SOCIOLOGYSOCIOLOGYChapter OneChapter One

SOCIOLOGY-THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY-THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF SOCIETY AND HUMAN BEHAVIORSOCIETY AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR

SOCIAL SCIENCE-STUDY OF THE SOCIAL SOCIAL SCIENCE-STUDY OF THE SOCIAL WORLD THROUGH OBSERVATION AND WORLD THROUGH OBSERVATION AND STUDYSTUDY POLITICAL SCIENCE-POLITICS & GOV’TPOLITICAL SCIENCE-POLITICS & GOV’T ECONOMICS-PRODUCITON GOODS, SERVICESECONOMICS-PRODUCITON GOODS, SERVICES PSYCHOLOGY-PROCESS OF THE MINDPSYCHOLOGY-PROCESS OF THE MIND

BIRTH OF SOCIOLOGYBIRTH OF SOCIOLOGY

THREE FACTORSTHREE FACTORS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION-CONDITIONSINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION-CONDITIONS IDEA SELF GOV’T-FRENCH AND AM. REV.IDEA SELF GOV’T-FRENCH AND AM. REV.

PEOPLE TO THINK FOR THEMSELVESPEOPLE TO THINK FOR THEMSELVES No longer told what to doNo longer told what to do IMPERIALISM-LOOK AT OTHER CULTURES AND IMPERIALISM-LOOK AT OTHER CULTURES AND

ASK WHY ARE THEY DIFERENTASK WHY ARE THEY DIFERENT

EXAMINE SOCIETY AND BEHAVIOREXAMINE SOCIETY AND BEHAVIOR

AUGUSTE COMTE-1798-1857AUGUSTE COMTE-1798-1857 FATHER OF SOCIOLOGYFATHER OF SOCIOLOGY STUDY SOCIETY-MAKES IT EVOLVESTUDY SOCIETY-MAKES IT EVOLVE

Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer

HERBERT SPENCER-HERBERT SPENCER- ””SURVIVIAL OF THE FITTEST”SURVIVIAL OF THE FITTEST” NO NEED TO HELP POORNO NEED TO HELP POOR

Not benefit societyNot benefit society

KARL MARX 1818-1883KARL MARX 1818-1883

CLASS CONFLICTCLASS CONFLICT

LAND OWNERS, ELITE IN CONSTANT BATTLE LAND OWNERS, ELITE IN CONSTANT BATTLE WITH THE WORKERS OF THE WORLDWITH THE WORKERS OF THE WORLD

WORKERS WOULD UNITEWORKERS WOULD UNITE

TAKE OVER AND RULETAKE OVER AND RULE

COMMUNIST MANIFESTOCOMMUNIST MANIFESTO

SOCIAL INTEGRATIONSOCIAL INTEGRATION

EMILE DURKHEIM-1858-1917EMILE DURKHEIM-1858-1917

RESEARCH ON SUICIDERESEARCH ON SUICIDE

SOCIAL INTEGRATION-DEGREE AT WHICH SOCIAL INTEGRATION-DEGREE AT WHICH PEOPLE FEEL A PART OF SOCIAL GROUPSPEOPLE FEEL A PART OF SOCIAL GROUPS

SINGLE MALESINGLE MALE

PROTESTANT KILL THEMSELVES MORE OFTENPROTESTANT KILL THEMSELVES MORE OFTEN

HAVE NO SENSE OF BELONGINGHAVE NO SENSE OF BELONGING

NEED TO BE WANTED AND BELONGNEED TO BE WANTED AND BELONG

MAX WEBER 1864-MAX WEBER 1864-19201920

RELIGION IS THE KEY TO CHANGE IN RELIGION IS THE KEY TO CHANGE IN SOCIETYSOCIETY

CATHOLICS-STAY THE SAMECATHOLICS-STAY THE SAME

PROTESTANTS-ENCOURAGED TO EMBRACE PROTESTANTS-ENCOURAGED TO EMBRACE CHANGECHANGE

PROTESTANT=CAPITALISM=MONEYPROTESTANT=CAPITALISM=MONEY

CATHOLIC=NO CHANGE=POORCATHOLIC=NO CHANGE=POOR

SEXISM AND SEXISM AND SOCIOLOGYSOCIOLOGY

WOMEN AND THE FOUR “C’S”WOMEN AND THE FOUR “C’S” COOKINGCOOKING CHURCHCHURCH COOKINGCOOKING CHILDRENCHILDREN

JANE ADAMS-HULL HOUSEJANE ADAMS-HULL HOUSE POORPOOR GAP BETWEEN POWERFUL AND THE WEAKGAP BETWEEN POWERFUL AND THE WEAK

AFRICAN AMERICANSAFRICAN AMERICANS

W.E.B. Du BOISW.E.B. Du BOIS FIRST AF. AM. RECEIVE Ph.D –HARVARDFIRST AF. AM. RECEIVE Ph.D –HARVARD SUFFERS DISC.SUFFERS DISC. FORMED THE NAACPFORMED THE NAACP LEAVES COUNTRYLEAVES COUNTRY ADVANCED THE RELATIONS BETWEEN AF. AM ADVANCED THE RELATIONS BETWEEN AF. AM

AND PLACE IN SOCIETYAND PLACE IN SOCIETY

SYMBOLIC SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISMINTERACTIONISM

PEOPLE EVALUATE THEIR OWN CONDUCT PEOPLE EVALUATE THEIR OWN CONDUCT BY COMPARING THEMSELVES WITH OTHERSBY COMPARING THEMSELVES WITH OTHERS

SYMBOLS-THINGS WE ATTACH MEANING TOSYMBOLS-THINGS WE ATTACH MEANING TO EVERYTHING IN LIFE IS A “SYMBOL”EVERYTHING IN LIFE IS A “SYMBOL” AUNT-YOUR AUNT-not biologicalAUNT-YOUR AUNT-not biological FRIEND-FRIEND-has meaning and symbolismFRIEND-FRIEND-has meaning and symbolism OVER TIME THESE SYMBOLS OR MEANINGS OVER TIME THESE SYMBOLS OR MEANINGS

CHANGECHANGE

SYMBOLIC SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM OF INTERACTIONISM OF DIVORCE IN AMERICADIVORCE IN AMERICA

EMOTIONAL SATISFACTION-NOW DEMANDEDEMOTIONAL SATISFACTION-NOW DEMANDED

TRUE LOVE-UNREALISTIC EXPACTATIONS OF TRUE LOVE-UNREALISTIC EXPACTATIONS OF LOVE-LEAD TO DIVORCELOVE-LEAD TO DIVORCE

CHILDREN-PARENTING-TODAY EXPECTED TO CHILDREN-PARENTING-TODAY EXPECTED TO PROVIDE AND CARE FOR CHILDREN INTO PROVIDE AND CARE FOR CHILDREN INTO EARLY ADULTHOOD-EARLY ADULTHOOD-

MAMMA’S BOYMAMMA’S BOY

ROLES OF SPOUSE-WHO TAKES CARE OF ROLES OF SPOUSE-WHO TAKES CARE OF KIDS, WORKS, CLEANS, ETC…KIDS, WORKS, CLEANS, ETC…

WOMEN WORKING-STAY SINGLE, MONEY, NO WOMEN WORKING-STAY SINGLE, MONEY, NO LONGER DEP. ON MENLONGER DEP. ON MEN

CHANGES IN LAW, EASY TO RECEIVE A CHANGES IN LAW, EASY TO RECEIVE A DIVORCEDIVORCE NO-FAULT DIVORCESNO-FAULT DIVORCES

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

CHANGING SYMBOLS 9MEANINGS) EXPLAIN CHANGING SYMBOLS 9MEANINGS) EXPLAIN THE INCREASE IN DIVORCE RATETHE INCREASE IN DIVORCE RATE

NO SINGLE CAUSE, NO SINGLE CAUSE,

ARE THEY GOOD OR BAD?ARE THEY GOOD OR BAD?

CONFLICT THEORYCONFLICT THEORY

THE KEY TO LIFE IS CLASS STRUGGLETHE KEY TO LIFE IS CLASS STRUGGLE

““HAVE AND THE HAVE NOTS”HAVE AND THE HAVE NOTS”

BOURGEOISIE-SMALL WEALTHY CLASSBOURGEOISIE-SMALL WEALTHY CLASS

PROLETARIAT-WORKERS-ABUSED BY THE PROLETARIAT-WORKERS-ABUSED BY THE WEALTHY CLASSWEALTHY CLASS

PEOPLE WILL AUTOMATICALLY RESENT PEOPLE WILL AUTOMATICALLY RESENT AUTHORITYAUTHORITY

CONFLICT THEORY AND CONFLICT THEORY AND DIVORCE RATE DIVORCE RATE

MEN DOMINATE AND EXPLOITMEN DOMINATE AND EXPLOIT

WOMEN ARE EXPLOITED AND DOMINATEDWOMEN ARE EXPLOITED AND DOMINATED

CONFLICT EXISTS, THIS WILL LEAD TO CONFLICT EXISTS, THIS WILL LEAD TO DIVORCEDIVORCE

WOMEN HAVE PROGRESSED, WILL NO WOMEN HAVE PROGRESSED, WILL NO LONGER ACCEPT THIS ROLE LONGER ACCEPT THIS ROLE

MANY MEN RESENT THIS MANY MEN RESENT THIS

CHAPTER 2 -CULTURECHAPTER 2 -CULTURE

CULTURE-LANGUAGE, BELIEFS, VALUES CULTURE-LANGUAGE, BELIEFS, VALUES NORMS BEHAVIORS, AND MATERIAL OBJECTS NORMS BEHAVIORS, AND MATERIAL OBJECTS PASSED FROM ONE GENERATON TO PASSED FROM ONE GENERATON TO ANOTHERANOTHER MATERIAL-JEWELRY, ART, MUSICMATERIAL-JEWELRY, ART, MUSIC NONMATERIAL-BELIEFS, VALUES AND NONMATERIAL-BELIEFS, VALUES AND

ASSUMPTIONS, GESTURES ETC…ASSUMPTIONS, GESTURES ETC…

MEANING OF CULTUREMEANING OF CULTURE

CULTURE IS NOT NORMALCULTURE IS NOT NORMAL IT IS LEARNEDIT IS LEARNED EXPERIENCE A NEW AND DIFFERENT CULTURE EXPERIENCE A NEW AND DIFFERENT CULTURE

EXPERIENCE “CULTURE SHOCK”EXPERIENCE “CULTURE SHOCK” ETHNOCENTRISM-BELIEVING THAT YOUR ETHNOCENTRISM-BELIEVING THAT YOUR

CULTURE IS BETTER THAN OTHERSCULTURE IS BETTER THAN OTHERS CULTURAL RELATIVISM-APRRECIATE OTHER CULTURAL RELATIVISM-APRRECIATE OTHER

GROUPS WITHOUT JUDGING THEMGROUPS WITHOUT JUDGING THEM

SYMBOLIC CULTURESYMBOLIC CULTURE

GESTURES, LANGUAGE, VALUES, FOLKWAYS GESTURES, LANGUAGE, VALUES, FOLKWAYS

ALLOW US TO COMMUNICATEALLOW US TO COMMUNICATE

NOT ALL GESTURES ARE THE SAMENOT ALL GESTURES ARE THE SAME

VALUESVALUES

STANDARDS BY WHICH A SOCITY DEFINES STANDARDS BY WHICH A SOCITY DEFINES GOOD AND BADGOOD AND BAD

NORMS ARE THE RULES OF BEHAVIOR THAT NORMS ARE THE RULES OF BEHAVIOR THAT DEVELOP OUT OF THESE VALUESDEVELOP OUT OF THESE VALUES

SANCTIONS-POSOTIVE-MONEY, PRIZE, SMILESANCTIONS-POSOTIVE-MONEY, PRIZE, SMILE NEGATIVE SANCTION-FINE PENALTY, TROUBLE NEGATIVE SANCTION-FINE PENALTY, TROUBLE

FOR BREAKING THE NORMFOR BREAKING THE NORM

FOLKWAYS-NORMS THAT ARE NOT STRICLTY FOLKWAYS-NORMS THAT ARE NOT STRICLTY ENFORCEDENFORCED PASSING ON RIGHT SIDE OF HIGHWAYPASSING ON RIGHT SIDE OF HIGHWAY INCONVENIENCE NOT A CRIMEINCONVENIENCE NOT A CRIME

MORES-NORMS BELIEVED TO BE ESSENTIALMORES-NORMS BELIEVED TO BE ESSENTIAL KILLING, RAPING, STEALING-HAS VIOLATED KILLING, RAPING, STEALING-HAS VIOLATED

SOCIETIES MOST IMPORTANT MORESSOCIETIES MOST IMPORTANT MORES

NORMS VARY-ONE GROUPS FOLKWAY CAN NORMS VARY-ONE GROUPS FOLKWAY CAN BE ANOTHERS MORESBE ANOTHERS MORES MAN GO BARECHESTED-FOLKWAYMAN GO BARECHESTED-FOLKWAY WOMEN GO BARECHESTED-NORMWOMEN GO BARECHESTED-NORM

WOMEN WEAR PANTSWOMEN WEAR PANTS MEN WEAR DRESSESMEN WEAR DRESSES

TABOOSTABOOS

NORMS THAT ARE NEVER TO BE BROKENNORMS THAT ARE NEVER TO BE BROKEN EATING HUMAN FLESHEATING HUMAN FLESH INCESTINCEST BEASTIALITYBEASTIALITY

SUBCULTURESUBCULTURE

GROUPS WHOSE VALUES AND BEHAVIOR GROUPS WHOSE VALUES AND BEHAVIOR ARE SO DISTINCT THAT THEY ARE ARE SO DISTINCT THAT THEY ARE SEPARATE FROM THE DOMINANT CULTURESEPARATE FROM THE DOMINANT CULTURE

A SMALLER CULTURE WITHIN A LARGE ONEA SMALLER CULTURE WITHIN A LARGE ONE

OWN IDENTITY AND VALUESOWN IDENTITY AND VALUES MUSICIANS, ARTISTS, SPORTS FIGURESMUSICIANS, ARTISTS, SPORTS FIGURES TEACHERS, HIP-HOP, HARRY POTTERTEACHERS, HIP-HOP, HARRY POTTER STAR TREK, STAR TREK,

COUNTER CULTURECOUNTER CULTURE

GROUP WHOSE BELIEFS PLACE ITSELF AT GROUP WHOSE BELIEFS PLACE ITSELF AT ODDS WITH MAINSTREAM CULTUREODDS WITH MAINSTREAM CULTURE BIKER GANGS-USE VIOLENCE AND HATRED BIKER GANGS-USE VIOLENCE AND HATRED

TOWARD WOMENTOWARD WOMEN MORMONS AND POLYGYNYMORMONS AND POLYGYNY EXCESSIVE DRUGS AND VIOLENCEEXCESSIVE DRUGS AND VIOLENCE DO NOT HAVE TO BE NEGATIVEDO NOT HAVE TO BE NEGATIVE

PLURALISITC SOCIETYPLURALISITC SOCIETY

A SOCIETY MADE UP OF MANY DIFERENT A SOCIETY MADE UP OF MANY DIFERENT GROUPSGROUPS ACHIEVEMENT AND SUCCESSACHIEVEMENT AND SUCCESS MATERIAL COMFORTMATERIAL COMFORT FREEDOMFREEDOM EDUCATIONEDUCATION ACTIVITY AND WORKACTIVITY AND WORK

VALUE CLUSTERVALUE CLUSTER

VALUES CLUSTER TOGETHER TO FORM VALUES CLUSTER TOGETHER TO FORM A LARGER WHOLEA LARGER WHOLE LEISURE-HUGE RECREATION INDUSTRYLEISURE-HUGE RECREATION INDUSTRY SELF-FUFILLMENT-PERSONEL SELF-FUFILLMENT-PERSONEL

DEVELOPMENT-ALL YOU CAN BEDEVELOPMENT-ALL YOU CAN BE PHYSICAL FITNESS-HEALTH CLUBS, GYMS, PHYSICAL FITNESS-HEALTH CLUBS, GYMS,

YOGA, VITAMINSYOGA, VITAMINS YOUNGNESS-PLASTIC SURGERY, DENY YOUNGNESS-PLASTIC SURGERY, DENY

AGING, BABY BOOMERS AFRAID OF AGING, BABY BOOMERS AFRAID OF GETTING OLDGETTING OLD

CULTURE WARSCULTURE WARS

TWO CULTURES FIGHT OVER BELIEFSTWO CULTURES FIGHT OVER BELIEFS GENDER AND SEXUALITYGENDER AND SEXUALITY GAY MARRIAGEGAY MARRIAGE GAY ADOPTIONGAY ADOPTION SEX CHANGE OPERATIONSSEX CHANGE OPERATIONS GAY TEACHERSGAY TEACHERS

CULTURAL UNIVERSALSCULTURAL UNIVERSALS

A VALUE THAT IS FOUND IN EVERY GROUPA VALUE THAT IS FOUND IN EVERY GROUP

GEORGE MURDOCH-1945-STUDIED GEORGE MURDOCH-1945-STUDIED HUNDREDS OF GROUPSHUNDREDS OF GROUPS MARRIAGEMARRIAGE FAMILYFAMILY COOKINGCOOKING INCESTINCEST

MURDOCH’S STUDY MURDOCH’S STUDY REVEALEDREVEALED

NO UNIVERSAL FORM OF FAMILY OR WAY OF NO UNIVERSAL FORM OF FAMILY OR WAY OF LIFELIFE

EVERY SOCIETY DIFFERSEVERY SOCIETY DIFFERS INCEST-MOTHER-TO SAVE THE FAMILYINCEST-MOTHER-TO SAVE THE FAMILY NEW GUINEA-TABOO-CAN NOT MARRY 7/8 NEW GUINEA-TABOO-CAN NOT MARRY 7/8

FEMALESFEMALES UNIVERSAL ACTIVITIES, NO UNIVERSAL WAY UNIVERSAL ACTIVITIES, NO UNIVERSAL WAY

OF DOING THEMOF DOING THEM

ANIMALS AND ANIMALS AND LANGUAGELANGUAGE

CAN ANIMALS TALK?CAN ANIMALS TALK?

ANIMALS DO NOT HAVE APPARATUS TO TALKANIMALS DO NOT HAVE APPARATUS TO TALK

DO THEY LACK INTELLIGENCE?DO THEY LACK INTELLIGENCE?

WASHOE THE TALKING WASHOE THE TALKING MONKEYMONKEY

GARDNER’S (1974) RAISE BABY MONKEY, GARDNER’S (1974) RAISE BABY MONKEY, WASHOE TO LEARN SIGN LANGUAGEWASHOE TO LEARN SIGN LANGUAGE

LEARNED OVER 160 SIGNS AND PUT THEM LEARNED OVER 160 SIGNS AND PUT THEM TOGETHER TO MAKE SHORT SENTENCESTOGETHER TO MAKE SHORT SENTENCES

IS THIS PROOF? YES/NOIS THIS PROOF? YES/NO

CULTURAL LAGCULTURAL LAG

CULTURE FALLS BEHIND TECHNOLOGYCULTURE FALLS BEHIND TECHNOLOGY COMPUTERS-WHAT THEY CAN DOCOMPUTERS-WHAT THEY CAN DO SCHOOL YEAR-SUMMERS OFF-CHILDREN HAD SCHOOL YEAR-SUMMERS OFF-CHILDREN HAD

TO WORKTO WORK NEVER CATCH UP TO CHANGING ITNEVER CATCH UP TO CHANGING IT

CULTURAL LEVELING-CULTURES BECOME CULTURAL LEVELING-CULTURES BECOME SIMILAR-EVERYONE IS WESTERNIZINGSIMILAR-EVERYONE IS WESTERNIZING MCDONALDS, COKE, PEPSI, GAP, ETC..MCDONALDS, COKE, PEPSI, GAP, ETC..