Sociology -- the scientific study of human social relationships
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Transcript of Sociology -- the scientific study of human social relationships
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Sociology -- the
scientific study of human social
relationships
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WHAT IS
SOCIAL?
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Social -- interaction between two or more people
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Asocial -- not social, not interacting with others
Either by choice …
… or by being left out
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Anti-social -- negative interaction or avoidance of interaction
KEEP OUT
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Pseudo-social -- appears to be social, but isn’t
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Early Sociologis
tsA Brief Review
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Theorists of Sociology
Comte Durkheim Marx
Spencer Weber
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Auguste Comte
• Considered the founder of Sociology
• Coined the term “sociology”
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Comte coined term “Sociology”
– Socious- companion (Latin)
– Logos- study of (Greek)
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Theorists of Sociology
Auguste Comte-• French Philosopher, interested in
finding solutions to the chaos of the French Revolution
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Comte believed that sociologists should be
concerned with two main concepts:
Order & Change
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Comte• Social Statics
constantsnon-changing principleslife and deathman v. nature
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Comte
– change
– attitudes and acceptable behaviors
Social Dynamics
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Auguste Comte
• Practiced “cerebral hygiene”
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Comte§ Positivis
m- all science should be value free and objective
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Karl Marx
• Not really a sociologist, but a social philosopher
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Karl Marx
• Believed that class conflict led to social change
• Influenced the modern conflict theory
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Theorists of Sociology
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
not a sociologist but had a profound affect on sociology (and history)
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Marx-
•importance of economics in everyday life and in history
Economic Determinism
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Marx-
Concerned with class conflict
• Worker v. Capitalist
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Marx• Felt that any historical change would involve conflict between the workers and capitalists
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Marx-• society similar to
a human body- each part performs a function
• many parts make up the whole
Organic Totalitity
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Herbert Spencer
• Was strongly influenced by Charles Darwin
• Believed no steps should be taken to correct society’s problems
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Herbert Spencer
• Coined the phrase “Survival of the Fittest”
• His theory is called “Social Darwinism”
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Herbert Spencer
• Society is made up of interdependent parts
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Emile Durkheim
• First sociologist to systematically apply the scientific method to the study of society
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Emile Durkheim
• Greatly influenced the modern Functionalist theory
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Emile Durkheim-
• Thought only the overt should be studied
• Not- thoughts, feelings or emotions
• Believed that everything has numerous functions
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Emile Durkheim- functions
• Manifest Function- the intended or primary purpose of an object
– transportation
• Latent Function- the unintended purpose of an object
– status symbol
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Max Weber
• Studied the effects of society on the individual
• Influenced the modern Inter-actionist theory
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Max Weber
• Verstehen -- essentially seeing a situation through someone else’s eyes
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Max Weber-
• Interested in groups within society, not just society as a whole
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Max Weber- Verstehen
§ understanding the meaning others attach to their actions
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… And now for
something new ...
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Sociological Imagination
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C. Wright MillsNo social study is complete until it deals with the “intersection” of History and Biography
Biography
H
tis
ry
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This “intersection” is the connection between the larger world (history) ...
… and our personal lives (biography)
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Sociological Imagination
… can therefore be defined as the ability to perceive the connection between your per-sonal life and the larger world around you.
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Sociological Imagination
Mills said that the researcher must follow three lines of questioning to utilize sociological imagination:
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What is the structure of the society as a whole?
•What are its essential components?
•How are they interrelated?
•How does this society differ from others?
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Where does this society stand in human history?
•How is it changing?
•How is it affected by the historical period in which it exists?
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What varieties of people prevail in this society?
•What are the men and women in this society like?
•Who are the “winners” and how are these people selected or formed in this society?
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Theorist EvaluationTheorist Evaluation
• Q. Which theorist developed the idea of “Social Darwinism”?
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Theorist EvaluationTheorist Evaluation
• Q. Which theorist developed the idea of “Social Darwinism”?
• A. Herbert Spencer
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Theorist EvaluationTheorist Evaluation
• Q. Who coined the term “sociology”?
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Theorist EvaluationTheorist Evaluation
• Q. Who coined the term “sociology”?
• A. Auguste Comte
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Theorist EvaluationTheorist Evaluation
• Q. Which theorist emphasized class conflict?
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Theorist EvaluationTheorist Evaluation
• Q. Which theorist emphasized class conflict?
• A. Karl Marx
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Theorist EvaluationTheorist Evaluation
• Q. Which theorist is responsible for the idea of verstehen?
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Theorist EvaluationTheorist Evaluation
• Q. Which theorist is responsible for the idea of verstehen?
• A. Max Weber
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Theorist EvaluationTheorist Evaluation
• Q. Which theorist applied the scientific method to sociology?
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Theorist EvaluationTheorist Evaluation
• Q. Which theorist applied the scientific method to sociology?
• A. Emile Durkheim
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… And now for the
Sociological Theoretical
Perspectives ...
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Functionalist Perspective:
Asks the question: “What is the use or purpose of A or B?”
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Function -- the positive consequence of an element of society
stabilizes society
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Dysfunction -- the negative consequence of an element of society
destabilizes society
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Example: Cars
Function? Dysfunction?
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Manifest function -- the intended and recognized function
Latent function -- the unintended and unrecognized function
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Cars …
Manifest function?
Latent function?
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Conflict Perspective:
Asks the question: “How is A pitted against B, and why?”
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Conflict Perspective:
Society is divided between “haves” and “have-nots”
Conflict leads to social change
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Conflict Perspective:
Looks at who has power and who does not.
How did those in power get it and how do they keep it?
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Conflict Perspective:
Who does not have power and how are they trying to get it? What obstacles stand in their way from succeeding?
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Interactionist Perspective:
Asks the question: “How is A related to B?”
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Interactionist Perspective:
Looks at how individuals relate to one another.
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Interactionist Perspective:
An area if interest is understanding the meaning that people attach to their own and others’ actions.
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Symbolic Interaction
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Social Phenomenon -- an act or occurrence in human society that can be observed and studied
Notes:
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Variable -- a characteristic that can change from one individual (or group) to another (opposite of “constant”)
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Correlation -- when a change in one variable is associated with a change in another variable
A B
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Causation -- when a change in one brings about a change in another variable.
A B
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Ex:
Smoking &
Lung Cancer
This is a direct or a positive correlation
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Ex: Amount of Homework & Stress
Does one cause the other?
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Ex: Exercise & Heart Disease
This is an inverse or a negative correlation
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Ex: Hospitalization & Death
Does one cause the other?
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Hospitalization
Death
NO! A third variable causes both!
Serious Illness
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When a third variable causes both, this is called a spurious
correlation.