Wake up and smell the piper! Olfactory receptor repertoires reflect dietary specialization in bats

Wake up and smell the Piper! Olfactory receptor repertoires reflect diet specialization in bats

Carollia'perspicillata'Marco&Mello&

Laurel&Yohe1,&Sharlene&Santana2,&&

&&Liliana&Dávalos1&1Stony&Brook&University&2University&of&Washington&

Carollia'perspicillata'Merlin&TuAle&

Bat-Plant Mutualisms Carollia and Piperaceae

trees to account for correlated error structures, and tested the

hypothesis of difference in mean trophic level between groups.

(e) Relationship between diversification

and trait evolution

We evaluated the relationships between diet (trophic level)

and skull morphology (PC1 scores) and diversification rates

by comparing 10 linear and nonlinear models of speciation as

a function of the evolution of each trait across one randomly

selected phylogeny in DIVERSITREE [48,59]. The null models

had constant speciation and extinction rates (birth–death) inde-

pendent of trait evolution, with increasingly complex linear and

nonlinear functions of speciation rates (extinction rates

remained fixed, see [48]) as a function of traits. A directional

parameter of trait evolution was also included in these models.

We modelled diversification rates as a diffusion process

function of each of the traits, and this required standard devi-

ations to account for intraspecific variation. We obtained

per-species standard deviations of trophic level from individual

samples and used the median of the per-species standard

deviation in the six species for which only one individual

was available (see the electronic supplementary material,

table S3). To generate standard deviations of PC scores, we

bootstrapped without replacement the samples of morphologi-

cal measurements, yielding 100 replicates of the morphological

dataset. We then extracted PC scores from each dataset, from

which we calculated the mean and standard deviation of the

per-species scores. Based on the single-tree preliminary results,

null models and models within two units of the lowest AIC

were fitted to a random sample of 100 phylogenies using DIVER-

SITREE [48]. Missing species were accounted for by specifying

the proportion of species not sampled in the phylogeny.

3. RESULTS(a) Phyllostomid phylogeny and

diversification rates

Both the AICc and the BIC suggested the best partition-ing approach involved seven partitions, each with itsown model (see the electronic supplementary material,

MormoopidaeMacrotinae

Rhinophyllinae

Stenodermatinae

Carolliinae

Phyllostominae

Noctilionidae

Micronycterinae

Desmodontinae

Glyphonycterinae

Lonchorhininae

Glossophaginae

Ma

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Lonchophyllinae

Figure 1. Summary phylogeny of 150 species of phyllostomid bats illustrating diversity in lineages and morphology among sub-families. Branch lengths are proportional to time and grey bars indicate 95% confidence intervals (CI) around node dates. Theyellow arrow indicates the node where the largest shift in species diversification rate was found. Clockwise from top species are:Lonchorhina aurita, Lonchophylla robusta, Musonycteris harrisoni, Glyphonycteris silvestris, Carollia castanea, Sturnira lilium,Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum, Artibeus jamaicensis, Uroderma bilobatum Vampyressa pusilla, Platyrrhinus umbratus, Noctilio albiventris(outgroup), Micronycteris hirsuta, Desmodus rotundus, Lophostoma silvicolum.

1800 E. R. Dumont et al. Diversification and a new adaptive zone

Proc. R. Soc. B (2012)

Dumont, et al. (2012)

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Olfaction in Bats

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Hayden, et al.(2014)

Non-StenodermatinaeStenodermatinae

Carollia'sowelli'yuriaguire88&

Carollia'castanea'Marco&Tschapka&

Carollia'perspicillata'Alex&Borisenko&

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Carollia'sowelli'yuriaguire88&


Carollia'perspicillata'Alex&Borisenko&

Acknowledgements

NSFHDEB&1456455&

Wake up and smell the piper! Olfactory receptor repertoires reflect dietary specialization in bats

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