Solar Desalination – Recent Research Activities of Plataforma Solar de Almeria

7/23/2019 Solar Desalination Recent Research Activities of Plataforma Solar de Almeria

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SOLAR DESALINATIONSOLAR DESALINATION RECENTRECENTRESEARCH ACTIVITIES OFRESEARCH ACTIVITIES OF

MEDITERRANEAN WORKSHOP ONMEDITERRANEAN WORKSHOP ONMEDITERRANEAN WORKSHOP ONMEDITERRANEAN WORKSHOP ONMEDITERRANEAN WORKSHOP ONMEDITERRANEAN WORKSHOP ONMEDITERRANEAN WORKSHOP ONMEDITERRANEAN WORKSHOP ON

NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF RECYCLING NONNEW TECHNOLOGIES OF RECYCLING NONNEW TECHNOLOGIES OF RECYCLING NONNEW TECHNOLOGIES OF RECYCLING NONNEW TECHNOLOGIES OF RECYCLING NONNEW TECHNOLOGIES OF RECYCLING NONNEW TECHNOLOGIES OF RECYCLING NONNEW TECHNOLOGIES OF RECYCLING NONCONVENTIONAL WATER IN PROTECTED CULTIVATIONCONVENTIONAL WATER IN PROTECTED CULTIVATIONCONVENTIONAL WATER IN PROTECTED CULTIVATIONCONVENTIONAL WATER IN PROTECTED CULTIVATIONCONVENTIONAL WATER IN PROTECTED CULTIVATIONCONVENTIONAL WATER IN PROTECTED CULTIVATIONCONVENTIONAL WATER IN PROTECTED CULTIVATIONCONVENTIONAL WATER IN PROTECTED CULTIVATION

AGADIR (29 AprilAGADIR (29 AprilAGADIR (29 AprilAGADIR (29 AprilAGADIR (29 AprilAGADIR (29 AprilAGADIR (29 AprilAGADIR (29 April--------1 May, 2008)1 May, 2008)1 May, 2008)1 May, 2008)1 May, 2008)1 May, 2008)1 May, 2008)1 May, 2008)

Dr. Sixto MalatoDr. Sixto Malato

Plataforma Solar de AlmeriaPlataforma Solar de [email protected]@psa.es


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PLATAFORMA SOLAR DE ALMERAPLATAFORMA SOLAR DE ALMERA1.1. Central receiver technologyCentral receiver technology

4.4. Solar furnace (materials testing)Solar furnace (materials testing)

3.3. Parabolic dishes + Stirling systemParabolic dishes + Stirling system

2.2. ParabolicParabolic--trough technologytrough technology

6.6. Solar desalinationSolar desalination

5.5. Solar photocatalysisSolar photocatalysis

7.7. Edifice materials testingEdifice materials testing

1

MED. WORKSHOP ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF RECYCLING NON CONVENTIONAL

WATER IN PROTECTED CULTIVATION. AGADIR (29 April-1 May, 2008)

Bigger and most completeexisting facility in the worldto the development and

testing of solarconcentrating technologiesand their applications

2 1

2

3

4 5

6

7


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SOLAR ENERGY & ARID ZONESSOLAR ENERGY & ARID ZONES



Clear coincidence in theexistence of waterproblems (arid andsemi-arid zones) andthe availability ofabundant solar radiation


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FORM OF ENERGY(thermal, mechanic,

electric potential)

THE DESALINATION PROCESSTHE DESALINATION PROCESS



Separation UnitSeparation Unit(thermal or membrane)

(seawater orbrackish water)

(distillate orpermeate)

REJECTEDWATER(brine)


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DESALINATION PROCESSESDESALINATION PROCESSES

DESALINATIONPROCESSES

Thermal energy

Evaporation

Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF)

Thermal Vapor Compression (TVC)

Solar Distillation

Freezing

Multi-Effect Distillation (MED)

DESALINATIONPROCESSES

Thermal energy

Evaporation

Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF)

Thermal Vapor Compression (TVC)

Solar Distillation

Freezing

Multi-Effect Distillation (MED)



Mechanic energy

Chemical energy

Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Mechanical Vapour Compression (MVC)

Membrane distillation

Hydrate formation

Electrodialysis (ED)

Ionic exchange

Crystallization

Filtration and evaporation

Evaporation

Selective filtrationElectric energy

Filtration

Exchange

Mechanic energy

Chemical energy

Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Mechanical Vapour Compression (MVC)

Membrane distillation

Hydrate formation

Electrodialysis (ED)

Ionic exchange

Crystallization

Filtration and evaporation

Evaporation

Selective filtrationElectric energy

Filtration

Exchange


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Five countries (Saudi Arabia, USA, UAE, Spain and Kuwait) share morethan 60% of the world production capacity of desalinated water.

Saudi Arabia17,4%

Rest of the

WORLD CAPACITY DISTRIBUTIONWORLD CAPACITY DISTRIBUTION



USA16,2%

39,5%

UAE14,7%

Spain6,4%

Kuwait5,8%


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Sea water Sea water + brackish water

Others(MED, ED,

MVC...)11,7%

Others(MED, ED,

MVC...)16 3%

Multi-stageFlash

DistillationMSF

PROCESS DISTRIBUTION CAPACITYPROCESS DISTRIBUTION CAPACITY



Multi-stageFlash

Distillation

(MSF)61,6%

ReverseOsmosis

(RO)26,7%

Reverse

Osmosis(RO)47,2%

36,5%


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SolarSolarSolarSolar

DesalinationDesalinationDesalinationDesalination

DIRECTDIRECTDIRECTDIRECT INDIRECTINDIRECTINDIRECTINDIRECT

Solar StillsSolar StillsSolar StillsSolar Stills Solar MSF & MEDSolar MSF & MEDSolar MSF & MEDSolar MSF & MED

Distillate isDistillate isDistillate isDistillate is

directlydirectlydirectlydirectly

producedproducedproducedproducedat the solarat the solarat the solarat the solar

collectorcollectorcollectorcollector

SolarSolarSolarSolar

collector andcollector andcollector andcollector and

distillator aredistillator aredistillator aredistillator areindependentindependentindependentindependent

subsystemssubsystemssubsystemssubsystems

SOLAR THERMAL DESALINATIONSOLAR THERMAL DESALINATION



HumidificationHumidificationHumidificationHumidification----DehumidificationDehumidificationDehumidificationDehumidification

MembraneMembraneMembraneMembrane

distillationdistillationdistillationdistillation

Solar PondSolar PondSolar PondSolar Pond

Reverse OsmosisReverse OsmosisReverse OsmosisReverse Osmosiswith thermal motorwith thermal motorwith thermal motorwith thermal motor


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SOLAR STILLSSOLAR STILLS

Parameters that affectefficiency of solar stills

include water depth, solarradiation intensity, coverinclination and material, andfeed water temperature.



Solar Still present a lowdistillate production persurface unit (between 1 and1 and4 L/m2/d4 L/m2/d). TypicalPerformance Ratio of a

solar still is about 0.53, whichmeans that 4652 kJ arerequired to produce onekilogram of desalted water.


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Solar collectorSolar collectorSolar collectorSolar collector

tionarea

tionarea

tionarea

tionarea

ensation

ensation

ensation

ensation

area

area

area

area

85C85C85C85C

75C75C75C75C

HUMIDIFICATIONHUMIDIFICATION--DEHUMIDIFICATIONDEHUMIDIFICATION

Desalinationprocess basedon the increaseof water

saturationcapacity of airwith



PumpPumpPumpPump

SeawaterSeawaterSeawaterSeawater

Evapor

Evapor

Evapor

Evapor

Co

n

Co

n

Co

n

Co

n

Brine recirculationBrine recirculationBrine recirculationBrine recirculation

Distilled waterDistilled waterDistilled waterDistilled water

40C40C40C40C

45C45C45C45C

empera ure.Thermal energy

can be providedby flat solarcollectors.Typical distillateproduction: 10to 20 L/m2 (of

solar collector)and day


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TiNOX GmbH (Germany) is currentlymanufacturing 3 systems based on themulti-effect humidification-

dehumidification process with nominalproduction of: 1000, 5000 and 10000L/day.

HUMIDIFICATIONHUMIDIFICATION--DEHUMIDIFICATIONDEHUMIDIFICATION



Courtesy of TiNOX GmbH(Munich, Germany)

TiNOX GmbH

5000 L/day system installed on Jeddah, (SaudiArabia) with 140 m2 of solar collectors and a 10m3 thermal storage tank at 90C


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MEMBRANE DISTILLATIONMEMBRANE DISTILLATION

Distillation driven by partial pressure difference on the two sides of a hydro-phobic membrane which permit the flow of vapor but not the liquid water




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The Fraunhofer Institut (Germany) is working on the development of two systems based on thisprocess: 100 L/day (1 membrane, 6 m2 of solar collectors) and 1000 L/day (4 membranes, 72m2 of solar collectors). Typical distillate production: 15 to 20 L/m2 (of solar collector) and day.

MEMBRANE DISTILLATIONMEMBRANE DISTILLATION



MembraneDistillation systeminstalled at Prof. Dr.Hassan Fath facilitiesin Alexandria, Egypt(July 2005).

Fraunhofer Institut(Germany)


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Solarcollector

Brine

2

Mechanicalenergy

Thermal motor of

Brineeffluent

THERMAL MOTOR + REVERSE OSMOSISTHERMAL MOTOR + REVERSE OSMOSIS

Reverse Osmosis is the currentdominant technology when power plantis not associated with desalination



Pump

Condenser

ROmodule

13

4

Seawater /Brackish water

res

water

pos ve

displacement withenergy recovering

device

State of working fluid:State of working fluid:State of working fluid:State of working fluid:

---- Point 1: LiquidPoint 1: LiquidPoint 1: LiquidPoint 1: Liquid---- Point 2: Superheated vapourPoint 2: Superheated vapourPoint 2: Superheated vapourPoint 2: Superheated vapour

---- Point 3: Saturated vapourPoint 3: Saturated vapourPoint 3: Saturated vapourPoint 3: Saturated vapour

---- Point 4: LiquidPoint 4: LiquidPoint 4: LiquidPoint 4: Liquid


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SOLAR PONDSSOLAR PONDS

Long term storage of solar energy into a salt-gradient pond

Short solar waves are absorbed by water atthe bottom

The second layer acts as a thermal insulator.

-




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Temperature distribution at Solar Pond ofENIT (Tunisia), 1500 m2 and 3,5 m deep



Solar Pond of ENIT (Tunis)


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Solar Ponds atEl Paso (Texas) one of

210,000 m2 andanother of1,900,000 m2



Solar Ponds near Lisbon (Portugal) 1024m2 with heat exchanger at the bottom


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MULTIMULTI--EFFECT DISTILLATION (MED)EFFECT DISTILLATION (MED)

ONE EFFECT

DISTILLATOR

MED process required lowerMED process required lower

energy supply and lower feedenergy supply and lower feedwater inlet temperature thanwater inlet temperature than

other thermal processesother thermal processes




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The Performance Ratio ishigher when the number ofeffects is increased (MULTI-

EFFECT DISTILLATION)because successive

consecutive evaporations canbe performed at decreasingtem eratures, recoverin the

0,3 bar

70C

P13

P14

3

2

Energa Trmica 0,3 bar70C

P13

P14

33

22


P13

P14

33

22


P13

P14

33

22

Energa TrmicaEnerga Trmica

ThermalEnergy




latent heat of evaporation.Due to technical and economicreasons, MED commercial plansusually have between 4 and 8effects.

The distillation plant installed atthe PSA is a forward-feed,

vertically-stacked, multi-effectdistillation unit with 14 effects.

50 mbar

35C

Destilado Agua de mar

Agua dealimentacin

Salmuera Rechazo

P1

14

Condensador

50 mbar

35C


Agua dealimentacin

Salmuera Rechazo

P1

1414

Condensador

50 mbar

35C


Agua dealimentacin

Salmuera Rechazo

P1

1414

Condensador

50 mbar

35C


Agua dealimentacin

Salmuera Rechazo

P1

1414

Condensador

1414

Condensador

Brine

Distilled

Reject

Feed water

Seawater


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ThermalStorage

Initial heatexchanger

Firsteffect

Solar collectorfield




t erma

oil)Vacuumpump

FinalCondenser

Distilled (3 m3)

Seawater input(20 m3)

Brine(5 m3)

Final condenserseawater cooling(12 m3)

Lasteffect

Conceptual scheme of

MED plant coupled to solarcollector field, developedat PSA during the 90s.Estimated water cost:

1.80 2.20 /m3


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AQUASOL PROJECTAQUASOL PROJECT

Enhanced Zero Discharge Seawater Desalination using Hybrid SolarTechnology (AQUASOL, FP5-EVK1-CT2001-00102) partially fundedby the European Commission within the Energy, Environment and

Sustainable Development Programme. Development of anenvironmentally-friendly improved cost- and energy efficient seawaterdesalination technology based on the multi-effect distillation process:



14 effects MED plant (150 kWth, 2.5 m3

/h distillateprod.)

Stationary CPC solar collector field

Thermal storage system (water, 24 m3 )

Double-effect (LiBr-H2O) absorption heat pumpSmoke-tube gas boiler

Solar dryer for final treatment of the brine


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Three desalination system operating modes are possible depending onwhere the desalination unit energy supply comes from:

Solar-only mode: energy to the first distillation effect comesexclusively from thermal energy from the solar collector field.

- -

AQUASOL OPERATING MODESAQUASOL OPERATING MODES



heat required by the distillation plant.

Hybrid mode: the energy comes from both the heat pump and thesolar field. Two different operating philosophies are considered:

The heat pump works continuously 24 hours a day with a 30%

minimum contribution.

Start-up and shutdown of the pump when requested,depending on the availability of the solar resource.


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AQUASOL OPERATION: SOLAR MODEAQUASOL OPERATION: SOLAR MODE




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AQUASOL OPERATION: FOSSIL MODEAQUASOL OPERATION: FOSSIL MODE




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AQUASOL OPERATION: HYBRID MODEAQUASOL OPERATION: HYBRID MODE




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The solar field is made up of 252 stationary solar collectors (CPC Ao Sol 1.12x)with a total surface area of 500 m2 arranged in four rows of 63 collectors.

CPC SOLAR COLLECTOR FIELDCPC SOLAR COLLECTOR FIELD




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DistillateDistillateDistillateDistillate

productionproductionproductionproduction

and globaland globaland globaland global

thermalthermalthermalthermal

energyenergyenergyenergy

SOLARSOLAR--ONLY MODEONLY MODE



consumedconsumedconsumedconsumed

bybybyby

AQUASOLAQUASOLAQUASOLAQUASOL

plant inplant inplant inplant in

SOLARSOLARSOLARSOLARSOLARSOLARSOLARSOLAR--------

ONLYONLYONLYONLYONLYONLYONLYONLY

MODEMODEMODEMODEMODEMODEMODEMODE


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CONCLUSIONS & COST ESTIMATIONSCONCLUSIONS & COST ESTIMATIONS

Plant specific consumption of thermal energy, in the solar-only mode, is in the

range of 60 to 70 kWh per m3 of distillate produced. These values are reducedto about 30 kWh per cubic meter when the absorption heat pump is working in

fossil-only mode. The feasibility of a hybrid mode operation was demonstrated. The absorption

machine presents a high thermal inertia but no problems have been detectedduring transients. However, further research in control should be done in order



o eep e ea pump opera on a max mum e c ency.

AQUASOL production of 30 m3 (from 09:00 to 21:00 h) 60 L/m2 (winter day).Summer day: about 90 - 100 L/m2. 1 Ha with a land occupation factor of 50%

(5,000 m2 of solar collectors) would yearly produce about a 160,000 m3

Cost of AQUASOL produced water: 8.12 /m3 (PSA plant / 2.5 m3/h) 0.93

/m3 (extrapolation to a 12,000 m3/day plant). Land cost not considered.

Current environmental and energy scenarios makes unlikely that Solar

Desalination will not play a major role in the coming years. It is reasonablyexpected that full industrial involvement would substantially reduce this cost.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Hassan II

EUROPEAN UNION

CYCLER-SUPPORT PROJECT

INNOVAMED PROJECT



OnOn--going projects at PSA about solar desalinationgoing projects at PSA about solar desalination

POWERSOL. EC, FP6, 032344 (INCO)POWERSOL. EC, FP6, 032344 (INCO)

MEDESOL. EC, FP6, 036986 (GOCE)MEDESOL. EC, FP6, 036986 (GOCE)

OSMOSOL. ENE2005OSMOSOL. ENE2005--0838108381--C03.C03.

http://www.psa.es/webeng/areas/quimica/proyectos.html

Solar Desalination – Recent Research Activities of Plataforma Solar de Almeria

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