

Auditory sensitivity

Hearing Process Step 1: Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane.

 Step 2: Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles. In this way, sound is amplified.

 Step 3: Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves of the vestibular duct.

Step 4: The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the tympanic duct. Information about frequency is translated into information about position along the basilar membrane.

Step 5: Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells leading to the release of neurotransmitters and thus to the stimulation of sensory neurons. The number of hair cells responding provides information on the intensity of the sound.

 Step 6: Information about the region and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII).

Equilibrium Hair cells in the inner ear

Vestibulocochlear nerve Cranial nerve VIII

Balance and hearing rely on the same basic types of sensory receptors (hair cells). The anatomical structure of the associated sense organ determines what stimuli affect the hair cells.