Paleolithic or Neolithic? Why?

Rise of Civilization

Stonehenge in southern England

Neolithic in southern England

Neolithic settlement

Neolithic settlement

Stonehenge

Stonehenge in southern England

Started in Neolithic Age: Completed in Bronze Age

Stonehenge in southern England

5

Characteristics

of a Civilization

Advanced

Cities

Specialized

Workers

Complex

Institutions

Record

Keeping

Advanced

Technology

Scribe• Professional record keeper

in early civilizations

See cuneiform

Hammurabi’s Code1st written Law Code!!

River Valley Civilizations

Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China

River Valley Civilizations

Cuneiform writing

River Valley Civilizations

Cuneiform – Sumer = 1st writing Hieroglyphics - Egypt

Pictograms – Indus Valley Oracle bones – Shang China

Phoenicians

World Religions

Hebrews/Judaism

Abraham

Moses

David

Solomon

Ten Commandments

Torah

New

Concept?

Monotheism

Moses

Christianity

Had roots in Judaism

Led/founded by Jesus

New Testament

monotheistic

Conflicted with polytheistic

Beliefs of Roman Empire

Hinduism

Caste system in

religious law

Belief in many forms

of one deity

Belief in

reincarnation

Ideas of Karma and

final goal of Moksha

What goes in the center oval?

Buddhism! Siddhartha Gautama

“The Buddha”

Enlightened One

Eightfold

(8) Path

Siddhartha Gautama searches for

Enlightenment

D - 100

Confucianism

Belief that humans are

good, not badCode of politeness, still

used in China today

Ancestor worshipRespect for elders

What goes in the center box?

Muhammad = prophet/founder

Quran = Holy book

Mecca = Holy City

Muslim = follower

Five Pillars = Guidelines of religion

Contributions = Arabic numerals,

algebra

What is this religion? Islam

Kaaba in MeccaWhat is it?

Where is it?

Religion?

KaabaMecca

Islam

Dome of the Rock Islamic Shrine in Jerusalem

Classical CivilizationsWhat/Where are they?

Persian_________

Empire

Tolerance of conquered

people

Development of

Imperial bureaucracy

Zoroastrianism as a

religion

Royal Road system

What goes on the line?

Cyrus the Great

•1st great king of

Persian Empire

•Ruled subjects

with Tolerance

•Respected

religions of

others

Darius I

• Created imperial bureaucracy

•Divided empire into 20

provinces

•Established idea of

nationalities

•Greatest failure = could not

conquer Greece

Darius fails to conquer Greece

Zoroaster – founder of

Persian religion

Persian prophet;

Founder of Zoroastrianism

Good vs. Evil

Key Concepts of Hebrews, Phoenicians and Persians

Hebrews PersiansPhoenicians

New religious principle=

Monotheism (1 God)

Covenant = promise

between god and

humanity

Torah = Holy

writings/Religious text

Ten Commandments =

Guiding principles

Moses = lead Hebrews

out of Egypt (Exodus)

Nation of Israel created

shortly after

First major sea traders of

the Mediterranean Sea.

Established many trading

colonies throughout

Mediterranean region.

Created Alphabet =

foundation of Western

alphabet; spread knowledge

& ideas

Treatment of conquered

people = Tolerance; keep

self-rule, culture, religion

Persian Religion =

Zoroastrianism – Founded

by Zoroaster - Persian

prophet

What type of religion?

Polytheism!

Classical Greece

Myron’s Discus Thrower

Impact of Geography on Ancient GreeceTable of Contents

Big Question – How did the geography of

Greece shape economic, social, and political

development and patterns of trade and

colonization?

Mountains covered 75 % of terrain, separating

Greece into small isolated regions. City-states

develop.

No central government!

Scarcity of level land for farming grains

caused rivalries between city-states.

Rugged, hilly terrain was ideal for

growing crops such as grapes and

olives.

Many deep harbors and calm waters

invited sea trade. Overseas trade and travel

made easy by many seas,

islands, and coastal settlements.

Lack of resources and farmland

+ overpopulation forced

Greeks to establish colonies.

Athens vs. SpartaTwo city-states with very different views

Table of Contents

Athens SpartaType of

Government

Government

participation

Education

and military

duty

Position of

women

5.2 Wkbk

Democracy Oligarchy

Assembly = All citizens; Assembly

passed laws + served as supreme

court

Council of 500 – randomly chosen

- proposed laws

Boys – school from age 7-18

•Studied literature, math, drawing,

music, & rhetoric

•At 18 – served 2 years in military

•Strongest Greek navy

Girls – no formal ed.

•Learned household duties: weaving,

baking, child care

•No gov’t participation!

Council of Elders – proposed laws

Assembly – elected officials, voted on

issues

Ephors – carried out laws; courts

2 kings – commanded military

Life revolved around military!

•Boys – Age 7, went to military

barracks; learned to read, write & use

weapons. Soldiers from 20-60

•Strongest Greek army

Expected to be healthy & strong =

healthy babies

•Gymnastics, boxing, wrestling

•More personal rights than other

women

•Still, no gov’t participation

The Persian Wars

Greek city-states vs. Persian Empire

490 – 479 B.C.

Table of Contents

Persian War organizer

1st Persian War

•Begins with Ionian Revolt

2nd Persian War

•Battle of Thermopylae

•Battle of Marathon•Battle of Salamis•Battle of Plataea

What, When, Where?

Parthenon, Golden Age Greece

Greek Columns

Greek Philosophers

“The Big Three”

The Peloponnesian War

Athen’s Delian League vs. Sparta’s Peloponnesian League

Table of Contents

Notes

Delian League

Peloponnesian League

Alexander the Great; Conqueror of the Persian Empire

Macedonian Conquest of Greece and the

Rise of Alexander the Great

Table of Contents

Notes

Back to Conquest Map

Back to Notes

Ptolemy and Geocentric (earth-centered)

Theory

Hellenistic (Greek-Like) Age Begins with Alexander’s Conquests

Law of the Lever

Archimedes

52

Alps

54

Roman Republic

Patricians & Plebeians

Twelve Tables

1st Law Code

Punic Wars

Rome vs. Carthage

PaxRomana

“Roman Peace”

Rise of Christianity

Fall of Rome -

Invasions

Classical Rome

Roman Mythology

What was the source of Roman mythology?

Roman mythology was

based on the Greek

polytheistic religion.

Used to explain natural

phenomena and life

events.

Romans adopted Greek

gods and gave them

Latin names.

Greek Mythology

Website link

Rome and Carthage prior to Punic Wars

2

Consuls•Oversaw gov’t

•Commanded army

•Each had veto power

•1 patrician & 1 plebeian

•One year terms

Senate•Mainly patrician

•Controls foreign and

financial policies

•Advise consuls

•Life terms

Tribunes•Representatives

of the plebeians

Citizen Assemblies

Government features of the representative Roman Republic

Centuriate Assembly

•Citizen-soldiers

•Select consuls & make laws

Tribal Assembly

•All other citizens

•Elect tribunes, make laws

Dictator? Why?•In times of crisis, a dictator

could be chosen.

•Dictator would have absolute

power to make laws & control

the army.

•Power lasted only 6

months

“Twelve Tables”• 1st written law code of Republic!

• Written on 12 tablets or “tables”and displayed in the Forum

• Established idea that all free

citizens had a right to the

protection of the law.

• Basis for later Roman

law!

Citizenship = Patrician & Plebeian men, selected foreigners; rights/responsibilities = taxes & military service

Wars and

DatesResultsActionsCauses

1st Punic

War

264 - 241 B.C.

3rd Punic

War

149 – 146

B.C.

2nd Punic

War

218 – 201

B.C.

-Carthage expansion/

control of Sicily

-Growing power of

Rome

-Carthage = strong navy, Rome = strong army

-Carthage able to blockade Roman troops in

Sicily, until Rome strengthens navy.

-Rome adds a corvus (bridge) to its ships

-This turns sea battles into land battles –

Rome’s advantage

-The Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca

invades Spain with 50,000 infantry, 9,000

cavalry, & 60 elephants.

-He crosses the Alps & invades italy from the

north.

-Hannibal defeats Roman armies on the Italian

Peninsula for 15 years.

-Hannibal’s greatest victory was at Cannae

– he destroyed the Roman legions.

-He could not take city of Rome.

-Roman general Scipio attacks Carthage –

forces Hannibal to return home.

-Scipio defeats Hannibal at Zama.

-Carthage is destroyed and burned

-People are killed or sold into slavery

-Salt is sowed into the soil

-Revenge for 1st Punic

War

-Hannibal (Carthaginian

general) invades Spain

and conquers Roman ally

of Saguntum.

-Increasing prosperity of

Carthage

-Roman hatred and

mistrust of Carthage

-Rome wins &

gains control of

Sicily

-Carthage must

pay huge

indemnity

(payment for

damages)

-Rome wins

-Carthage gives

up all territories

including Spain

-Pays another

indemnity

-Signs treaty not

to expand,

rebuild military,

or declare war-Rome controls

all of the

western Med.

The Punic Wars – Rome vs. Carthage

Republic

Spread of slavery in

agricultural systemMigration of small

farmers into cities

High unemployment Civil war over power

of Julius Caesar

What goes on the line?

Causes of decline of the

Roman _____________

Slavery in Ancient Rome

Domestic Servants

Source = war captives

miners/laborers

Failed slave revolt

Roman civil war between Caesar and Pompey

Former partners in the 1st Triumvirate

Caesar wins! Pompey dies!

Assassination of Julius Caesar

Augustus

• 1st Emperor of Rome

• 1 of the best emperors

• Lived simple life

• Built splendid

buildings

• Created Civil Service

• 27 B.C. – A.D. 14

Pax Romana

“Roman Peace”

• Provided ideal

conditions for travel

and the exchange of

ideas.

• Massive road system

allowed for increased

travel, commerce and

interaction.

Roman Roads: An engineering marvel

“All roads lead to Rome”

Contributions of

Ancient Rome

Architecture

Religion

Language

Literature

Art

Law

Law

Classical examples of Roman architecture

What is Greco-roman culture?

What is it often called?

Bas-Relief

Mosaics

Virgil

Ovid

Tacitus

Language of Rome?

Adoption by different people =

What was the long lasting impact of

Rome’s adoption of Christianity?

Arches -

Aqueducts -

Pantheon – Temple to the Gods

Coliseum

Forum

Summarize the 5 important

principles of Roman Law

What was the long-lasting impact of the Roman

Legal system?

Medicine Examples of Rome’s

Emphasis on Public Health

•Public baths

•Public water

systems

•Medical schools

New building material?

Roman Coliseum In Rome

Travels of Apostle

Paul

Paul Preaching in

Athens

Jesus and the Spread of Christianity

Rise of Christianity

A.D. 6 - Rome took control of Jewish kingdom of Judea, centered in Jerusalem.

Jesus was born around 6-4 B.C. in Bethlehem; raised in Nazareth

- Jesus was both a Jew and a Roman subject

- Took up trade of carpentry

- At 30, Jesus began ministry; for 3 years he preached, taught & healed

- His ideas contained ideas from Jewish tradition; monotheism, Ten

Commandments

- Jesus had 12 disciples; pupils/followers - later called apostles

- His message had great appeal to the poor; rejection of wealth and status,

and acceptance of everyone

A.D. 29 in Jerusalem - Death of Jesus

- Jewish priests deny Jesus is messiah; teachings were contempt for God.

- The Roman governor Pontius Pilate accused Jesus of challenging

authority of Rome

- According to Gospels - 3 days later, body was gone, he appeared to

followers, then ascended to heaven.

- Jesus becomes known as Jesus Christ from Greek Christos meaning

“messiah” or “savior”. Followers of teachings = Christians

- Christians were persecuted and killed for their beliefs

Apostles Spread Teachings

- Peter, one of the first apostles, spread teaching throughout Palestine and

Syria. Cross became symbol of beliefs.

- Paul – first opposed Christianity, then had vision of Christ, then

accepted beliefs & began teachings.

- Paul spread Christianity outside Palestine to Jews and Gentiles “non-Jews”

Emperors Contribution to the Spread of Christianity

- Constantine in A.D. 313 issued “Edict of Milan” allowing religious

freedom; ended persecution of Christians.

- Theodosius in A.D. 380 made Christianity the official religion of Roman Empire.Christian Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs

- Monotheistic

- Trinity = Jesus as father, son, and holy spirit

- Life after death

- New Testament = accounts and teachings of Jesus & writings of early

Christians

- Christian doctrine established by early church councils

- Pope = head of Christian Church

- Bishop = head of all churches in one area

- Heresy = any belief or action that questioned the basic teachings

of the church.Jewish Rebellions

- A.D. 66 Jews in Judea rebelled against Rome.

- Jewish fortress of Masada held out until A.D. 73; all committed suicide.

- Diaspora = Most Jews were exiled from their homelands.

Loyalty to the Church

became more important

than loyalty to the Emperor.

Emperor Constantine

converted to Christianity &

made it legal

Christianity later became

the official religion of the

Roman Empire

The Church became the

main unifying force of

Western Europe

The Church becomes a

source of moral authority

Impact of the Church of

Rome in the late Roman

Empire

Western Roman Empire

Economy

Military

Moral decay

Political

problems

Invasion

Cost of defense + devaluation of currency

Mercenaries in army, decline of discipline

People’s loss of faith in the empire and the family

Civil conflict and weak administration

Attacks on borders and cities

Causes for the decline of the

I. Classical Indian civilization began in the Indus River Valley, spread to the Ganges River Valley, and then spread

throughout the Indian subcontinent. This spread continued with little interruption because of the geographic location.

A. Why were physical geography and location important to the development of Indian

civilization?

1. Physical barriers: Himalayas, Hindu Kush & Indian Ocean made invasion difficult

2. Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided migration routes into the Indian

subcontinent

3. The Indus & Ganges were most important rivers, for life & spiritual importance.

II. Indo-European Aryans migrated into the area, creating a structured society (caste system) and blending their beliefs

with those of the indigenous people.

A. What impact did the Aryans have on India?

1. Aryans migrated into subcontinent, asserted dominance

2. Brought religion; holy books = Vedas – Vedic religion evolved into

Hinduism

3. Established new social order Caste System

Caste

System

No Social

Mobility! –

born & die in

same caste

III. Hinduism was an important contribution of classical India.A. What are the beliefs of the Hindu religion?

1. No single founder – evolved from Aryan Vedic traditions

2. Interconnectedness of life; Atman = individual soul; & Brahman = world

soul

3. Reincarnation – rebirth of soul through many lifetimes

4. Dharma – duties specific to each caste; pride in fulfilling Dharma

5. Karma – all thoughts & actions result in future consequences (good or bad)

6. Moksha – spiritual goal for Hindus; release from cycle of rebirth; join

world soulBirth

Death

RebirthDeath

Rebirth

Reincarnation

IV. Hindu GodsA. How did Hindus view their gods? Many incarnations of one god -

Brahman

1. Brahma – the Creator

2. Vishnu – the Protector

3. Shiva – the Destroyer

IV. Hinduism relied on sacred literature as a foundation of the religion.

A. What were the “Sacred Writings” of Hinduism?

1. Vedas = beginning of Hindu religion

2. Upanishads = introduced idea of universal spirit & separation

from material world

3. Mahabharata = 106,000 verse epic Indian poem; addressing

good & evil; importance of Dharma.

B. Ashoka - Greatest Mauryan ruler

1. Ashoka adopts Buddhist ideals after

witnessing the bloodshed and carnage of war.

2. converted to Buddhism and encouraged

righteous living

3. Ashoka saw himself as a father to his people

Ashoka’s Rock

Edicts

The Golden Age of the Gupta Empire

Advancements

metalworking

universities

mathematicsliteraturepaintings

roads

architecture sculpture

Concept of Zero!

Three Early Chinese Dynasties

Zhou, Qin, Han

I. The Zhou Dynasty – 1028 B.C. – 256 B.C.

A. The Zhou conquered the last Shang king around 1028 B.C.

1. Zhou rulers claimed the Mandate of Heaven (heaven’s approval)

2. They established a feudal system (feudalism)

a. Kings gave land to nobles in exchange for loyalty

b. peasants worked land in exchange for protection

II. Two Chinese Philosophies Emerge

Confucianism

“The Analects”

Teachings of Confucius

“Respect yourself and

others will respect you.”

DaoismBalance/Harmony with Nature

Why do you think there was an effort to find a new governing style?

II. Two Chinese Philosophies EmergeA. Confucianism

1. Impact of Confucianism in forming the social order in

China

a. Belief that humans are good, not bad

b. Respect for elders – Filial Piety - http://www.stanford.edu/group/confucian/cgi-bin/blog/?p=149

c. Code of Politeness (still use in Chinese society today)

d. Emphasis on education

e. Ancestor worship

Respect link

II. Two Chinese Philosophies EmergeA. Confucianism

2. Five Primary Relationships

a. ruler and subject

b. father and son

c. elder brother and younger brother

d. husband and wife

e. friend and friend

Respect link

II. Two Chinese Philosophies EmergeA. Confucianism

3. the Analects

a. teachings of Confucius

b. Provide guidelines for Confucianism

Respect link

II. Two Chinese Philosophies EmergeB. Taoism

1. Impact of Taoism in forming Chinese culture and

values

a. Humility – low view of one’s own importance

b. Simple life & inner peace

c. Harmony/balance with nature Lao Zi - founder

Yin and Yang represent

opposites for

Confucianism and Taoism.

III. The Qin Dynasty – 221 B.C. – 210 B.C.

A. Around 221 B.C., the Qin defeat rival kingdoms & unite much of China

1. strong centralized gov’t formed

2. military districts allowed emperor to maintain control

3. Qin Shihuangdi = 1st emperor of China

4. China gets its name from Qin

B. Qin Shihuangdi – his achievements

1. standardized weights and measures and coinage

2. created uniform writing system

3. constructed Great Wall of China

C. The Great Wall of China

1. Invaders raided Chinese settlements from the North.

2. Qin built the Great Wall to guard against these invasions

3. Wall extended over 4,000 miles

4. built with forced labor – many died during construction

D. The End of the Qin Dynasty

1. Qin Shihuangdi dies in 210 B.C.

2. He is buried with an army of terra cotta (clay) soldiers and horses

3. The dynasty weakens; loses control of country

4. 206 B.C. Han Dynasty comes to power

IV. The Han Dynasty – 206 B.C. – A.D. 220

A. Wudi – The greatest Han ruler

1. He greatly expanded the empire

2. He expanded trade routes to the west known

as the Silk Roads

a. Silk Roads = Series of trade routes

linking China and the Mediterranean

cultures & Roman Empire

3. He established the Civil Service System – system/tests

for selecting most able person for gov’t jobs.

4. The Han Dynasty rivaled the Roman Empire in:

a. Size

b. Population

c. government

Taking the Civil Service Exam

Silk Roads – Connect China to Mediterranean Sea and Roman Empire

B. Fall of the Han Dynasty

1. After Wudi died the dynasty weakened.

2. The Huns eventually overthrew the Han Dynasty

C. Other contributions of Classical China

1. invented paper

2. porcelain

3. gun powder

4. wheelbarrow

Post-Classical World

Constantinople

Crossroads of trade

Easily fortified site on a peninsula

Capital of Byzantine Empire

Preserved Greco-Roman culture

What is the location being described on the map?

Constantinople – Capital of Byzantine EmpireCenter of Trade

Hagia Sophia in Constantinople

Hagia Sophia in Constantinople

Created Law Code –

Justinian’s Code

Conquered former

Roman Lands

Rebuilt

Constantinople

Justinian = Greatest

Byzantine Emperor

“Great Schism” in Christian Church

Roman Catholic vs. Eastern Orthodox

I. Origins of Islam

A. Arabia before Muhammad

1. Arabian Peninsula was dominated by nomadic Bedouin tribes

2. Small communities developed around oases

3. City of Mecca was marketplace and pilgrimage site.

4. Mecca shrine (Kaaba) held hundreds of tribal idols.

B. Founder of Islam

1. Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 A.D.

2. Around age 40, Muhammad claimed to have heard voice of the

angel Gabriel.

3. Gabriel was delivering the word of god through Muhammad.

4. Muhammad began sharing these new beliefs.

C. The Hijrah

1. Leaders of Mecca feared Muhammad's growing power

2. Muhammad & followers escaped to town of Medina

3. This journey is the Hijrah – marks the beginning of Islam

II. Spread of Islam

A. Muhammad raised an army of followers and returned to

capture Mecca.

1. Tribal idols were destroyed; Kaaba rededicated to Allah.

2. Mecca was center of 1st Muslim empire

B. Islam eventually spreads through conquest to southwest

Asia, North Africa and southern Spain.

1. Expansion made possible by weakened Byzantine and Persian

Empires.

Spread of Islam

Spread and Geographic Influence of Islam

Spread of Islam

- Across Asia & Africa and into

Spain

- Primarily by military conquests

- First Muslim empire = Indus

Valley to Spain

Geographic Influence on the Origin and

spread of Islam

- Islam spread along trade routes from

Mecca & Medina

- Expansion despite great distances,

deserts, & mountains

- Spread into Fertile Crescent, Iran, &

Central Asia because of weak Byzantine

& Persian Empires

Geographic Influence on the Economic, Social &

Political Development

-Political unity of 1st Muslim empire short-lived –

regional fragmentation

-Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated

trade across Islamic lands.

-Slavery within Islamic lands = not race-based

What stopped expansion into W. Europe?

How did the Arabic language unite the empire & “facilitate

trade”?

Similarity to spread of Christianity?

4 Turning Points Impacting the Islamic World

A. The Sunni – Shi’a Split divides Muslims

1. Following the assassination of the fourth Caliph – Ali

a. Umayyads rise to power

b. Many did not recognize Umayyad rule

c. Many claimed successor to Ali should be related to

Muhammad

d. This group was called Shi’a – “party of Ali”e. Others argued caliphs only need to follow example of

Muhammad.

f. This group was called Sunni - “followers of

Muhammad’s example”

B. Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damsacus

1. Shifted political center of caliphate to Middle East

2. Initiated conflict/tension between Muslims, Christians and

Jews

3. Increased conflict with Byzantine Empire

C. The Battle of Tours Halts Muslim Expansion in Europe

1. Muslim Berbers from North Africa invade Spain

a. Berber armies move north to within 100 miles of Paris

b. Muslim Berbers were defeated at the Battle of Tours

by the Franks led by “Charles the Hammer”.

2. Significance of the battle

a. Muslims forced back to southern Spain

b. No further Muslim expansion in western Europe.

D. Islamic Capital Moves to Baghdad

1. Baghdad, modern Iraq, becomes capital of Abbasid Dynasty

a. Central location in Mesopotamia

b. Baghdad becomes center of Islamic Golden Age

c. Islamic scholars build on Greco-Roman & eastern

knowledge.

2. Fall of Bagdad = End of Arab Caliphate

a. Mongols conquer Bagdad

b. Ends Islamic Golden Age of Bagdad

c. Opens region to Turkish control

Self-Sufficient Feudal Manor of the Middle Ages

Feudal Estate during Middle Ages

Feudalism in the Middle Ages

Social structureFeudalism = Social, economic, & military

system of the Middle Ages.

•Feudalism is based on the exchange of land for

loyalty/protection.

How did invasions by the

Angles, Saxons, Magyars, &

Vikings influence the

development of Europe?

1. Manors with castles

provided protection

from invaders;

reinforced feudal

system.

2. Trade & towns

declined; also

reinforced feudal

system.

King

Peasants/Serfs

Knights

Church

OfficialsPowerful

nobles

Charlemagne “Charles the Great”The Greatest Ruler of the Middle Ages

Charlemagne’s Empire

The Age Charlemagne “Charles the Great”The Greatest Ruler of the Middle Ages

Franks united under

Clovis and adopted

Christianity – A.D.

511

Charlemagne

inherited a strong

Frankish kingdom

Revives learning

throughout his

empire! And

spreads Christianity.

He created a massive

European Empire

Charlemagne’s

Empire divides after

his death

He is crowned Holy

Roman Emperor

= to Byzantine

Emperors

Churches, roads,

schools built to unite

the empire

Power of church

established in

political life

Areas of Settlement of Invaders

1. Manors with castles

provided protection from

invaders; reinforced feudal

system.

2. Trade & towns declined;

also reinforced feudal

system.

Influence of the Angles,

Saxons, Magyars & Vikings?

- Angles & Saxons migrated from

continental Europe to England

- Magyars migrated from Central Asia

to Hungary

- Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to

Russia, Europe & westward.

The VikingsViking Longship

The CrusadesChristians vs. Muslims

Fight for Holy Lands/Jerusalem

Pope Urban calls for 1st Crusade -

1096

Leader of Seljuk Turks

Retakes Jerusalem

Crusader States

Established after 1st

Crusade

Video

The Crusades: Christians vs. Muslims: A fight for the Holy Land – 1096 - 1270

The Crusades – a series of military expeditions fighting

for control of the Middle East “Holy Land” - Christian

armies of Europe vs. Muslim armies

Key Events of the Crusades

- 1093 – Byzantine emperor sends an

appeal to the west to help against Muslim Turks.

- Pope Urban’s Speech – call for a “Holy

War”

- Capture of Jerusalem – 1st Crusade

- Founding of Crusader States

- Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin – leader of

Seljuk Turks

- Crusaders sack Constantinople – 4th

CrusadeEffects of the Crusades

- weakened the Pope & nobles; strengthened kings

Why?

- left legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, &

Muslims

Why?

- weakened the Byzantine Empire

How?

Economic Effects of the Crusades

- Increased demand for Middle Eastern products

- Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern

markets.

- Encouraged use of credit and banking (adopted from

Muslims)

- Helped begin the Renaissance in Italy!

Why was the 1st Crusade considered the most successful?

Use the “Economic” info. to write 1 sentence explaining the

connection between the Crusades and the beginning of the

Renaissance in Italy

Crusades

Pope Urban’s Speech

Capture & loss of

Jerusalem

Sacking of

Constantinople

Weakened the Pope

and nobles

Stimulated trade

with Middle East

Weakened the

Byzantine Empire

Effects of the

___________

The Black Death

The Bubonic Plague sweeps through Europe

Impact of the Black Death

Decline in church influence Decline in population

Towns freed from feudal

obligationsDisruption of trade

Scarcity of labor

The Formation of European Nation-States

in the late Medieval periodPgs. 352-354

England

1. Who invades England in 1066? William the Conqueror

2. Where was he from? Normandy in northern France

• What battle was fought for control of England? Battle of Hastings

• Who won? William and the Normans

• How did this event change the governing of England? William’s control over England

laid the foundation for centralized government.

King Henry II – 1154-1189

• What new legal idea did King Henry introduce? jury trials

• The collection of court rulings became known as what? Common Law

• What was the long-term impact of these rulings? This common law was the basis for law

in many countries including the U.S.

The Magna Carta

• What was the most celebrated document in English history? The Magna Carta

• Which English king was forced to sign this document in 1215? King John

• How did this document impact the king’s power? It limited the king’s powers while

guaranteeing basic political rights for individuals.

France

• Who began the Capetian dynasty in France in 987? Hugh Capet

• The Capetians controlled which key city in Northern France? Paris

• Eventually the Capetians would grow enough royal power to do what? unite France

Norman Conquest of England

William the Conqueror invades

England

Battle of Hastings

The Magna Carta –

Signed by King John

of England – 1215

•Limited the king’s

power

•Expanded rights to the

individual

The Hundred Years War – pgs. 359-361

1. The Hundred Years War lasted from 1337 to 1453 and involved the two growing nations of

England and France.

2. Which new weapon had a significant impact on the battles in this war? Longbow

• Who eventually wins this war? France

• What new feeling did the war give birth to in both countries? Nationalism; the idea of

country with strong central leadership.

Joan of Arc unifies the French – pgs. 360-361

• Joan of Arc was a hero for which side in the Hundred Years War? France

• She claimed divine voices spoke to her. What did these voices instruct her to do? Drive the

English out of France & crown France’s true king.

• At which famous battle/siege did Joan of Arc lead the French to victory? Orleans

• Joan helps unite the French against the English and turn the tide of the war, but what is her

eventual fate? Captured by the English, charged with heresy & burned at the stake

Hundred Years War – England vs. France

Joan of Arc

Unifier of France

during

Hundred Years War

Russia and Ivan the Great – 1462-1505

• What would the Russian state become under Ivan III? An

empire

• Ivan III was the first to begin calling himself what? Czar

• Since the 1200s, the Russian states had been controlled by

which group of East Asian invaders? Mongols

• What does Ivan do in 1480 to give Russia its independence?

He refuses to pay the tribute to the Mongols. Bloodless

standoff ends in Mongol withdraw.

• After this event in 1480, what could the Russian Czars openly

pursue? An empire

Ivan III –

“The Great”

Spain unified under Ferdinand and

Isabella “The Catholic Monarchs” 1469

- Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of

Castile unified Spain through political

marriage.

- They set out to make Roman Catholicism

the dominant religion of Spain.

- Their Spanish Inquisition expelled &

killed Jews and Muslim Moors from Spain.

Silk Roads and Indian Ocean Trade Routes

Japanese

archipelago

Archipelago =

group of

islands

Japan was

heavily

influenced by

China and

Korea.

Writing

Architecture

Religion:

Buddhism,

Confucianism

Japan’s native

religion = Shinto

Focus on:

• Natural features

• Forces of nature

• Ancestor worship

•Becomes state

religion

•Added emperor

worship

Japanese Shinto Shrine

Japanese Feudal System

Vs.

European Feudal System

Europe Japan

Lords

King

Knights

Code of

Chivalry

Serfs/Peasants

Shogun

Daimyo

(Feudal lords)

Samurai

(Soldiers of feudal

Japan)

Code of Bushido

Serfs/Peasants

Incas in the

Andes Mts.

Mayans on

Yucatan Peninsula

Aztecs in

Central Mexico

Characteristic Mayans Aztecs Incas

Dates 250 B.C. – A.D. 900 A.D. 1200 – 1521 A.D. 1438 - 1535

Location Central American rain

forest – Yucatan

Peninsula

Valley in Central Mexico –

modern Mexico City

Andes Mountains – west

coast of South America

Represented by Chichen Itza Tenochtitlan – major trade city Cuzco & Machu Picchu

Political

Style/RuleIndependent city-states;

ruled by god-kings

Emperor – centralized gov’t Emperor – centralized

gov’t

Economy

(Based on?)Agriculture & trade

Mainly Maize!

Agriculture

Mainly Maize!

Chinampa agriculture system

+ Tribute from conquered peoples

High-altitude, terrace

agriculture; Maize,

potatoes & variety of

other crops

Religion Polytheistic/animistic –

ancestor + sun worship

pyramids/temples + human

sacrifice

Polytheistic/animistic;

pyramids/temples

Ancestor + Sun God

Extensive human sacrifice!!

Polytheistic/animistic

ancestor + sun worship

Achievements/

Characteristics

Advances = math, calendars,

astronomy

Most advanced writing!

No beast of burden!

Mysterious decline

Society based on warfare, expansion

and tribute!

- Calendars

- No beast of burden!

Conquered by Spanish

Extensive road system

Linked empire + helped rule

Llama for trade/travel & labor

Mit’a System – Coerced labor

system: all owed labor to the state

Conquered by Spanish

Major Civilizations of the Western Civilization

Characteristics of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan Civilizations

Maize =

Foundation of

Mesoamerican

agriculture

Aztec human sacrifice

Machu Picchu Incan city in Andes Mts.

Chichen Itza Mayan religious temple

Sahara Desert

Aksum

Zimbabwe

Ghana

Mali &

Songhai

Gold

Salt

Church scholars

Among the few who

could read and write

Worked in

monasteries

Translated

Greek and

Arabic works

into Latin

Made new knowledge in

philosophy, medicine,

and science available in

Europe

Laid the

foundation for

the rise of

universities in

Europe

What would be the best

title for this chart?

Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper

Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel

Johann Gutenburg’s Printing Press

Medieval or Renaissance? Why?

Niccolo MachiavelliAuthor of The Prince

•Absolute power

• “End justifies means”

Himalayas