1© 2018 NYU WIRELESS 1

Spatial Consistency, Position Localization, and Channel Sounding above 100 GHz

Prof. Theodore S. Rappaporttsr@nyu.edu

NYU WIRELESS MINI LECTURESSEPTEMBER 12, 2018

Channel Sounding above 100 GHz (Yunchou Xing)

Position Localization (Ojas Kanhere)

Spatial Consistency (Shihao Ju)

Agenda

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Atmospheric absorption of Electromagnetic waves [1]

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[1] T. S. Rappaport, J. N. Murdock and F. Gutierrez, "State of the Art in 60-GHz Integrated Circuits and Systems for Wireless Communications," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 1390-1436, Aug. 2011.

140 GHz Broadband Channel Sounder at NYU WIRELESSStudents are conducting measurements with the 140 GHz channel sounder system [2]

140 GHz broadband channel sounder demo at Brooklyn 5G Summit [3]

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[2] Y. Xing and T. S. Rappaport, “Propagation Measurement System and approach at 140 GHz- Moving to 6G and Above 100 GHz,” IEEE 2018 Global Communications Conference, Dec. 2018, pp. 1–6.[3] https://ieeetv.ieee.org/event-showcase/brooklyn5g2018

Description Specification

LO Frequency 22.5 GHz ×6 = 135 GHz

IF Frequency 5-9 GHz (4 GHz bandwidth)

RF Frequency 140-144 GHz

Upconverter IF input -5 dBm typically10 dBm (damage limit)

Downconverter RF input -15 dBm typically0 dBm (damage limit)

TX output power 0 dBm

Antenna Gain 25 dBi / 27 dBi

Antenna HPBW 10º / 8º

Antenna Polarization Vertical / Horizontal

NYU WIRELESS 140 GHz Channel Sounder and Free Space Path Loss at 28, 73, 140 GHz

NYU 140 GHz Channel Sounder System [2] FSPL verifications at 28, 73, and 140 GHz [4](after removing antenna gains)

[2] Y. Xing and T. S. Rappaport, “Propagation Measurement System and approach at 140 GHz- Moving to 6G and Above 100 GHz,” IEEE 2018 Global Communications Conference, Dec. 2018, pp. 1–6.[4] Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney Jr., “Verification and calibration of antenna cross-polarization discrimination and penetration loss for millimeter wave communications,” 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference, Aug. 2018, pp. 1–6.

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As expected, FSPL at 140/73/28 GHz follows the Laws of Physicsand satisfies Friis’ equations with antenna gains removed.

𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐬𝐬′ 𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅: 𝑷𝑷𝒓𝒓𝑷𝑷𝒕𝒕

= 𝑮𝑮𝒕𝒕𝑮𝑮𝒓𝒓𝝀𝝀

𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

𝟐𝟐

𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 𝐠𝐠𝐀𝐀𝐅𝐅𝐀𝐀:𝑮𝑮 = 𝑨𝑨𝒆𝒆𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐

𝑨𝑨𝒆𝒆 = 𝟐𝟐.𝟗𝟗 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 ，𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐀𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐨𝐀𝐀𝐅𝐅 𝒇𝒇

Power Levels and Penetration at 28, 73, and 140 GHz

（i）TX/RX directional (ii)TX directionalRX omni-directional

(iii)TX/RX omni-directional

DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS WITH EQUAL APERTURE HAVE MUCH LESS PATH LOSS AT HIGHER FERQUENCIES ([5] Ch.3 Page 104) !!!

𝑷𝑷𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝

𝐆𝐆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐆𝐆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐅𝐅𝐆𝐆𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝐆𝐆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟕.𝟕𝟕 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐅𝐅𝐆𝐆𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟏𝐆𝐆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟗 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐅𝐅

𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 𝐝𝐝𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐀𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐀𝐀𝐅𝐅𝐜𝐜𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐚𝐚,𝐑𝐑𝐓𝐓 𝐜𝐜𝐝𝐝𝐀𝐀𝐅𝐅 ∶ 𝑷𝑷𝒓𝒓 𝐅𝐅𝐬𝐬 𝐅𝐅𝐝𝐝𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐅𝐅𝐜𝐜𝐀𝐀𝐚𝐚 ⁄𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 𝐑𝐑𝐓𝐓𝐝𝐝𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐀𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐀𝐀𝐅𝐅𝐜𝐜𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐚𝐚:𝑷𝑷𝒓𝒓 𝐅𝐅𝐬𝐬 𝐠𝐠𝐅𝐅𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐅𝐅 𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 𝐡𝐡𝐅𝐅𝐠𝐠𝐡𝐡𝐀𝐀𝐅𝐅 𝐟𝐟

Received Power vs. Distances

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PENETRATION LOSS INCREASES WITH FREQUENCY BUT THE AMOUNT OF LOSS IS DEPENDENT ON THE MATERIAL [2]

[4] Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney Jr., “Verification and calibration of antenna cross-polarization discrimination and penetration loss for millimeter wave communications,” 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference, Aug. 2018, pp. 1–6.[5] T. S. Rappaport, et. al., “Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications,” Pearson/Prentice Hall c. 2015

XPD and Penetration Loss Measurements Guidelines

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o Antenna cross polarization Discrimination (XPD) andpenetration loss are vital for 5G mmWave communication

o Different research groups using different methods may causeerrors (e.g., scattering effects, multipath)

o Proposal: standardized measurement guidelines and verification procedures for XPD and penetration lossmeasurements [4]

o The proposed methods ensure accurate XPD and penetrationloss measurements by any party at any frequency/bandwidth

o XPD and penetration loss measurements and results at 73 GHz using the proposed methods.

𝜆𝜆2

spacing

𝜆𝜆spacing

(a) Dual-polarized antenna array

Indoor Penetration

5G Massive-MIMO Base StationOutdoor

Penetration

(b) Penetration in 5G mmWave communications[4] Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney Jr., “Verification and calibration of antenna cross-polarization discrimination and penetration loss for millimeter wave communications,” 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference, Aug. 2018, pp. 1–6.

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XPD Measurements and Results at 73 GHz

o XPD values are constant over relatively closely separated distances.

o Different antenna combinations only induce slight variance to the XPD values.

[4] Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney Jr., “Verification and calibration of antenna cross-polarization discrimination and penetration loss for millimeter wave communications,” 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference, Aug. 2018, pp. 1–6.

Penetration Loss Measurements and Results at 73 GHz

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o Penetration loss of a 1.2 cm thick clear glass is 7.7 dB at 73 GHz.

o Penetration loss is constant over T-R separation distances.

[4] Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney Jr., “Verification and calibration of antenna cross-polarization discrimination and penetration loss for millimeter wave communications,” 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference, Aug. 2018, pp. 1–6.

Wide bandwidths enables fine resolution of multipath componentsenable accurate estimation of the time of arrival (ToA) of signals

Sparse mmWave channels, narrow beam antennas deployed ensure AoA estimated accurately

Indoor positioning can be added as a “feature” to pre-deployed wireless access points

Indoor Positioning

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Why mmWave?

Guided museum tours [6] Navigation in large malls or office spaces [7] See-in-the-dark capabilities for firefighters

and law enforcement IoT device and personnel tracking [8] Accurate positioning of equipment for

automation in smart factories [9],[10]

Applications of Indoor Positioning

[6] K. W. Kolodziej and J. Hjelm, Local Positioning Systems: LBS Applications and Services. CRC Press, May 2006.[7] A. Puikkonen et al., “Towards designing better maps for indoor navigation: Experiences from a case study,” in 8th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Nov. 2009, pp. 16:1–16:4.[8] L. Zhang, J. Liu, and H. Jiang, “Energy-efficient location tracking with smartphones for IoT,” in 2012 IEEE Sensors, Oct. 2012, pp. 1–4.[9] T. S. Rappaport, “Indoor radio communications for factories of the future,” IEEE Commun. Magazine, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 15–24, May 1989.[10] S. Lu, C. Xu, R. Y. Zhong, and L. Wang, “A RFID-enabled positioning system in automated guided vehicle for smart factories,” Journal of Manufacturing Systems, vol. 44, pp. 179 – 190, July 2017.

RX position determined to be the point that is at the intersection of the line of bearing from the anchor nodes to the user.

At least two TXs needed if absolute angle can be determined by the user At least three TXs needed if user determines relative angles

AoA-Based Positioning

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P

AB

B

𝜽𝜽1

𝜽𝜽2

A

C

𝜽𝜽1

𝜽𝜽2

PPositioning using relative angle measurements [11],[12]

Positioning using absolute angle measurements [13]

[11] T. S. Rappaport, J. H. Reed, and B. D. Woerner, “Position location using wireless communications on highways of the future,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 33–41, Oct. 1996.[12] C.D. McGillem, T.S. Rappaport. A Beacon Navigation Method for Autonomous Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 38(3):132-139, 1989.[13] R. P and M. L. Sichitiu, "Angle of Arrival Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks," 2006 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, Reston, VA, 2006, pp. 374-382.

RSS-based Localization

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Inaccurate for long distance estimates due to the “flat tail” of the power distance curve

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Localization based on the positionof a TX in LOS, the TR separation distance and bearing angle between the TX and RX [15].Manual angular search for the strongest signal at RX – angular resolution of 1˚

Positioning error based on real-world measurements conducted in [14] at 28 and 73 GHz

[14] S. Deng, M. K. Samimi, and T. S. Rappaport, “28 GHz and 73 GHz millimeter-wave indoor propagation measurements and path loss models,” in IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICCW), June 2015, pp. 1244–1250.[15] O. Kanhere and T. S. Rappaport, “Position Locationing for Millimeter Wave Systems,” GLOBECOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., Dec. 2018, pp. 1–6.

Fusion of AoA and Path Loss

Mean error :- 1.86 m Min error :- 0.16 m Max error :- 3.25 m

Real-world mmWave measurements -time intensive and expensive

2-D ray tracer developed in C++ [15] 100 rays launched uniformly in the

horizontal plane from TX locations previously measured in [14]

New source rays generated at each boundary in reflection and transmission directions [16]

Reflected and transmitted powers and direction calculated using Fresnel’s equations [16]

Ray Tracing

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[14] S. Deng, M. K. Samimi, and T. S. Rappaport, “28 GHz and 73 GHz millimeter-wave indoor propagation measurements and path loss models,” in IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICCW), June 2015, pp. 1244–1250.[15] O. Kanhere and T. S. Rappaport, “Position Locationing for Millimeter Wave Systems,” GLOBECOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., Dec. 2018, pp. 1–6.[16] S. Y. Seidel and T. S. Rappaport, “Site-specific propagation prediction for wireless in-building personal communication system design,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 879–891, Nov. 1994.

Comparison of the measured and predicted PDP

Spatial Consistency: Solving the Problem of Existing Drop-based Channel Models

All parameters in one channel realization are generated for a single placementof a particular user [17].

There is no successive sample functions for track motion in a local area [18].

Beamforming, beam tracking, CSI update need accurate dynamic channelmodels that can capture the movement of the user and produce continuous channel impulse responses.

© 2018 NYU WIRELESS15

[17] S. Ju and T. S. Rappaport, “Simulating Motion - Incorporating Spatial Consistency into the NYUSIM Channel Model,” 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference Workshops (VTC2018-Fall WKSHPS), Chicago, USA, Aug. 2018, pp. 1-6. [18] S. Ju, and T. S. Rappaport, “Millimeter-wave Extended NYUSIM Channel Model for Spatial Consistency,” 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, UAE, Dec. 2018, pp. 1-6.

Spatial Consistency

User Cases:◦ A user terminal (UT) moves in a local area [19]◦ Multiple users are closely spaced

Features [20]:◦ Spatially correlated large-scale parameters such as shadow fading, delay spread, angular

spread◦ Time-variant and continuous small-scale parameters such as excess delay, AOA, AOD

and power for each multipath component

Size of Local Area in Spatial Consistency: ◦ Depends on the correlation distances of large-scale parameters◦ 10 – 15 m in Urban Microcell (UMi) Scenario

© 2018 NYU WIRELESS16

[19] 3GPP, “Technical specification group radio access network; study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz (Release 14),” 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), TR 38.901 V14.2.0, Sept. 2017.[20] M. Shafi et al., “Microwave vs. millimeterwave propagation channels: Key differences and impact on 5G cellular systems,” to appear in IEEE Communications Magazine, Nov. 2018.

Current NYUSIM Simulator and Channel Model

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30 Input parameters [2]

Open-source with more than 50,000 downloads [3]

Drop-based Monte Carlo simulation to generate a channel impulse response (CIR) at eachdrop (i.e., user location)

Physical-level simulations of the downlink channel between a base station and a UT

[1] J. Lota, S. Sun, T. S. Rappaport, and A. Demosthenous, “5G uniform linear arrays with beamforming and spatial multiplexing at 28, 37, 64, and 71 GHz for outdoor urban communication: A two-level approach,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 9972-9985, Nov. 2017.[2] S. Sun, G. R. MacCartney Jr., and T. S. Rappaport, "A Novel Millimeter-Wave Channel Simulator and Applications for 5G Wireless Communications," 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), May 2017.[3] NYUSIM, http://wireless.engineering.nyu.edu/nyusim/

Larger spacingleads to lowerspatialcorrelation &higherachievable rate[1]

Used forgeneratingdirectional PDPs &directional pathloss

or URA

NYUSIM Channel Model with Spatial Consistency

© 2018 NYU WIRELESS18

Additional Input Parameters: velocity, moving direction, and update period

Spatially consistent channel coefficient generation procedure [17]

[17] S. Ju and T. S. Rappaport, “Simulating Motion - Incorporating Spatial Consistency into the NYUSIM Channel Model,” 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference Workshops (VTC2018-Fall WKSHPS), Chicago, USA, Aug. 2018, pp. 1-6.

Local Area Measurements Procedures

© 2018 NYU WIRELESS 19

[21] T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney, Jr., S. Sun, H. Yan, and S. Deng, “Small-scale, local area, and transitional millimeter wave propagation for 5G communications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Dec. 2017

Omnidirectional PDPs at 16 RX locations in a UMi street canyon in downtown Brooklyn at 73 GHz.

The distance between two successive RX locations was 5 m.

The receiver moved from RX81(‘1’ at the ‘RX locations’ axis) to RX96 (‘16’ at the ‘RX locations’ axis).

The T-R separation distance varied from 81.5 m to 29.6 m.

The visibility condition changed at RX 91 and RX 92 from NLOS to LOS.

Measurement locations and LOS/NLOS conditions

# of time clusters RX locations

3 81, 82

4 83, 84

6 85, 86

Omnidirectional PDPs at RX81-RX86 to study the correlation distance of large-scale parameters. The distance between two successive RX locations was 5 m. The PDPs at RX81 and RX82 are similar; the PDPs at RX83 and RX84 are similar; the PDPs at RX85 and RX86 are similar.

Conclusion:The correlation distance of the number of time clusters is about 10 m in a UMi street canyon scenario [19].

Local Area Measurements Results and Analysis

[18] S. Ju, and T. S. Rappaport, “Millimeter-wave Extended NYUSIM Channel Model for Spatial Consistency,” 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, UAE, Dec. 2018, pp. 1-6.

Reference[1] T. S. Rappaport, J. N. Murdock and F. Gutierrez, "State of the Art in 60-GHz Integrated Circuits and Systems for Wireless Communications," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 1390-1436, Aug. 2011.[2] Y. Xing and T. S. Rappaport, “Propagation Measurement System and approach at 140 GHz- Moving to 6G and Above 100 GHz,” IEEE 2018 Global Communications Conference, Dec. 2018, pp. 1–6.[3] https://ieeetv.ieee.org/event-showcase/brooklyn5g2018[4] Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney Jr., “Verification and calibration of antenna cross-polarization discrimination and penetration loss for millimeter wave communications,” 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference, Aug. 2018, pp. 1–6.[5] T. S. Rappaport, et. al., “Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications,” Pearson/Prentice Hall c. 2015 [6] K. W. Kolodziej and J. Hjelm, Local Positioning Systems: LBS Applications and Services. CRC Press, May 2006.[7] A. Puikkonen et al., “Towards designing better maps for indoor navigation: Experiences from a case study,” in 8th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Nov. 2009, pp. 16:1–16:4.[8] L. Zhang, J. Liu, and H. Jiang, “Energy-efficient location tracking with smartphones for IoT,” in 2012 IEEE Sensors, Oct. 2012, pp. 1–4.[9] T. S. Rappaport, “Indoor radio communications for factories of the future,” IEEE Commun. Magazine, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 15–24, May 1989.[10] S. Lu, C. Xu, R. Y. Zhong, and L. Wang, “A RFID-enabled positioning system in automated guided vehicle for smart factories,” Journal of Manufacturing Systems, vol. 44, pp. 179 – 190, July 2017.[11] T. S. Rappaport, J. H. Reed, and B. D. Woerner, “Position location using wireless communications on highways of the future,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 33–41, Oct. 1996.[12] C.D. McGillem, T.S. Rappaport. A Beacon Navigation Method for Autonomous Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 38(3):132-139, 1989.[13] R. P and M. L. Sichitiu, "Angle of Arrival Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks," 2006 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, Reston, VA, 2006, pp. 374-382.[14] S. Deng, M. K. Samimi, and T. S. Rappaport, “28 GHz and 73 GHz millimeter-wave indoor propagation measurements and path loss models,” in IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICCW), June 2015, pp. 1244–1250.[15] O. Kanhere and T. S. Rappaport, “Position Locationing for Millimeter Wave Systems,” GLOBECOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., Dec. 2018, pp. 1–6.[16] S. Y. Seidel and T. S. Rappaport, “Site-specific propagation prediction for wireless in-building personal communication system design,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 879–891, Nov. 1994.[17] S. Ju and T. S. Rappaport, “Simulating Motion - Incorporating Spatial Consistency into the NYUSIM Channel Model,” 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference Workshops (VTC2018-Fall WKSHPS), Chicago, USA, Aug. 2018, pp. 1-6. [18] S. Ju, and T. S. Rappaport, “Millimeter-wave Extended NYUSIM Channel Model for Spatial Consistency,” 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, UAE, Dec. 2018, pp. 1-6.[19] 3GPP, “Technical specification group radio access network; study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz (Release 14),” 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), TR 38.901 V14.2.0, Sept. 2017.[20] M. Shafi et al., “Microwave vs. millimeterwave propagation channels: Key differences and impact on 5G cellular systems,” to appear in IEEE Communications Magazine, Nov. 2018.[21] T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney, Jr., S. Sun, H. Yan, and S. Deng, “Small-scale, local area, and transitional millimeter wave propagation for 5G communications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Dec. 2017

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Industrial Affiliates

22© 2018 NYU WIRELESS

Acknowledgement to our NYU WIRELESS Industrial Affiliates and NSF