SOL Review Part II
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Transcript of SOL Review Part II
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SOL Review Part II
Sections 8-11
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Pioneers of the Scientific Revolution
• Nicolaus Copernicus: Developed heliocentric theory. (planets revolve around sun)
• Johannes Kepler: Discovered planetary motion.• Galileo Galilei: Used telescope to support
heliocentric theory• Isaac Newton: Formulated law of gravity• William Harvey: Discovered circulation of the
blood
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Importance of the Scientific Revolution
• Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature
• Formulation of the scientific method – experimentation and observation
• Expansion of scientific knowledge
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Characteristics of absolute monarchies
• Centralization of power• Concept of rule by divine right – right to rule
comes from God
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Absolute monarchs
• Louis XIV of France: Palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal power
• Peter the Great of Russia: Westernization of Russia
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Development of the Rights of Englishmen
• Oliver Cromwell and the execution of Charles I• The restoration of Charles II• Development of political parties/factions• Glorious Revolution (William and Mary)• Increase of parliamentary power and
decrease of royal power• English Bill of Rights of 1689
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The Enlightenment
• Applied reason to the human world, as well as to the rest of the natural world
• Stimulated religious tolerance• Fueled democratic revolutions around the
world• Writers of the Enlightenment were primarily
interested in changing the relationship between people and their government
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Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas
• Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan: Humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and consent to government for self-protection.
• John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government: People are sovereign and consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
• Montesquieu ’s The Spirit of Laws: The best form of government includes a separation of powers.
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Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract: Government is a contract between rulers and the people.
• Voltaire: Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state.
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Influence of the Enlightenment
• Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France.
• Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas.
• The Constitution of the United States of America and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas.
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Representative composers, artists, philosophers, and writers
• Johann Sebastian Bach: Baroque composer• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Classical
composer• Voltaire: Philosopher• Miguel de Cervantes: Novelist (Don Quixote)• Eugène Delacroix: Painter (transition to the
Romantic School of the nineteenth century)
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Causes of the French Revolution
• Influence of Enlightenment ideas• Influence of the American Revolution
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Events of the French Revolution
• Storming of the Bastille• Reign of Terror
• Outcomes of the French Revolution: End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI and the Rise of Napoleon
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New schools of art and forms of literature
• Painting depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits).
• New forms of literature evolved, such as the novel (e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote)
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Technologies
• All-weather roads improved year-round transport and trade.
• New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution).
• Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.
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Characteristics of the colonial system
• Colonial governments mirrored the home governments.
• Catholicism had a strong influence on the development of the colonies.
• A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export.
• Major cities were established as outposts of colonial authority. (Havana, Mexico City, Lima, São Paulo, and Buenos Aires)
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Rigid class structure
• Viceroys/colonial officers(Peninsulares) – people born in Spain/Portugal
• Creoles – people born in Americas to Spanish/Portuguese parents
• Mestizos – people born in Americas to parents with one being from Europe and the other from the Americas (mixed marriage)
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Influence of the American and French Revolutions on Latin America
• Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence.
• Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement.
• French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.
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Selected countries that gained independence during the 1800s
• Mexico• Haiti• Colombia• Venezuela• Brazil
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Contributions of Toussaint L’Ouverture
• Former slave who led Haitian rebellion against French
• Defeated the armies of three foreign powers: Spain, France, and Britain
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Contributions of Simón Bolivar
• Native resident who led revolutionary efforts and liberated the northern areas of Latin America
• Bolivia is named after him
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Impact of the Monroe Doctrine
• The Monroe Doctrine was issued by President James Monroe in 1823
• Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent.
• The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.
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Legacy of Napoleon
• Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination
• Napoleonic Code• Awakening of feelings of national pride and
growth of nationalism
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Legacy of the Congress of Vienna
• “Balance of power” doctrine• Restoration of monarchies• New political map of Europe• New political philosophies (liberalism and
conservatism)
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Congress of Vienna• National pride, economic competition, and
democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism.
• The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially in Italy and the German states. Unsuccessful revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tensions.
• In contrast to continental Europe, the United Kingdom expanded political rights through legislative means and made slavery illegal in the British Empire.
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Unification of Italy
• Count Cavour unified Northern Italy.• Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to
northern Italy.• The Papal States (including Rome) became the
last to join Italy.
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Unification of Germany
• Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings.
• Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example of Realpolitik, which justifies all means to achieve and hold power.
• The Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of the German state.