Society ofExtension Education, Anand (Gujarat)

Society ofExtension Education, Anand (Gujarat) Executive Council

(Reg. No. GUj. 737/ Khed~ & F/ 478/ Kheda/ 1990)

1. Dr. B. T. Patel, President 2. Shri P. K. Patel, Vice President Retd. Director of Extension Education Sr. Area Manager, SDAU, S.K.Nagar-385 506 Area Office, KRIBHCO, Vadodara

3. Dr. K. F. Patel, Secretary-cum-Treasurer4. Dr. H. U. Vyas, Joint Secretary Director of Extension Education, AAU, Anand -388 110

5. Dr. Ashok A. Patel, Chief Editor Director of Extension Education, JAU, Junagadh-362 001

7. Dr. R. B. Patel, Member Director of Extension Education, NAU, Navsari - 396 450

9. Dr. N. B. Chauhan, Member ' Prof. Extension Educationist, BACoII. of Agri., AAU, Anand- 388 110

11. Dr. M. R. Prajapati, Member Prof., of Extension Education, C.P. College of Agri., SDAU, S.K.Nagar-385 506

Agri. Officer,D.E.E. Office, AAU, Anand -388 110

6. Dr. M. N.Popat, Member Prof. of Extension Education, College of Agri., JAU, Junagadh - 362 001

8. Dr. M. C. Soni, Member Director of Extension Education, SDAU, S.K.Nagar - 385 506

10. Dr. K. A. Thakkar, Member )\ssociate Director of Ext. Education, SDAU, S.K.Nagar-385 506

12. Dr. P. P. Patel, Member Associate Director of Ext. Education, AAU, Anand -388 110

Editorial Board

1. Dr. Ashok A. Patel, Chief Editor Director of Extension Education; JAU, Junagadh-362 001

2. Dr. N. B. Chauhan, Asso. Editor Prof. Extension Educationist, BACoII. of Agri., AAU, Anand- 388 110

4. Dr. R. D. Pandya, Asso. Editor Prof. Extension Educationist, NAU, Navsari - 396 450

3. Dr. M. R. Prajapati, Asso. Editor Prof., of Extension Education, C.P. College of Agri., SDAU, S.K.Nagar-385 506

5. Dr. D. M. Thakrar, Asso. Editor Associate Prof. of Ext. Education, JAU, Junagadh-362 001

Words from Chief Editor....

Agricultural extension has a crucial role to play in the context of growing demands of agricultural production in a sustainable manner. Farmers correctly view extension as a form of assistance to help improve their know-how, efficiency, productivity, profitability, and contribution to the good of their family, community, and society. At the same time, politicians, planners, and policy makers in many developing countries view extension as a policy instrument to increase agricultural production, to aC~ieve national food security, and, at the same time, help alleviate rural poverty. In addition, some e"onomists view extension as a policy instrument that will contribute to human capital development and economic growth; therefore, resources allocated to extension are viewed as an econQmicinvestment which must produce competitive economic returns. To the practitioner, agricultural extension enhances and accelerates the spread ofuseful know-how and technologies to rural people. These objectives are to be achieved through non-formal edur:ation and ~Ta;J1iJ7q

programs and two-way technology transfer and feedback systems where extension has an important contribution to make to agricultural and rural development.

In many countries, the problems of establishing or maintaining an effeetit'e agricultural extension service can be traced back to the lack of cI I eati::.ci' tJoiicy ur an unstable policy framework for charting the mission of the extension system. Lack of agreement on the functions of extension, the clientele to be served, how extension will be financed, frequent changes in organizational structure and programme priorities, rapid turnover of the extension staff, and the proliferation and lack of coordination between different organizations that undertake extension work are some of the common problems that highlight the issue of extension policy. In addition, extension must be responsive to changes in the agricultural sector, the drive toward market reforms, and shrinking government budgets.

The Innovations in Technology Dissemination (ITO) component under NATP was pilot tested by Ministry ofAgriculture, Government of India in 28 districts of 7States namely Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Orissa and Punjab over a period of five years. Its main goal is to increase farmer input into program planning and resource allocation especially at block level and to increase accountability of stakeholders. The nodal implementing institution for these reforms is Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA). The success of the project has taken a shape of a programme that is implemented in 252 districts of India. The responsibility of ATMA is to bring together researchers, extension personnel, farmers and other stakeholders (including NGOs, cooperatives, corporate and private sectors) to make, district extension plan .and recommendations for expanded adaptive research to introduce innovations in technology dissemination matching to local needs and situations. ATMA is mandated to develop a demand driven, situation specific, multi-actor oriented Strategic Research and Extension Plan (SREP) to accelerate agricultural development in the project district.

R.eforms in the system enVisage an extension service more broad-based and holistiC in content and scope, thus beyond agricultural technology transfer. Its normal task of transferring and disseminating appropriate technologies and agronomic practices would not be sufficient. Extension agenci~s, services and functionaries will need to exercise a more proactive and participatory role, serve as knowledge information agents, initiating and facilitating mutually meaningful and eqUitable knowledge based transactions among primary producers, agricultural researchers and train~rs. All this needs to be done in an effective and cost efficient manner.

It is envisaged that the new programme of extension reforms wili bring new hope for the farmers and the policy makers.

Dr. Ashok Patel, Dated: 31-01-2005 Chief Editor

ashokpate/@aau.in; aapate/[email protected]

mailto:ashokpate/@aau.in

Society of Extension Education,_ Anand Gujarat

HAPPy TO ANNOUNCE

SHRI KHUSHALBHAIREVABHAI PATEL MEDAL -CUM -CASH PRIZE

FROM: APRIL -1992

For the students of B. Sc. (Agri.) ofGAU

For Details Contact:

SECRETARY-CUM-TREASURER, SOCIETY OF EXTENSION EDUCATION, GUJARAT

OFFICE OF DIRECTOR OF EXTENSION EDUCATION, AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, ANAND -388110. GUJARAT, INDIA.

~ Gujarat Journal

of Extension Education

Vol. xv December, 2004

CONTENTS

1. /iGROWERS'INFORMATION NEEDS RELATED TO COTTON FARMING D. D. Patel and Asho~ A. Patel

1

2. COROLLARY OFTHE PROFILE OF FARMERS ON THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARD INTEGRATED ~~ST MANAGEMENT STRATEGY Meenaben C. Patel and N. B. Chauhan

5

3. PERCEPTIONS OF TRAINEES ABOUT INTEGRATED PES MANAGEMENT TRAINING R. P. Sharma and S. S. Kushwah

9

4. PARTICIPATION OF FARM WOMEN IN DAIRY OCCUPATION Ambrose Toppo, M. S. Trivediand Ashok Patel

13

5. ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION SEEKING BEHAVIOUR OF WHEAT GROWERS M. M. Patel, Mahmood Khan and Amit Chatterjee

22

6. INFORMATION SEEKING BEHAVIOUR OF RICE GROWERS N. M. Chauhan and R. F. Thakor

26

7. A SCALE TO MEASURE EXTENSION MANAGEMENT ABILITY OF TRAINING ORGANIZER OF KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA G. J. Patel, M. C. Soni and K. A. Thakkar

29

8. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA FOR PROMOTING PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES IN PADDY J. K. Patel, Sunil R. Patel, M. R. Bhatt and Ashok Patel

33

9. KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED CUMIN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY BY THE FARMERS OF NORTH GUJARAT V. T. Patel, M. R. Prajapati, N. V. Chaudhari and K. M. Joshi

37

10. BT-COTTON GROWERS' KNOWLEDGE ABOUT DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF BT-COTTON Sanjay kumar, N. R. Patel and Sunil R. Patel

41

11. ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED ONION PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY N. B. Jadav and M. A. Munshi

44

12. /FACTORS AFFECTING KNOWLEDGE OF FARMERS ABOUT " / IMPROVED MUSTARD PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

D. S. Bhati and S. K. Sharma

47

Vol. XlVIII 2006

13. ENTREPRENEURSHIP OF SUGARCANE GROWERS AND ITS DETERMINANTS M.M. Patel, V.C. Sanoria, S.B. Nahatkar

52

14. EXPECTATIONS OF THE FARMERS REGARDING COMMUNIlY INTERNET CENTER (CIe) AT VILLAGE LEVEL N. M. Chauhan and R. F. Thakor

55

15. CREDIBILIlY OF FARM TELECAST "GRAM JAGAT" AS PERCEIVED BY THE FARMERS J. K. Patel, M. R. Bhatt,Sunil R. Patel and Ashok Patel

~pO

-

16. A SCALE TO MEASURE SATISFAqION OF SARDAR SAROVAR PROJECT AFFECTED FARMERS AT REHABILITATED PLACE U. R. Chinchmalatpure and V. V. Mayani

63

17. A SCALE TO MEASURE THE AmTUDE TOWARDS PRIVATIZATION OF EXTENSION SERVICES R.D.Pandya

66

18. A TEST TO MEASURE SKILLS OF FARMERS ABOUT SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM' M. N. Popat, M. S. Trivedi and A. C. Patel

71

RESEARCH NOTES :

19. EFFECT OF MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY ON ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF MILK PRODUCES H. U. Vyasand K. F. Patel

75

20. EVALUATION OF FRONT LINE DEMONSTRATION ON GROUNDNUT A. J. Patel and M. A. Tunvar

77

21. CONSTRAINTS FACED BY THE POTATO GROWERS IN ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED POTATO TECHNOLOGY K. D. Solanki, M. C. Soni , M. R. Prajapati and B. H. Prajapati

80

22;/ ADOPTION PATTERN OF RECOMMENDED MUSTARD PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN BHARATPUR DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN R. C. Sachan, Ashok Kumar Sharrna

83

,23. -AN ANALYSIS OF FARMERS' KNOWLEDGE FOR RAINFED GROUNDNUT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY P. D. Verma; M. A. Munshi; D. M. Thakrar and N. D. Bharad

88

24. AWARENESS AND ADOPTION GAP OF VALUE ADDED TECHNIQUES OF MANGO GROWERS R. C. Mewara and R. D. Pandya

92

1 Guj. J. Extn. Edu. XV 2004

GROWERS' INFORMATION NEEDS RELATED TO COTTON FARMING D. D. PateP and Ashok A. PateP

ABSTRACT Acquisition of information has always been regarded as a critical aspect in manipulate human behavior to take any decision. Similarly, information shall also help a farmer in taking an economic decision regarding farming. For preparing flood content for cotton information system, the assessment of information needs of the actual users is the pioneer requirement. The present study was conducted to assess information needs of cotton growers in Mansa taluka. The farmers have expressed their needs for information about marketing, water management, plant protection measures, fertilizer management and variety. Variables like· use of information sources, extension participation, land under cotton cultivation and cosmopoliteness had significant correlation with information needs of the cotton growers. A model of technology transfer to cater the information needs of the cotton growers was also suggested.

INTRODUCTION inefficiency and imperfections observed in the agricultural marketing system in IndiaCotton, an important commercial crop of (Lee, 1973, Bapna, 1982). Now, 'Information'India, is cultivated across nine major states has started gaining importance. Acquisitionof the country in over nine million hectares. of information has always been regardedCotton plays a major role in India's economy. as a factor playing an important role inThe pattern of cotton production and molding human behaviour leading to decisionconsumption shows that India has made for adopting of innovation. The need formajor strides since independence from net information systems to facilitate soundimporter to self-sufficiency and a marginal decisions in agriculture were greatly feltexporter of raw cotton. Though India is

An integrated systemhaving the largest area under cotton, its (Stigler, 1961f providing the required information to theaverage productivity is low as against the various decision-makers at the right timeworld average productivity. There may be and place is envisaged. For preparing good many reasons for such a low productivity of content of information of cotton farming, itcotton in India. These may include should be based on the information needsdeficiencies at the level of technology of the farmers. Content that is based ongeneration i.e. research system; information actual need of the users will be of great& transfer of technology level i.e. extension interest and use by them. Identifyingsystem; and at production level i.e. farming information needs of the users can become system. solid basis for developing meaningful

Information is considered as a critical input information warehouse. in decision-making. Information is known

toas power, those who own it. In contrast, The overali objective of the study was ascertain information needs of the cottonlack of information causes uncertainty about growers that will form a base for any good the possible impact of decisions on results. farm information system.Lack of accurate and timely information is

one of the important factors for the

1. Agricultural Officer, Dry Farming Research Station, AAU, Arnej 2. Principal, Extension Education Institute, AAU, Anand

2 Growers' Information Needs

Objectives of the study

1. To study the profile of the cotton growing farmers.

2. To ascertain the information nc.zds of the cotton growers.

3. To study the relationship between selected personal, social communicational, economical and psychological characteristics of cotton growers and their information needs.

4. To suggest a model of technology transfer to cater the information needs of the cotton growers.

METHODOLOGY Keeping in view the significance of the information needs of the cotton growers, the study was conducted in Mansa taluka of Gandhinagar district of Gujarat State (India). The taluka not only carries highest area under cotton in the district, but also the productivity levels are quite good. List of cotton growing villages along with area under cotton crop was obtained from office records of taluka panchayat of all 49 villages of Mansa. These villages were divided in to three stratums on account of the area under cotton in those villages. Four villages from each stratum were selected by following stratified random sampling technique. Ultimately, a total of 124 respondents were selected for the study. Required information was obtained through interview schedule

specifically structured keeping in view the objectives of the study.

The information needs of the cotton growers were assessed for the areas right from the' requirements for selection of crop and variety, through the availability of inputs, production technologies, harvesting, grading and packaging; till farm level processing and marketing of the produce. Thus, the inform,ation needs of cotton farmers about various aspects of cotton cultivation were ascertained. The extent of information needs of the cotton growers was availed on a three-point continuum ranging from most needed, needed and not needed. The three categories were assigned with 2 score, 1 score and 0 score respectively. The information needs were worked out for each of the major areas considering the total score for information n!'!ed acquired by the respondents. On the basis of the mean score, the ranks to the major areas of information needs were assigned to know relative importance.

Series of group discussions was conducted with the respondents to know the exact time of the year, when they need particular information related to agriculture.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Information Needs

The data regarding distribution of respondents according to their information needs are presented in Table 1.

Table: 1 Distribution of respondents iiccording to information needs n = 124 .j Sr. Areas of information Mean Rank

No. score 1. Variety 2. Land preparation and sowing 3. Fertilizer management 4. Weed management and inter culturing S. Water management 6. Plant protection measures 7. Harvesting and post,harvesting technology 8. Marketing 9. Supportive facts

Overall information need

1.039 0.879 1.071 0.891 1.224 1.193 0.509 1.379 0.998 1.020

V VIII IV VII II III IX I VI


Sr. Personal traits Correlation coefficient No. (' r' value)

1. Age 2. Education 3. Use of information sources 4. Social participation 5. Extension participation 6. Size of land holding

"7. Land under cotton cultivation 8. Irrigated area to total land 9. Annual income 10. Cosmopoliteness 11. Economic motivation 12. Market orientation

0.00029 0.12029 0.18395* 0.13910 0.27608* -0.06554 0.43145* 0.08453 -0.10208 -0.18950* -0.00450 -0.12377

*Significant at 0.05 per cent level of probability Critical value (2 tail, 0.05) = ± 0.17635

The data in Table 1 revealed that majority of the farmers 1->3',/C cxpi"essed their needs for information about marketing (1.379 mean score), water management (1.224 mean score), plant protection measures (1.193 mean score), fertilizer management (1.071 mean score) and variety (1.039 mean score). This means that the cotton growers gave highest emphasis on market related information, as this information can help them to a great extent to convert their produce in more money. They are also conscious about water management as well as plant protection measures. The data also reflects that the cotton growers have become more vigilant about fertilizer management may be due to new trend of organic cotton framing.

Correlation between Personal Traits of the Cotton Growers and their Information Need

Persona I, socia I-com m u nicational, economical and psychological characteristics of farmers play very important role in exhibiting information need for successful farming. With this in view, efforts were made to study the correlation, if any, between personal traits of the cotton growers and their information need. To examine this relationship, correlation coefficient (r) was

.::omputed, tl,e results of which are presented in Table 2.

Independent variables like use of information sources, extension participation, land under cotton cultivation and cosmopoliteness had significant correlation with information needs of the cotton growers. Where as age, education, social participation, size of land holding, irrigated area to total land holding, annual income, economic motivation and market orientation had non-significant correlation with information needs of the cotton growers.

Model of Technology Transfer

The farmers were asked to tell the exact time of the year, when they need particular information related to agriculture. Series of group discussions was conducted with the respondents for the purpose. On the basis of information retrieved from the farmers, a model was suggested for technology transfer to cater the information needs of the cotton growers (Fig.1).

CONCLUSION It can be concluded from the investigation that majority of the farmers have expressed their needs for information about marketing, water management, plant protection measures, fertilizer management and


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Fertilizer application

lns-;:ctiddes and pesticides

Chemical fertilizer

;n'tcqri\led 'x;:;! manaGement

Oraanic manure Land prepclr<ltiol1 & Soil treatment

Sowing, Spacing. Gap filling

Oisea~;(:J control Contro~ 0';: insects/pests

Chemical weed control

Weedina and inter-culturin

Variety

Nutrient reauirements of plant

Bio-fertilizers

Areas of Information

Seed, Seed rate, Seed treatment

iJ:·:(),y;1";(.I

Schedule and method for irrigation

Irrigation equipments Time and method of harvestin

Weather forecast

Care durina and after harvestin Farm level processing & packaging

Cotton related Govt. policies Credit / loan facilities Insurance of cotton cro Subsidies for cotton cultivation

I

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variety. So while preparing extension

education programmes for the area required

information by the cotton growers should be given due importance to support them

to take decision regarding cotton cultivation.

The transfer of technology agents shall keep

the results of this study in view while taking

decisions as regards to what content of the technological information regarding cotton

cultivation should be taken to which type of

the farmers. Further, they should

concentrate on major areas, identified by this study for deciding the content of the

message to be prepared for the cotton

growers.

REFERENCE Bapna, S. L. (1982). Regulated markets and

market information system in India. Paper

presented at national workshop, Pune; May 1982.

Lee, G. E. and Nicholson, R. C. (1973).

Managerial Information (Recording, Data

and Decision) Systems in Canada: American

J. Economics 55(5), 921 937; 1973.

Stigler, G. J. (1961). The Economics of Information: Journal of Political Economy 69, 213 25; 1961.


COROLLARY OF THE PROFILE OF FARMERS ON THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARD INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

Meenaben C. Patel 1 and N. B. Chauhan 2

ABSTRACT

Implementation and adoption of an Integrated Pest Management strategy can help to reduce environmental and human health risks and reduce pest management costs. Looking to this fact, a study was carried out to find out attitude of the farmers toward Integrated Pest Management strategy and effect of various characteristics of farmers in building their positive attitude toward Integrated Pest Management. The present study was undertaken on a random sample of 120 farmers of five villages of Anand Taluka of Anand district of middle Gujarat. The study concluded that majority (85.00 per cent) of the farmers had low to medium nature of favourable attitude towards IPM strategy. The level of attitude was observed more positive among those farmers who had younger age, low level of farming experience, higher level of education, extension contact and income.

INTRODUCTION Implementation and adoption of an

There is increasing emphasis worldwide to Integrated Pest Management strategy can

change from conventional high external input help to reduce environmental and human

agriculture into enVironmentally compatible, health risks and reduce pest management socially and economically acceptable costs. To accelerate rate of adoption on any agricultural practices. Increasing agricultural technology, positivism of farmers in terms production through heavy use of pesticides of skill, knowledge and attitude is very much and fertilizers is now recognized as a threat essential. To understand real gap among any to the natural resource base. Environmental of all these motivational factors, concerns such as depletion of natural systematically study is needed to resources, pollution of air and water, and understand existing status among the chemical residues in foods have become farmers. Manikrama (2002) Concluded that important topics in agricultural production.

attitude towards IPM, Knowledge of IPM, and SUbsequently, the demand for Integrated

risk bearing ability are the important factorsPest Management (rPM) has increased due

influencing adoption of IPM. Looking to this to negative effects observed from use of

fact, a study was thought necessary withpesticides. two objectives viz to find out attitude of the

Integrated Pest Management (rPM) can be farmers toward Integrated Pest

simply defined as the use of multiple pest Management strategy and effect of various

management tactics to efficiently produce characteristics of farmers in bUilding their crops, while minimizing the risk of positive attitude toward Integrated Pestundesirable environmental and health risks. Management.IPM promotes the collection of information

about a field, farm or geographic area that can help reduce the risks associated with pest management.

1 Instructor, Bakery Training School, Anand Agricultural University, Anand , Professor and Head, Department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand

Corollary Of The Profile

METHODOLOGY The present study was undertaken with a random sample of 120 farmers of five villages of Anand Taluka of the Anand district of the middle Gujarat. The data were collected by personal interview with the help of a specifically developed interview schedule. The statistical tools like mean, standard deviation and correlation of co-efficient were used to analyze data.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Attitude of the farmers toward Integrated Pest Management

A key concept in IPM programs is the application of decisions making processes to determine when a chemical pesticide or

other actions are needed or not. Such decisions dep~nd on evaluation of the pest problem often in a quantitative manner. In the evaluation of agricultural crop pests, the point at which the economic benefit of pesticide use exceeds the cost of treatment

. is commonly referred to as the economic threshold. Such decision-making depends on

positive attitude of an individual towards IPM; as it requires taking regular field observations to collect relevant information on the pest populations for its sustainable control. With a view to investigating attitude of the farmers towards IPM strategy,

information was collected and data regarding this are presented .in Table 1. The result indicates that majority (55.00 per cent) of the farmers had medium favourable

attitude towards IPM strategy, followed by 30.00 per cent with low favourable and 15.00 per cent with high favourable attitude towards IPM strategy.

The result says that majority (85.00 per cent) of the farmers had low to medium nature of

favourable attitude towards IPM strategy. . The IPM strategy is recent trend suggested by the scientists in India. It is a combination of many methods to apply at actual filed level. This requires higher level of skill, scientific orientation, exposure with scientific Iitera"ture, constant touch with scientists or extension personals, continues scientific, technical, methodical, logical and precise frequent observation during the course of crop production in the field and may be higher level of formal education to

understand unquestionably technical methods. Indian farmers are lacking in all most all those motivating factors ·Ieading to the creation of positive attitude and adoption of IPM strategy. This might have restricted to acquire latest technical knowledge and prevented them to have desired nature of attitude towards IPM

strategy.

Relationship of farmer's characteristics with their attitude toward IPM Strategy

With a view to stLidy relationship of farmer's characteristics with their attitude towards

IPM strategy, coefficient of correlation was worked out and results are presented in Table 2.

Table 1. Distribution of the respondents according to their level of attitude towards IPM strategy n=120

Sr. No Level of attitude towards IPM Strategy Number Per cent 1 Low favourable attitude (Score below 30) 36 30.00 234

Medium favourable attitude (Score 31 to 61) 66 55.00 Highly favourable attitude (Score above 61) 18 15.00 Total 120 100.00

6

Corollary Of The Profile 7

Table 2. Relationship between farmer's attitude

Sr. No. Name of variable

towards IPM and their profile n= 120

"r" Value Personal Profile

1 Age -0.7780*

2 Education 0.9323* 3 Farming Experience -.0.6561 *

Social Profile 4 Type of Family 0.0202 NS

5 Size of Family -0.1330 NS

6 Caste ,..0.2157 NS

7 Organizational Participation 0.2303 NS

8 Extension Contact 0.3147*

Economic Profile 9 Land Holding 0.1347 NS

10 Irrigated Landholding 0.0454 NS

11 Occupation -0.0685 NS

12 Income 0.2801 * * Significant at 0.05 level of probability

1. Personal profile and attitude towards IPM strategy

The results in Table 2 indicated that there

was negative significant relationship

between age as well as farming experience

of the farmers and their attitude towards

IPM strategy. The young and less

experienced farmers have higher level of

education, modern vision, enthusiasm,

scientific inspiration, activeness and ability

to understand scientific technology than old

aged (more experienced) farmers, which

mig ht have played role to have more

positive attitude towards IPM strategy

among them.

The data also reveal that there was

significant relationship between education

of the farmers and their attitude towards

IPM strategy. Higher level of education

provides better ability to an individual to

understand modern scientific technology.

2. Social profile and attitude towards IPM strategy

The result shows that type of family, size of family, caste and organizational participation

of the respondents were observed nonsignificantly related with their attitude

towards IPM strategy.

Though, that relationship between extension contact of farmers and their

attitude towards IPM strategy was observed to be positive and significant. It means that

the farmers with more degree of contact with

extension personal had more and positive attitude towards IPM strategy. Such farmers get more opportunity to receive latest knowledge and information from extension personnel. This might be the reason to have more positive attitude among such farmers.

3. Economic profile and attitude towards IPM strategy

The data in the table indicates that the size

of land holding and irrigated land holding of

8 Corollary Of The Profile

the farmers were observed to be non

significantly related with their attitude

towards rPM strategy. The number of

occupations in which farmers were i~volved

was negatively and non-significantly related

with their attitude towards rPM strategy.

However, the relationship between income

of farmers and their attitude towards rPM

strategy was observed to be positive and significant.

CONCLUSION From the above findings it can be

concluded that majority (85.00 per cent) of the farmers had low to medium level of favourable attitude towards rPM strategy. The characteristics of the farmers like level of education, extension contact and income were positively correlated with their attitude towards rPM strategy.

REFERENCE Manikrama A. (2002). Factors affecting the adoption of rPM by Farmers in the Dry Zone Sri Lanka, www.siu.no/noradrap.nsflOI db986ba3af21b633c1256c590032a305? Open Document


PERCEPTIONS OF TRAINEES ABOUT INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT TRAINING

R. P. Sharma 1 and S. S. Kushwah 2

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of training on the knowledge

level of extension officers ofstate agriculture department. The knowledge level of

trainees after training programme was higher than their pre-training knowledge.

The correlation coefficient between knowledge and type of family, educational

qualification, service experience, head quarter ana' training exposure were positive

and significant. Though, the correlation with age was negative and non-significant.

The overall quality of training was perceived to be very good by sixty percent trainees.

Respondents suggested that each training programme must start with field visit.

INTRODUCTION

Globalization and increased

international competitiveness have led to the

restructuring of economies of numerous

countries, in the recent past. In the process

technology has come to be widely regarded

as a major factor contributing to the growth

and development of the organization as well

as countries. The economic development is

very much dependant upon appropriate

policies and continuous Up-gradation of

technology, both at macro and organization

levels. In this process the most crucial factor

in the successful transfer and absorption of

technology is the capacity and skill of the

human resources to assimilate and develop

new technologies.

In this world of knowledge explosion and

scientific advancement, extension workers

should be familiar with the latest knowledge.

In-service training helps them to keep

touching with the growing knowledge.

Training is one of the effective methods of

transfer of technology and plays an

important role in updating the knowledge of

extension personnel in the area of latest farm

technologies.

The Krushi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Rajgarh is

engaged in imparting training to the

extension fu nctionaries in different aspects

of agriculture. Evaluation of such training

programme will enables the organization to

further strengthen these programs based

on the feedback. Hence this study has been

taken up with a view to evaluate the

effectiveness of integrated pest

management trainings conducted for the

extension workers of development

departments by the KVK. The present study

WClS carried out with following objectives.

1. To find out the level of knowledge

gained by the participants as a result

of the training.

2. To know the perception of participants

about quality of training.

3. To seek the suggestions of the trainees

to improve the training programme.

4. To study the relationship between

knowledge and personal characteristics

of the trainees.

1. Training Associate, KVK, Rajgarh, Dewas, MP. 2. Training Associate, KVK, Rajgarh, Dewas, MP.

10 Perceptior.sOf Trainees

METHODOLOGY During the last week of July 2001, a three day training programme on integrated pest

management in soybean crop was organized at KVK Rajgarh. A total of 33 extension

officers, who have participated in this training programme were treated as

respondents.

In the present study, knowledge denotes the understanding of participants about integrated pest management practices. The data were collected with the help of semi structured schedule. The schedule was

administered to the respondents before and

after conducting the training programme in

order to quantify the knowledge gain. Based on the mean and standard deviation, the

respondents were classified into three groups as low, medium and high. Quality of training programme was measured by taking

into account the impression of participants about various aspects of training like subject, topic, level of skill training, participation in

discussion, use of audio-visual aids and overall quality of training. The response was

recorded on three point continuum. Correlation coefficient was used to find out

the relationship between knowledge and

independent variables.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Level of knowledge

The data presented in Table 1 revealed that the majority of extension officers had low to medium knowledge about integrated pest management practices in soybean crop. Only 12.80 per ce nt pa rtici pa nts had h ig h knowledge before acquiring the training, while 53.12 per cent trainees had high

knowledge after training programme. It is

also evident from the table that only 6.25

Table 1: Knowledge level of Extension Officer

Categories Before Training After Training S.N of Freq. & Freq. &o. knowledge

1 Low 17 53.12 2 6.25 2 Medium 11 34.37 13 40.62 3 High 4 12.80 17 53.12

N= 32 32

per cent participants possessed least knowledge after training.

Impact of training

It could be observed from Table 2

that there was significant increase in

knowled!;je on IPM by the extension

personnel at the end of the training

Table 2: Knowledge gain of participants in Training Programme

S. No.

Particular Before Training

After Training

1 Total knowledge score 484 779 2 Mean knowledge score 15.125 24.343 3 Knowledge index 37.81 60.85 4 Sd 5.045 6.25 5 CV 1.042 0.802

"t" Value 9.543 * * - Significant at 0.01 level

programme. The knowledge index of participants before and after the training

was 37.81 and 60.85 respectively. The

calculated "t" value was significant at 0.01 level of probability.

On the basis of above findings it could be inferred that knowledge level of extension officers before and after training differs significantly as per their mean knowledge score. The knowledge level of the extension officers after training programme was higher

than their pre training knowledge. It could

be referred to as an impact of training

11 Perceptions Of Trainees

Table 3: Quality of training as perceived by the Trainees

S. No. Particular Freq. 0/0 N = 32

1. Subject of training A. Very important 25 78.12 B. Important 07 21.87 C. Somewhat Important 00 0.00

2. Topics set for discussion A. Entirely new 02 6.25 B. Partly new 08 25.0 C. Few topic new 03 68.75

3. Appropriateness of subject matter A. Highly suitable 11 34.37 B. Moderately suitable 18 56.25 C. suitable to some extent 03 9.37

4. Level of skill training A. Very good 23 71.87 B. Good 09 28.12 C. Poor 00 0.00

5. Participation is discussion A. Very good 09 28.12 B. Good 03 40.62 C. Poor 10 31.25

6. Relevancy of reading material A. Very relevant 08 25 B. Relevant 10 31.25 C. Not relevant 14 43.75

7. Appropriate use of A.V. aids A. Very good 13 40.62 B. Good 15 46.87 C. Poor 04 12.50

8. Overall quality of training A. Very good 19 59.37 B. Good 13 40.62 C. Poor 00 0.00

programme. These findings are in the line with the findings of Mahipal and Prasad (1995).

Perceived quality of training

This aspect though looks minor but can leads to adverse results, if not managed properly. Frequency distribution of the respondents based on their opinions about the training

methodology, contents and its courage etc. are presented in the Table 3. Usefulriess of training subject is very important aspect since it has direct link with the enhancement! updating of knowledge, learning new skills etc. Data presented in the table revealed that 78 per cent officers rated that subject of training was very important for them.


Regarding topic set for discussion in training programme, the majority (68 per cent) of

the participants perceived that the few topics were new while 25 per cent reported

that some of them were new for them.

As regard the appropriateness of subject

matter, 56 per cent respondents were

perceived that the subject matter were

moderately sUitable, while 34 per cent reported that it was highly suitable for them.

The reason may be due to the fact that the major kharif crop of the area is soybean and

it used to be affected by various leaf feeders and stem insects. As regard the level of skill

imparted in training, 72 per cent of

respondents perceived that the level of skill

training was very good. The skill was

transferred by various methods such as how

to prepare spray solution, spray method, identification of beneficial and harmful

insects in field. Though, 28 per cent

respondents perceived that the level of skill training was good.

The data in Table 3 also revealed that, majority (68 per cent) of participants

reported that the interaction between

trainers and trainees was of high level. This may be due to the fact that all the trainers

were very well aware about interaction/ discussion with participants and they were

encouraging trainees to participate in

discussions.

About relevancy of reading material majority

(54 per cent) of respondents feet that the

reading material given in training

programme were very relevant to relevant.

This might be due to the literature distributed in this training programme covered all the major insects of soybean,

their nature of damage, marks of identification, life cycle and various control

measures. The literature on IPM was also

provided to the participant trainees.

An attempt was made in the study to see

the perception of the trainees on the use of

different audio visual aids/ training tools

utilized by the resource persons. It was

found that more than 87 per cent resource

persons used various kinds of audio visual aids to explain to their topic.

As regard the overall quality of training 60

per cent trainees were reported that the training was very good, while 40 per cent trainees reported that training was good.

This shows that topic included in training, methods used were not very new but were

delivered with relevance and technological advances.

Table 4: Correlation between knowledge and selected independent variable of the participants

S. Independent Variable Correlation No. Coefficient "r"

values

1 Age - 0.045 NS

2 Type of family 0.892 ••

3 Educational qualification 0.989 ••

4 Service experience 0.713 ..

5 Head quarter 0.683 ..

6 Training exposure 0.650 ••

NS = Non - significant ** = Significant at 0.01 ievel of probability

Relationship between knowledge and independent variables

The correlation coefficient values were

computed on the basis of the scores obtained by the participants on each of the

six independent variables. The results

obtained have been given in the Table 4.

The coefficient of correlation between the

age and knowledge about integrated pest

management practices showed a negative


association. This indicates that with

advancement of age, the knowledge about

IPM declines; though not significantly. This

finding gets support from the study

conducted by Ramesh Babu and Sinha

(1988).

The correlation coefficient between type of

family and knowledge was positively

correlated. It can thus be concluded that

type of family had significant impact over the

knowledge. These results are in conformity

with the result of Kumari and Sinha (1995).

The relationship between the education and

knowledge level was found to be significant

at 0.01 level of probability. This indicates

that as the education increases, the

knowledge horizon of the extension officers

is broadened. It is concluded that the better

the formal education of the respondents,

more the knowledge he possessed about

the innovation. It is supported by Rai, et. al.

(1987) and Shakharkar, et. al. (1992).

It was observed that service experience was

significantly and positively correlated with

knowledge of integrated pest management

practices. This indicate that as the tenure

of service increases the extension workers

able to know the dangerous hazards of

chemicals, hence they are acquiring more

information about bio-Iogical and

agronomical methods of pest control in the

crop.

The distance of head quarter from district!

block has significant impact on knowledge

level of extension officers. This might we due

to the fact that those posted at district!

block are having more exposure to training,

literature and contact with senior officer, etc;

which leads to increase in knowledge.

The correlation coefficient between training!

exposure and knowledge of integrated pest

management practices was positively

significant at 0.01 percent level of

significance. It could be interpreted as the

training is important assets of extension

officers; because training may help

extension officers to acquire more and more

knowledge about improve methods of pest

management.

Suggestions of trainees

The trained extension personnel's were also

asked to suggest the measures for improving

farmers training programme. The compiled

responses from them were presented in

Table 5. The respondents opined that 'each

Table s. Suggestions given by trainees for improving training programs

Sr. Opinion! statements Per cent Frequency RankNo.

1 Each training programme must start with field visit 87.5 28 I 2 KVK must organize long duration training 12.5 4 VII 3 Trainers must use audio-visual and other teaching aids

during the training programme to make the training 28.12 9 V session interesting

4 During training programme KVK must distribute printed information / material about the subject matter 68.75 22 II

5 Training programme in KVK should be conducted by external experts on the subject together with regular KVK 37.5 12 III trainers for better exposure and experiences

6 Each training programme must start with skill training 34.37 11 IV 7 Every training programme of KVK should have monitoring

and evaluation 18.75 6 VII


training programme must start with filed visit' as the most important measure for improving the training programme and ranked as first.

The other measures suggested by the extension officers are 'during training programme, printed information/ material

about the subject matter shall be distributed' (ranked II). Training programme in KVK should conducted by external experts on the subject together with regular KVK

trainers for batter exposure and experiences, each training programme must

start with skill training and trainers must use audio-visual and other technical aids during the training programme to make the training

4thsession interesting as ranked 3rd , and 5th

suggestions respectively.

CONCLUSION This study was conducted to

evaluate the impact of IPM training on the knowledge level of extension officers. The

knowledge level of trainees after training programme was higher than their pre

training knowledge. The correlation

coefficient between knowledge and type of

family, educational qualification, service experience, head quarter and training exposure were positive and significant. The

overall quality of training was perceived to be very good by sixty percent trainees. The

main suggestion made by the respondents was that each training programme must start with field visit.

REFERENCE Kumari, Rani and Sinha, Nitu (1995), Maharastra, J. Extn. Edn. 14: 1 - 4.

Mahipal and Prasad, M.S. (1995), Maharastra, J. Extn. Edn. 14: 171 - 174.

Rai, R. N., Dubey, S. K., Rai, Rekha and shrivastava, Kiran (1987), Maharastra, J.

Extn. Edn. ~: 101 - 104.

Ramesh Babu, A. and Sinha, B. P. (1988),

Maharastra, J. Extn. Edn. 7: 1 - 5.

shakarkar, V. 5., Nikhade, D. M. ::md Bhople

R. S. (1992), Maharastra, J. Extn. Edn. 2: 212 - 217.


PARTICIPATION OF FARM WOMEN IN DAIRY OCCUPATION

Ambrose Toppol, M. S. Trivedi2and Ashok PateP

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to know the extent ofparticipation of farm women in dairy occupation. A structured interview schedule was administrated to 120 farm women in Anand taluka of Anand district of Gujarat state during Oct. 2004.

Farm women largely participated in selection of milch animal breed, purchase of animals, selling of un-economic animals, bringing fodder, feeding animals, preparing concentrate mixture at home and in artificial insemination. Majority of the farm women regularly participated in feeding cooked grains, giving warm water, cleaning

calf and cutting naval cord, feeding colostrums, cleaning byre and watering at

proper time. Their participation was highest in case of milking the animals, sale of

milk through diary co operatives and preparation of milk product like curd, butter,

butter milk and ghee. Their participation was low in case of giving natural services,

grazing animals and obtaining loan for purchase ofanimals, feed and fodder and in construction of byre.

INTRODUCTION women play a vital responsibility. Keeping this in view a study was designed to

Livestock sector is a prime sector among understand that, after almost a half decade

agriculture and allied activities in India. India of development, what role a farm women is

is the world's single largest milk producing to play in a key co-occupation of agriculture

country with a share of about 14 per cent -dairying. It was primarily planned to know

world milk production. In diary development the participation of farm women in dairy

map of India, Gujarat occupies a place of occupation with the following specific

pride. This is mainly due to the impressive objectives:

strides which have taken in organizing a

chain of co operative dairies in many parts 1. To study the participation of farm

of the state. women in dairy occupation

Women's are considered to be pioneers in 2. To know the level of participation of

all arena of development. Women contribute farm women in dairy occupation.

nearly equal to men in the economic METHODOLOGY development of our country. The crucial roles of women in agriculture and allied occupation For this study, eight villages of Anand taluka

have however, been underestimated and of GUjarat state were selected randomly.

undervalued. The Indian social system is From each village, 15 dairy farm women were

largely a male dominant society. As per randomly selected forming a total of 120

tradition, women are to depend on man in respondents. Participation of farm women

every aspects of life. Though, agriculture as in dairy occupation was determined on the

a whole and dairy in specific, the farm basis of actually performing different animal

1 M. Sc. Student, Extension Education Institute, AAU, Anand, GUjarat 2 Associate Extension Educationist, Extension Education Institute, AAU, Anand, GUjarat 3 Principal, Extension Education Institute, AAU, Anand, GUjarat

16 Participation Of Farm Women

husbandry and dairy practices by them. The

different areas of dairy business were

identified with l:he help of experts of this

area. Specific statements were formed and

included under different areas such as

purchase and sale of dairy animals, feeding,

breeding, management, financial activities,

and about milking & preparing milk products

in the interview schedule.

The respondents were personally

interviewed. They were asked to state whether she was participating regularly,

often, sometimes, occasionally or never in performing those practices. The score was

given according to the nature of her

participation in above practices. "Zero" score

was assigned for no participation of farm

women. "One" score for rare participation,

"two" score for occasional participation,

occupation they were grouped on the basis

of their participation index.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Farm women largely participate in the work

of live stock management and dairy practices

besides thei r day to day household

activities. In order to know the extent of

participation of farm women in dairy

occupation; the study was confined to

specific key areas.

Participation of farm women in purchase and sale of dairy animals

The selection 0f milch animal and decision

for purchase or sale is a key management

decision in dairy occupation. An attempt was

made to learn the extent of participation of

farm women in this area. The data in this

regard are presented in table 1.

Table 1: Participation of the farm women in purchase and sale of dairy animals.

Sr. Particulars Extent of Participation Mean No. Regular Recurrent Ocassio- Rare Never score

nal A Selection of milch animals 1 Type of milch animals 28 12 22 26 32 1.81

(23.33) (10.00) (18.33) (21.67) (26.67) 2 Selecting of breed 22 10 18 12 58 1.38

(18.34) (8.33) (15.00) (10.00) (48.33) B Purchase and sale of animals 1 Purchase of improved 30 8 19 22 41 1.70

Icross breed animals (25.00) (6.67) (15.83) . (18.34) (34.16) 2 Culling of uneconomic 16 7 23 28 46 1.32

animals (13.34) (5.83) (19.16) (23.33) (38.34)

It is obvious from the data presented in"three" score for recurrent participation and Table-1 that about one fourth (23.33 per"four" score was assigned for regular cent) and almost one fifth (18.34 per cent)participation in each of the activities. of the farm women regularly participate in

In all, the interview schedule consist 37 the actiVity of selection of the type of milch statements. On the basis of total animal and selection of breed; whereas participation score of an individual 26.67 per cent and 48.33 per cent of them respondent, participation index was worked did not participate in such activities at all. out. In order to know the level of

So far as the process of purchase of animalsparticipation of farm women in dairy is concerned, almost one fourth (25.00 per


cent) of the respondents participated regularly in the activity, where as almost one third (34.16 per cent) of them did not participate in such activities at all. Similarly, only 13.34 per cent of the respondents participate regularly in the activities of culling of uneconomic animals; where as 38.34 per cent of them did not participate in such activities at all. .

These findings are in contrast with the findings reported by Shirolkar (1993).

Participation of the farm women in feeding of milch animals

The feeding of animals is another most important aspect in dairy management. Hence, it was thought to evaluate the involvement of farm women in the activities of feeding of milch animals. The data

in grazing animal (10.00 per cent). A very marginal proportion of the farm women did not participate in the activities of feeding the milch animals (2.5 per cent) and preparing feed mixture (3.33 per cent).

This clearly shows that farm women largely participated in feeding of milch animals.

These, findings are in the line with the findings of Shirolkar (1993), Manjit Kaur and Shaguna Singla (2001) and Parte (2003).

[Participation of farm women in breeding of milch animals

In dairy business, the breeding of milch· animals is another important activity. It was also analysed the extent of involvement of farm women in these activities. Data in this regard are presented in Table-3.

It is perceived from Table-3 that more than

Table 2: Participation of farm women in the activities of feeding of milch animals.

Sr. Particulars Extent of Participation Mean No. Regular Recurrent Ocassio-nal Rare Never score

1 Bringing fodder 68 12 20 03 17 2.92 (56.67) (10.00) (16.67) (2.50) (14.16)

2 Cuttlng fodder 46 10 22 12 30 2.25 (38.34) (8.33) (18.33) (10.00) (25.00)

3 Grazing animals 12 8 18 24 58 1.10 (10.00) (6.67) (15.00) (20.00) (48.33)

4 Feeding animals 75 9 15 18 03 3.12 (62.50) (7.50) (12.50) (15.00) (2.50)

5 Preparing feed 76 11 12 17 04 3.15 mixtures (63.34) (9.16) (10.00) (14.17) (3.33)

6 Purchase of feeds 44 8 20 10 38 2.08 (36.67) (§..67) (16.66) (8.33) (31.67)

regarding participation of the farm women three fifth (63.33 per cent) of the farm

in feeding of milch animals are presented in women did not participated in the activity of

Table-2. giving natural service to the dairy animals.

The data from the Table-2 indicate that This finding confirms the finding of Shirolkar majority of the farm women regularly (1993). Though the regular involvement in

participated in preparation of feed mixture the activity of artificial insemination was (63.34 per cent), feeding animals (62.50 per observed for 18.34 per cent of them. Joshi cent), bringing fodder (56.67 per cent), (2000) also reported similar findings.

cutting fodder (38.34 per cent), and The data further indicated that majority of purchasing feeds (36.67 per cent). However, the farm women regularly participated in only a few respondents participate regularly giving warm water bath (51.67 per cent),


Table 3: Participation of farm women in breeding of milch animals.


nal A Methods of breeding 1 Natural service 04 06 16 18 76 0.70

(3.34) (5.00) (13.33) (15.00) (63.33) 2 Artificial insemination 22 09 24 32 33 1.62

(18.34) (7.50) (20.00) (26.66) (27.50) B Care at the time of calving 1 Giving warm water bath 62 06 12 21 19 2.59

(51.67) (5.00) (10.00) (17. SO) (15.83) 2 Feeding cooked grains 54 06 18 32 10 2.51

(45.00) (5.00) (15.00) (26.67) (8.33) 3 Giving warm water tD 72 10 12 20 06 3.01

drink {6{).Qot _ (8.33) (10.00) (16.67) (5.00) C Care of new born calf 1 Cleaning of calf, 62 08 22 18 10 2.78

trimming h00ves and (51.67) (6.66) (18.34) (15.00) (8.33) cutting navel cord

2 Feeding colostrums 64 12 16 22 06 2.88 (53.34) (10.00) (13.33) (18.33) (5.00)

feeding cooked grains (45.00 per c.ent), Participation of the farm women in giving warm water to drink (60.00 per cent), management of milch animals cleaning of calf and cutting navel cord (51.67 Good management in dairy business adds per cent) and feeding colostrums (53.34 per to the profits from two angles; one by cent). These findings are in conformity to the reducing the costs and another by increasing results reported by Manjit Kaur and Shaguna the profits. The data regarding participation Singla (2001). Only a few (ranging from 5.00 of the farm women in performing to 15.83 per cent) of them did not participate management practices of milch animals are in performing these activities at all. presented in Table 4.

Table 4: Participation of the farm women in management of milch animals


nal A A:lopting veterinary aids 1 Vaccinating animals 41 14 21 26 18 2.28

(34.17) (11.67) (17.5) (21.66) (15.00) 2 Taking animals to 48 18 23 20 11 2.60

veterinary doctDrs (40.00) (15.00) (19.17) (16.67) (9.16) 3. Treating animals with 24 16 26 32 22 1.90

home made medicines (20.00) (13.34) (21.66) (26.66) (18.34) B. Care and Management 1 Watering at proper time 72 20 16 12 00 3.26

(60.00) (16.67) (13.33) (10.00) (0.00) 2 Grooming and 65 24 14 17 00 3.14

brooming (54.16) (20.00) (11.67) (14.17) (0.00) 3 Cleaning byre 82 12 14 08 04 3.34

(68.34) (10.00) (11.66) (6.66) (3.34) 4 Preparing Gobar gas 04 02 00 00 114 0.18

mlxbJre (3.34) (1.66) (0.00) (0.00) (95.00) 5 Preparing compost 30 22 24 12 32 2.05

(25.00) (18.33) (20.00) _ (lQ.~(26.67)


It can be observed from the data in. the Table-4 that majority of the farm women

actively participate in giving veterinary treatment to the dairy animals i.e. giving vaccination (85.00 per cent), treatment of animals from veterinary doctors (90.84 per cent) and providing home used medicine

(81.67 per cent) either, regularly, often,

sometimes or :occasionally. This indicates that most of the farm women participate

regularly in giving treatment to diseased

animals. The probable reason may be the

availability of veterinary facility by AMUL and also availability of veterinary dispensary at taluka levels.

The finding is in contrast with the findings of Shirolkar (,1993).

It was further, noticed that majority of the farm women regularly participated in

performing the management practices of

milch animals such as cleaning byre (68.34

per cent), watering animals at proper time (60.00 per cent) and grooming and brooming

(54.16 per cent). It was striking to note that most of the farm women (95.00 per cent)

did not participate in preparing gobar gas

mixture. The possible reason may be that generally, this role performed by the female

servant in the study area. However, one fourth (25.00 per cent) of them regularly participated in the preparation of F.Y.M. or

compost manure. This clearly indicates that management practices of milch animals were

largely performed by the farm women.

This finding is similar to the findings reported

by Shirolkar (1993), Manjit Kaur and

Shaguna Singla (2001) and Parte (2003).

Participation of farm women in financial activities

The data pertaining to participation of the farm women in financial activities are presented in Table-5.

The data further indicate that most of the farm women (ranging from 60.00 to 83.33

per cent) did not participate in obtaining loan

for purchase of animals,. purchase of feeds/ fodder and in construction of byre.

Participation of the farm women in milking and preparation of milk products

The data pertaining to participation of the

farm women in milking and preparation of milk products are presented in Table-6.

It is evident from the data reported in Table

S that about three fourth of the farm women

Table 5. Participation of the farm women in financial activities


nal A Taking loan for 1 Purchase of animals 20 5 8 15 72 1.05

(16.67) (4.16) (6.67) (12.5) (60.00) 2 Purchase of feed/fodder 0 2 22 18 78 0.56

(0.00) (1.66) (18.34) (15.00) (65.00) 3 Construction of byres 0 4 6 10 100 0.28

(0.00) (3.34) (5.00) (8.33) (83.33) B Marketing of milk 1 House hold sale of milk 12 04 14 10 80 0.82

(10.00) (3.33) (11.67) (8.33) (66.67) 2 Selling of milk through 74 12 17 05 12 3.09

cooperative society (61.66) (10.00) (14.17) (4.17) (10.00)


Table 6: Participation of farm women in milking and preparing milk products

Sr. Particulars Regularly Often Some Occasionally Never Mean No . times score A Milkinq 1 Milking the 85 13 10 08 04 3.39

animals (70.83) (10.83) (8.33) (6.67) (3.34) 2 Cleaning milk 84 08 10 11 07 3.25

vessels (70.00) (6.66) (8.33) (9.17) (5.84) B Preparation of milk products 1 Curd 68 19 20 08 05 3.14

(56.67) (15.83) (16.67) (6.67) (4.16) 2 Butter milk 56 14 23 12 15 2.70

(46.67) (11.66)' (19.17) (10.00) (12.5) 3 Ghee 62 15 18 07 18 2.80

(51.67) (12.5) (15.00) (5.83) (15.00) 4 Mava 08 06 32 24 50 1.15

(6.67) (5.00) (2fj.66) (?O.OQ) ( 41.67)

regularly performed functions like milking the Participation Index animals (70.83 per cent) and cleaning milk,

In the study, efforts were further made to vessels (70.00 per cent). About two third of

determine whether participation of the farm the farm women (66.66 per cent) did not

women differs in different aspects of dairyparticipate in house hold sale of milk.

occupation. For this purpose, participationConfirming this finding Shirolkar (1993).

index of the farm women in different asp~;"'L':' "However, majority (90.00 per cent) of them

of dairy occupation was worked out. The participated in- the sale of milk through co

data in this regard are given in Table-6. operative dairy society. The probable reason could be that every village has milk co Table 6: Participation index of the

farm women in different aspects ofoperative society and this role has been performed early in the morning as well as in animal husbandry and dairy practices.

the evening by women. Sr. Particular about the aspects Participation No. index.This finding is in the line with the findings

1 Purchase and sale of milch 29.01reported by Parte (2003). animals

The data further, reveal that a majority of 2 Feeding of milch animals 60.97 3 Breeding of milch animals 57.55the farm women regUlarly prepared milk 4 Management of milch animals 58.59

products viz. curd (56.67 per cent), buttermilk 5 Financial activities 15.45 (46.67 per cent) and ghee (51.67 per cent), 6 Milking and preparing milk 68.46

productswhereas low participation was found in case 7 Overall participation 53.71

of preparing Mava only (6.67 per cent). This It can be observed from the data presented clearly indicate that the functions like milking in Table-6 that the farm women had anof animals, cleaning milk vessels, selling of overall participation in dairy occupation to themilk through co-operative society and extent of 53.71 per cent. However, the farm preparation of milk products were mainly women had the largest participation (63.59 performed by women only. per cent) in the aspect of milk and milk

This findings are similar to the findings products followed by feeding aspects (60.97reported by Shirolkar (1993) and Manjit Kaur per cent) and nearly equal participationand Shaguna Singla (2001).


(57.55 per cent and 57.45 per cent) in

Breeding and management of animal, respectively. The farm women had low

participation in general aspects of dairy

occupation.

Level of participation in dairy occupation

In order to know the level of participation of

farm women in dairy occupation, they were

grouped on the basis of their participation index. The data are presented in Table-7.

The data from Table-7 shows that about two

third of the farm women (65.00 per cent) had, medium level of participation in dairy

fodder, feeding animal and preparing concentrate mixture at home. Majority of them participated in the operation of

artificial insemination, whereas their

participation was low in case of natural services. Large proportion of the farm

women regularly participated in feeding

cooked grains, giving warm water, cleaning

of calf and cutting novel cord and feeding

colostrum at the time of calving. A great majority of them did not participate in

preparing gobar gas mixture. The farm

women largely participated in the activities

like milking the animals, sale of milk through dairy cooperative and in preparation of milk

Table 7: Distribution of the farm women according to their level of participation in dairy occupation. N = 120

Sr. Participation Frequency Percentage No.

1. Low (below 48.13) 22 18.33 2. Medium (between 48.13 to 59.83) 78 65.00 3. High (above 59.83) 20 16.67

Total 120 100.00

occupation. However, 16.67 per cent farm

women had a high participation and less

than one fifth (18.33 per cent) of them had low participation in dairy occupation. This indicates that farm women had medium lev!"1 of participation in dairy occupation. The probable reason might be that some of the

dairy activities are female dominant.

CONCLUSION On the basis of above discussion it could be

concluded that majority of the farm women

participated in selection of milch animals, breed, purchasing of animals and culling of

uneconomic animals. Most of them did not participate in obtaining loan for purchase of

animals, purchase of feeds and fodder and

in construction of byres. Majority of the farm

women regularly participated in bringing

products like curd, butter, butter milk and

ghee. Overall participation of the farm

women was higher in case of milk and milk products followed by feeding management and breeding. Their level of participation in dairy occupation was medium.

REFERENCE Joshi, A. (2000) Baseline survey for implementation of women co-operative leadership programme in 5 selected unions in India. A pilot study of ORG Centre of Social Research, Vadodara (Original not seen).

Manjit Kaur and Shaguna Singla (2001) Participation of Rural women in Dairy management practices J. Res. P.A. U., 38(3-4): 294-300.

Parte, L. (2003) Participation of women members in dairy co-operative societies of Anand district. M. Sc. (Agri.) thesis, GAU, Anand.

Shirolkar, V. V. (1993). A study of participation and decision making of farm women in dairy occupation. M. Sc. (Agri.) thesis, M.P.K.V., Rahuri.

.22 Guj. J. Extn. Edu. XV 2004

ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION SEEKING BEHAVIOUR OF WHEAT GROWERS M. M. Patel 1 , Mahmood Khan 2 and Amit Chatterjee3

ABSTRACT In view of less adoption ofscientific wheat production technologies, the productivity of this major crop in Madhya Pradesh is low. Knowledge beIng the key to adoption

ofa technology, this study was conducted to asses it and focused on the prediction

potentialities of various factors affecting the knowing behaviour of wheat growers. Among the selected practices, majority of the respondents had complete knowledge

regarding two, partial knowledge about four and no knowledge about the rest. By and large, the majority of the respondents had medium knowledge about wheat

production technology. Of the 10 selected factors; age, education, farm size, social

participation, and information seeking behaviour were comparatively more important. The education was very important factor which produced direct as well

as indirect impact on knowing of the farmers.

INTRODUCTION The present study was conducted to asses

the extent of knowledge of the wheatWheat is one of the most important food growers regarding the wheat productioncrops of India. India ranks fourth amongst technology and focus the predictionall the wheat growing countries of the world. potentialities of various factors affecting theIn Madhya Pradesh wheat is an important knowing behaviour of wheat growers.crops, grown in rainfed as well as irrigated

conditions. The productivity here is very low METHODOLOGY as the farmers are not adopting the The study was conducted in 20 Villages of recommended wheat production technology Fanda block of Sehore district Madhya to its fuller extent. The adoption of improved ,Pradesh; from which 200 wheat growers· technology by the farmers depends primarily were selected randomly for the study. A upon knowledge of these technologies. Past standardized teacher made type

studies in the field of Extension Education 'knowledge test' was developed and

have laid much emphasis on bringing administered to farmers. Salient package of practices regarding scientific cultivation ofchanges in the knowledge component of wheat crop recommended for the study areabehaviour. Once farmers' behaviour is was drawn from package of practices for rabichanged they are bound to fully utilize the crops (Published by J. N. Krishi Vishwa

required knowledge in the field situation Vidyalaya, Jabalpur). Scientists of the

provided other conditions governing the Vishwa Vidyalaya were also consulted for adoption are satisfactory (Singh and this purpose. The correct answer was Choudhary, 1997). The knowing behaviour assigned a score of 'two'; partially correct is psychological in nature, get affected by with score 'one' and zero score to incorrect the number of influencing factors overtly or reply of a question or part there of. The covertly. practice wise ~core of each individual were

1 Associate Professor, Deptt. of Extn. Educ., R.A.K. College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Sehore (M.P.) 2 Ex-student, Deptt. of Extn. Educ., R.A.K. College of AgriCUlture, JNKVV, Sehore (M.P.) 3 Associate Professor, Deptt. of Extn. Educ., R.A.K. College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Sehore (M.P.)

23 Analysis Of Information Seeking Behaviour

Table 1: Distribution of wheat growers according to their knowledge regarding wheat production technology

Sr. Particular Extent of knowledge No. Complete Partial No

knowledge knowledge knowledge

1. Soil testing 09 (04.50) 56 (28.00) 135 (67.50)

2. Field preparation 136 (68.00) 42 (21.00) 22 (11.00)

3. Soil treatment 04 (02.00) 158 (79.00) 38 (19.00)

4. Improved varieties 15(07.50) 185 (79.00) 00 (00.00)

5. Seed treatment 41 (20.50) 40 (20.00) 109 (54.50)

6 Seed rat~ 102 (51.00) 90 (45.00) 08 (04.00) 7. Time of showing 88 (44.00) 112 (61.00) 00 (00.00) 8. Method of showing 78 (30.00) 122 (56.00) 05 (02.50) 9. Geometry of showing 119 (59.50) 76 (38.00) 05 (02.50) 10. Application of fertilizer 61 (30.50) 107 (53.50) 32 (16.00) . 11. Irrigation management 128 (64.00) 72 (36.00) 00 (00.00) 12. Weed management 03 (01.50) 39 (19.50) 158 (79.00) 13. Pest management 03 (01.50) 125 (63.50) 72 (36.00) 14. Disease management 01 (00.50) 133 (66.50) 66 (33.00) Figures in parenthesis indicate per cent

first ascertained, added together and sum total score was divided by the total number of respondents.

RESULTS AND DISICUSSION Extent of knowledge

Extent of knowledge of wheat growers about wheat production technology (data in Table 1) indicated that more than 65 percent of the respondents had complete knowledge about field preparation and irrigation management. More than 60 percent respondents had partial knowledge about improved varieties, soil treatment, recommended method of sowing, and pest and disease management. Majority of the respondents had no knowledge about weed

management (79%) and soil testing (67.5%).

The data in Table 2 denote that the majority (62.5%) of the respondents possessed the medium level of knowledge, while 20 per cent had low and 17~5 per cent had high level of knowledge. ThelC1ata also revealed that the farmers who had large holding possessed higher knowledge (20.96) as compared to those farmers with small (12.92) and medium holding (16.73). Calculated't' values also indicated that the small, medium and large holding farmers differ with each other according to their level of knowledge.

Table 2: Distribution of the respondents according to their knowledge level

Knowledge level Size of holding Total Land (N=200) Small (n=39) Medium (n-126) Large (n-35) Holding

Low «12) 17(44) 22(17) 01 (03) 40(20) Medium (12-21) 20(51) 89(71) 16(46) 125(62.5) High (>21) 02(5) 15(12) 18(51) 35(17.5) Mean 12.92 16.73 20.96 16.73 S.D 2.77 3.98 4.01 4.49 Small verus medium "t" = 6.71* Medium verus large "t" = 5.50 ** Significant at 1% Small verus large "t" = 9.90 * * Significant at 0.05 level of probability

** Significant at 0.01 level of probability


Table 3: Path coefficient showing direct and indirect effects of independent variables on knowledge score

Variables Correction Direct Total Maximum indirect coefficient (r) effect indirect effect channeled

effect through other variables

Xl Age 0.6222 ** 0.2092 0.4130 0.1833 X2 Education

X2 Education 0.7224 ** 0.2513 0.4711 0.1528 Xl Age

X3 Farm size 0.6175 ** 0.1925 0.4250 0.1491 X2 Education

X4 Socio-economic status 0.6118 ** 0.0951 0.5167 0.1558 X2 Education

X5 Social Participation 0.4303 ** 0.1164 0.3139 0.0896 X2 Education

X6 Extension Participation 0.5055 ** 0.0563 0.4492 0.1528 X2 Education

X7 Innovativeness 0.0645 ** -0.0397 0.1042 0.0333 X2 Education

X8 Cosmopoliteness 0.3580 ** -0.0043 0.3623 0.0978 X2 Education

X9 Information seeking 0.4551 ** 0.1622 0.2929 0.0978 Behavior X2 Education

X10 Scientific orientation 0.3107 ** 0.0388 0.2719 0.0871 X2 Education

** Significant at 0.01 level of probability

Factors associated with knowing results were in agreement with the findings behaviour of Singh et ~1. (1991).

The data in Table 1 reveal that out of 10 The direct and indirect effects of all the independent variables, 9 variables were independent variables on the knowing significantly and positively correlated with behaviour are also presented in Table 3. The knowing behaviour. These variables were data reveal that education had maximum age, education, farm size, socio-economic positive direct effect followed by age, farm status, social participation, extension size and social participation respectively. On participation, cosmopolite ness, information the other hand, the direct effect of socioseeking and scientific orientation. These economic status, extension participation,

Table 4: Multiple Regression Analysis of knowing behavior with all the selected independent variables

Variable Regression Std. Error "t" Value Per cent coefficient Contribution

Xl Age 1.288 0.402 3.204 20.054 X2 Education 0.694 0.224 3.0962 7.967 X3 Farm size 0.719 0.229 3.1421 8.313 X4 Socio-economic status 0.221 0.152 1.454 8.963 X5 Social participation 0.911 0.402 2.266 7.721 X6 Extension participation 0.020 0.020 0.998 4.383 X7 Innovativeness -0.121 0.142 0.850 -0.394 X8 Cosmopoliteness -0.021 0.266 0.081 -0.235 X9 Information seeking behavior 0.563 0.173 3.258 11.372

X10 Scientific orientation 0.086 0.108 0.801 ).857 Constant 0.38 R' = 0.6490 Multiple R = 0.8056 F value for R = 34.95 with 10 and 189 DFs.


Table 5: Optimum model of Multiple Regression Analysis of five variables with knowing behavior

Variable Regression Std. Error "t" Value % Contribution coefficient

Xl Age 1.381 0.389 3.547 21.883 X2 Education 0.856 0.203 4.218 35.095 X3 Farm size 0.895 0.207 4.327 23.171 X4 Socia-economic status 1.155 0.371 3.116 9.963 X9 Information seeking behavior 0.482 0.168 2.872 9.888

Constant 4.02 R' = 0.6381 MUltiple R=0.7988, ,"F" value for R=68.41 ** with 5 and 194 DFs

information seeking behaviour and scientific orientation was positive but of lesser magnitude.

In respect of total indirect effect, socioeconomic status exerted maximum impact followed by education, extension participation, farm size, age, cosmopoliteness, social participation, information seeking behaviour, scientific orientation and innovativeness. The data also revealed that all the variables had maximum indirect effect on knowledge through education.

For identifying the relative contribution of various factors in the variation of knowing behaviour, a step wise multiple regression analysis was carried out and findings are presented in Table 4.

The model I which include all the 10 factors gave highest value· of Coefficient of Determination (R2 =0.649), which was significant at 1 per cent level of significance. This indicates that, selected 10 factors explained 64.9 per cent of the variation in knowledge of improved wheat production technology. In this model, socio"economic status, extension participation, innovativeness, cosmopoliteness, and scientific orientation did not contribute significantly in knowing behaviour of wheat growers and hence lesser number of factor were responsible for major share in observed variation. In model II, these factors were deleted from regression analysis on the basis of their low 't' value. Finally, this

model contained only 5 factors (Table 5). The coefficient of determination was 0'939, which was significant at 1% level. In other words, these five variables explained 63.81 per cent variability in knowing behaviour.

CONCLUSION Among the 14 practices, majority of the respondents had complete knowledge regarding field preparation and irrigation management, pa rtia I knowledge about improved varieties, soil treatment, method of sowing, and plant protection and no knowledge about soil testing, seed treatment, and weed management. Overall, the majority of the respondents had medium knowledge about wheat production tech nology.

Out of 10 selected factors; age, education, farm size, social participation, and information seeking behaviour were comparatively more important because these five factors explained nearly the same variation (63.81%) as all the ten factors to~ether (64.9%) The education was very important factor which produced direct as well as indirect impact on knowing of the farmers.

REFERENCE Singh, Madan and Chaudhary, A. K. (1997). Knowing behaviour of pulse growers in the progressive village of North Bihar: A prediction Analysis. Journal of Extn Edun., 2 (1&2): 17-19.

Singh, S. P.; Hudda, R. S. and Verma, H. K. (1991). Knowledge gap of Citrus growers. Indian J. Extn Edun., 27(1&2): 117 - 120.


INFORMATION SEEKING BEHAVIOUR OF RICE GROWERS N. M. Chauhan 1 and R. F. Thakor2

ABSTRACT With a view to know the information behavior of the rice growers, the study was

undertaken in five vii/ages of A.land district. The study concluded that use of

information sources, extension participation, land under rice cultivation and cosmopoliteness were the important independent variables affecting information

need of the rice growers. Majority of the respondents expressed plant protection measures, marketing, schedule of water supply by canal, fertilizer management

and irrigation management as the important areas of information needs.

INTRODUCTION Increasing productivity is the vehicle for

development of the rice sector. Rice

production can be increased either by

increasing the area under rice cultivation or

by increasing the productivity of current

cultivation. Given the pressu re on

agricultural land and the competition from

other, more lucrative crops, it may be difficult

to significantly increase the land under rice cultivation. The only solution, therefore, is

to increase the productivity of the area currently under cultivation.

Mass dissemination of information may play

an important role in view of its larger area

coverage. Acquisition of information has

always been regarded as a factor playing

an important role in molding human behavior

leading to decision for adopting of

innovation. Thus, Identifying information

needs of the users can become solid basis

for developing meaningful information

warehouse. Keeping in view the significance

of the information needs of the rice growers the present study was undertaken with the

following objectives:

1) To ascertain the information needs of

the rice growers.

2) To study the relationshi p between

selected personal, social,

communicational, economical and

psychological characteristics of rice growers and their information needs.

METHODOLOGY The present investigation was confined to

Anand district of Gujarat state. Anand district comprises of eight talukas. Khambhat is the

major rice growing taluka of the district. This taluka was selected purposively because

area under rice cultivation is highest among

all the eight talukas of district. Five villages

viz; Gudel, Galiyana, Naviakhol, Rohini, and

Tamsa were selected randomly from among

the list of the major rice growing villages of

Khambhat taluka. The lists of rice growers

were obtained for each of the selected

Villages from the gram panchayat office.

Twenty respondents from each of the

selected Villages were randomly selected.

Thus, the study was confined to 100

respondents.

The information need of the farmer was measure using three point continuum .The

mean score was obtained by the total number of score divided by total number of

respondents. Coefficient of Correlation was

1 Training Associate, KVK, GUjarat Vidyapith, Valsad, Gujarat 2 Training Organizer, KVK, GUjarat Vidyapith, Valsad, Gujarat

27 Information Seeking Behaviour

computed to find out the relationship

between each of the independent variables and the dependent variable.


Information need of the rice growers

The data presented in Table 1 revealed that major area of information needs expressed by the rice growers in descending order of rank were plant protection measures, marketing, schedule of water supply by canal, fertilizer management, water management, preparation of seedlings, variety, land preparation and sowing, supportive facts, harvesting and post harvesting technology and weed management.

The results are in conformity with the findings of Patel (2004). It means that the rice

growers gave highest emphasis on market related information, as this information can help them to a great extent to convert their produce in more money. They were also conscious about information on schedule of water to be supplied by canal as well as

plant protection measures. The data also reflects that the rice growers have become

more cautious about fertilizer management due to new trend of organic rice framing.

Relationship between independent and dependent variables

The data presented in Table 2 clearly signify that information need of the rice growers had non-significant correlation with their age and education. This may be due to the fact

that irrespective level of education, level of the rice growers had information need for rice cultivation remained indifferent. Social participation, size of tand holding, annual income and level of economic motivation of the rice growers also had non-significant

correlation with their information need.

The information need of the rice growers had significant correlation with their extent of

utilization of information sources. It indicates that those rice growers who utilize more information sources to acquire information

regarding rice cultivation, have shown higher need for such information. This may be due to the fact that those who were using various sources of information might have understood importan<;:e of information regarding rice cultivation.

It is obvious from the results that the

information need of the rice growers had significant correlation with their level of

extension participation. It means that

Table 1 : Information needs of the rice growers n = 100

Sr. No. Areas of information Mean score Rank

1 Variety 1.31 V 2 Schedule of water supply by Canal 1.67 II 3 Preparation of Seedlings 1.36 IV 4 Land preparation and sowing 1.22 VII

5 Fertilizer management 1.67 II 6 Weed management 0.71 IX 7 Irrigation management 1.42 III 8 Plant protection measures 1.89 I 9 Harvesting and post harvesting technology 0.88 VIII

10 Marketing 1.89 I 11 Supportive facts 1.21 VII

28 Information Seeking Behaviour

Table 2 : Correlation between characteristics of rice growers and information need n = 100

Sr. Personal traits Correlation No. coefficient value 1 Age 0.011 2 Education 0.141 3 Use of information sOurces 0.192 * 4 Social participation 0.134 5 Extension participation 0.281 * 6 Size of land holding - 0.021 7 Land under rice cultivation 0.481 * 8 Irrigated area to total land 0.052 9 Annual income - 0.112 10 Cosmopoliteness 0.193 * 11 Economic motivation - 0.040 12 Market orientation 0.114 *

*Significant at 0.05 per cent level of probability

extension agencies played pivotal role in CONCLUSION identifying rice growers' information needs.

Information need of the rice growers had

significant correlation with the proportionate

land under rice cultivation of their total land;

whereas it had non-significant correlation

with their proportionate irrigated area to

total land. The farmer, who covers big portion

of his total land under rice cultivation, transmits more risk for this crop, which leads

them to have more information to minimize

risk factors. Any increase in irrigated area

has no influence over information need of

the rice grower. The findings are in line with

the findings of Ta!ati (1994).

Information need of the rice growers had

significant correlation with their level of

cosmopoliteness as well as market

orientation. The farmers with high level of

cosmopolite ness tend to avail required

information, which ultimately leads to less information need. It is also obvious that, all

the rice growers want information of rice

cultivation, irrespective of their orientation

to market.

It can be concluded that majority of the rice

growers had expressed plant protection

measures, marketing, schedule of water

supply by cannal , fertilizer management and

irrigation management are the important

areas of information needs.

The independent variables like Use of

information sources, Extension participation, Land under rice cultivation and Cosmopolite

ness were significantly related with their

information needs for rice cultivatiol'l. Rice

growers who had better contact with

sources of information, extension personals

and more area under rice cultivation as well

as high level of cosmopoliteness realized

more information on various aspects of rice cultivation.

REFERENCE: Patel, D. D. (2004). Information need of the cotton growers, Unpublished M. Sc. (Agri.) thesis, GAU, Anand.

Talati, J. P. (1994). Training needs of banana growers of Kheda district of Gujarat

state. Guj.J.Ext.Edu, Vol. 4 & 5:182-185.


A SCALE TO MEASURE EXTENSION MANAGEMENT ABILITY OF TRAINING ORGANIZER OF KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA

G. J. Patel 1 , M. C. SonP and K. A. Thakkar3

ABSTRACT Practicing management principles can also increase the ability oftraining organizer ofKrushi Vigyan Kendra. There are several factors that can be envisaged ofcontrib

uting to extension management ability. To measure the extension management ability of these officers, there need a scientific tool. The present study was intended to structure a scientific instrument for the purpose. In all 10 main indicators along

with their 70 sub-indicators related to extension management ability were col

lected. These indicators were referred to 100 judges to indicate whether each of these was relevant or not for inclusion in the scale. For the purpose of measuring

validity of the scale, content validity and criterion validity (0.339) were adopted. Reliability (0.742) was tested using split half method. The final format of the scale included all the ten indicators and 50 sub-indicators.

INTRODUCTION management ability. Nevertheless, there is

no device that can accurately measure theKrishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is the premier first components of extension managementline transfer of technology program aimed ability. In view of these facts, it wasat targeting up gradation of knowledge and considered necessary to develop a scale toskill of the ultimate users of agricultural measure extension management ability oftechnology. There are some fundamental training organizers of Krishi Vigyan Kendras. principles and practices that lead to effective

functioning of an organization; irrespective METHODOLOGYof its' nature; which can be termed as

'management'. These management practices A total 0(10 main indicators along with their 70 sub-indicators pertaining to extensioncan also increase the ability of training management ability were collected throughorganizer (of KVK) as extension manager to

the change process. The extension relevant literature as well by corresponding

management ability is a condition of being and discussing with extension/ managem'ent experts.able to apply the basic principles of

management for carrying out extension work Relevancy of Scale Items for getting desired output. The growth of

These indicators were referred to 100 jUdges management science and increasing faith in consisted of extension/ managementits ability to solve myriad problems of experts. The judges were requested toagricultural extension works is an indicate whether each of the indicators and outstanding development of our time. In sub-indicators was relevant or not forsubjective term, several factors can be inclusion in the scale. The jUdges were also envisaged of contributing to extension

1 Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Extn. Educ" ASPEE College of Home Science, SDAU, Sardar Krishinagar , Director of Extension Education, SDAU, Sardar Krishinagar-385 506 3 Associate Director of Extension Education, SDAU, Sardar Krishinagar-385 506

30 A Scale To Measure Extension Management Ability

asked to rank the relevant indicators according to their relative importance in

measurement of extension management abiiity of Training Organizers of KVKs.

Obtaining Scale Values

Using 'Normalised Rank Approach' recommended by Guilford (1954), scale

values for each indicator and weightages for each sub-indicator was worked out.

Validity and reliability

In order to make the scale valid, two methods viz., content validity and criterion validity

of 70 sub-indicators. The details on relevancy of main indicators are presented in Table-1.

It can be observed from the Table-1 that the main indicators viz., planning, organizing and

coordinating were considered as relevant by all the judges. Communicating, directing,

human relation and controlling were

considered relevant by 98.33, 96.66, 96.66 and 95.00 per cent judges,· respectively. The remaining main indicators viz., decision making, supervising and leading were believed to be relevant by 93.33, 91.66 and 81.66 per cent judges respectively.

Table 1. Relevancv of the main indicators of the scale Sr. Main/Sub-indicators No of judges responded for No. relevancy

Number Per cent 1 Planning 60 100.00 2 Organizing 60 100.00 3 Directing 58 96.66 4 Communicating 59 98.33 5 Controlling 57 95.00 6 Human Relation 58 96.66 7 Leading 49 81.66 8 Supervising 55 91.66 9 Coordinating 60 100.00

10 Decision Makinq ·56 93.33

were adopted. Reliability was-fested using Obtaining scale value split half method.

In order to obtain the scale values for the

relevant main indicators and weightages forRESULTS AND DISCUSSION the relevant sub-indicators, oJ set of same

Relevancy of Scale Items judges was used. The judges were asked to

The response on relevancy was received from rank the main indicators according to their 64 judges. The final responses of 60 judges relative importance in measuring .extension were considered by rejecting four judges' management ability of training organizers of responses in view of incomplete responses. KVKs. They were also requested to rank the The items, for which more than 75 per cent sub-indicators of each of the main indicators judges indicated to be relevant, were according to their relative importance within considered as relevant for inclusion in the the respective main indicators of the scale. scale. The responses received from the

Based on the rank assigned by .the judgesjudges supported the relevancy of all the ten

to each of the main indicators and submain indicators and for 50 sub-indicators out

indicators, the scale values for the main

,-,.,.:;: --

31 A Scale To Measure Extension Management Ability

Table 2 : A scale to measure extension management ability along with scale values/weightages of main/sub-indicators

Sr. Main/Sub-indicators Scale values/ Overall No. weightages Rank

I PLANNING 9.30 I 1. To determine objective of training 7.21 1 2. To ascertain training needs 6.71 2 3. To plan for transfer of technologies 4.51 4 4. To plan for utilization of funds 3.91 5 5. To plan for extension facilities 3.51 6 6. To prepare annual plan of work 4.58 3 7. To plan for monitoring the work 3.31 7 8. To plan for evaluation work 2.21 8 II ORGANISING 7.26 II 1. To call regular meeting 4.73 1 2. To provide work opportunity 4.21 2 3. To provide work according to specialization 3.96 3 4. To invite suggestions from subordinates 2.83 4 5. To divide the activity into groups 2.36 6 6. To delegate authority according to responsibility 2.81 5

III DIRECTING 5.45 IV 1. To give clear instruction for work 3.53 2 2. To give due credit to a person 4.12 1 3. To appreciate good work done 2.06 3 4. To give continuous information 1.61 4 IV COMMUNICATING 5.96 III 1. To give timely instructions 3.11 1 2. To listen who has to tell your head 2.80 2 3. To select proper medium of instruction 2.45 3 4. To receive feed back 1.63 4 V CONTROLLING 3.71 IX 1. To carry out monitoring 4.08 1 2. To visit work accurately and properly 4.00 2 3. To determine standards for work 2.85 3 4. To carry out the evaluation 2.80 4 5. To measure performance of staff 1.26 5 VI HUMAN RELATION 4.95 VII 1. To make personal contact 5.01 1 2. To deal fairly 3.86 3 3. To take interest in development of junior 3.70 4 4. To adopt participative approach 4.06 2 5. To understand other's behaviour/habits 2.56 5 6. To .provide co-operation 1.71 6

VII LEADING 3.53 X 1. To promote team work 4.53 1 2. To take initiative task 3.63 2 3. To apply technical competency 2.75 3 4. To have a sense of responsibility 2.43 4 5. To inspire subordinates 1.65 5

VIII SUPERVISING 4.16 VIII 1. TO provide wise counseling 2.31 1 2. To focus on quality of work 1.83 3 3. To give suggestions 1.85 2 IX COORDINATNG 5.40 V 1. To establish linkages 3.45 1 2. To integrate the extension works 2.68 2 3. To establish mutual trust 2.06 3 4. To get co-operation from outside 1.80 4 X DECISION MAKING 5.18 VI 1. To take decision at proper time 4.30 1 2. To find out facts for decision 3.23 2 3. To adopt participative decision 2.83 3 4. To implement decision 2.18 5 5. To take decision free from biases 2.45 4


RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA FOR PROMOTING PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES IN PADDY

J. K. PateP, Sunil R. PateP, M. R. Bhatt3 and Ashok Patel 4

ABSTRACT The communication media bring desirable changes in behaviour pertaining to

knowledge, attitude and symbolic adoption. However the effectiveness of such

media differs significantly from medium to medium. A research study in this regard was conducted in Kalal taluka of Panchmahal district with 210 respondents. The

results of this study indicated that accumulated influence ofseveral communication media is more than any single media. Further, the media mix was found better

than any single medium for g;Jin in knowledge, change in attitufiies and change in

symbolic adoption behaviour and thereby overall behaviour.

INTRODUCTION METHODOL8GY The effective communication is the key to The present study was conducted in three

increase the use of plant protection villages of Kalol taluka of Panchmahal district with 70 respondents from each selectedtechnology. The proper education. on the ~illage. Single as well as all possibleplant protection measure and its regular combination of audio-visual and writtenaction will save food grain and help in solvin, communication media viz. tape-recorder,

food grain deficiency problem. To transfer slide-show and folder were selected to

the latest technological know~e"ge to the determine the relative effectiveness in

ultimate users, an array &)f communication edUl;ating farmers about the plant protection media is available, Iilut these channels are measures in Paddy. An information folder not sufficient without careful direction or use entitled "Danger Man Paksanrakshan" was in the right way, at the right time, to do right specially prepared in lo'al language. The job, for the right purpose, with the right same message was recorded in an audio

. audience, all in relation to the message. For cassette and also a set of 28 coloured slides

the use of communication media, there is a were arranged in a logical order for exposure

to the farmer~.need of knowing the relative effectiveness

of communication media individually as well All the 210 randomly selected respondents as in various combinations in terms of were divided into seven groups, each

behavioural chang e pertain ing to consisting of 30 respondents for media

knowledge, attitude and symbolic adoption exposure. In each selected Village, the seven treatments were randomly allocatedbehaviour with special reference to plant to 70 respondents at the rate of tenprotection measures in Paddy. respondents to one each treatment. The 'Before and After' type of research desigll

1 Agriculture Officer, EEl, AAU, Anand 2 Research-cum field assistant, Eel, AAU, Anand 3 Research-cum field aSSistant, EEl, AAU, Anand 4 Principal, ~El, AAU, Anan~

34 Relative Effectiveness Of Communication Media

(Venugopal, 1975 and Nagraj, 1979) was of the respondents in different media

followed. Thus, the data were collected in treatments has been presented in Table-I.

two phases with the help of well structured Gain in knowledgeand pre-tested Gujarati version interview

The data presented in Table reveal that threeschedule which included all the items on communication media and their all possible which information was required for the .. combinations showed significant differencestudy. in the extent of their effectiveness in

The pre-test (Before the exposure of Media) improving knowledge of the paddy growers responses were recorded three days in regarding plant protection measures. advance of conducting the experiment in

Further, the Table gives followingvillages and post-test (after the exposure)

information. responses were obtained on the next day.

The difference provided the gain score. The 1. Comparing the communication media individually, all the three single media variables were measured by utilizing

appropriate scale and procedure adopted showed similarity in their effectiveness.

by other research workers. The statistical 2. Folder, slide show' and tape recorder + tool used to analyze the data was one way folder were found to be similar in their analysis of variance by applying square root effect but tape recorder + folder was transformation (Nigam and Gupta, 1979). superior to tape recorder only.

3. Looking at two media mix, slideshow +RESULTS AND DISCUSSION folder was found to be superior to slide

One way analysis of variance applied to the show + tape recorder and tape

data relating to mean knowledge gain, recorder + folder.

attitudinal change, change in symbolic

adoption and change in overall behaviour

Table 1: Relative effectiveness of communication media in terms of behavioural change

n=210 Sr. Communication Knowledge Gain Attitudinal Change Change in Change in over all No. Media symbolic adoption behaviour

Original Trans- Original Trans- Original Trans- Original Transformed formed formed formed

1 Tape Recorder 7.27 2.65 6.17 2.44 10.00 2.93 23.43 4.64 2 Folder 8.40 2.78 8.17 2.76 13.18 3.16 29.75 5.08 3 Slide show 8.80 2.87 8.27 2.76 13.33 3.37 30.40 5.25 4 Tape Recorder + 10.13 . 3.10 9.60 2.96 13.92 3.39 33.68 5.50

Folder 5 Slideshow + Tape 13.30 3.55 10.47 3.18 17.54 3.98 41.31 6.24

Recorder 6 Slideshow + Tape 18.57 4.25 13.67 3.62 25.00 4.69 57.23 7.33

Recorder 7 Slideshow + Tape 22.07 4.60 16.93 4.06 31.37 5.41 70.34 8.19

Recorder + Folder F Calculated 28.10 17.368 7.357 15.966

F Table 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.12 SEM 1.44 0.135 0.335 0.325

CD 0.399 0.374 0.927 0.901


4. There was no difference in three media mix and two media mix viz. slide show + folder but three media mix was found to be superior to all single media and two media mix except slideshow + folder.

5. Another notable feature is that three media mix and two media mix (slide show + Folder) were similar in their effect in terms of knowledge gain. This helps the budget man to reduce the cost in exposure by eliminating tape recorder from the three media mix.

Change in attitude

The Table shows that attitudinal change differed very much from media to media as the difference was considerably higher than the critical difference set up. Further the table generates following information.

1. All the single media were found similar in their effect in terms of attitudinal change.

2. Folder, slideshow and tape recorder + folder were found to be similar in their effect.

3. Slide show + tape recorder was found superior to any single media but at par with tape recorder + folder.

4. Slideshow + folder was found effective than rest,of the two media mix and any of single media.

5. Three media mix was found more" effective than any of single and two media mix.

Change in symbolic adoption

The perusal of data presented in Table reveals that the change in symbolic adoption

behaviour oHarmers differed very much from

media to media as the difference was considerably higher than critical difference set up. Further the table shows that:

1. All the single media were similar in their effect along with two' media mix viz'. tape recorder + folder.

2. Folder, slide show, tape recorder + folder and slide show + tape recorder were found similar in their effect.

3. Slide show + folder was superior to tape recorder + folder and all single media

but at par with slide show. + tape recorder.

4. Three media mix was superior to all single media and two media mix except slide show + folder.

Change in overall behaviour

The data presented in Table' reveal that change in overall behaviour of the farmers differed very much from media to media. The difference was considerably higher than critical difference set up. The table gives following information.

1. All the single media al"ong with two media mix viz. tape recorder + folder were alike in their effects in terms of overall change in behaviour.

2. Among the two media mix, slideshow + folder was found to be superior to slide show + tape recorder and tape recorder + folder. How'ever slideshow + tape

, recorder and tape recorder + folder' were found similar in their effect to bring about change in overall behaviour.

3. Three media mix was found to be ~uperior to all. single media and two

media mix except slide show + folder which is at ,par in their effect to bring

about change in overall behaviour.


CONCLUSION To epitomize the result of the study, it can

be stated that communication media are the

devices used to create the situation in which communication can take place and bring about desired behavioural change. However

the effectiveness of these media differs from one another. Further, it is observed that

accumulated influence - of several communication media is more than any single media.

Communication media has influenced the

knowledge, attitude, symbolic adoption and overall behaviour; therefore, exten$ion

worker should try to manipulate these media

while working with farming community.

Further, extension worker should use media

mix rather than single media for effective communication.

REFERENCE 1. Nagraj (1979). Relative effectiveness of

lecture and tape recorded lecture presented and their combination with selected visuals. Unpublished M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, University of AgricCJltural

Science, Bangalore.

2. Nigam A. K. and Gupta V. K. (1979). Hand book· on Analysis of Agricultural

Experiments. 1st ed: 178.

3. Venugopal (1978). An investigation into the difference in achievement through

programmed instruction test and

lecture· method of presentation.

Unpublished M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Science,

Bangalore.


KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED CUMIN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY BY THE FARMERS OF NORTH GUJARAT

V. T. PateP, M. R. Prajapati2, N. V. ChaudharP and K. M. Joshi4

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in Banaskantha and Patan districts. Four villages from

six talukas and five cumin growers from one village were selected randomly, thus

total 120 cumin growers were interviewed personally. The findings revealed that knowledge and adoption ofcumin growers were found medium level regarding cumin. production technology. Majority farmers had adopted simple and low cost technologies

and found less adopted practices like seed treatment disease control and insect control. Further the data revealed that characteristics like extension participation was found positive and significantly correlated with knowledge level ofcumin growers

whereas, land holding, social participation, extension participation and knowledge level had found positively and significantly correlated with adoption level offarmers regarding cumin production technology.

INTRODUCTION Keeping this fact n mind the present study entitled Knowledge and adoption of

Cumin is an important spice as well recommended cumin production technology as cash crop of North Gujarat. Among all by the farmers of North GUjarat was carried districts Banaskantha and Patan covers out with the following objectives. majority area of cumin cultivation. Tharad, 1. To study the personal and socio Diodar and Vav talukas of Banaskantha and economic characteristics of farmers. Radhanpur, Sami Harij taluka of Patan distrct

2. To study the knowledge level of farmersare mainly cumin growing areas. The average about recommended cumin productionyield of cumin in Banaskantha is 313 kg.jha. technology.Which is very low as compare to yield

recorded at research station (980 kg.jha.). 3. To study the extent of adoption of Therefore, there is a wide gap between recommended cumin production average yield of cumin farmers and the technology. potential yield of the crop. The low yield of

4. To study the relationship betweencumin crop could be attributed with the fact

personal characteristics of farmers withthat the farmers might have lack of

knowledge and extent of adoption.knowledge of cumin production technology

and its r~commended practices have not 5. To seek suggestions from farmers for

been adopted by the farmers up to desired higher production of cumin.

extent.

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Extension Education, CPCA, SDAU, Sardar Krushiriagar 2 Associate Professor, Department of Extension Education, CPCA, SDAU, Sardar Krushinagar 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Extension Education, CPCA, SDAU, Sardar Krushinagar 4 APG Student, Department of Extension Education, CPGA, SDAU, Sardar Krushinagar

38 Knowledge And Adoption Of Cumin

METHODOLOGY irrigation management and weeding were

known to all most all cumin growers and Present study was conducted in

majority of them had adopted the same Banaskantha and Patan district. Among all

practices.taJukas three talukas from each district were selected purposively on the basis of area Further the practices viz. manuring (74.16 cultivated on cumin crop. Chansma, Harij and per cent), basal application of fertilizers(76.66

Radhanpur of Patan district and Diodar, per cent), seed rate (79.16 per cent), top Bhabhar and Vav taluka of Banaskantha dressing (88.33 per cent), insect control

district were selected purposively. (68.33 per cent) and disease control (64.16

Table 1. Distribution of cumin growers according to their knowledge and adoption regarding recommended cumin production technology

n = 120 Sr. Practices Knowledge Adoption No. Number Per cent Number Per cent 1 Tillage 118 98.33 118 98.33 2. Manuring 89 74.16 86 71.66 3. Basal Application 92 76.66 85 70.83 4. Variety 61 50.83 56 46.46 5. Seed rate 95 79.16 93 77.50 6. Method of sowing 116 96.66 116 96.66 7. Seed treatment 25 20.83 9 7.50 8. Type of sowing 117 97.50 114 95.00 9. Top dressing 96 88.33 95 79.16

10. Irrigation management 118 98.33 116 96.66 11. Weeding 116 96.66 112 93.33 12. Disease control 77 64.16 42 35.00 13 Insect control 82 66.33 50 41.66

Four villages from each taluka and five cumin grow..e·rs from each village were 'selected

randomly. Thus final sample for the study comprise 120 respondents. The interview

schedule was developed and the data were

collected, tabulated, analyzed and

interpreted in light of objectives.


The result of the study reported in Table - 1 revealed the cumin cultivation practices like tillage, method of sowing, time of sowing,

per cent) were known to majority of farmers.

Among these practices all the practices were adopted by majority of the cumin growers

except disease control (41.66 per cent) and

pest control (35.00 per cent). Lastly the seed

treatment practice was known to only 20.83 per cent farmers and it was adopted by 7.50

percent of the farmers.

The data in Table 2 revealed that

slight more than half (54.17 per cent) of the farmers possessed medium knowledge of level regarding cumin production technology,

Table 2. Distribution of respondents according to their level of knowledge regarding cumin production technology

n = 120 Sr. Category Mean Score Frequency Per 'cent No. 1. Low Below 22.18 40 33.33 2. Medium 22.18 to 25.02 65 54.17 3. High Above 25.02 15 12.50

Chi-Square = 23.10; S.D. = 1.92


Table 3. Distribution of respondents according to their level of adoption regarding cumin production technology

n =120 Sr. No. Category Mean Score FrequeD9' Per cent

1. Low Below 20.26 38 31.66 2. Medium 20.26 to 24.10 68 56.67 3. High Above 24.10 14 11.67

. Chi-Square = 22.18S.D. = 1.92

while one third of the farmers (33.33 per

cent) had low level of knowledge. Whereas, only (12.50 per cent) of the total farmers possessed high level of knowledge about cumin production technology.

It can be concluded that majority of the farmers possessed medium to low level of knowledge about recommended cumin production technology.

The data in Table 3 predicate that more than half (56.67 per cent) of the cumin growers had medium level of adoption. Whereas, slightly less than one third cumin growers (31.66 per cent) had low level of adoption and only 11.67 per cent of the cumin growers had high level of adoption regarding cumin production technology.

It can be concluded from the data that majority of the farmers had medium to low level of adoption of cumin production technology.

It could be seen from the data presented in table 4 that among all the selected variables education, social participation, and extensi.on

participation were found correlated with the knowledge level of the farmers regarding cumin production technology. As far as age and land holding were concerned, the correlation coefficient was found no significant which indicates that age and land holding did not establish any relationship with the knowledge level of cumin growers.

The data further revealed that the variables viz. land holding, social participation, extension participation and knowledge level of cumin growers were positively and significantly correlated with the adoption level of cumin growers. Age was also found correlated with adoption level at 0.05 per cent level. Further it was found that education did not establish any relationship with adoption level of cumin growers.

The data presented in Table 5 revealed that the important suggestions for successful cultivation of cumin crop as given by the farmers were viz. Second irrigation should be given light and timely, Crop should be kept weed free, Do not grow highly irrigated crop around cumin crop, Irrigation should be

Table 4. Relationship between s~lected characteristics of the respondents with their knowledge and adoption level

Variables . Correlation coefficient (r) Knowledge Adoption

Xl Age 0.0641 0.1701" X2 Education 0.1563" 0.1347 X3 Land holding 0.1108 0.1826" X4 Social participation 0.1710" 0.3098" X5 Extension participation 0.2205" 0.2926" V1 Knowledge 1.0000 0.7151"

* Significant at 0.05 per cent ** Significant at 0.01 per cent


Table 5: Distribution of respondents according to their suggestions for higher production of cumin crop

n=120 Sr. Suggestions Number Per cent No. 1. Second irrigation should be given light and timely 112 93.33 2. Crop should be kept weed free 110 91.66 3. Do not grow highly irrigated crop around cumin crop 106 88.33 4. Irrigation should be stopped during cloudy weather 104 86.66 5. Well drained soil and application of FYM 96 80.00 6. Irrigation bed should be prepared small and leveled 87 72.50 7. Application of Sulphur should be do.ne early in the morning 78 65.00 8. Crop rotation should be followed 71 59.16 9. Sowing should be done timely with recommended seed rate 69 57.50

10. Use of disease free seed of improved variety 42 35.00 11. Apply fungicide spray as per recommendation 29 24.16 12. Seed should be treated with organo merucurial fungicide 08 06.66

stopped during cloudy weather, Well drained soil and application of FYM and Irrigation bed should be prepared small and leveled.

It is evident from the data in table 5 that

farmers had not given importance to seed treatment and fungicide spray for successful

cumin crop cultivation.

CONCLUSION

It is evident from the results of the study that the knowledge and adoption of

recommended cumin production technology

was found medium level among cumin growers. Low cost and simple cumin productiol'l practices were adopted by majority of the farmers. The knowledge level,

extension participation( social participation

and land holding were found positively and significantly correlated with the adoption level

of the cumin growers.

REFERENCE Verma, P. D. and Munshi, M. A. (2000). A study on adoption of Kharif groundnut production technology. GUj. J. Extn. Edu. Vol.X & XI: 3740.

Guj. J. Extn. Edu. XV 2004 41

BT-COTTON GROWERS' KNOWLEDGE ABOUT DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF BT-COTTON

Sanjay kumar', N. R. PateP and Sunil R. PateP

ABSTRACT With a view to measure the farmers' knowledge about distinctive features of

at-cotton and to understand the relationship between selected characteristics of

at-cotton growers and their knowledge about distinctive features of at-cotton, the

study was conducted in Vadodara district of Gujarat state, with a sample of 160

cotton growers. The results indicate that majority of the at-cotton growers had

medium level of knowledge about distinctive features of at-cotton. The analysis of

correlation of personal, social and economic variables reflects that variables like

age, education, land holding, annual income, mass media exposure, extension participation, innovativeness and overall modernity had significant influence on their level of knowledge.

it was thought worthwhile to measure the INTRODUCTION farmers' knowledge about distinctive features

Cotton is one of the most important cif Bt-cotton. Keeping in view above facts the

commercial crops playing a key role in study was conducted with the following

economic, political and social affairs of the objectives.

world. Because of its importance in 1. To know the Bt-cotton growers' agricultural as well as industrial economy, it knowledge about distinctive features of is also called as "white gold". Cotton is Bt-cotton. cultivated in about 60 countries of the world.

2. To know the relationship between someBt-cotton is the most expensively studied selected characteristics of Bt-cotton

cotton variety today. Bt is a short form for growers and their knowledge about

bacillus thudngiensis. a naturally occurring distinctive features of Bt-cotton.

gram positive soil bacterium. The use of Bt.

cotton to control insect pest is not new. METHODOLOGY Insecticides containing Bt. and its toxins (eg.

The present study was carried out in Karjan,dipel, thuricide, vectobac) have .been sold for Sankheda, Dabhoi and Shinor talukas ofmany years ( Coben et.al., 1999). What is Vadodara district of Gujarat state. Five cotton new in Bt-crop is that a modified version of growing villages were randomly selectedthe bacterial cry gene has been incorporated from each taluka. The total twenty villagesinto the plants own DNA, so that the plants were selected for the study and randomlycellular machinery produces the delta eight Bt-cotton growers who had minimumendotoxin as part of the plants normal one year experience were selected from eachdevelopment (Stewart et al. 1996). India village making a total sample of 160grew Bt-cotton for the first time in year 2002. respondents. Measurement of knowledge ofBt-cotton is newly introduced cotton hence

1 Ex. P.G. Student, B. A. College of Agriculture, GAU, Anand 2 Extension Educationist, EEl, AAU, Anand ) Agriculture Officer, EEl, AAU, Anand

42 Bt-Cotton Growers' Knowledge

Table 1. Distribution of Bt-cotton growers according to their level of knowledge about distinctive features of Bt-cotton

Sr. No.

Category Frequency Percent

1 Low knowledge (Below 40 score) 23 14.38

2 Medium knowledge (40.00 to 78.00 score) 105 65.62

3 High knowledge (Above 78.00 score) 32 20.00

Total 160 100.00

Bt-cotton growers about distinctive features of Bt-cotton was done by using teacher made

test. To analyze the data statistical tools like mean, percentage, standard, deviation and

co-efficient of correlation were used.


Growers' knowledge about distinctive features of Bt-cotton

Knowledge is the cognitive behavior of an individual. The body of knowledge is the

product of learning process. Once the

knowledge is acquired, it produces changes in the thinking process. of an individual which would lead to further changes in .attitude and

help the farmers in making rational decisions. It is prerequisite for adoption of any agricultural innovation.

A look at table 1 reveals that 65.62 percent of Bt-cotton growers had medium level of knowledge followed by 20.00 per cent and

14.38 per cent of them who had high and

low level of knowledge respectively.

Relationship between personal,. socioeconomic and psychological characteristics of Bt-cotton growers and their knowledge level

The knowledge of respondents is mostly

influenced by personal socio-economic and

psychological characteristics of the individual.

So for this purpose the coefficient of correlation (r) for independent variable was worked out and presented in Table 2.

The co-efficient of correlation betweefl age and knowledge was found negative and it

was significant at 1 percent. This indicates

Table 2 : Relationship between selected Personal, Socio-economic and Psychological characteristics of Bt-cotton growers and their knowledge level

Sr. Characteristics 'r' Correlation co-efficient with No. (Ind§Jendent variables) knowledge 1. Age 2. Education 3. Size of family 4. Social participation 5. Mass media exposure 6. Extension participation 7. Occupation 8. Size of land holding 9. Annual income. 10. Irrigation potentiality 11. Scientific orientation 12. Innovabveness 13. Risk orientation 14. Overall modernity 15. Economic motivation

-.25048** .32186**

.04633

.14549 .33205** .19957**

.05091 .18138** .19633**

.13751

.09032 .30134** -.07566

.27749** .02283

** Significant at 0.01 % level of probability.

43 Bt-Cotton Growers' Knowledge

that with the increase in age, knowledge

level of the Bt-cotton growers about distinctive features of Bt-cotton decreased.

This may be due to the fact that the older age people are generally traditional and

conservative and they like to continue with their traditional knowledge.

The variables like education, size of land

holding, annual income, mass media

exposure, extension participation,

innovativeness and overall modernity were

significantly correlated with knowledge while

occupation, size of family, social participation,

irrigation potential, scientific orientation, risk orientation and economic orientation had no

significant correlation with knowledge of Btcotton growers about distinctive features of

Bt-cotton.

CONCLUSION From the above study it can be concluded that majority of the Bt-cotton growers had

medium level of knowledge about distinctive features of Bt-cotton. The analysis of

correlation of personal, social and economic variables reflects that variables like age,

education, land holding, annual income, mass

media exposure, extenSion participation, innovativeness and overall modernity had

significant influence on their level ofl

knowledge.

REFERENCE Coben, M. B., Sivramiah and Jane F., (1999) Biotechnology, Bio-safety and Biodiversity: Scientific and Ethical Issues for Sustainable, Development, Science publishers, Inc. USA, pp.31-39

Stewart, C. N; Jr. Adant M. J; All J. N; Boerma H. R; Crdineau G; Tucker D; Panot W. A.(1996). Plantl PhgsioJ. 112:121-129.


ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED ONION PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

N. B. Jadav1 and M. A. MunshP

ABSTRACT

With a view to determine the extent ofadoption of recommended onion production

technology and its relationship with selected characteristics of the onion growers,

the present study was conducted in Bhavnagardistrict with a sample of120 farmers.

The findings reflected that more than one-half (56.67 per cent) of the onion grower had medium level adoption about recommended onion production technology. Except

size of land holding; all independent variables under study were positively and

significantly correlated with the level ofadoption of recommended onion production

technology by the onion growers.

INTRODUCTION

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the basic

vegetables of mass consumption in India. It

is popularly used both in the raw and mature

bulb stages as a vegetable as well as spice

around the year. India is a second largest

producer of onion in the world next to China.

The area under onion cultivation is 384

thousand he~tares and annual production is

40.58 lakh million tones with accounting for

16 per cent of the world area and 12 per

cent of world output of onion. India is world

second largest exporter of onion with a

market share of 13.6 per cent (Kumar and

Mittal, 1998).

Gujarat ranks fifth in the area and first in the

production of onion in the country (Singhal,

1999). In GUjarat, Saurashtra region

accounts for 87.62 per cent the area and

85.17 per cent of the total production of onion in the state. Adoption of improved crop

technology is positively and significantly

related with yield (Patel, 1995). The average

yield of onion is 10 tones/ha against the

potential yield of 30 tones/ha received in

demonstration plot or on research farm. This

clearly indicated that a wide gap exists

between potential and average yield/ha of

onion in- Saurashtra region. It might be due

to lack of adoption of improved onion

production technology. Simultaneously some

constraints will also be there that come in

the ,.way of adoption of improved onion

production technology. Therefore, the

present investigation was planned with the

following objectives:

1. To determine the extent of adoption of

recommended onion production

technology by the onion gro·wers.

2. To ascertain the relationship between

selected characteristics of onion

growers and

recommended

technology.

their

onion

adoption

production

of

METHODOLOGY

The study was undertaken in Mahuva and

Talaja talukas of Bhavnagar district where

onion is grown on large area. From these

two talukas six villages were selected on the

basis of area under onion cultivation. The lists

of onion growers from these selected villages

were obtained. Out of them, a total of 120

1 P. G. Student, Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh , Retd. Professor, Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, GAU, Junagadh

45 Adoption Of Onion Production Technology

farmers were selected by proportionate

random sampling method. Thus, 120 onion

growers constituted the sample respondents for this study. The adoption index was developed and used to measure the adoption level of improved onion production technology. In light of the objectives set forth, the interview schedule was prepared. The

data were collected by personal interview of the respondents. They were analyzed and

interpreted in view of the objectives.


Extent of adoption:

Practice wise adoption of recommended

onion production technology was

ascertained in the respect of important

recommended practices and the data thus obtained have been reported in Table 1. A

critical perusal of the data in table 1 indicated

that the extent of adoption was found very high (more than 66%) in practices like seed

treatment (rank I), use of FYM fertilizer (rank

II), harvesting (rank III), sowing distance (rank IV), time of sowing (rank V) and

preparatory tillage (rank VI).

The probable reason for high adoption (above 80 %) of seed treatment (rank I) may be due to the fact that most of farmers used to go for seed treatment with Diathem-M-45 for protecting the crop from seed born disease. Application of FYM (rank II), the farmers who applied FYM as per recommendation had their own source of FYM or capacity of purchasing FYM from out side. Majority of the farmers are harvesting (rank III) in time due to the fact that this crop is grown since last five decades and. they are aware of the impact of time of harvest on yield. Moreover, all the above practices are of low cost and essential for better yield.

Level of adoption

Based on overall adoption, respondents were categorized in to three groups and data have been reported .in Table 2. It could be observed that more than half (56.67 %) of the respondents had medium level of adoption, followed by 27.50 per cent of them having high adoption, whereas only 15.83 per cent of them had low level of adoption of recommended onion production technology. Similar finding were reported by Yawalkar et. al. (1991) and Deshmukh et. al. (1998).

Table 1: Practice wise extent of adoption of recommended onion production technology

(n=120)

Sr. No.

Name of practices

1 Soil testing 2 Preparatory tillage 3 FYM fertilizers 4 Improved variety 5 Sowing time 6 Seed rate 7 Seed treatment 8 Preparation of seedbed 9 Sowing distance

10 Sowing(Seedbed/Kanzi) 11 Chemical fertilizers 12 Irrigation 13 Weed control 14 Diseases 15 Insect/pest 16 Harvesting 17 Storage

Weightage Weighted mean score

Per cent Rank

3 0.20 06.66 XVII 4 2.70 67.50 VI 7 5.56 81.50 II

10 4.98 49.80 XV 6 4.28 1.30 V 4 2.05 51.25 XIII 3 2.70 90.00 I 6 2.99 49.83 XIV 3 2.37 79.00 IV 7 3.95 56.40 XII

10 4.95 49.50 XVI 9 5.15 57.22 X 6 3.41 56.83 XI 6 .88 64.66 VII 6 3.69 61.50 IX 4 3.26 80.71 III 6 3.66 64.66 VII

46 Adoption Of Onion Production Technology

Table 2 : Level of adoption of the onion growers (n=120)

Categories No. _Per~entage

Low adoption 19 15.83 Medium adoption 68 56.67 High adoption 33 27.56

Relationship of selected characteristics of family, social participation,extension with adoption of onion growers participation, annual income, irrigation

It is evident from table 3 that of the potential, farm mechanization index, onion

11 variables the coefficient of correlation of crop intensity and risk orientation were

education, social participation, extension positively and significantly correlated with the

participation, annual income, irrigation level of adoption of recommended onion

potentiality, farm mechanization index, onion production technology by the onion growers. . Table 3 : Relationship of selected characteristics with adoption l;)f onion grower~

N=120 Sr. Name of variables "r'value No. (df";'118) 1. Age 2. Education 3. Size of family 4. Social participation· 5. Extension participation 6. Annual income 7. Size of land holding 8. Irrigation potentiality 9. Farm mechanization index 10. Onion crop intensity 11. Risk orientation

-0.1609* 0.5934** -0.1674* 0.1923** 0.2233** 0.1695* 0.1325NS

0.1702* 0.2032** 0.2443** 0.1688*

NS: non significant *= significant 0.05 level 'r'= 0.1509 **= significant 0.01 level 'r'= 0.1793

crop intensity and risk orientation with

adoption of recommended onion production

.technology was positive and significant to

0.001 level of probability. The remaining

variables viz, size of land holding was non

significant in relation with adoption.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from the above

findings, that more than one-half (56.67 per

cent) of the onion grower had medium level

adoption about recommended onion

production technology. The relational

analysis has indicated that the except size

of land holding; all the independent variables

included in the study, namely education, size

REFERENCE Deshmukh, D. R.; Wangikar, S. D. and Wakle D. K. (1998). "Knowledge and adoption of Custard apple" Maharastra Journal of Extnesion Education. XVI.

Kumar P. and Mittal. S. (1998). Markets prospect~ for horticultural products in India. Agricultural Economics Research Review. 11(1):35-47

Patel B. M. (1995). "Impact of Frontline Demonstration on Groundnut Growers Knowledge and Adoption and Yield with respect to Groundnut Production". Unpublished Ph.D (Agri.) Thesis. GAU. Sardar Krushinagar.

Singhal V. (1999). "Indian Agriculture Review". Vikas Publication, New Delhi.

Yawalkar P. B., Nikhade D. M. and Bhople R. S. (1991). "Correlates of Adoption of Plant Protction Recommendation of Kolsi by Orange Growers A path analysis". Maharastra Journal of Extnesion Education. 10(2):216-221.

47 Guj. J; Extn. Edu. XV 2004

FACTORS AFFECTING KNOWLEDGE OF FARMERS ABOUT IMPROVED MUSTARD PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

D. S. BhatP and S. K. Sharma 2

ABSTRACT This research study was conducted in Bharatpur District of Rajasthan. The 300 mustard growers consisted of big, small & marginal farmers constituted the respondents. The results of the study indicated that education, occupation, social participation, source of information utilized, irrigation potentiality and cropping intensity were found to be most important variables responsible for the knowledge

ofmustard growers about recommended mustard production technology. The twelve

selected independent variables jointly accounted for 80.23 per cent of variation in the knowledge level of big farmers regarding recommended mustard production technology. Similarly these variables jointly accounted for 42. 51 per cent of variation .

in the knowledge level of small farmers. The same twelve selected independent variables jointly accounted for 58.97 per cent of variation in the knowledge of

marginal farmers regarding recommended mustard production technology.

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY

Mustard is one of the main oilseed crops The Bharatpur district of Rajasthan was in rabi season. In view of the projected oil purposely selected for the study. The district requirement by the end of 2020 AD, there is haVing scanty and erratic rainfall and is an urgent need for increasing the covers more than 500 thousand hectares. production of oilseeds in the country. Quite There are nine panchayat samities in a good number of recommendations of Bharatpur district. Out of these three mustard are generated by the scientists. panchayat samities namely Kumher, Sewar Unless these technologies are reached to and Bayana were selected by simple random the farmers, it is not feasible to use the sampling technique, for the purpose of the technologies by the farmers and there by study. The panchayat samities Kumher, to increase the yield of the crop. Sewar and Banaya comprises of 36, 34 and

37 gram panchayats respectively. Five gram This can only be possible provided farmers

panchayat were selected randomly fromhave knowledge about and they adopt the

each of the three selected panchayatrecommended technology. If they lack

samities making a total of 15 gramnecessary knowledge, some counteractive

panchayats. Two villages from each of ther~medy can be taken up to transfer the• above fifteen selected Gram Panchayatstechnology. Keeping this in view, the present

were selected randomly comprising a totalinvestigation was under taken to study the

of 30 villages. factors affecting farmers' knowledge about

improved mustard production technology. In all, ten mustard cultivating farmers from each of the selected village were selected

1 Scientist, National Research Centre on Rapeseed-Mustard, Dahod - 389 151, Gujarat , Associate Professor, Deptt. of Extn. Educ., SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan)

48 Factors Affecting Knowledge Of Farmers

by proportionate random sampling method (consisting big, small and marginal farmers).

Thus, the sample for the present investigation consisted of 300 respondents.

A specially structured questionnaire was developed containing 21 questions to test the knowledge of farmers. One mark was given to every right answer and zero for wrong answer. After reviewing some of the past studies and on the basis of pilot study

conducted in the area of investigation,

independent variables viz. education, size of family, age, caste, occupation, social participation, farm power, farm implements, source of information utilized, irrigation potentiality, credit behaviour and cropping intensity of farmers were selected for the purpose of the study.

Coefficient of correlation, correlation of multiple determination and partial regression

were employed to determine the correlation of independent variables with the knowledge of farmers.


The results of correlation between selected

independent variables and knowledge level

of farmers about the recommended mustard

production technology are presented in

Table 1.

It may be observed from the data presented

in Table 1 that education, occupation, source

of information utilized, irrigation potentiality,

cropping intensity and social participation

were significantly correlated with the level

of knowledge of big farmers. The age of big

farmers was also significantly but negatively

correlated with their level of knowledge.

Further, the independent variables namely

size of family, caste, farm power, farm

implements and credit behaviour were not

significantly related with the level of

knowledge of the farmers for recommended

mustard production technology.

In case of small farmers' education, source

of information utilized and irrigation

potentiality, followed by occupation, social

participation and cropping intensity were'

positively and significantly associated with

the knowledge level of small farmers about

recommended mustard production

technology. Where as age was significantly

but negatively associated with knowledge

level of small farmers.

A perusal of the data in Table 1 brings to the

fore that education, social participation,

source of information utilized, irrigation

potentiality and cropping intensity,

subsequently occupation and credit

Table 1. Correlation between level of knowledge and independent variables Sr. Co-efficient of correlation 'r' values Independent variables No. Big Small Marginal

1. Size of family 2. Education 3. Age 4. Caste 5. Occupation 6. Social participation 7. Farm power 8. Farm implements 9. Source of information utilized 10. Irrigation potentiality 11. Credit behaviour 12. Cropping intensity

* Significant at 0.05 level of probability ** Significant at 0.01 level of probability

0.209.488 0.036025 -0.11608 0.600726** 0.593311 ** 0.660442** -0.31193" -0.20413* -0.35195** -0.1294 0.097594 0.152852 0.416637** 0.221625* 0.173273'" 0.288687* 0.233736* 0;242748** 0.050109 0.161633 0.097283 0.140323 0.149499 0.1206 0.639523** 0.440409** 0.54057** 0.486096** 0.268741** 0.216223** 0.257919 0.157507 0.173035* 0.2899* 0.189377* 0.264675**


behaviour found to be positively and

significantly related to the knowledge level

of marginal farmers about the recommended

mustard production technology. Age was

found to be negatively and significantly

related with knowledge level of marginal

farmers.

Multiple regressions

To know the comparative and over all

influence of all the twelve selected

independent variables on the knowledge of

the big, small & marginal farmers about


technology, multiple regression technique

was applied. The results have been

presented in Table 2.

It is explicit from the data in Table 3 that all

the twelve independent variables taken

together explained the variation in the

knowledge of big farmers to the extent of

80.23 per cent. The respective 'f' value (significant at 1 per cent level) at 12 and 33

degree of freedom was 11.162 for the big

farmers. Thus, the results showed that all

the twelve selected independent variables

had accounted for a significant amount of variation in knowledge of big farmers about


technology.

Further, the 't' test of significance indicated

that coefficient of regression (b-value) was

found positively significant at 1 per cent level.

of probability only for source of information

utilized, while occupation and irrigation potentiality were found positively significant

at 5 per cent level of significance. Only

cropping intensity was negatively significant

at 5 per cent level of significance. The results

also depicted that coefficient of regression

(b-value) was non-significant for the rest of

the variables.

Thus,. the in-depth analysis of the relationship between dependent and independent variables portrayed that source of information utilized; occupation; irrigation potentiality and cropping intensity of the big farmers were the most important variables among all the twelve independent variables

Table 2 : Coefficient of multiple determination and partial regression of independent variables on knowledge of big farmers about the recomm'ended mustard production technology.

N=46

Sr. No.

Independent variables b-value

(Regression coefficient)

Std. error of b

t-value

1. Size of family -3.02853 1.982692 1.527522 2. Education 0.622879 0.345381 1.803454 3. Age 0.021582 0.046988 0.459306 4. Caste -0.38407 0.38605 -0.99487 5. Occupation 0.533928 0.224158 2.381923* 6. Social participation -0.186561 0.190711 0.97824 7. Farm power -0.27345 0.371111 -0.73685 8. Farm implements -0.24461 0.486187 -0.50313 9. Source of information utilized 0.160342 0.053049 3.022517*" 10. Irrigation potentiality 0.074645 0.029037 2.570653* 11. Credit behaviour 0.335228 0.773125 0.433602 12. Cropping intensitY' -0.03424 0.01378 -2.48445*

Determination coefficient R2 0.802328 MUltiple correlation R 0.895728 F- Calculated = 11.16197 with 12, 33 d.f.s. * Significant at 0.05 level of probability ** Significant at 0.01 level of probability


Table 3 : Coefficient of multiple determination and partial regression of independent variables on knowledge of small farmers about the recommended mustard production technology

N=109

Sr. No.

Independent variables b-value

(Regression coefficient)

Std. error of b t-value

1. Size of family -1.57797 3.140052 -0.50253 2. Education 1.879827 0.356596 5.271584** 3. Age -0.05344 0.0394 -1.35644 4. Caste -0.14466 0.233112 -0.62054 5. Occupation 0.529035 0.254917 2.075327* 6. Social participation 0.307127 0.251997 1.218772 7. Farm power -0.19063 0.351591 -0.54219 8. Farm implements 0.00891 0.211238 0.042181 9. Source of information utilized 0.059709 0.076656 0.77892 10. Irrigation potentiality 0.01625 0.019482 0.834064 11. Credit behaviour 1.112334 0.63351 1.755826 12. Cropping intensity -0.01441 0.014195 -1.01541

Determination coefficient R2 = 0.425102 Multiple correlation R = 0.6519~9

F- Calculated = 5.915513 with 12, 96 d.f.s. * Significant at 0.05 level of probability** Significant at 0.01 level of probability

in the study which were predictors of the coefficient of regression (b-value) was knowledge of big farmers about non-significant for size of family, age, caste, recommended mustard production social participation, farm power, farm technology. implement, source of information utilized,

In case of small farmers, data in Table 3 indicated that there was 42.51 per cent

irrigation potentiality, credit behaviour and cropping intensity.

contribution of all the twelve independent Thus the detailed analysis of the relationship variables on the knowledge level of small between dependent and independent farmers about recommended mustard variables portrayed that education and production technology. The respective 'F' occupation of the small farmers were the value was 5.915 at 12 and 96 degrees of most important variables among all the freedom which was significant at 0.01 level twelve independent variables in the study of probability. Thus the results implied that which were predictors of knowledge of small all the twelve selected factors had accounted farmers about recommended mustard for a significant amount of variation in the production technology. knowledge of farmers about recommended mustard production technology.

It may be revealed from the values of multiple regressions co-efficient from Table

Further, the 't' test of significance indicated 5 that all the twelve variables had significant that coefficient of regression (b-value) was contribution to the knowledge level of the found positively significant at 1 per cent level marginal farmers about the recommended of probability only for the education, while mustard cultivation to the extent of 58.97 for occupation it was found positively per cent. The respective 'F' value at 12, 132 significant at five per cent level of degrees of freedom was 15.81381 which' significance. The results also depicted that were significant at 1 per cent level of


Table 4 : Coefficient of multiple determination and partial regression of independent variables on knowledge of marginal farmers about the recommended mustard production technology

N=145 b-value

Sr. No. Independent variables (Regression Std. error of b t-value coefficient)

1. Size of family -1.10685 0.286617 -3.86177** 2. Education 1.69868 0.252251 6.734079** 3. Age -0.07185 0.029032 -2.47497* 4. Caste -0.15582 0.161631 -0.96403 5. Occupation 0.06172 0.179053 0.344704 6. Social participation 0.058155 0.393949 0.14762 7. Farm power -0.52818 0.742865 -0.711 8. Farm implements -0.14403 0.696886 -0.20668 9. Source of information utilized 0.101232 0.039964 2.533061 *

10. Irrigation potentiality 0.0054 0.01265 0.426664 11. Credit behaviour -0.07014 0.485346 -0.14451 12. Crol21Jlrlg intensity 0.026866 0.015421 1.742213

Determination coefficient R2 =0.589764 Multiple correlation R =0.767961 F- Calculated = 15.81381 with 12, 132 d.f.s. * Significant at 0.05 level of probability ** Significant at 0.01 level of probability

significance. Thus, the result showed that all the twelve selected independent variables had accounted for a significant amount of variation in the knowledge of marginal farmers about recommended mustard production technology.

Further, the 't' test of significance indicated that coefficient of regression (b-value) was found positively and significant at one per cent level of significance for education while for source of information utilized it was found positively and significant at five per cent level of significance. However, size of family and age were negatively significant at one and five per cent level of significance respectively. The results also depicted that coefficient of regression (b-value) was non-significant for the rest of the variables.

Thus the detailed analysis of the relationship between dependent and independent variables describe that education, and source of information utilized of the marginal farmers were the most important variables among all the twelve selected variables in the study whose contribution was maximum in

acquIring knowledge about recommended mustard production technology by the marginal farmers.

CONCLUSION

Of the twelve selected independent variables, the education, occupation, social participation, source of information utilized, irrigation potentiality and cropping intensity were positively and significantly correlated with the knowledge of all the three categories of improved mustard production technology., The age was also significantly correlated with the knowledge; but negatively.

The twelve selected independent variables jointly accounted for 80.23 per cent of variation in the knowledge level of big farmers regarding recommended mustard production technology. Similarly these variables jointly accounted for 42.51 per cent of variation in the knowledge level of small farmers. The same twelve selected independent variables jointly accounted for 58.97 per cent of variation in the knowledge of marginal farmers regarding recommended mustard production technology.

S2 Guj. i. Extn. Edu. XV 2004

ENTREPRENEURSHIP OF SUGARCANE GROWERS AND ITS DETERMINANTS

M.M. Patel 1 , V.C. Sanoria2 , S.B. Nahatkar3

ABSTRACT The study was conducted in Bhopal Sugar Industry Zone of Madhya Pradesh to

find out the contribution of various factors to the entrepreneurship of the sugarcane

growers. Twenty three socio-personal, communicational and psychological factors were selected for the study. The results of the study clearly indicates that the entrepreneurship of sugarcane growers was significantly influenced by their

achievement motivation, positive attitude towards innovation, better extension participation, information seeking behaviour. Hence, these factors need manipulation to develop the entrepreneurship of the farmers.

INTRODUCTION Human behaviour is a manner of acting of

an individual in a given situation to achieve

certain results. The activity of an individual

to decide to adopt certain enterprise to make an earning or profit is regarded as

entrepreneurship. Behavioural. scholars are of the opinion that this type of behaviour of an individual is dynamic in nature and involves mixture of traits, skills and propensity of mind to take calculated risk with confidence to achieve a pre-determined objective. Desai (1991) regarded such behaviour as the risk ability of an individual

coupled with correct decision making.

Farmer deciding to take particular crop or scientific farming methods also exhibits

entrepreneurship. Understanding of such behaviour may improve the quality of

extension work and enable the farmers to

accept and decide to adopt scientific farming

methods to increase crop production and

productivity to raise profit and economic status. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the determinants which can influence the

entrepreneurship' of sugarcane growers. With this view, the present study was carried out to analyse some of the socio~

economic, personal communicational and psychological factors which may help in

explaining entrepreneurship of sugarcane

growers.

METHODOLOGY

The study was confined to randomly selected

200 sugarcane growers of 20 randomly selected villages of Bhopal Sugar Industry

Zone of Madhya Pradesh. Ex-post factor research design was used for the study. The

data were collected using interview schedule. Enterpreneurship (dependent variable) in the present study has been operationalised as the degree with which

an individual possessed the some speical psychological qualities and this was

measured using the scale developed by De

(1981). The contribution of various factors to the entrepreneurship was assessed

using step-wise multiple regression analysis

(Draper and Smith, 1966).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The determinants of entrepreneurship of

sugarcane growers were analyzed using all

23 independent variables in the first run.

The coefficient of multiple determination (R2)

1 Associate Professor, Department of Extension Education, R.A.K. College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Sehore 2 Ex- Professor and Head, Department of Extension Education, JNKVV, Jabalpur 3 Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Econ., JNKVV, Jabalpur

53 Entrepreneurship Of Sugarcane Growers

Table 1: Regression analysis of socio-personal economic communicational and psychological factors with entrepreneurial behavior.

Independent variables Correlation Regression "t" value coefficient (r) coeffic:iem: (b) calculated

1. Socio Personal and Economic factor Xl Caste -0.0063 0.0559 -0.1140 X2 Age 0.0235 0.0534 0.4400 X3 Education -0.0234 0.0732 -0.3190 X4 Land holding 0.0248 0.0758 -0.3270 X5 Annual income 0.0177 0.0658 0.2670 X6 Social participation 0.0796 0.0556 1.4320 X7 Socio-economic status 0.1058 0.0937 1.1290 X8 Farm mechanization 0.0356 0.0692 0.5140 X9 Sugarcane area intensity 0.0303 0.0618 0.4900

X10 Cropping intensity 0.0905 0.0534 1.6950 Xll Irrigation potentiality -0.0168 0.0565 -0.2970 2. Communicational factors X12 Miss media exposure 0.0139 0.0722 0.1920 X13 Closeness with ext. agent -0.0827 0.0670 -1.2330 X14 Extension participation 0.1598 0.0659 2.2980 X15 Information seeking 0.1319 0.0799 1.6510 X16 CosmopoJiteness 0.561 0.0691 0.8110 3. Psychological factors X17 Knowledge 0.4059 0.0836 4.8540 X18 Aspiration 0.0953 0.0710 1.3420 X19 Scientific orientation 0.787 0.0931 0.0002 X20 Attitude towards innovation 0.0000 0.0853 0.0002 X21 Credit orientation 0.0135 0.0674 0.2010 X22 Achievement motivation 0.0507 0.0777 0.6530 X23 Economic motivation 0.0009 0.799 -0.0120

R2 0.5962, R'=0.7545 F value = 10.113 d,f. (23,176) H Significant at 0.05 level of probability HH Significant at 0.01 level of probability.

shows 56.93 per cent variation in

entrepreneurship of sugarcane growers

(Table-1). In the second run, optimum

regression model was decided on the basis

of the deviation mean square (52) and

observed that attitude towards innovation

independent variable alone explain 31.70

per cent of variation in entrepreneurship of

sugarcane growers. Ultimately, the combination of eleven independent variables

was selected in the final ru n and they

together explained 56.31 per cent of

variation in entrepreneurship of sugarcane

growers (Table-2). These eleven

independent variables which showed their

contribution towards explaining variation in

entrepreneurship were presented in Table

2. It is evident from data only four variables

namely; achievement motivation, attitude

towards innovation, extension participation

and information seeking are found to have

significant influence on entrepreneurship of

sugarcane growers (Table-3).

CONCLUSION

The results of the study clearly indicate that

the entrepreneurship of the sugarcane

growers in the study area was significantly

influenced by their achievement motivation,

attitude towards innovation, extension

participation and information seeking

54 Entrepreneurship Of Sugarcane Growers

Table 2 : Step-wise multiple regression analysis of socio-personal economic, communicational and psychological factors with entrepreneurship behavior

Particular Factor R2 Multiple RF Note entered Ration

Attitude towards innovation (X20) Extension participation (X14)

0.3170 0.4331

0.5630 0.6581

91.877 75.252

HH2 X20 and HH3 X20, X14 and

Socio-Economic Status (X7) Achievement Motivation (X22)

0.4860 0.5171

0.6972 0.7191

61.782 52.200

HH4 X20, X14, X7 and HH5 X20, X14, X7, X22 and

Knowledge (X17) 0.5323 0.7269 44.168 HH6 X20, X14, X7, X22, X17 and

Social participation (X6) 0.5404 0.7352 37.829 HH7 X20, X14, X7, X22, X17, X6 and

Information seeking (X15) 0.5471 0.7397 33.137 HH8 X20, X14, X7, X22, X17, X6, X15 and

Cropping intensity (Xl0) 0.5532 0.7437 29.555 HH9 X20, X14, X7, X22, X17, X6, X15, Xl0, and

Scientific orientation (X19) 0.5579 0.7469 26.644 HH10 X20, X14, X7, X22, X17, X6, X15, Xl0, X19 and

Closeness with extension agent (X13) Cosmopoliteness (X16)

0.5605

0.5631

0.7486

0.7504

24.099

22.025

HHll X20, X14, X7, X22, X17, X6, X15, Xl0, X19, X13 and

HH HH Significant at 0.01 level of probability

Table 3 : Optimum model of multiple regression analysis of eleven factors with entrepreneurship behavior

Factors Regression Correlation (b)

Std. Error "t" value Partial r2

Constant = 0.0000004X16

Social participation Social-economic status

0.0872 0.1126

0.0521 0.0624

1.6730 1.8040

0.0147X17 0.0170Xl0

Cropping intensity Closeness with Ext. Agent Extension participation Information seeking Cosmopoliteness Knowledge· Scientific orientation

0.0898 -0.0731 0.1584 0.1427

0.648 0.1222 0.0947

0.0496 0.0627 0.0657 0.0699 0.0611 0.0668 0.0700

1.8110 -1.1660 2.4100 2.0420 1.0600 1.8300 1.3530

0.0171X13 0.0720X14 0.0300X15 0.0217X16 0.0059X17 0.1750X19 0.0096X20

Attitude towards innovation 0.1667 0.6890 2.4210 0.3020X22 Achievement motivation 0.1839 0.0622 2.9590 0.4450

R = 0.56.31 Multiple"R = 0.7504 F=22.025 HH dJ. (7,192) H Significant at 0.05 level of probability HH Significant at 0.01 level of probability.

behaviour. This leads to conclude that the

quality which can be acquired to an

individual sugarcane growers with reference

to managerial, positive attitude towards

innovation, better extension participation

and information seeking behaviour. This

leads to conclude that the quality which can

be acquired by individual sugarcane growers

with reference to managerial ability in

sugarcane production is affected by these

determinants.

REFERENCE Desai, V. (1991). Entrepreneurial Development Vol. 1. The Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship and Development Principle and Programme Policies. Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.

De, Dipak (1991). A study of aXiomatic approach to theory building in adoption of farm technology. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished) Div. of Agri. JARJ, New Delhi.

Draper, N. R. and Smith, H. (1996). Applied Regression Analysis. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.

55 Guj. J. Extn. Edu.~V 2004

,EXPECTATIONS OF THE FARMERS REGARDING COMMUNITY INTERNET CENTER (CIC) AT VILLAGE LEVEL

N. M. Chauhan 1 and R. F. Thakor2

ABSTRACT The computer and internet facilities are now reaching to the remote areas too, There will, however, be a need to have Community Internet Centers, on line of STD telephone booths, at village level. To know the expectations of the farmers

regarding Community Internet Center at village level, the present study was

conducted. Most of the respondents have expected the Community Internet Center

(CIC) facilities to be established at panchayat office of the village. They were also expecting six sets of computer with agriculture graduate haVing computer

knowledge as operator at CIC. Still, there are expectations that the Government should bear expenses to run CIC. The information on. farmers' related sites was

expected by most of the farmers in GUjarati language that too in the audio-visual form, The major purposes to have CIC explained by the respondents were to collect agricultural information, to collect information on government's programs. Majority of the respondents expressed their desire to use Internet daily or twice in a week by their own.

INTRODUCTION the field of agriculture. This demands that

the farmer has to know all aspects ofThe major segments of our population are technology prior to its adoption. It can only being lived in rural areas. Hence, quick be possible through of satellitedissemination of technology information from the use based Internet technologies.the agricultural research system to the

farmers in the field and reporting of farmer's The number of satellite based Internet feedback to the research system are the connection in Indian has crossed the two critical inputs in transfer of agriculture million mark and the number of telephone technology. To disseminate the reqUired and connections is over 320 million. Internet recent agricultural information to the farmers connectivity has touched almost all the in scattered villages at the variegated districts in the country and is moving down geographical situation in India is very up to the village levels (Aditya, 2003). Many difficult task. pilot projects to connect rural community to

cyber-space are underway at variousTransfer of technology to the level of farmers locations. The initial" response of the ruralis not a one time exercise because new farm people, particularly farmers has been verytechnology is being constantly evolved. A encouraging; many organizations are tryingcontinuous flow of technologies in an to establish internet connectivity to makeappropriate manner is vital to provide qUick best use to satellite based communicationbenefit of this development to the farmers. technology. Keeping all the things in mindThere has been a technological explosion in the present study has been undertaken

1 Training Associate, KVK, Ambheti, Gujarat 2 Training Associate, KVK, Ambheti, Gujarat

S6 Expectations Of The Farmers

with a view to know the Expectations of the farmers regarding Community Internet Centre (CIC) at village level.

't'",.

METHODOLOGY The investigation was carried out in Anand

district of GUjarat state because the district is agriculturally one of the more advanced districts. These farmers are having good interaction with their relatives in foreign countries, and thereby having more exposed to the new technology. Four villages Viz. Vasad, Mogar, Napad and Navli having more than 5000 population and comparatively sound infrastructure facilities were selected purposively. A list of

. progressive farmers was prepared with the help of village level worker from all the selected villages. Finally, 25 farmers were selected from each villages using simple random sampling technique. Thus, the study was confined to 100 farmers. Keeping in view the objectives of the study, data were collected using structured interview

schedule prepared for the purpose. Statistical tools such as frequency and per cent, were employed to analyze the data.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Profile of the respondents

It was observed that 64 per cent of the internet facility expecting farmers were from the middle age group, with a high school and higher secondary level of education (45 per cent) and had joint family. Sixty percent of the respondents belonged to the small category of farmers with mixed farming as main occupation. In order to earn additional

income along with farming about 46 per cent of them possessed two or more animals. More than half of the respondents were

found to be the member in one or more organizations.

Expectation of the farmers about CIC:

The data presented in Table 1 indicates that cent percent of the respondents expected

to have erc at village level. It shows that farmers have realized importance of Internet facility in villages as an effective source of information as well as for the speedy communication.

Table 1: The expectation of CIC at village level n=100

Sr. Type of Number Per cent No Expectation 1 Yes 100 100.00 2 No 00 00.00

Total 100 100.00

It can be observed from the data in Table 2 that Building of Panchayat was preferred by 95.00 per cent of the respondents, followed by building of primary school by 81.00 per

cent, building of c;o-operative dairy by 76.00

per cent and buildings of high school and

community' hall by only 5.00 and 3.00 percent respondents, respectively. The building of panchayat is such an informal

plac~ where people feel much familiarity, thus it was preferred by great majority of the farmers to have CIe.

Table 2 : Distribution of respondents according to choice of the place for CIC

n=100 Sr. Place Number Per cent No 1 Panchayat 95 95.00 2 Primary school 81 81.00 3 Co-operative 76 76.00

Dairy 4 High school 05 05.00 5 Community hall 03 03.00

The data in Table 3 indicate that operator

or guide, printer, separate cabin,

downloaded information in printed form and

57 Expectations Of The Farmers

extra seating facilities were expected by.

98.00, 72.00, 68.00, 63.00 and 53.00 per cent of the farmers, respectively.

Table 3 : Distribution of respondents according to expectation of service

n=100 Sr. Expectation of service Number Per cent No 1 Operator/Person to 98 98.00

Guide and help 2 Printer 72 72.00 3 Separate cabin 68 68.00 4 Collected information 63 63.00

in printed form 5 Extra seating facilities 53 53.00

The data in Table 4 indicate that agricultL!re

graduate with computer knowledge was

preferred by nearly cent per cent (98.00 per

cent) of the farmers as a manager of the

centre, followed by any educated person of

the village was preferred by 76.00 per cent,

expert of computer by 57.00 per cent and

primary school teacher by 28.00 per cent of

the farmers.

Table 4 : Distribution of according to choice of person to manage CIC

n=100 Sr. Expectation of service Number Per No cent 1 Agriculture graduate with 98 98.00

computer knowledge 2 Educated person of village 76 76.00 3 Expert of computer 57 57.00 4 Primary school teacher 28 28.00

With a view to knowing farmers' choice of

. source to take initial financial support to'

start CIC, information was collected "and

presented in Table 5. The first choice of the

farmers to take initial financial support to

start CIC was Government agencies followed

by co-operative societies, villagers sharing,

voluntary donation and foreign relatives.

Table 5: Distribution of respondents according to their expectation for initial

financial suppor. n=100

Sr. Institution . Number Rank No 1 Government 2.00 I 2 Co-operative societies 0.92 III 3 By villagers' sharing 0.07 V 4 Voluntary Donation 0.65 IV 5 Foreign relatives 1.45 II

The information regarding choice of the farmers to bear expenses to run CIC was

also collected and presented in Table 6. It

can be seen that respondents said that

Government should bear expenses to run CIC, at the same time other preferences

given by them to bear expenses to run CIC were village panchayat, co-operative dairy and collecting charges from users.

Table 6 : The respondents as per the choice to bear expenses to run CIC

n=100 Sr. Responsible for Number Rank No. expenditure

1 Government 1.60 I 2 Village Panchayat 1.02 II 3 Co-operative Dairy 0.92 III 4 By collecting 0.79 IV

charges from users

Respondents were also asked to give there

expectation regarding number of internet

connected sets of computers (Table 7). Majority of the farmers (78 per cent)

suggested that more than six sets should be there at CIC while 22.00 per cent expected 5 to 6 sets of internet connected computer sets at CIC.

Table 7 : Respondents' choice to have minimum computer sets at CIC

n=100 Sr. Internet set Number Per cent No. 1 1 to 2 00 0.00 2 3 to 4 00 00.00 3 5 to 6 22 22.00 4 More than 6 78 78.00

Total 100 100.00

58 Expectations 6fThe Farmers

It can be seen from Table 8 that most of the farmers. was expected information in GUjarati language that too in the form of photographs and written form on agricultural related webs as well as on ICT. At the initial stage if it is difficult to provide information on most expected form, thus many of them were also expected information in audiovisual form, written form and audio form.

Table 8 : Respondents choice on form of information on internet and ICT

n=100 Sr. Type of information Mean Rank No value 1 In Gujarati language 1.98 I 2 Photographs with 1.94 II

written form 3 Audio-visual form 1.91 III 4 Written information 1.42 IV 5 Audio form 1.20 V

The data presented in Table 9 reveals that the major uses of internet expected by the respondents were to collect agricultural information, to collect information on government's programs, for speedy communication, for exchange information, for entertainment, to collect information for their children's education, to contact foreign

the agricultural sites, information is available in English language so they are not in opposition to use it. Thus, all State Government should launch farmers' related sites in local languages. Many State Governments have initiated their efforts in

this direction

The result Table-10 shows that farmers have real interest to be a part of Internet communication process thus, majority (78.00 per cent) of the respondents were expecting to use Internet by their own while, 22.00 per cent were wanted to use it with the help of others.

Table 10 : Opinion of respondents for

process of exploring internet

n=100 Sr. Way of internet use Number Per No cent 1 By own 78 78.00 2 With the help of 22 22.00

others Total 100 100

The expected frequency of the farmers to

use Internet facility at CIC was measure.

The result (Table 11) indicates that, majority

(63.00 per cent) of respondent were expecting to use internet at CIC daily or

Table 9 : Respondents according to their purposes to have CIC Sr. No Purpose Mean value Rank

1 For agricultural information 1.71 I 2 For information on Government's Programs 1.64 II 3 For speedy communication 1.61 III 4 For exchange information 1.21 IV 5 For entertainment 1.11 V 6 For information for their children's education 0.74 VI 7 To contact foreign relatives 0.67 VII 8 To contact relatives in India 0.64 VIII 9 To know agricultural information of developed countries 0.56 IX

10 To know more about market prices 0.51 X

relatives, to contact relatives in India, to know information on agriculture of developed county and to know more about market prices (Buddhadev et. al. 2003). The

farmers are ready to use Internet for agricultural information but on majority of

twice in a week, followed by 28 per cent

whenever needed, 06.00 per cent once in a week and 3.00 per cent once in a fortnight.

Thus it can be said that favorable

expectation was observed among the

farmers to use Internet at CIe.

Expectations Of The Farmers S9

Table 11 : Expected frequency- to use

internet at CIC by respondents

n=100 Sr. Expectedfreq uency Number Per No to use rCT cent 1 Daily 32 32.00 2 Twice in a week 31 31.00 2 Once in a week 06 6.00 3 Once on fortnight 03 3.00 4 Once in month 00 00.00 5 Whenever needed 28 28.00

Total 100 100.00

The data presented in Table 12 indicate that

majority (70.00 per cent) of respondents expected training through government

agency, followed by 13.00 per cent expected training by Agricultural University, 11.00 per cent respondents by Gram Panchayat. Only

4.00 and 2.00 percent of them expected such training by co-operative society and NGOs.

Table 12 : Expectation of respondents for the agency to provide training on use of

CIC n=100

Sr. Agency Number Per No cent 1 Government 70 70.00 2 Co-operative society 04 04.00 3 NGOs 02 02.00 4 Gram Panchayat 11 11.00 5 Agricultural 13 13.00

University 1 Government 70 70.00

Total 100 100.00

CONCLUSION Cent per cent respondent was

expected the Community Internet Centre (CIC) facilities at village level. Slightly less

than cent per cent of them preferred panchayat office as the best place of CIC

and they were expecting agriculture

graduate with computer knowledge as

operator or gUide at Cle. The respondents

expressed that there should be more than

six sets of computer, further they expect that

Government should bear expenses to run

CIC. The information on farmers' related

sites was expected by most of the farmers in GUjarati language that too in the audio

visual form. The major purposes to have CIC explained by the respondents were to collect agricultural information, to collect

information on government's programs, to

speed up communication, to exchange information, and to know more about market

prices. Majority uf the respondents expressed their desire to use Internet daily

or twice in a week by their own .AII the

respondents expressed positive response

to have proper training about the use of Internet facility through government agency, at Cle.

REFERENCE Aditya, V. P. S. (2003). ICT for knowledge

sharing and enabling supply chain for green

produce and products, Paper presented at

the National Workshop on "ICT for

Agriculture and Rural Development" organized by Indian Association for

Information Technology in Agriculture and

DA-IICT, Gandhinagar (Gujarat), India on December 18-19, 2003.

Buddhadev, B. V., Chaudhary Sanjay and

Patel Ashok (2003). Crop Production Information System for Farmers, Paper presented at the National Workshop on "ICT

for Agriculture and Rural Development"

organized by Indian Association for Information Technology in Agriculture and DA-IICT, Gandhinagar (Gujarat), India on December 18-19, 2003.


CREDIBILITY OF FARM TELECAST "GRAM JAGAT" AS PERCEIVED BY THE FARMERS

J. K. PateP 1 M. R. Bhatt2 , Sunil R. PateP and Ashok Patel 4

ABSTRACT Farm telecast through televis/{;n as a versatile, dynamic and powerful medium

has immense capabilities for disseminating information as it is the most credible

source of information over other sources of information as perceived by the farmers.

A study to assess the credibility of farm telecast 'Gram Jqgat' was conducted in

Panchmahal district of Gujarat State. The 120 respondents reflected that their

motive behind watching farm telecast was to seek information related to agriculture. The respondents opined the farm telecast 'Gram Jagat' as the most credible source

of information. The majority or the farmers opined that information on local crops and operations to be followed by the farmers shall be incorporated in the telecast

so as to make the most credible farm telecast more useful.

INTRODUCTION present study to assess the credibility of farm

telecast 'Gram Jagat' was conducted with theAgricultural technology is changing at following objectives:increasing rate. The benefits of the latest

technology can be realized only if it is shared 1. To determine the motives of the farmers

with farmers. The efforts to make the behind watching farm telecast 'Gram

required inputs available to the farmers are Jagat'.

not sufficient; it shall be supplemented by 2. To study the credibility of farm telecast information input also. Hence, it is imperative 'Gram Jagat' as perceived by the to keep farmers in tune with the farmers. remunerative technology through METHODOLOGY appropriate system of communication,

In order to realize above mentionedcapable of reaching y.Jidely scattered villages. objectives, a random sample of 120The mass media, in general, try to satisfy respondents who were spread over 15these information needs of people. Television villages of the Kalal taluka of Panchmahalin particular is the most exciting means of district was selected. The responses werecommunication ever devised by man. collected with the help of personal interview.

Ahmedabad Doordarshan has been The data were analyzed in the light of the

entrusted the responsibility of providing an objectives, The motives behind watching farm

Agricultural Programme "Gram Jaget" for telecast were measured with the help of

Gujarat state, The value of any programme three point rating scale. The mean scores

can only be judged through the degree of were calculated on the basis of which, ranks

trustworthiness and fairness accorded to the were assigned to each item. The relative

programme by its audience. Hence the credibility index of different sources of

1 Agriculture Officer, EEl, AAU, Anand 2 Research-cum field assistant, EEl, AAU, Anand J Research-cum field assistant, EEl, AAU, Anand 4 Principal, EEl, AAU, Anand

61 Credibility Of Farm Telecast

Table 1: Motives of the Respondents behind watching Farm Telecast n=120

Sr. Motives Total Mean Rank No. Score Score 1. For getting information 319 2.66 I 2. For Recreation 128 1.07 X 3. Nothing better to see at that time 179 1.49 VII 4. To accompany children 155 1.29 VIII 5. To meet friends and relatives 153 1.28 IX 6. Easily accessible 288 2.40 III 7. To get message at door step 309 2.58 II 8. To get most practicable 258 2.15 IV 9. To make all doubts clear 195 1.63' V 10. Need not refer any other source for getting information 183 1.53 VI

information was calculated with the formula It can be summarized that farmers were given by Sandhu (1973). mainly watching farm telecast for getting

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION information. Tile finding is supported by Padgaonker (1997) and Mahurker (1977).Motives behind watching farm telecast Credibility of farm telecast as perceivedIn order to study the motives of the farmers by the farmersbehind watching the farm telecast 'Gram

Jagat' they were asked to indicate their The farmers were asked to indicate only the

intention as to why they go for observe the most and the least credible source of

programme. Data presented in Table-1 information out of eleven sources. Thus, revealed that the motive behind watching every farmer indicated two sources, one 'Gram Jagat' was to get information which which he felt to be the most credible, and ranked first (2.66) followed by to ,get another which was the least credible in his message at door step (2.58), source is easily opinion. These responses were compiled and accessible (2.40) and to get most practicable presented in Table-2. information (2.15).

Table 2: Differential sources credibility prescribed by the respondents n=120

Frequency Relative Deviation Efficiency Source Least Most credibility index from total rank

value Formal Source Extension agency 14(11.67) 16(13.33) 0.952 7.78 IV Fertilizer depot 5(4.17) 4(3.33) 0.666 8.06 VI Research Station 4(3.33) 2(1.67) 0.416 8.316 VIII Informal Source Innovative farmers 10(8.33) . 18(15.00) 1.500 7.232 II Neighbours 17(14.17) 5(4.17) 0.245 8.487 X Local Leaders 10(8.33) 7(5.83) 0.583 8.149 VII Mass Media Radio 10(8.33) 4(3.33) 0.333 8.339 IX Television 15(12.50) 32(26.67) 1.777 6.955 I News Paper 11(9.17) 3(2.50) 0.227 8.505 XI Printed Literature 11(9.17) 15(12.50) 1.136 7.596 III Other Demonstration 13(10.83) 14(11.67) 0.897 7.835 V

TOTAL 120{100.00) 120(100.00) 8.732 Figures in bracket indicate the percentages.

62 Credibility Of Farm Telecast

IThe data .illustrated that farm telecast 'Gram

Jagat' was the most credible source of

information over other sources of information

as perceived by the farmers as it got the

highest relative credibility index (1. 777)

followed by innovative farmers (1.50) and

printed literature (1.50).

Thus farm telecast 'Gram Jagat' was opined

to be the most credible source of information

by the farmers. The probable reason might

be its ability to convey live events in action

which would have enabled to develop

profound influence upon the farmers. This

result is in line with the result reported by

Sangha and .Gupta (1985).

Suggestions offered bV the farmers for improvement of farm telecast

To improve farm telecast, suggestions from

the respondents were invited that are given

in Table-3.

It can be seen from the Table-3 that four

fifth of the farmers laid emphasis on

telecasting the information regarding local

crops. Three-forth of the farmers suggested

that programme should be suited to

agricultural operations to be followed by

farmers. There were 68.33 percent of the

farmers who demanded change in present

timing of the programme and 60.00 percent

of them wanted that programme should be

re-telecast. Involvement of local progressive

farmers while formulating programmes was

insisted by 57.50 percent of the farmers.

CONCLUSION The motive of the farmers behind

watching farm telecast was to seek

information and farm telecast achieved first

rank of efficiency in terms of credibility.

Majority of the farmers laid emphasis on

tele<;:asting the information on local crops and

it should be suited to agricultural operations

to be followed. Thus, television as a

versatile, dynamic and powerful medium has

immense. capabilities for disseminating

agricultural information.

REFERENCE Sandhu A.S. (1973). Relative efficiency of four methods of measuring credibility of farm information sources. Ind. J. Ext. Edu., 9 (1&2) : 71-74 Sangha G. S. and Gupta M. P. (1985). Viewing habit, programme liking and opinion of 1V viewers al-Jout Programme of Jalandhar Doordarshan via national programme. J. Res. P.A.U., 25 (2) : 312316 Padgaonkar D. C. (1977). Relevance of T.V. The Times of India, Ahmedabad. June-4 1977. P-8. Mahurkar (1977). Dissemination of farm information through television in Kheda district of Gujarat state. Unpublished M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis. Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand.

Table 3: Suggestion offered by the respondents for improving the contents of Farm Telecast n=120

Sr. Suggestions Frequency Per cent Rank No. 1. Local progressive farmer should be involved while

formulating programme 2. More emphasis should be given on local crop 3. Fields of local farmers should be flashed on screen 4. Programme should be repeated frequently 5. Programme should be suit to agricultural operation to be

followed by farmers 6. More technical and statistical information should be

avoided 7. Present timing of the programme should be changed 8. Present timing should be increased

69 57.50 V

100 83.33 I 58 48.33 VI 72 60.00 IV 91 75.83 II

54 45.00 VII

82 68.33 1II 25 20.83 VlII


A SCALE TO MEASURE SATISFACTION OF SARDAR SAROVAR PROJECT AFFECTED FARMERS AT REHABILITATED PLACE

u. R. Chinchmalatpure1 and V. V. MayanP

ABSTRACT The present study was confined to develop a scale which can scientifically measure

the satisfaction ofSardar Sarovar Project affected farmers at rehabilitated place. From the 36 statements, 30 statements were selected according to the fourteen

criteria suggested by the different scientists. The final scale constitutes 14

statements. The calculated reliability co-efficient is 0.82.

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY Sardar Sarovar Project is the important Among the techniques available, 'scale multipurpose river valley project and life line product method' was selected, which of Gujarat state. The rehabilitation and combine the Thurstone's technique of equal resettlement of the affected peoples of the appearing interval scale (1928) for selection project has become a sensitive issue and of items and Likert's technique of summated have been given the highest priority in its rating (1932) for ascertaining the response implementation. The primary objective of the on the scale as proposed by Eysenck and policy is to significantly improve the economic Crown (1949).

condition of the Sardar Sarovar Project Collection of Statements

Affected Farmers (PAFs) after resettlement. In the first step of constructing the scale,

For the present study, the satisfaction was large number of statements covering the

operationalized as the degree of PAF's entire universe of content were collected

judgment or feeling of satisfaction at from available literature on the subject, by

rehabilitated place as a result of adoption consulting the experts in the area and also

of modern agricultural technology and by discussion with resource persons. As

desired changes in socio-techno-economic such, 36 statements representing the

aspects. An individual who feel satisfied at satisfaction at rehabilitated place of PAFs

any rehabilitated place, in turn helps in were collected.

better rehabilitation and resettlement work

- for others. It is therefore crucial to recognize Editing the Statements

the satisfaction of PAFs at rehabilitated The statements were then edited according place. For the purpose of present study, an to the criterion laid down by Edwards attempt was made by researcher to (1957). Out of 36 statements 30 statements construct and standardize an instrument for that were non ambiguous, non factual and measuring the satisfaction of PAFs who are comply with the criterion were selected. concerned with rehabilitated place.

I Ex. Ph.D. Scholar, BACA, GAU, Anand, Presently working as a Research Assistant in International Water Management Institute, Anand 2 Extension Educationist (Retd.), EEl, Anand

64 A Scale To Measure Satisfaction

Selection of Statements

The above thirty statements were handed

over to judges consisting of the professional

in the subject. The jUdges were requested

to judge each statement in terms of their

agreement or disagreement with each

statement on five point continuum ranging

from strongly agree to strongly disagree.

The response from the forty experts who

have duly recorded their judgements were

considered for the analysis. The response

on a five point rating scale were analysed.

Based on the judgement, scale (median)

value and Q value for each of 30 statements

were calculated by using following formula.

(Edward, 1957).

S =L + (0.50 - Pb)/Pw x I

Where,

S = The median or scale value of the statement L = Lower limit of the interval in which median

falls Pb= Sum of the proportion below the interval in

which median falls Pw=Proportion within the interval in which median falls-

i = Width of the interval and is assumed to be equal to (1.0)

The inter quartile range (Q = Q3 - Q1) for

each statement was also worked out for

determination of ambiguity involve in the

statement. Based on the median and Q

values, 14 statements were finally selected

to constitute satisfaction scale.

Scoring Techniques

The selected 14 statements for the final format of the satisfaction scale were randomly arranged to avoid response biases which might contribute to low reliability and

detraction from validity of the scale. Out of

14 selected statements, eight statements were positive and six statements were

negative. Against each of these 14 statements, there were five columns representing a five point continuum of agreement and disagreement, to the

statements as followed by Likert (1932). The five points on continuum were strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree with the respective weights of 5,4,3, 2 and 1 for the favourable (positive) statements and with the respective weights of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for the unfavourable (negative) statements. The weights of Likert's technique were combined in form of a product and the total scores for an individual was the sum of the products.

Reliability of the scale

A scale is considered to be reliable when it consistently produce the same results when

applied to the same sample. The split-half

technique was used to measure the reliability of t;le scale. The 14 statements were divided into two halves with 7 odd numbered in one half and the 7 even numbered statements in the other. These were administered to 20 respondents. Each of the two sets of statements were treated as a separate scale and then these two sub scales were

correlated. The coefficient of reliability was calculated by the Rulon's formula (Guilford,

1954) which came to be 0.82, which indicated the stability of the instrument.

Final Format of the scale

The scale developed for the purpose carries a three point continuum with categories agree, undecided and disagree. The scores

assigned to these categories were 3 to 1 for positive statements and 1 to 3 for

negative statements. The final format of the

scale is presented in Appendix - 1.

65 A Scale To Measure Satisfaction

REFERENCE Likert, R. (1932). A Technique for MeasurementEdwards, A. L. (1957). Techniques of Attitude

Scale Construction. Vakils, Feffer and Simons of Attitude. Psychological Study, 5 (2) : 106Pvt. Ltd., Bombay -1. 107.

Eysenck, H. J. and Crown, S. (1949). An Thurston, L. L. (1946). The Measurement of Experimental Study on Opinion Attitude Attitude. Ameriacan J. Soci. Chicago Univ., Methodology. Inter. J. Opinion-Attitude Res. 3 : Chicago Press, 39-50. 47-86.

GUilford, J. P. (1954). "Psychomatric Methods" TNH Ed., Tata Mc-Gow Hill Books Co. Ltd., New Delhi. pp. 597.

Appendix - I

Final format of the attitude scale

Sr. No.

Statements A UD DA

1 * Socioeconomic status was better at old place than new place. (2.5)

2 Transport facilities are better at new place than old place. (3.8)

3 Medical facilities are available at new place. (3.9)

4 Religious facilities are good at new place. (2.9)

5 * Annual income was more at old place than new place. (2.8)

6 There is chance for self development of at new place. (4.3)

7 * More discomfort at new place than old place. (3.2)

8 Housing facilities are better at new place. (3.7)

9 Agricultural production is increased at new place. (3.5)

10 Children are more happy at new place than old place. (3.6)

11* Women had better interaction at old place than new place. (2.2)

12 Entertainment facilities are better at new place. (3.4)

13 * Neighbour farmers do not cooperate. (3.3)

14 * New crops do not suit with their reqUirement. (3.1)

* Negative statements, A- Agree, UD- Undecided and DA- Disagree


A SCALE TO MEASURE THE ATTITUDE TOWARDS PRIVATIZATION OF . EXTENSION SERVICES

R. D. Pandya 1

ABSTRACT The present study was taken up ~o develop a scale to measure attitude towards

privatization ofextensioa services. The final format of the scale to measure attitude of the researchers, extension workers and farmers towards privatization of

extension services consisted of the 20 statements. It is statistically inferred that the judges/experts were equally consistent about the content/subject of the present study. The validity and reliability ofthe scale were highly significant.

While executing the scale to the 200 respondents of all the three strata, it was found that majority of researchers, extension workers and farmers possessed medium level of favourable attitude towards privatization of extension services.

INTRODUCTION attitude was conceptualized as

respondent's degree of favourable orAttitude scales have been proved to be unfavourable attitude towards auseful tools to measure the attitude of large

number of individual towards specific areas. psychological object i.e. privatization of

extension services. Attitude towardsAttitude is a state of readiness or a tendency

to react in a certain manner. It is a privatized extension services will be an

important factor in the 21 st century for theuniversally accepted fact that the attitude

of an individual plays an important role to d~velopment of agricultural. Gross (1977)

determine the behaviour with respect to a concluded that the farmers had favourable

psychological object. Attitude of an indiVidual attitude towards extension and its

for an object is always present but remains agricultural services. Westermark (1987)

dormant most of the time. It is expressed in stated that the consultancy services had

speech or through other behaviour only changed the attitude of users towards

when the object of the attitude is perceived. agriculture and advisory services. In India

An instrument that stimulates people to too, with the implementation of extension

express their attitude can be termed as an reforms, public-private partnership has been

attitude scale. There is no limit to the topics given due importance. It has been assumed

about which people may have attitude. in this study that attitude of farmers towards

Hence, it can be persuasively argued that privatization of extension services will help

everything in life depends on attitudes. So, to design a suitable extension strategy for

a study of an attitude is important in various selected enterprises of this area.

fields. METHODOLOGY

Klineberg (1954) gave five dimensions of an As a corollary of this and non availability of

attitude as direction, degree, intensity, suitable scale, the investigator inspired to

consistency and salience. In this study an develop a standardized scale to measure

Professor, Department of Extension Education, N. M. College of Agriculture, NAU, Navsari I

67 A Scale To Measure The Attitude

the attitude of researchers, extension workers and farmers towards privatization of extension services. Considering the capacity of summated rating technique to

measure the broadness, value and intensity of the study area, the investigator resorted to this method to construct the scale as

suggested by Likert (1932) and Edward

(1969) with a slight modification in the procedure.

Collection of statements

The items of the attitude scale were called statements. Initially, 54 statements representing the attitude of researchers, extension workers and farmers towards

privatization of extension services were

constructed. Finally, 43 statements were

scrutinized for judges' views by Edwards'

technique.

Methods of statement analysis

All 43 statements were converted into a schedule. These were mailed to a panel of

100 judges/experts drawn from various agricultural universities as well as innovative

farmers and personnel of non government organizations of south Gujarat with

necessary instructions to evaluate each of the sta~"'l'Y1pnts critically ;::jS to its r~lovance

to measure attitude towards privatization of extensi.on services. They were requested to give response on a five point continuum

ranging from most relevant, relevant,

undecided, less relevant ana Ii relevant with

assigning scores of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1,

respectively. For negative statements the scoring system was reversed.

In all 80 judges/experts responded in time.

The statements wise scores of each export were arranged in the descending order to

obtain the highest and lowest quartiles.

Each statement of quartiles contained

responses of 20 experts. The higher and lower quartiles were used as criterion group to evaluate individual/each statement. For

each statement, 't' value was calculated by using the formula as suggested by Edward

(1969). The 't' value of 43 statements were

found significant which st~istically inferred

that the experts wer~ eLjL.ally consistent about the content/subject of each statement of the schedule. Finally, as stated by Edward

(1969), all significant 't' values were ranked

in order and the first 20 statements with the largest 't' value were selected for incorporation in the attitude scale.

Validity ofthe statement

The validity of a scale is a property that the

obtained test score measures the variables

they are supposed to measure. All the 't'

values of 20 statements were significant

which inferred that the statements of the attitude scale had discriminating value to

measure the attitude of researchers, extension workers and farmers towards privatization of extension services.

Reliability ofthe scale

The reliability of the scale was tested by the

~-;:'1lit half method. The odd r;,'mberecJ c/1J

even numbered statements were separated

and two sets were made. The agreement between the two sets of scores on each half

of the scale was determined by using the

formula of Pearson Product Moment correlation which was found highly

significant (0.97**). From the reliability of the split half test, the self correlation of the

whole test was established by the

Spearman Brown formula. The reliability

coefficient being as high as 0.98, the reliability of the attitude scale was assured.


Administering the scale

Ex-post facto research design with two stage simple random sampling was employed to select the villages and farmers of south Gujarat, where the majority had adopted paddy, sapota, rose, animal husbandry and inland fishing. Farmers from five villages were randomly selected for paddy, sapota and animal husbandry and seven villages for rose and inland fishing. There were 20 statements in the final format, which were administered. to the reseClrchers, extension workers and farmers to measure the attitude towards privatization of extension services. A five point continuum scale was used. The scores assigned for the positive statement was 5 for strongly agree, 4 for agree, 3 for undecided, 2 for disagree and 1 for strongly disagree. The scoring for the negative statement was just the reverse. The favourable or unfavourable response for the statements was judged at the time of interview with respondents by posing cross questions before arriving at the conclusion. For ascertaining the nature of attitude, the

maximum and minimum scores of respondents were taken in to consideration, which were 100 and 20, respectively. The list of researchers and extension workers who are directly engaged in selected enterprises were obtained from the Navsari zone of Gujarat Agricultural University and line departments of Gujarat State, respectively. In all 200 as sample size for the study was made by selecting 10 researchers, 10 extension workers and 20 farmers for each of the five selected enterprises. The scale developed was utilized to collected data were analyzed by applying appropriate statistical tools.

FINDING AND DISCUSSION An attitLide scale on privatization of extension services

The final format of the scale, prepared as a result of the foresaid procedure, is displayed as Table 1.

Attitude towards privatization of extension services Attitude may be thought of as predisposition

to ac.t, perceive, think and feel in relation to some thing. The feelings of researchers, extension workers and farmers were collected and grouped as; (i) low level of favourable attitude (below 50.25 score), (ii) medium level of favourable attitude (between 50.26 to 75.45 score) and high level of favourable attitude (above 75.45

score). The data in this respect are presented in Table 2.

The data of table 2, revealed that, majority of the researchers (80.0 per cent), extension workers (50.0 per cent) and farmers (66.0 per cent) possessed medium level of favorable attitude towards privatization of extension services. Where as, 20.0, 48.0 and 31.0 per cent of them possessed low, medium and high level of favorable attitude towards privatization of extension services respectively.

In general, majority of them (65.5 per cent) possessed medium level of favorable attitude towards privatization of extension services, followed by 18.5 per cent had low level of favorable attitude towards privatization of extension services. The probable reasons for higher proportion of respondents with medium level of favorable

attitude towards privatization of extension services might be due to timely supply of required information and high quality input with high satisfactory level.


Table 1. Final format of the attitude scale to measure the attitude towa;rds privatization of extension services

Sr. Item Final statements Scale nos. value

1 3(-) private extension services in our profession is futile In present situation 27.43 exercise?

2 1(+) Private extension services have increased the employment opportunities to 26.05 the people in rural areas.

3 6(-) Government extension services are more advantageous than private 22.06 extension services.

4 2(+) Personnel of private extension services are very flexible in implementing the 20.10 policies

5 10(+) An individual is always eager to know about modern practices through the 19.77 private extension services.

6 34(-) The private extension services are not appropriate to influence the users to 19.71 adopt the technology.

7 43(+) Private extension services are very cheap. 19.44 8 21(-) Private extension services have failed to provide financially feasible 19.30

technologies. 9 12(+) An individual has more confidence in private extension services for the 18.84

development of profession. 10 7( -) Required inputs are not supplied regularly to the users by the private 18.64

extension services. 11 13(-) In the name of privatization, we are blindly following western thoughts which 18.49

are not suitable to our situation. 12 24(+) Personnel of private extension serVices visit regularly to the same users. 18.29 13 28(- ) The private extension services have failed to prove their aims to the extent 18.12

to which they announced. 14 27(+) The private extension services fulfill the needs of small and marginal 18.04

farmers. 15 40(+) Government should motivate the farmers to adopt the technologies of 18.00

private agencies. 16 23( -) Private extension services are made the recommendations with out 17.98

considering the availability of inputs. 17 33(+) Personnel of private extension services are capable to solve the users' 17.98

problems in time. 18 14(+) Social status of users has increased due to the private extension services. 17.86 19 26( -) The visiting period of personnel of private extension services are not 17.86

sufficient to solve the day to day problems. 20 16(+) As a beneficiary, I always get proper guidance from the private extension 17.84

services.

Table 2 : Distribution of researchers, extension workers and farmers according to their level of attitude

Level of Researchers Extension Farmers Pooled Attitude workers

No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent Low attitude 10 20.0 24 48.0 3 03.0 37 18.5 Medium attitude 40 80.0 25 50.0 66 66.0 131 65.5 High attitude 00 00.0 1 02.0 31 31.0 32 16.0 Total 50 100.0 50 100.0 100 100.0 200 100.0


CONCLUSION The final format of the scale to measure

.,' j'.~ researchers, extension

workers and farmers towards privatization

of extension services consisted of the 20 statements. It is statistically inferred that

the judges/experts were equally consistent about the content/subject of the present study. The validity and reliability of the scale were highly significant.

While executing the scale to the 200

respondents of all the three strata, it was found that majority of researchers,

extension workers and farmers possessed medium level of favourable attitude towards

privatization of extension services.

REFERENCE Pandya R. D. (1998). 'A study on the privatization of extension services in south Gujarat', Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, GAU, Navsari.

71 Guj. J. Extn. Edu. xv 2004

A TEST TO MEASURE SKIL~S OF FARMERS ABOUT SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

M. N. Popat1 , M. S.TrivedP and A. C. PateP

ABSTRACT Sprinkler Irrigation System is one of the best methods which can encounter many

of the problems ofconventional method of irrigation. However, farmers are unable

to avail due benefits of it mainly due to lack of skills in handling and operation of

this system. In absence ofscientifically developed test/scale to measure the skills

of the farmers, it has been measured on ad-hoc basis. Such methods lack precision

as they are not objective in nature. Keeping this point in view, the present study

was taken up to develop an objective test to measure skills of farmers in handling

and operation ofsprinkler irrigation system. After making the task analysis, items

(sub-steps) were constructed under each major step. The experts were requested

to assign weight to each item out of 100 for each of two dimensions i.e. relative

importance and difficulty in performance. The 25 experts replied which were included for analysis. Evaluators should observe the operation for a particular skill assigned

to the individual trainees and allot marks according to their performance. Maximum

marks for each step is given against the sub-steps in observation sheet and

evaluator should assign marks out of that to the farmers. (Footnotes)

INTRODUCTION In absence of scientifically developed test/

scale to measure the skills of the farmers, itThe availability of sufficient quality of good has been measured on the basis of theirwater for irrigation is a problem in many opinions. Such methods lack precision asareas. Efficient and optimum use of water they are not objective in nature. Keepingthrough adoption of better methods of this point in view the present study wasirrigation has been well recognized by all taken up to develop an objective test tothe concerned agencies. Sprinkler Irrigation measure skills of farmers in handling andSystem (SIS) is one of the best methods

which can operation of SIS.encounter many of the problems

faced by conventional method of flood The skill can be defined as the ability to irrigation. Government of India and some perform an operation accurately in a given state government have taken efforts to time with a given energy. Skill of farmers in popularize this new method and are also ope ratio nand ha nd ling of SIS play an supporting it by providing capital subsidy to important role in efficient use of it. For farmers. However, farmers are unable to measurement of skil'l of farmers in operation avail due benefit of SIS mainly due to lack of of SIS, a performance test was developed. skills in handling and operation of SIS. The The procedures and methods followed in training and TOT institutions shall therefore, developing the test is discussed as below: concentrate on extending skills to such

farmers. Professor of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh

, Associate Extension Educationist, Extension Education Institute, AAU, Anand J Assistant Extension Educationist, Extension Education institute, AAU, Anand

I

72 A Test To Measure Skills

Task analysis

Task here is related to a particular operation to be performed by an individual. It consists of listing of activities in some systematic order. The job of handling and operation of SIS was divided into following sub items:

Identification of different components of SIS

II Consideration of various points before run the SIS

III Skill in laying out the system in field

IV Actual operation of SIS in field condition

V Care to be taken while dissembling the SIS.

Item construction

After making the task analysis, items(substeps) were constructed under each major

steps of SIS. The details of major steps and sub-steps are given in final format of the test in Appendix - 1.

Scoring procedure·

After splitting each operation into major steps and sub-steps, it was referred to 50 experts. The experts selected for the purpose comprised of agricultural engineers and agricultural scientists working in Guj:jrat Agricultural University, irrigation speciali'ts working in Water and Land Manageme1t Institute, Anand and technical expert of the dealers of SIS. The letter of instruction was sent along with annexure to guide the experts for assigning the marks to major and sub-items. They were requested to assign weight to each item keeping in view its relative importance and operational difficulty involved in carrying out the particular operation. These weights were to be assigned out of 100 for each of two

dimensions i.e. relative importance and difficulty ir) performance. Out of 50 only 25 experts replied which were included for analysis.

The scores given by 25 experts were tabulated and mean score of all judges in respect of each sub-items were calculated for both the dimensions viz. difficulty and relative importance, separately. These mean scores were then pooled and divided by two. These scores were, thus, the maximum obtainable scores for each item. The final observation sheet is given in Appendix 1.

Guideline for evaluation

Evaluators should observe the operation of a particular skill assigned to the individual trainees and allot marks according to their performance. Maximum marks for each step is given against the sub-steps in observation sheet and evaluator should assign marks out of them.

73 A Test To Measure Skills

APPENDIX 1 Final observation sheet for assessment of skill in operation and handling of Sprinkler Irrigation 3ystem

1. Name of Farmer: 2. Max. Marks: 100

Sr. No.

Steps involved Maximum Marks

Marks Obtained

Step I Identification of different components of Sprinkler Irrigation System (SIS)

(19.50)

a. Electric motor/engine 2.30 b. Suction line 1.60 c. Foot valve 1.60 d. Screen unit 1.20 e. Fertilizer tank 1.00 f. Main line 1.00

Ig. Lateral lines 1.75 h. Sprinkler heads 1.50 i. Sprinkler nozzle 1.00 j. End plug 1.00 k. Tee 0.75 I. Bend 90 degree 0.80 m. Flow line coupler 1.00 n. Steel battern 1.00 o. Riser quick coupler 1.00 p. Riser connector 1.00

Step II Consideration of various points before run the system (21.90)

a. Check carefully the workability of foot valve 3.00 b. Check carefullv the box of available wrenches and sDannle. 2.00 c. Check carefully the pipeline fittinQ of the pump set. 2.50

.-

d. Check carefully the inlet diameter of pump and available suction pipe line

2.40

e. Check functioning of power unit 2.70 f. Check alianment of pump and prime mover 2.40 g. Check carefully the starter and switches if electric motor is

used/or the fuel tank if diesel set used. 2.50

h. Check carefully for damage or shortage of parts 2.40 i. Start motor/diesel set after installation for pre-testing 2.00

Step III Skill in lavina out the svstem in field (26.20) a. Roughly or approximately survey the field or crop area 2.50 b. Selecting the location for main line l sub main and lateral 2.50 c. Check carefully the main line pipe and sub main pipe line for

debris cleanliness 2.00

d. Connect main line to power source 1.30

e. Steel battern should be properly fitted under each sprinkler coupler

1.50

f. . Check gasket of coupler 1.50 'q. Connect sub main to main alona with coupler 1.00 h. Put riser along with lateral line according to distance 1.30

i. Check cleanliness of riser and SDrinkler head 1.70 j. Check qasket or riser 1.20

k. Connect the system with main by lateral and riser 1.00

I. Run the svstem for ten minutes without end pluq 1.30 m. Check the gasket of end plug 1.20

n. Put the end pluq at end of the lateral 1.30 o. Close the main line valve before operating the system 1.30

p. See that pump must attain the pressure stated on type plate 2.00 q. After the pump reaches the regulation Pressure, the delivery

valve is opened slowly 1.60

--

--

--

74 A Test To Measure Skills ,

Maximum MarksSteps involved Marks Obtained

laying out the system in field (26.20)

Sr. No.

a.

Step IV

b.

c.

Step V a.

b. -

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

Skill in 6.50Area covered by each riser 6.20Over lapping by each riser 4.50Area uncovered around the each riser

(15.20)Care to be taken while dissembling the sprinkler system .

1.50Stop the power 1.60

Remove the system in such a way that standing crop should not be 2.50 damaged

Close .the delivery valve

-Remove end plug so that remaining water from the pipeline drain 1.50 out

. While dissembling the system care should be taken that rubber 2.10 gaskets seats should not be damaged

Remove debris from the pipeline 1.60

Dissemble the system in reversed order of assembling 1.50

Keeping main pipe, lateral pipe and riser in one bunch 1.60 Collect wrenches and spannels in box in proper laces 1.30

Guj. J. Extn. Edu. XV 2004 7S

EFFECT OF MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY ON ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF MILK PRODUCES

H. U. Vyas1 and K. F. PateP

INTRODUCTION In our country dairying plays crucial role as

far as economy is concerned. There are

number of factors affecting the milk

production as well as dairy development.

t'-1anagement is one of the important factors

which help the milk producer to take

advantage of natural resources and

accumulate capital. The efficient use of

production resources depends to a greater

extent on how milk producers acquire and

adopt new innovations in the sector of

animal husbandry in effective manner to

reach higher levels of economic

performance. Therefore, the present study

was undertaken to study the relationship

between management efficiency and

economic performance.

METHODOLOGY The present study was conducted in each

of five tribal and non-tribal talukas of

Panchmahal district of Gujarat State. From

each taluka, two village i.e. control and dairy

village were selected randomly. Fifteen milk

producers of each villages form 20 selected

villages constituted a total sample size of

300 respondents, selected at random. A

scale was developed to measure the

management efficiency of milk producers.

The data were collected by personally

interviewing the respondents with the help

of specially constructed interview schedule.

The ex-post-facto research design was

followed. Economic performance index was

calculated by using the formula as used by

Shankariah and Crouch (19/7). Correlation

coefficients were computed to find out the

relationship between management

efficiency and economic performance of milk

producers (tribal, non-tribal and pooled).

RESU~S AND DISCUSSION The data in Table 1 indicate that

management efficiency of milk producers

(tribal, non~tribal and pooled) was positively

and significantly related with their economic

performance.

This might be due to the fact that good

manager is one who acquire knowledge

relating to his job and profession, forecasts

the activities to be performed and difficulties,

weight the available alternatives in terms

of their desirability and likelihood and choose

the most appropriate one for achieving better

result, link different function and activities

for harmonious accomplishment of desired

activity, use the available resources

effectively and judiciously at an appropriate

stage, market the produce for remunerative

price and identify the imperfections and

correct them aptly. All these aspects aim at

getting higher output for lesser expenditure

leading to profit maximization. These facts

are valid as a manager for an efficient milk

producer whether he is tribal or non-tribal.

Thus, the management efficiency must have

exhibited relationship with economic

performance.

l Tech. Asstt., Office of the Director of Extension Education, AAU, Anand 1 Director of Extension Education, AAU, Anand

76 Effect Of Management Efficiency

Table: 1 Correlation between management efficiency and economic performance of milk. producers

Sr. Category of Milk Correlatior:' No. Producers coefficient

1 Tribal 0.620 +

2 Non-tribal 0.591+

3 Pooled 0.781 + + Significant at 5% level.

CONCLUSION Management efficiency of milk

producers (tribal, non-tribal and pooled) was positively and significantly related with their economic performance. For better economic performance of milk producers, various

components of management efficiency viz., knOWledge of improved animal husbandry practices; attitude towards improved dairy farming; planning ability; ability to make

ratibnal decisions, to mobilize resources and to co-ordinate ac.tivities; efficient use of resources; ability in rational marketing; competence in evolutions and timely adoption should be given due consideration.

REFERNCE Shankariah, C. and Crouch, B.R. (1977) , "Patterns of Adaptation and Factors associated with Economic Success in the Wool Industry" Department of Agriculture, Unviersity of Queensland, Brishane, Australia.

77 GUj. J. Extn. EdLi. xv 2004

.EVALUATION OF FRONT LINE DEMONSTRATION ON GROUNDNUT A. J. PateP and M. A. TunvarZ

INTRODUCTION India has been self sufficient in food grains, but production of oil seed crops remain static during last 30 to 40 years. There is an urgent need to increase the production of oil seeds. To accelerate the production of oil seeds, leAR has started front line demonstration (FLO) programme through Krushi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs). FLO on groundnut has been started by KVK, GAU, Deesa since 1995. Latest recommended package of practices of groundnut crop was demonstrated on the farmers' fields. This research study was under taken with a view to evaluate the FLD on groundnut with the following specific objectives:

1. To evaluate the FLD in terms of adoption of recommended groundnut production technology.

2. To study the productivity and economics of groundnut on farmers field before and after FLD.

METHODOLOGY Three talukas namely Oeesa, Dantiwada and Vadgam of Banaskantha district were purposively selected for the present study as the FLOs on groundnut were conducted in three the taJukas. Godh village of Dantiwada taluka; Rampura, Khardosan, Vadaval villages of- Deesa taluka and Kabirpura village of Vadgam taluka were selected purposively as the FLDs were conducted in these Villages during the years 1994-95 to 2000-2001. List of farmers on .

whose farms FLDs on groundnut were

organized were prepared from the records of the KVK. Ten farmers from the each village were randomly selected from the list. Thus, a total of fifty farmers were selected for the present study. The records collected before conducting the FLDs by the KVK on the eighteen production technologies of groundnut crop were used. These were compared with the the prevailing production technologies of groundnut crop in these Villages. The yield data were also collected.

In both the cases before and after FLO the respondents were remained same for the present study. During the year 2003, data were collected in light of the objectives of the present study, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Adoption of production technologies:

The records of production technologies of groundnut before conducting FLO on the 18 production technologies were compared with the present level of adoption of these technologies. The response is depicted in Table 1.

The data in the Table 1 indicated that highest adoption of time of sowing, inter culturing and seed treatment, to the tune of almost 60 per cent before FLD. The impact of FLD is visualized from the fact that for method of fertilizer application at basal doze, weeding, inter culturing and seed treatment were adopted by'hundred per cent of the farmers.

More than 92 farmers have adopted the technologies of dose of insecticides and time of sowing.

1 Training Organizer, KVK, GAU, Deesa 2 Training Jl.ssistant KVK, GAU, Deesa

I

Evaluation Of Front Line Demo.nstration 78

Table 1. Extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of groundnut ,/ crop before and after FLD

N=50 Sr. Practices Adoption of recommended practices No. ___-=B'-"e"-CJore fLO After FLO

No. Percent No. Percent 1 Type of groundnut 22 44 34 68 2 Improved varieties 23 46 35 70 3 Seed rate 17 34 30 60 4 Seed treatment D. M. - 45 06 12 20 40 5 Time of sowing 31 62 48 96 6 Sowing distance 20 40 35 70 7 FYM 09 18 16 32 8 Fertilizers 20 40 36 72 9 Method of fertilizers application (Basal) 25 50 50 100

10 Top dressing fertilizers (Urea) 18 36 39 78 11 Use of Sulphur 14 28 33 66 12 Weeding 32 34 50 100 13 rnt~r culturing 30 60 50 100 14 Irrigarion 19 38 32 64 15 Seed treatment (for white grub) 30 60 50 100 16 Dose of insecticides 17 34 46 92 17 Diseases 11 22 24 48 18 Pests 26 52 42 84

Yield of groundnut:

The yields of ground nut obtained by the.j respondents before and after FL.D were also

compared.

Stage Yield of groundnut Before FLO 1850 kg/h After FLO 2295 k9/h

Per cent increase 24.05 per cent

The data in the Table 3 revealed that the yield of groundnut per hectare was

increased 24.05 per cent after FLD. The calculated 't' was also indicated significant difference between two groups.

Profitability of FLD groundnut:

The cost of inputs was calculated for before and after FLD groundnut. The yield data of

groundnut was also recorded before

conducting FLO and after conducting FLO. As per the market price the income was

calculated for before and after FLO and

profitability per hectare was calculated.

The data in the Table 4 revealed that before

FLD the yield of groundnut was 18.50 q/h, while after FLD the yield of groundnut was

22.95 q/h. The prevailing market price was

Rs. 1,700.00 per q and on that basis the

profitability was calculated which showed that net profit from groundnut crop before FLD was Rs. 25,889 per h, while the net profit from groundnut trop after FLO was Rs. 32,024 per ha. This means FLD has added an additional net profit to groundnut farming to the tunp. Jf Rs. 6,135.00 per h.

Table 4 : Profitability ~f fLD ()l~ groundnut Sr. No. Items Before FLD After FLD

1 Cost of inputs 5561=00 6991=00 2 Yield of groundnut per ha. 18.50 22.95 3 Market price ( Rs. /Qt ) 1700 1700 4 Gross income ( Rs. / ha. ) 31450=00 39015=00 ... 5 Net profit (Rs. / ha. ) 25889=00 32024=00

79 Evaluation Of Front Line Demonstration

CONCLUSION In light of the finding following conclusion may be drawn:

On the set of technologies of groundnut

crop, before FLO the adoption of the crop

were not known by respondents but aft'''' conducting the FLO programme onr,',e

farmers' field, most of the respondents

became aware about the production technologies of ground nut. Majority of the

respondents were adopted most of the production technologies of groundnut after

FLO. The yield of groundnut was increase

24.05 percent after FLO as compared to

before FLO. It shows position impact of FLO

on the adoption.


CONSTRAINTS FACED BY THE POTATO GROWERS IN ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED POTATO TECHNOLOGY

K. D. SolankP, M. C. SonP , M. R. PrajapatP and B. H. Prajapati 4

INTRODUCTION A short duration crop like potato (Solanum

tuberosum, Linnacus) which is nutritionally superior and capable of producing high

amount of food per unit area and time has a great potential in Indian agriculture for

meeting the increasing food requirements of the country. Potato is a wholesome article

of diet of human beings. Besides, it serves as raw ma~erials for several industrial

products like starch, alcohol, dextrin and glucose. It is also one of the most important

rabi vegetable crops of our country and caters to the chief vegetable need of the peopie.

This increasing trend in area, production and

average yield of potato has also been observed in GUjarat state. The average yield

of potato in Gujarat is 28 tonnes/ hectare (Patel, et al., 1998). Looking to the present

increasing production scenario of the country, it can be foretold that potato will

be the important crop to satisfy the vegetable requirement of the country in the

coming days. However, many of the potato

growers could not adopt the recommended

potato production technology in view of the large numbers of constraints in doing so.

This study tried to understand the constraints faced by the potato growers in

adoption of recommended potato production technology and find out the ,ways to

overcome such constraints with the following specific objectives:

1. To study the constraints faced by the potato growers in adoption of

recommended potato technology.

2. To seek suggestions of potato growers

to overcome the constraints faced by them in adoption of recommended

potato tech nology.

METHODOLOGY The present study was conducted in the

North Gujarat Agro-climatic Zone of the Gujarat State, which is an intensive potato

farming area and accounts for 80 per cent

of total production of potato of the state. Banaskantha and Gandhinagar districts having the largest area under potato

cultivation were purposively selected. A total

of six talukas and 18 villages were covered from both districts and the size of sample

was kept as 270 based on variability in

overall modernization in the universe. A field

survey by personal contact, the basic method for raw data collection was used. A simple interview schedule was designed for

collecting the data, covering the objectives of the study. The potato growers were

asked open-ended questions to enlist the constraints faced by them in adoption of

recommended potato production technology and to offer their suggestions to overcome the constraints faced for improving the potato farming.

1 Asstt. Extension Educationist, DEE Office, SDAU, Sardar Krushinagar - 385 506 2 Director of Extension Education, SDAU, Sardar Krushinagar - 385 506 J Professor of Extension Education, C. P. College of Agriculture, SDAU, Sardar Krushinagar - 385 506 4 Professor of Agricultural Statistics, C. P. College of Agriculture, SDAU, Sardar Krushinagar - 385 506

81 Constraints Faced By The Potato Growers

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of practices are not suitable in their

situation' and 'Economically poor condition'Constraints faced by the potato growers: secured fourth and fifth rank, respectively.

The major constraints as reported by the 'Fear of adverse effect of seed treatment respondents in their order of importance are on germination' and 'Fear of residue effect presented in Table 1.

Table 1 : Constraints faced by the potato growers in adoption of recommended potato production technology

(0=270) Sr. Constraints Frequency Percentage RankNo. 1. Non-availability of improved pure seed in time 85 31.48 I 2. High cost of seeds, fertilizers and chemicals 82 30.37 II 3. Lack of information or non-availability of information or 49 18.15 III

lack of technical guidance 4. Recommended package of practices are not suitable in 47 17.41 IV

their situation 5. Farmers economically poor 22 8.15 V 6. Fear of adverse effect of seed treatment on germination 14 5.19 VI 7. Fear of residue effect of weedicide on next season crop 14 5.19 VII

germination 8. Farmers illiterate / low educated 12 4.44 VIII 9. Irregular supply of electrical power 10 3.70 IX 10. Not received remunerative prices for potato 7 2.59 X 11. Non-availability of labour 5 1.85 XI 12. Crisis of irrigation sources 2 0.74 XII

The perusal of the data presented in Table of weedicide on next season crop

1 reveal that 'Non-availability of improved germination' received sixth and seventh

pure and certified seed in time' was the main rank.

constraint of potato growers,' followed by Suggestions offered by the potato growers 'high cost of seeds, fertilizers and chemicals'; to overcome the constraints: as reported by potato growers. 'Lack of

The respondents were asked to suggestinformation and technical guidance' obtained possible solutions to overcome thethe third rank. While 'recommended package

Table 2·: Suggestions offered by the potato growers to overcome the constraints faced by them

(n=270) Sr. Suggestions Frequency Percentage Rank No. 1. Providing pure certified seeds and inputs at lower cost 93 34.44 I 2. Providing of technical information in time 55 20.37 II 3. Providing seed and production inputs at subsidized rate to the 46 17.04 III

farmers 4. Developing less expensive and suitable methods for potato farming 35 12.96 IV 5. Developing the package of practices with consideration of farmers 23 8.52 V

experiences 6. Construction and maintenance of cold storage by the government 2 0.74 VI

82 Constraints Faced By The Potato Growers

constraints associated with adoption of recommended potato production technology.

The suggestions are presented in Table 2.

It is obvious from Table 2, which the most

important suggestion expressed by the

respondents was 'to develop a facility for providing of pure, certified seeds and inputs

at lower cost' followed by 'providing technical

information in time'. From this result, it can be concluded that most of the farmers are

purchasing potato seed from out side the

state. The farmers generally plant the seed which is available from Punjab and Haryana

states. Therefore, the potato growers had endorsed the important suggestion of

providing pure and certified seeds at low cost. Second suggestion was providing of

technical information at the right time. The

probable reason might be that there are

various agencies working for transfer of

technology. However, there is a

communication gap in providing technical information at the right time.

CONCLUSION Based on the findings of the study it can be concluded that non-availability of improved certified pure seed in time; high cost of

s,=eds, fertilizers and chemicals; nonavailability of information and technical

guidance and recommended package of

practices are not suitable in their situation

were the major constraints faced by the

potato growers of North Gujarat Agro

climatic Zone of Gujarat state in adoption of

recommended potato technology. There were number of suggestions endorsed by

the respondents for adoption of potato

production technology that include providing

pure certified seeds and inputs at lower cost, providing of technical information at the

right time and developing less expensive

and suitable methods for potato farming.

REFERENCE Patel, P. K., Chaudhary, S. M. and Parmar, L.

D. 1998. Research and Development of

potato in GUjarat. Krushi-Go-Vidhya(Potato

sp. issue Gujarati), Published by Directorate

of Extension Education, GAU, Ahmedabad

380004. 8 : 8.

Shekhawat, G. S. 1999. "Golden Jubilee

Souvenir" Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla-171001 (Himachal Pradesh), India: pp,47-S0.

83 Guj. J. Extn. Edu. xv 2004

ADOPTION PATTERN OF RECOMMENDED MUSTARD PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN BHARATPUR DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN

R. c. Sachan 1, Ashok Kumar Sharma 2

INTRODUCTION India is the third largest rapeseed-mustard

growing country in the world contributing

25.6 and 14.7 per cent, respectively, to

world's hectarage and production. The

oilseed production in the country can be

sustained through productivity growth. All

the research efforts to develop a technology

are useless unless the technology is adopted

.by the farmers. The productivity can be

increased with the increase of the level of

adoption of recommended technology. The

technology evolved for mustard crop is

intended to get spread among mustard

cultivators to accelerate production proct::ss.

An important task in the development

pro!). am me :-C'i" agriculture is to crate

Jwareness among the farmers about the

improved agricultural practices. This is done

by building up a sound agricultural

information ?:1nn '.~xtension education

programme.

In order to ascertain the extent of adoption

of recommended technology in mustard

cultivation, the present study was

conducted in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan.

Mustard crop in the district covers 12.91 per

cent of mustard area of the state.

METHODOLOGY The present investigation was based on an

intensive study of sample holding (mustard

growers) in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan.

District Bharatpur has been purposively

selected for this study, looking to its typical

and apt representation of the state with

respect to mustard production. Bharatpur

comes at first place on the basis of area and

production of mustard crops in Rajasthan.

The multistage stratified sampling was

adopted with tehsil as primary unit, village

as secondary unit and farm holdings the

ultimate sampling unit. Out of 10 tehsils of

Bharatpur district, three tehsils namely,

Bharatpur, Roopwas and Kumher were

selected randomly. Then from each selected

tehsil, three villages were chosen randomly.

The final selection of farmers was done from

each selected village "dseCl 011 ,..' ;':~:':.~:,j"

to Its size (number of mustard growers). The

number of cases selected in tehsil Bharatpur

came to 27, 13 and 10 in small, medium and

large farmers, 24, 14 and 12 in small, medium

and large farmers in Roopwas tehsil and 25,

14 and 11 in small, medium and lar~' ~

farmers in Kumher tehsil. Thus, in all 150

farmers consisted as sample of the present

study.

The field data along with other required

information pertaining to the selected

respondents were collected with the help

of pre-structured schedule by personal

interview method.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The collected information were analyzed for

ascertaininy the level af adoption of

recommended technology in mUSL:,,·j

cultivation

! Technical Officer, NRC on Rapeseed-Mustard, Sewar, Bharatpur-321303 , Srientist (Ag. Extension), NRC on Rapeseed-Mustard, Sewar, Bharatpur

84 Adoption Pattern Of Mustard

Level of Adoption of recommended mustard production technology

The data presented in Table-1 reveal that

overall 50 percent of the total respondents

were found to be in the medium adoption

group, where as 28 percent respondents

were reported from the low adoption group

and only 22 percent respondents could he

placed in the high adoption group.

recommended varieties of mustard Varuna

(T-59), Rohini and RH-30.

(3) Adoption of F.Y.M. and fertilizer use

As per recommendations, 80 kg nitrogen and

40 kg phosphorus per hectare should be

applied in irrigated crop and half of

recommended dose in un-irrigated situation.

Only 30 per cent farmers followed the

recommendation while 57.33 per cent

Table 1: The level of adoption of respondents about recommended technology in mustard cultivation

Sr. Adoption level Small farmers No.

1. Low (11-33 MPS)

2. Medium (>33 - 55 MPS)

3. High (> 55 MPS)

(76) Farmers Per

cent 20 26.31

42 55.26

14 18.42

Medium farmers (41) Farmers

11

Per cent 26.82

19 46.34

11 26.82

Large farmers Overall (150) (33)

Farmers

11

Per cent 33.33

Farmers

42

Per cent 28.00

14 42.42 75 50.00

8 24.24 33 22.00

Extent of adoption of recommended technology in mustard cultivation

(1) Adoption offield preparation

Five or six ploughing for mustard is

recommended. The information presented

in the Table 1 reveals that only 14 per cent farmers ploughed their field as

recommended while rest of majority (86per

cent) of farmers over ploughed their land.

(2) Adoption of recommended varieties

The recommended improved varieties of

mustard are Varuna (T-59), Rohini, PCR-7,

B10-902, and RH-30, Pusa bold. A perusal

of the data in Table 2 on this particular aspect reveal that almost (98 per cent) all

the farmers of different types have adopted

farmers were using

recommended dose.

fertilizer below

(4) Adoption of time of sowing

The recommended time of sowing is 20 th

September to 20 th October for mustard crop.

Analysis of Table 2 data expresses that 22

per cent of the farmers sowed their crop

before time, 66 per cent in time, while rest

12 per cent have sown after time.

The main factor influence the decision of

sowing as observed was the various

expectations about the last rainfall by the

farmers. This practice is followed in order to

avail the benefit of residual soil moisture for germination of seed. Some farmers sowed

their land after sowing time as they took

mustard after taking bajra in kharif. Thus,


Table 2: Extent of adoption of recommended technology in mustard cUltivation

Sr. :xtent of adoption Small (76) Medium (41) Large (33) Overall (150) No.

No. of Per No of Per No of Per No of Per Farmers cent Farmers cent Farmers cent Farmers cent

1. )reparatory tillage i) As recommended 10 13.5 7 17.07 4 12.12 21 14 ii) Above recommended 66 86.85 34 82.93 29 87.88 129 86

2. farieties ~s recommended 75 98.68 39 95.12 33 100 147 98

3. 'VM and Chemical 'ertilizer i) As recommended 15 19.74 16 39.02 14 42.42 45 30 ii) Below recommended 57 75 18 43.90 11 33.33 86 57.33 iii) Above recommended 4 5.26 7 17.07 8 24.24 19 12.67

4. rime of Sowing i) Before recommended 19 25.00 8 19.51 6 18.18 33 22.0 ii) In recommended time 47 61.84 28 68.29 24 72.72 99 66.00 iii) After recommended 10 13.15 5 12.19 3 9.09 18 12.00

5. teed rate i) As recommended 9 11.84 6 14.63 7 21.21 22 14.66 ii) More than 67 88.16 35 85.37 26 78.79 128 85.34 'ecommended

6. teed treatment

7.

i) Treated Ii) Un-treated lVeeding I) Manual i) Nil ii) Below recommended iii) As recommended » Chemical

6 70

6 12 58 Nil

7.89 92.10

7.89 15.78 76.31

5 36

27 2 32 Nil

12.19 87.80

17.07 4.87 78.04

6 27

10 16 02 5

18.18 81.81

30.30 48.48 6.06 15.15

17 133

23 30 82 5

11.33 88.66

15.33 20.00 61.33 3.33

8. :rrigation i) Below recommended ii) As recommended

27 49

35.5 64.5

12 29

29.3 70.7

8 25

24.2 75.8

47 103

31.33 68.66

9. )Iant protection neasures i) As recommended Nil o 7 ' 17.07 11 33.33 18 12.00 ii) Below recommended 11 14.5 13 31.70 19 57.60 43 28.66 iii) Nil 65 85.5 21 51.20 3 9.09 89 59.33

this delayed sowing was due to the time taken by the land preparation for mustard sowing.

(5) ~doption of seed rate

The recommended seed rate for mustard is 5 kg per ha. The data in Table 2 indicated

that majority (85.33) of farmers of all the three types (small, medium and large) used

seed rate more than recommended. It may

be due to germination problem in the area, as in most of the cases crop is sown without pre-irrigation.

(6) Adoption of seed treatment

Seed is to be treated with thiram or captan, Dithane M-45 @ 2.5 - 3 gm per kg of seed. The analysis reveals that only 11.33 per cent

farmers used seed treatment, while 88,.66 per cent farmers did not used seed treatment.


(7) Adoption of weeding

One to two hand weeding in the crop are recommended. Alternatively, pre-emergence spray of Isoproturan 1 kg or Basallin 1 liter per hectare in 800-1000 liter of water is recommended. Data in Table 2 indicate that 61.33 per cent of the respondents followed recommended practice of hand weeding, while 20 per cent farmers used this practice below the recommended number and other 15.33 per cent did not do weeding. It was observed that majority of small and medium farmers followed recommended weeding as compared to large farmers.

It was worth noting that none of the mustard grower in case of small and medium farmers applied chemical weeding in the study area. Only 15.15 per cent of large farmers used chemical weeding.

(8) Adoption of irrigation

In irrigated conditions, two irrigations are recommended. The data on irrigation reveal that 68.66 per cent respondents followed recommended irrigation while 31.33 per cent do not follow.

(9) Adoption of plant protection measures

Mustard aphid, painted bug and mustard sawfly are main insects and pests while Alternaria blight, white rust and powdery mildew, Scelerotinia stem rot are the main pathogenic diseases of mustard crop. Apart from these insect and disease frost also proves a great havoc for this crop. The recommendation for control of mustard aphid is application of Metasystox 25 EC or Rogor 30 EC @ one liter or Dimacron 100 EC @

250 ml per ha, diluted in 1000 liter water. The suggested control for mustard sawfly

and painted bug is Malathion 50 EC or endosulphan 35 EC @ 500 ml per ha, diluted·

in 500 liter of water. Powdery mildew can be controlled by spraying of Dinocap 0.05 per cent and Alternaria blight and white rust can be controlled by spray with mancozeb @ 2 kg per ha. The crop can be safe spray with 0.1 per cent H2 S0 4 when cold day comes.

As regards plant protection measures the data revealed that only 28.66 per cent farmers followed plant protection measures below recommended, some medium and larger farmers followed recommended plant protection measures. Data further reveals that majority of farmers i.e. 59.33 per cent did not follow plant protection measures. The high cost and non-availability of effective fungicides, sprayer and duster might have important reason. None of the farmers used spray with H2 50 4 in the study area. The lack of knowledge was the important region behind this.

CONCLUSION In terms of adoption of various components of the package of practices, three categories (small, medium and large) of farmers were studied and it can be concluded that the adoption of improved variety has been almost uniform across the categories and is highest (98 per cent) amongst all the components of the technology. However, in terms of overall adoption of the technology package, medium categories farmers had a distinctive edge over the small categories. The scientific recommendations about time of sowing, manual weeding and irrigation were adopted by more than 60 per cent farmers of the study area while majority of

farmers adopted preparatory tillage and seed rate more than recommendations.

Most of the farmers were not using seed treatment and plant protection measures.


REFERENCE Gill, K. S. (1994). Sustainable oil seed production systems. In: Prasad, M. V. R. et. a!. (Ed.) Sustainability in oilseed. Indian

Society of Oilseed Research, Hyderabad.

Kiresue V. and Prasad M. V. R. (1994). Potentials of Improved oilseed crop production technologies in India An

assessment through frontline demonstrations. Journal of Oilseeds Research, 11(2): 245-258.

Rai B. and Kumar, A. (19B1). New Technology for mustard production. Indian Farming. 30(11): 7-9.

Singh, B (199B). "Economics of mustard cultivation in Alwar district of Rajasthan". Unpublished M. Sc. (Ag.) thesis, Rajasthan Agriculture University Bikaner, Campus

Jobner.

Verma, H. K., Kumar, K. and Singh. S. R. (199B). "Farmers acceptability and adoption of rapeseed-mustard production technology under Rainfed conditions". Indian

Journal of Extension Education. 26 (384): 39-43.


AN ANALYSIS OF FARMERS' KNOWLEDGE FOR RAINFED GROUNDNUT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

P. D. Vermali M. A. Munshj2i D. M. Th:l~i'arJ aild i.... O. t3harad~

INTRODUCTION India is a paradise of oilseed crops. The country has distinction of having around 19'

per cent of the total world's oilseeds area and produces 10 percent of the world oilseeds production. However, the average yield of oilseed in the country is about 900 kgjha as against world average 1275 kgj

ha and of 2500 kgjha in USA (Damodaram

and Hedge, 1999).

Gujarat is one of the leading oilseed producing states of the country. Groundnut

alone contributes as high as 76 per cent of

country's total oilseed production, out of which a lion share of comes from Saurashtra region of the state with low productivity.

Development and acceptance of modern agricultural technologies is getting the prime

attention for boosting up crop production.

It is generally observed that farmers do not adopt complete set of modern technology

that in turn results into low productivity.

Extent of adoption of improved technologies

is also observed to be very low, as evidenced from some of the past studies. The knowledge on modern technologies is a pre-requisite for successful adoption. In

order to increase the level of adoption farmers shall be made aware of the latest

technical know-how. To start with, it is Imperative to examine the knowledge status of farmers towards rain fed groundnut

production technology with the following objectives:

1. To study the knowledge status of the

farmers towards groundnut production technology.

2. To determine the relationship between knowledge and selected independent

variables.

METHODOLOGY The study was conducted in South Saurashtra zone ofGujarat during year 1999. This zone consisted of 24 talukas. Out of

these, 12 talukas were selected randomly

for the study. Two villages from each taluka

were selected. In all, 256 respondents were

selected by using proportionate random

sampling techniejue. The respondents were personally interviewed with the help of a structured interview schedule.

The dependent variable knowledge was

operationalised as the ability to recall the

Table 1: Distribution of the respondents according to their knowledge status

n= 256 Sr. No. Status of Knowledge Frequency Percentage

1. Low 42 16.41 2. Medium 179 69.42 3. High 35 13.67

X =22.38 SD=4.29

1 Ph, D. Student, Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh 2 Professor, Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh , Associate Professor, Directorate of Extension Education, JAU, Junagadh

89 Analysis Of Farmers' Knowledge

rain fed groundnut production technologies.

To measure the knowledge level of the

respondents a schedule was developed for

the study after consulting the experts in the

concerned field. This schedule consists of 35

items. The possible score of a respondent

may be varying from a to 35. Based on the

score on knowledge items the respondents

were grouped in to three categories namely;

low, medium and high by using mean and

standard deviation. However, knowledge

about each selected item was also analyzed

on per cent basis. The Pearson's correlation

co-efficient was used to determine the

relationship of knowledge with selected

eight independent variables. They were age,

Table 2: Item analysis of respondents' knowledge on rain fed groundnut production technology

"=256 Sr. Knowledge items Knowledge Level No. Frequency Per cent 1. Tillage 256 100 2. Improved varieties 256 100 3. Optimum seed rate 205 80 4. Chemical for seed treatment 128 50 5. Quantity of fungicide for treating 1 kg seed 90 35 6. Disease prevented by seed treatment 90 35 7. Recommended spacing 210 82 8. Sowing time 256 100 9. Varieties for early and late sowing 251 98 10. Dosage of FYM 156 61 11. Dosage of chemical fertilizers 166 65 12. FertTlizers used during standing crop 230 90 13. Time of flowering 256 100 14. Time of peg formation 256 100 15. Period of weed free condition 172 67 16. Weedicides used for weed control 25 10 17. Dosage of weedicides 7 3 18. Important disease/pests of groundnut 205 80 19. Type of damage due to Jassid, Aphid & Leaf miner 154 60 20. Dosage of control to Jassid, Aphid & leafminer 77 30 21. Quantity of water required for spraying insecticides/pesticides 128 50 22. Appropriate time to control white grubs 000 00 23. Type of damage due to rust 128 50 24. Knowledge about important fungicides 115 45 25. Fungicides recommended to control Tikka 90 35 26. Fungicides recommended to control Rust 77 30 27. Fungicides recommended to control Root-root 77 30 28. Plant protection measures to control leaf spot 95 37 29. Disease prevented by crop rotation 90 35 30. Intercrops recommended in groundnut 256 100 31. In case of unfavourable monsoon which alternate crops can be 245 96

grown 32. Crops beneficial as compared to groundnut 205 80 33. Sprinkler irrigation system is suitable for groundnut 128 50 34. Drip irrigation system is suitable for groundnut 128 50 35. Critical stages which affect the groundnut production 251 98


education, income, size of land holding, extension participation, risk preference,

adoption and yield gap.


Status of Farmers knowledge towards groundnut production technologies

It is evident from Table 1 that majority (69.92

per cent) of respondents. had medium status

whereas, 13.67 per cent and 16.41 per cent

had high and low knowledge, respectively.

Analysis of Knowledge items

A look of data (Table2) indicated that all the respondents had knowledge in respect of

tillage; improved varieties; times of sowing,

flowering and peg formation; and intercrops

recommended in groundnut. However,

knowledge on varieties for early and late

sowing; alternate crops which can be grown in case of unfavorable monsoon; critical

stages of groundnut; and use of fertrilizers in standing crop were possessed by 90 to

98 per cent of the respondents.

There were less than 10 per cent farmers

who know dosage of weedicides. Thus, it is

clear from the analysis of the knowledge

items that all the respondents having

knowledge on the few technologies because

of the effectiveness and low cost characteristics of these technologies.

However, in case of low level of knowledge,

this mig ht be due to the fact that the

traditional knowledge of the farmers and

modern technologies both are quite

different. The other reason may be that the application of these technologies required more skills. Hence knowledge on "these

technologies was found very poor. However,

knowledge on white grubs was not

possessed by any of the respondents, this

may be due to the fact that the attack of white grubs is not occur in the region.

Factor Analysis

The determination factors affecting the

relationship between knowledge and independent variables are presented in

Table 3. The data revealed that age and risk

preference did not affect the knowledge

status of the farmers significantly. This might be due to the facts that· groundnut is being

cultivated in the region since generations; hence respondents possessed enough

knowledge irrespective of their age. In this

region of the state droughts are very

common, so that the risk bearing capacity have also been developed.

The variables namely; education, income, size of land holding and extension

participation had shown their positive and significant relationship with the knowledge.

Adoption and yield gap had highly significant

Table 3: Correlation coefficient between the knowledge and selected independent variables

Sr. No. Independent variables Ir'Value 1. Age 0.100 NS 2. Education 0.141 * 3. Income 0.252* 4. Size of land holding 0.213* 5. " Extension participation 0.160* 6. Risk-preference 0.052 NS 7. Adoption 0.686** 8. Yield gap -0.698**

NS=Non significant *=Significant at 0.05 level ** = Significant at 0.01 level


effect on knowledge, which clearly indicated, that higher level of knowledge would decrease the yield gap in ground nut

production and increase the adoption of groundnut production technology.

CONCLUSION The.study revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to medium knowledge. The respondents had very poor knowledge on plant protection and chemical weed control. Where as, all the respondents had knowledge on tillage, improved

varieties, sowing time, time of flowering and peg formation and intercrops recommended

for groundnut More over, the important variables namely education, income, size of land holding, extension participation, adoption and yield gap were found as

determinant factors associated with

knowledge status of the respondents

towards rain fed groundnut production technology.

REFERENCE Damodaran, T. and Hedge, D. M. 1999. Oilseed situation. A statistical Compendium.

Directorate of Oilseeds Research (lCAR),

Rajendranaga~ Hyderabad


AWARENESS AND ADOPTION GAP OF VALUE ADDED TECHNIQUES OF MANGO GROWERS

R. C. Mewara 1 and R. D. Pandya 2

INTRODUCTION

Mango, the 'King of Fruits' is produced mainly

in India (almost 65 per cent). India secured

pride position in supplying different value

added products through out the world

market. Gujarat is progressive state in

horticulture and also one of the major

producers of Kesar and Alphanso varieties.

Though, only a meager 1 per cent of total

mango production is used to prepare

different value added products and hardly

0.55 per cent of fresh mangos are exported

by the Gujarat.

There are many technologies available for

processing of fruits ranging from traditional

sun drying to sophisticated state of the art

and techniques of jUice concentration and

freeze drying are valuable in the present

context. Many units are engaged in the

production of ready to serve beverages and

other convenience foods. The commercial

potential of value addition is immense. In

general, value addition is a produce which

is subjected to a change for higher monitory

gains. It is important when South Gujarat

has been earmarked as an export orient

zone. The present study intended to know

the awareness and adoption gap of mango

growers regarding value added techniques. The specific objectives of this study are:

1. To assess the level of awareness and

gap in awareness of mango growers

about value added techniques in Mango.

2. To measure the adoption gap of mango

growers regarding value added

techniques in Mango.

METHODOLOGY Valsad district of South GUjarat stands first

for the acreage and production of mango.

As such, the district having high potentiality

of value addition in mango was purposely

selected for the present study. Valsad and

Pardi talukas of Valsad were selected on the

basis of the highest area under mango. The

list of major mango growing villages was

obtained from the office of the department

of horticulture of Valsad district. Five villages

were randomly selected from each selected

taluka. The lists of major mango growers of

the ten selected villages were obtained from

the village panchayat. A simple random

sampling procedure was followed to select

10 mango growers from each village, making

a total of 100 mango growers as the

respondents for this study.

An ex-post facto research design was used

for the study. Keeping in view the objectives,

an interview schedule was prepared and

used to collect the information. Considering

the demand of this study, the interview was

taken along with housewives of the fruit

growers.

To determine the level of awareness and

adoption gap of mango growers regarding

value added techniques, the index

developed by Mayani and Kumar (1980) and

Sengupta (1967) were used. Frequencies

and percentage were applied to analyse the

collected information.

I Postgraduate student, Department of Extension Education, NMCA, NAU, Navsari 1 Associate Professor, Department of Extension Education, N. M. College of Agriculture, NAU, Navsari

93 Awareness And Adoption Gap


Gap in awareness

Awareness is first step to adoption. To adopt

the value added techniques, one has to be aware about it. For that, the information should be diffused in a way so the fruit

growers can know it in consumable form,

along with details of cost addition and availability of market or requirements for house hold use. The data in this regards is presented in table-l.

The perusal of data in table-1 shows that the overall awareness gap was found to be

38.93 per cent among the mango growers

about value added techniques. Out of which

the highest awareness gap was found in

case of mango jelly (99.5 per cent), followed

by mango jam (97.0 per cent), mango

chocolate (95.0 per cent), mango juice powder (94.5 per cent), preservative for mango processing (87.0 per cent), mango

papad (75.0 per cent) and marketing of mango (48.0 per cent).

However, growers were found to be some

what aware about the making of value

added products (38.0 per cent), mango pulp (34.0 per cent) cold storage (32.5 per

cent), mango juice (22.5 per cent), sweet mango chutney (22.0 per cent), mango

ambo/iya (17.0 per cent), mango chhunda (

13.0 per cent), mango murabba (10.5 per

cent), mango nectar (9.0 per cent), packaging of mango (7.0 per cent), sweet

mango pickle (6.5 per cent), sour mango pickle (4.5 per cent), grading of mango

(3.0 per cent) and mango salad (2.0 per cent).

Adoption gap

Adoption is a decision to continue the full use of an innovation. Adoption gap refers

to the degree with which an individual exhibits a difference in the use of the

Table:l Distribution of mango growers according to their awareness gap about value added techniques. (N=100)

Sr. No. Value added techniques Awareness Gap 1 Value added products 38.00 2 Packaging of mango 7.00 3 Grading of mango 3.00 4 Mango pulp 34.00 5 Mango nectar 9.00 6 Mango juice 22.50 7 Mango juice powder 94.50 8 Mango jelly 99.50 9 Mango jam 97.00

10 Sour mango pickle 4.50 11 Sweet mango chutney 22.00 12 Mango chocolate 95.00 13 Sweet mango pickle 6.50 14 Mango papad 75.00 15 Mango sa/ad 2.00 16 Mango ambo/iya / kachumber 17.00 17 Mango chhunda 13.00 18 Mango murabba 10.50 19 Preservatives for mango processing 87.00 20 Cold storage 32.50 21 Marketing of mango 48.00

Composite awareness gap among mango growers 38.93


innovation. The data were analysed and are presented in Table 2.

The Table 2 reflects the overall adoption gap which was found to be 62.93 per cent among

the mango growers about value added

techniques for their house hold uses. A cent

per cent of adoption gap found in mango growers for making of mango chocolate,

preservative for mango processing, cold storage and marketing of mango for their

house hold use; followed by mango jelly and mango murabba (99 per cent), mango juice

powder (98.5 per cent), mango jam (98 per

cent), packaging of mango (86.5 per cent)

and mango papad (82.0 per cent).

However, mango growers were found to be

some what aware about the making of value

added products (57.0 per cent), mango jUice (55.5 per cent), mango nectar (54.5 per cent), grading of mango (47.0 per cent),

mango chunda (32.5 per cent), mango

kachumber (31.0 per cent), mango pulp (30.5 per cent), sweet mango chutney (21.0

per cent), sweet mango pickle (13.0 per cent), mango dry slice (11.0 per cent) and

sour mango pickle (5.5 per cent).

The same table also indicates the overall

awareness gap which was found to be ~O. 74 per cent among the mango growers about value added techniques targeted to the market. A cent per cent adoption gap of mango growers was found in making of

mango juice, mango juice powder, mango

jelly, mango jam, sour mango pickle, sweet

mango chutney, mango chocolate, sweet

mango pickle, mango papad, mango

kachumber, mango dry slice, mango chunda, mango murabba and preservatives for

mango processing, followed by mango pulp

(99.5 per cent), mango nectar (99.0 per cent), value added products (98.5 per cent), cold storage (98.0 per cent). Where as, the

Table:2 Distribution of mango growers according to their adoption gap regarding value added techniques used for household use and market purpose. (N=10QL_

Sr. No. Value added techniques Adoption Gap

House Hold Use Market Use 1 Value added products 57.0 98.5 2 Packaging of mango 86.5 51.0 3 Grading of mango 47.0 15.5 4 Mango pulp 30.5 99.5 5 Mango nectar 54.5 99.0 6 Mango juice 55.5 100.0 7 Mango jUice powder 98.5 100.0 8 Mango jelly 99.0 100.0 9 Mango jam 98.0 100.0 10 Sour mango pickle 5.5 100.0 11 Sweet mango chutney 21.0 100.0 12 Mango chocolate 100.0 100.0 13 Sweet mango pickle 13.0 100.0 14 Mango papad 82.0 100.0 15 Mango kachumber (salad) 31.0 100.0 16 Mango dry slice (amboliya) 11.0 100.0 17 Mango chunda 32.5 100.0 18 Mango murabba 99.0 100.0 19 Preservatives for mango processing 100.0 100.0 20 Cold storage 100.0 98.0 21 Marketing of mango 100.0 44.0

Composite adoption gap among mango growers 62.93 90.14, _


adoption gap was observed lower in packaging of mango (51 per cent), marketing of mango (44.0 per cent) and grading of mango (15.5 per cent).

CONCLUSION

,. The majority of the mango growers had awa'r,eness gap in making of mango jelly,

mango jam, mango chocolate, mango juice powder, preservative for mango processing,

mango papad, marketing of mango and making of value added products.

The majority of the mango growers had

adoption gap in making of mango chocolate, preservative for mango processing, use of

cold storage, marketing of mango, mango

jelly, mango murabba, mango jUice powder,

mango jam, packaging of mango and mango papad for their house hold use.

The majority of the mango growers had

adoption gap in making of mango jUice, mango juice powder, mango jelly, mango jam, sour mango pickle, sweet mango

chutney, mango chocolate, sweet mango pickle, mango papad, mango kachumber, mango dry slice, mango chunda, mango murabba and preservatives for mango

processing, followed by mango pUlp, mango nectar, value added products and cold

storage for their market use.

REFERENCE· Mayani, V. V. (1980). Existing knowledge

based on training needs of small farmers. GAU Res. Jr., VoI.2:25-30

Sengupta, T. C. (1967). A simple adoption

scale for selection of farmers for high yielding varieties programme of rice. Ind. Jr. Ext. Edn., Vol.3:107-115.

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