Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat) · Anonymous (1996).Annual report.Department of...

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Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat)Directorate of Extension Education

Anand Agricultural UniversityAnand-388 110, Gujarat, India

Gujarat Journal of

Extension EducationVol. : 26Issue : 2Year : 2015

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EDITORIAL BOARD(Gujarat Journal of Extension Education )

Chief Editor : Dr. M. R. Prajapati Prinicpal, C. P. College of Agriculture Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University SK Nagar-385506 Mo. : 99249 77250 Email: [email protected]

Associate Editors : Dr. N. V. Soni Associate Extension Educationist Publication Dept., DOEE, Anand Agricultural University Anand – 388 110 Mo. : 94278 56045 Email: [email protected]

Dr. M. R. Bhatt Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education N.M. College of Agriculture, NAU, Navsari-396450 Mo. : 99980 12219 Email: [email protected] Dr. V. T. Patel Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education C.P. College of Agriculture Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University SK Nagar-385506 Mo. : 99985 53060 Email: [email protected] Dr. J. B. Patel Associate Editor (Middle Gujarat Region & Other State) Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education B.A., College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University Anand – 388 110 Mo. : 94273 85081 Email: [email protected] Dr. V. J. Savaliya Assistant Professor, Dept. of Extension Education College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural Univeristy Junagadh-362001 Mo. : 94277 41952 Email: [email protected] Dr. J. K. Patel Associate Professor, Dairy Vigyan Kendra Dairy Science College, Anand Agricultural University Anand-388110 Mo. : 96012 79243 Email: [email protected]

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Guidelines to AuthorGujarat Journal of Extension Education

General rules

1 Gujarat Journal of Extension Education is published yearly by “Society of Extension Education”, Anand, which includes the articles contributed by the members of the association and invited articles of eminent researchers.

2 The journal publishes full- length papers, short communication based on new finding/approaches and review articles in English only.

3 The paper submitted for the publication in the journal should not contain material already published in any form or even a part of it offered for publication elsewhere.

4 Authors should submit a certificate duly signed by all authors to the effect that material contained has not been submitted elsewhere for publication.

5 All papers are published after peer review and thereafter approved by the Chief Editor.

6 Submission of paper (through online or offline with CD) does not guarantee its acceptance or publication in Gujarat Journal of Extension Education.

7 It is mandatory for all authors to be member of the Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat).

8 Copy of journal is provided free to all its members. Reprints of papers are not provided.

9 The research paper should contain only three author names. The research paper contains more than three names will not be accepted for publication.

Preparation of manuscript

1 Articles should not exceed 1 .5 double spaced typed pages including references, tables, figures etc.

2 Title of contribution should be short, specific and phrased to identify the content in the article and include the nature of the study. It must written in running letters with first letter capital.

3 The names and initials of the place where research was conducted should be given as the by-line.Any change in the address of correspondence address should be given in a footnote. AUTHORS NAME should be in capital letters.

4 Paper may be outlined under main heading- ABSTRACT, INTRODUCTION, METHOLOGY, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION if -any, -ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, REFERENCES etc should be in capitals.

5 Manuscript should be submitted in duplicate typed in 12 pt Times New Roman in double space throught on A4 size paper with a minimum 3 cm left margin and Soft copy will be required at thetime of submission of revised paper.

6 Abstract should not exceed 200 words. Key words upto six may be given beneath the abstract. 1 Where the methods are well known, citation of standard work would suffice.

8 The result may be supported by tables or graphics, wherever necessary. Self-explanatory tables should be on separate sheets, with appropriate titles. While referring in texts, the first letter in Table and Fig. should be capital with Fig. in short form.

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9 References should be cited chronologically in the text. All references in the text must be listed at the end of the paper, with names of the author arranged alphabetically; all entries in the text must correspond to references in the text.

10 The references should include the names of the authors, year, full title of the article, name of the journal, volume number and pages. In case of book and monographs etc. the name of publishers, place, and year with total number of pages should also be given. Journal title should be italic in abbreviated form Example :

Journal Article:

Munikishor, S., Chandargi, D.M. and Hirevenkanagoudar, L. V. (2008).Development of Scale to Measure the Attitude of Beneficiaries towards Sujala Watershed Project.Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 21(1): 144-145.

Whole book:

Federer, W.T. (1955). Experimental Desingns. The MacMillin Co., New York.

Book chapter:

Cochran, W.G. (1972). Sampling techniques.Wiley Eastern pvt.ltd., New Delhi. 87-107.

Report/Bulletin:

Anonymous (1996).Annual report.Department of Agricultural Statistics, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand.

11 Authors are requested to follow the international system of units for exact measurement of physical quantities.

12 All Correspondence should be addressed to : Dr. N.V. Soni Managing Editor Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Office of the Directorate of Extension Education Univeristy Bhavan, Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388110

Check List

1 Manuscript is typed in double space throughout in 12 pt Times New Roman

2 Title is written in running letters only.

3 AUTHORS NAME is capitalized

4 Main heading (ABSTRACT, METHODOLOGY, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, REFERENCES etc are capitalized.

5 Sub-heading are left aligned.

6 Check all reference cited in the text are in the reference and vice-versa.\

7 Give journal name in abbreviated forms in italic in the references.

8 Book title and report name are given in full

9 Tables and Fig are on separate page and numbered in the order in which discussed in the text.

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Form for enrollment

Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat)Proposal of Membership

• Name in full (Block letter) :

• Address :

Phone/Email :

• Date of Birth :

• Profession and present employment :

• Academic qualification :

• Societies of which already member :

• Amount paid :

Fee: Life Member : ` 1000, Corporate/Institutional Member : ` 2000/- for 10 years, Patrons (Individual or Institutional): ` 5000/-

Declaration by the Nominee

I hereby declare that I shall abide by the Statutes and Regulations of the Society of Extension Education and offer my cooperation in promoting its objectives.

Date:------------------------------- Signature----------------------------------------

I propose that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ be admitted as Life member of the Society of Extension Education.

Signature :

Name in full :

Address :

Date :

I second the above proposal for admission of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ to the Society of Extension Educa-

tion.

Signature :

Name in full :

Address :Date :All remittances and correspondence relating to subscription, membership, advertisement etc. should be addressed to Secretary-cum-Treasurer, Society of Extension Education, Office of Director of Extension Education, University Bhavan, Anand Agricultural University, Anand - 388 110, Gujarat. The Demand Draft should be issued in favour of ‘M S OF EXTENSION EDUCATION’ payable at Anand OR through money transfer to Central Bank of India A/c No. 1215785307, IFSC No. : CBIN0281262, (Branch Code : 1262) at Institute of Agri. Campus, Anand Branch, Anand - 388 110

website : www.gjoee.org email : [email protected]

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Our reviewers

• Dr. J. P. Sharma, Pricipal Scientist, IARI, New Delhi

• Dr. Dipak De, Prof. & Head, BHU, Varansi

• Dr. K. L. Dangi, Prof. & Head, MPUAP, Udaipur

• Dr. S. B. Shinde, Prof. & Head, MPKV, Rahuri

• Dr. S. K. Kher, Prof. & Head, Sher-E Kashmir Uni. of Agri. Sci. & Tech., jammu

• Dr. Nalin Khare, Prof. & Head, JNKV, Jabalpur

• Dr. M. L. Sharma, Prof. & Head, IGKVV,Raipur

• Dr. S. S. Shisodiya, Prof., Ext. Edu., MPUAT, Udaipur

• Dr. K. A. Thakkar, DEE, SDAU, S.K. Nagar

• Dr. B. T. Patel, Ex. DEE, GAU, Ahmedabad

• Dr. A. O. Kher, Ex DEE, GAU, Junagadh

• Dr. M.C. Soni, Ex DEE, SDAU, S.K. Nagar

• Dr. R. B. Patel, Ex DEE, NAU, Navsari

• Dr. V. V. Mayani, Ex. Ext. Educationist, AAU, Anand

• Dr. V. D. Joshi, Ex Prof., NAU, Navsari

• Dr. N.B. Chauhan, Prof. & Head, Ext. Edu. Dept., AAU, Anand

• Dr. P.R. Kanani, Prof. & Head, Ext. Edu. Dept., JAU, Junagadh

• Dr. R.D. Pandya, Prof. & Head, Ext. Edu. Dept., NAU, Navsari

• Dr. K. B. Kamaliya, Principal, Polytechnic in Food Sc. & Hom. Eco., AAU, Anand

• Dr. Y. R. Godasara, Librarian, AAU, Anand

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ANNOUNCEMENT

National Seminar onJointly Organised by Society of Extension Education, Gujarat &

Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujaraton

18-19 March 2016“Contemporary Innovations for Quantum Extension in Agricultural Development”

BACKGROUND

Agricultural extension in India is in transition. After several years of relentless efforts, extension has been witnessing renewed interest and policy attention during the last few years. It is also under pressure to reform its purpose and the way it is managed as well as to address the new challenges faced by Indian agriculture effectively. The science and technology development in agriculture has opened tremendous opportunities for income and employment generation. The empowerment and development of rural people and sensitization of research and extension systems about their roles and contributions are important for sustainable growth in agriculture. Different transfer of technology and methodologies are available now a days. Number of extension functionaries and organisations are making efforts to fulfil the changing needs of people. Keeping these in view, National Seminar on “Contemporary Innovations for Quantum Extension in Agricultural Development” ‘ is planned to provide a right forum for scientists, research scholars, students, development agents, farmers and farm leaders, policy makers and administrators to share their experience and expertise to support holistic as a sustainable development in agriculture.

THEMATIC AREAS :

1 Social media tools for the extension toolbox :

Social media is a powerful tool for communities which connect to their citizens. This article outlines various free social media tools available to communities to better connect with their citizens. The descriptions of these tools will help extension workers and communities to learn which social media outlet will best work for their community, how they can be used to reach out to citizens, and how they can be used to gather data about the community.

2 Harnessing of indigenous technical knowledge and farmer’s innovations for better livelihood :

This approach focuses on the indigenous knowledge developed by the farmers through their ingenuity, which are viable and sustainable for the solution of many agricultural and allied problems faced by them without neglecting the nature and culture.

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3 Use of ICT approach in extension

This approach focuses on subjective communication, distance education, rendering agriculture information, inputs and services through cyber linkages including kiosk, e-chopal etc. (Success story)

4 Extension strategies for changing scenario of agriculture :

The new roles and competency required by extension system for climate change, natural resource management, research studies on adaptation, orientation of farmers towards climate change, managing farmers innovation system and success stories of progressive farmers prevailing at grassroot level.

5 Livelihood security, poverty and gender discrimination :

Inclusive growth has been the main development objectives. Different policies, administrative activities and different organisation are playing a main role in livelihood development of people.

6 Networking for agricultural knowledge management :

Experiences, concerning issues and strategies related to convergence of pluralistic extension agencies and strengthening linkages and coordination, Public-private partnership in technology generation and dissemination, Field experiences in collective action, development of social capital, formation of collectives (SHGs, FIGs, CIGs, farmers’ organizations/Associations, etc.)

7 Impactoffirstlinetransferoftechnologies:

Technologies which are recommended by SAUs and implemented at the farmers’ fields through FLDs, OFT and ORP in the presence of SMSs of KVKs have great potential to disseminate in horizontal spread of agricultural innovations. These phenomena are playing the vital role for the enhancement of productivity and production as well in all the commodities of agriculture.

: CONTECT :Dr. P. R. Kanani Professor & Head

Department of Agril. Extension EducationCollege of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh-362 001 (Guj.)

Phone: 0285-2672080 (Epbx - 434,422)Fax: 0285-2670289 • Mobile: +919427423517

E- mail: [email protected]

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From Chief Editor’s Desk......

Technology has been a major factor in the rich- poor divide until now. We should now enlist technology as an ally in the movement for gender and social equity. This will call for a pro-poor, pro-women and pro-nature orientation to technology development and dissemination.

Bringing about positive changes in the society at large is herculean task – a subject of social engineering a blend of modern as well as indigenous technologies. There are five major component of development : (i) trained men power (ii) improved technologies (iii) extension methodologies (iv) management and (v) Marketing. The demand and market driven extension is a function of extension professionals as well as subject matter specialist ; the two sides of the same coin – agriculture development and growth based on economic as well as social intervention.

I am very happy to note that publication of Gujarat Journal of Extension Education is being brought out as a sincere commitment to the farmers’ community and the contributors of research papers. The contributors are to be commended for bestowing their attention, which is time consuming, towards contributing high quality research papers.

Indeed, we are extremely grateful to the contributors for their sincere dedication in contributing to the journal. We do hope that the keen interest shall be sustained in making the journal grow from strengthen to strengthen. We are sure that the journal shall be of significant help to all the readers. At the same time, we request our readers to provide feedback for improvement of journal.

My sincere thanks are due to Dr. P. P. Patel, Director of Extension Education and President of the Gujarat Society of Extension Education and all the members of the society for providing us this opportunity. I appreciate the efforts of my colleagues and associate editors Dr. N.V. Soni, Dr. V. T. Patel, Dr. J. B. Patel Dr. M. R. Bhatt, and Dr. V. J. Savaliya and Dr. J. K. Patel for their extensive efforts and available different sources finalized the articles. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. N. B. Chauhan, Dr. R. D. Pandya and Dr. P. R. Kanani for sharing their valuable experiences, insights and knowledge to make our journal recognized.

Hopefully this publication will prove useful for all those who are engaged and interested in up-liftment and advancement of agriculture and its farming community through suitable strategic extension approaches.

Your suggestions and comments are always welcome and we solicit the same.

(Dr. M.R.Prajapati) Chief Editor

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Society of Extension Education, Anand Gujarat

HAPPY TO ANNOUNCESHRI KHUSHALBHAI REVABHAI PATEL

MEDAL -CUM -CASH PRIZE(FROM: APRIL – 1992)

For the Students of B. Sc. (Agri.) of SAUs of Gujarat

: Contact : Seceretary

Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat)Directorate of Extension Education, University Bhavan

Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388110, Gujarat, IndiaPhone : 02692-261921, 225987

Statement showing the details for the award of “Khushalbhai Revabhai Patel Medal / cash Prize” for B.Sc. (Agri.) degree course examination of State Agricultural Universities of Gujarat in the subject of Extension Education for Securing Highest Grade Point in the Academic year 1992-2013.

Year Name of the Students University Centre1992 Solanki Gunvantsinh Hirasinh GAU Sardarkurshinagar1993 Upadhyay Jayeshkumar Babulal GAU Sardarkurshinagar1994 Marvanya Ajay Maganlal GAU Junagadh1994 Patel Shailesh Dalpatbhai GAU Navsari1995 Patel Dipakkumar Mafatbhai GAU Anand1996 Pandya Sandipkumar Bhanuprasad GAU Sardarkurshinagar1997 Surendrasinh Krshrisinh Chauhan GAU Anand1998 Moumita Nag GAU Anand1999 Chauhan Dilipsinh Arjunsinh GAU Sardarkurshinagar2000 Dixit Shital Anilkumar GAU Anand2001 Lakhana Rameshkumar Bhimaji GAU Junagadh2002 Kodapully Vikas Chandran GAU Sardarkurshinagar2004 Nair Santosh Parmeshwar GAU Navsari2005 Vikram Budharaja SDAU Sardarkurshinagar2006 Vinja Ranavaya JAU Junagadh2007 Abhishek Kumar SDAU Sardarkurshinagar2008 Jasani Himal Kamleshkumar JAU Junagadh2009 Dheeraj Singh Rathore JAU Junagadh2010 Deepa B. Hiremath AAU Anand2011 Tanvi Pal AAU Anand2012 Chauhan Surabhi Surendrasinh SDAU Sardarkurshinagar2013 Kavita Kumari SDAU Sardarkurshinagar

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CONTENTS

Sr. No.

Title Page No.

1 Development and Standardization of Attitude Scale of Farmers Towards Use of Mineral Mixture in CattleN. B. Chauhan, J. B. Patel and P. C. Patel

132

2 Constraints Faced by Small Scale Horticultural Nursery Growers in South GujaratA.G.Patel and H.U.Vyas

135

3 Training Needs of Tribal Farmwomen in Relation to Agriculture and Animal Husbandry ActivitiesMahesh R. Patel, Arun Patel and Bhavik Patel

138

4 Farmers’ Perception Towards Crop Insurance Scheme in MaharashtraSonawane H.P., Jadhav S. S and S. S. Neware

141

5 Scale Development to Measure Attitude of Farmers towards Krushi MahotsavS.P. Pandya, M.R.Prajapati and K.S.Patel

144

6 Farm Management Information System D.R. Kathiriya, R.S.Parmar and D.K.Parmar

147

7 Participation of Farm Women in Decision Making ProcessJ. J. Mistry, K. J. Vihol and G. J. Patel

151

8 Impact of Training Programme in Terms of Gain in Knowledge for Sustainable AgricultureB. N. Kalsariya, N. D. Bharad, and M.K. Jadeja

154

9 Training Needs of Tribal Women of Sabarkantha District Regarding Animal Husbandry PracticesR. N. Patel, M. M. Prajapati and V. T. Patel

158

10 Varietal Evaluation of Niger and Sunflower through Front Line Demonstrations in Konkan Region of MaharashtraMandavkar, P. M., Manjarekar, R. G. and M. S. Talathi

162

11 Training Need Assessment of Visitor Farmers of ATIC Regarding Groundnut Production TechnologyK.S.Patel, S.P.Pandya and M.R. Prajapati

165

12 Association between Personal Attributes of Farmers with Their Knowledge and Adoption of Green Gram Production Technology in Chhotaudaipur DistrictB.L.Dhayal, and B.M.Mehta

169

13 DynamicProfileoftheTribalLivestockOwnersandTheirAttitudeTowardsVaccinationinRuminantsP. C. Patel, J. B. Patel and N. R. Parmar

173

14 Suggestions to Overcome the Constraints Faced by the Farm Women in Adoption of No Cost and Low Cost Technology of Animal HusbandryB.M.Christian, N.B.Chauhan and S. N. Shah

178

15 Study of FPT and BE Students’ Knowledge, Anxiety and Attitude Towards ComputersK. C. Kamani and P. S. Parsania

180

16 Usefulness of Krushi Mahotsav Programmme for Pigeon pea GrowersArti N. Soni , Dipal. N.Soni and H.B.Patel

185

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17 Decision Making Pattern of Dairy Women Regarding Their Socio-Economic DevelopmentS.J. Parmar, J.G. Rathod and Nidhi

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18 Technological Gap in Adoption of Improved Cultivation Practices by Soybean GrowersA.H.Parikh N.V.Soni and J.K. Chaudhari

192

19 Personal and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Livestock Keepers in Dahod DistrictS. G. Vahora, G N Thorat and Dweep Ramjiyani

195

20 Sources of Information Used by Tribal Farm Women and Relationship with Their Contribution in Agriculture and Animal HusbandryMahesh R. Patel, Bhavik Patel and Arun Patel

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21 FactorsInfluencingtheJobSatisfactionofFieldExtensionFunctionariesDiksha Patel and A. J. Dhodia

202

22 Mechanization in Agriculture with Respect to Potato and Groundnut CropsBipin A. Sutariya, J. J. Mistry and V. M. Patel

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23 Knowledge and Attitude of Tribal Farmers of Valsad District Towards Integrated Nutrient ManagementL.T.Kapur, A.R.Patel and K.A.Patel

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24 Awareness Among Farmers About KVK Working as Knowledge Resource Centre in Dang District of South GujaratS. D. Kavad, D. B. Bhoi and V. K. Desai

214

25 Knowledge of Farmers Regarding Wheat Production TechnologyB.M.Christian, N.B.Chauhan and A.R.Macwan

219

26 AdoptionofFarmersAboutScientificCultivationofMaizeinPanchmahalandDahodDistrictK.H.Patel, U.M.Patel and S.M. Khanorkar

223

27 Study on Management System of Pigs in GujaratV.P. Belsare, R. K. Mishra and K. B. Kamaliya

228

28 Knowledge and Adoption of Wheat Production Technology by the Farmers of Sabarkantha DistrictJ. J. Mistry, K. J. Vihol and G. J. Patel

231

29 Watershed Management by Tribal Farmers of Navsari District of South Gujarat Through No- Cost and Low-Cost TechnologiesNiraj . G. Patel and N. M. Chauhan

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30 Adoption of No Cost and Low Cost Technology of Animal Husbandry by Farm WomenB.M.Christian and N.B.Chauhan

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31 Training Needs Perceived by Dairy Farmers Regarding Dairy and Animal Husbandry PracticesS. G. Vahora, G N Thorat and Dweep Ramjiyani

244

32 Package of Practices of the Market Oriented Cultivation of Summer Cabbage Followed by the FarmersDesai, J.D., Solanki, K.D. and Patel, P.P.

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Guj. J. Ext. Edu. Vol. 26 : Issue 2 : December 2015

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INTRODUCTION

Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals by human for profit, in which genetic qualities and behaviour, considered to be advantageous to human, are further developed. The term can refer to the practice of selectively breeding and raising livestock to promote desirable traits in animals for utility, sport, pleasure or research. Animal husbandry has been practiced for thousands of years since the first domestication of animals. Mineral Mixture is a mixture of various major mineral & trace elements viz. calcium, phosphorous, iron, zinc, magnesium etc. Remarkable difference in mineral contents of soil in hilly terrain, tribal belt and coastal area is noted. Mineral content in soil has its effect on fodder and lastly on health of milch animals and milk production. In order to maintain animal in good health, we have supplemented mineral deficiencies by adding mineral mixture in cattle feed. It is advantageous because it’s helpful in improving reproductive performance & conception, Enhances hoof health, increases calving rates and calf vigor, Improves milk production & milk fat %, maintain and maximize the milk yields, Choline for optimum health and production potential, better fat metabolism and liver function, reduces stress in animals, improves health and performance, improves immunity, disease resistance and reduces failure. To understand the feeling of the farmers

towards such important component, there was no any well developed scale to study positive or negative disposition towards its utility. Considering this, the present study was planned to construct the scale to measure the attitude of farmers towards use of mineral mixture in cattle.

METHODOLOGY

In the present study, attitude is operationalized as positive or negative feeling of farmers towards the use of mineral mixture in cattle. Among the techniques available ‘Scale product method’ which combines the Thurstone’s technique (1928) of equal appearing interval scale for selection of items and Likert’s technique (1932) of summated rating for ascertaining the response on the scale as proposed by Eysenck and Crown (1949) was used.

Statement Collection

The items of attitude scale are called as statements. In initial stage, 24 statements reflecting feelings of the farmers towards the use of mineral mixture in cattle were collected from relevant literature and discussion with experts of extension discipline. The collected statements were edited according to the criteria laid down by Edward (1957) and then 24 statements were selected as they were found to be unambiguous.

Development and Standardization of Attitude Scale of Farmers Towards Use of Mineral Mixture in Cattle

N. B. Chauhan1, J. B. Patel2 and P. C. Patel3

1 Professor and Head, Department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand - 3881102 Associate Professor, Department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand - 388110

3 P. G. Student, Department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand - 388110E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to develop and standardize the reliable and valid scale, to measure attitude of farmers towards use of mineral mixture. Appropriate statistical methods ‘Scale product method’ was used, which combines Thurston and Likert techniques. Twenty four statements were selected for judgment; a panel of 50 judges was requested to assign the score for each statement on five point continuum. Based on the scale (median) and Q values, twelve statements were finally selected to constitute attitude of farmers towards use of mineral mixture.

Keywords: Attitude, Use of mineral mixture, Scale product method


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Statement Analysis

In order to judge the degree of ‘Unfavorableness’ to ‘Favorableness’ of each statement on the five point equal appearing interval continuum, a panel of judges was selected. Fifty slips of the selected statements were handed over to the experts connected with extension educational work. The judges were requested to judge each statement in terms of their most agreement or most disagreement with the statements with the five equal appearing interval continuums. Out of these experts, all the experts returned the statements after duly recording their judgments and were considered for the analysis.

Determination of scale values

0.50 - ∑PbS = L +–––––––––– x i Pw

Based on judgment, the median value of the distribution and the S value for the statement concerned were calculated with the help of

The inter-quartile range (Q = Q3 - Q1) for each statement was also worked out. Only those statements were selected whose median values were greater than Q value. When a few statements had the same scale values, the statements having lowest Q Values were selected. Thurstone and Chave (Edwards, 1957) described another criteria in addition to Q as a basis for rejecting statement in scales constructed by the method of the equal appearing interval. Accordingly when a few items had the same scale values, the item having lowest Q Values were selected. The final selected statement showing attitude are given in Table 1.

Administration of the scale (Scoring technique)

For application of the scale, the researcher can collect information against each 12 statements in five point continuum viz. ’Strongly agree’, ‘Agree’, ‘Undecided’, ’Disagree’ and ‘Strongly disagree’ with weighted score of 5,4,3,2 and 1 for positive and reverse to negative statements.

Reliability of the scale

To know the consistency of the scale, reliability was worked out. The split-half technique was used to measure the reliability of the scale. Selected 12 attitudinal statements were divided into two equal halves with 6 (Six) odd and 6 (Six) even numbered statements. Each of the two sets was

treated as separate scales having obtained two score, for each of the 20 respondents. Co-efficient of reliability between the two sets of score was calculated by Rulon’s formula (Guilford 1954), which was 0.80.

Table 1: Final selected statements to measure attitude of the farmers towards the Use of mineral mixture

Sr. No Statements Scale

Value Q value

1 I trust adopting mineral mix-ture for milch animals. (+) 1.30 1.05

2

I believe that there is more propaganda about the use of mineral mixture as animal feed than truth. (-)

3.00 0.99

3I think that mineral mixture helps to feed crucial minerals to milch animals. (+)

1.42 1.28

4I believe that use of mineral mixture helps boosting milk yield in animals. (+)

1.50 1.18

5I think use of mineral mixture helps in making animal bones stronger. (+)

1.60 1.36

6I would like to advise my children to use mineral mix-ture for milch animals. (+)

1.70 1.34

7Use of mineral mixture en-sures higher fertility rate in milch animals. (+)

2.06 0.78

8 Use of mineral mixture re-duces animal stress. (+) 2.30 1.39

9

I think that progressive live-stock owner is one who uses mineral mixture for animal feed. (+)

2.38 0.18

10I believe that health of milch animals can be improved fast-er using mineral mixture. (+)

2.70 0.50

11I believe that vigour of milch animal can be increased using mineral mixture. (+)

3.50 2.84

12I think using mineral mixture for milch animals is feasible only to rich farmers. (+)

3.79 1.96

Validity of the scale

The validity of content of scale was examined by discussing with specialists of the extension and statistics. Specialists examined and realized appropriateness of the


134

each statement to measure the feeling of farmers towards the use of mineral mixture in cattle.

Administration of the scale (Scoring technique)

For application of the scale, the researcher can collect information against each 12 statements in five point continuum viz. ’Strongly agree’, ‘Agree’, ‘Undecided’, ’Disagree’ and ‘Strongly disagree’ with weighted score of 5,4,3,2 and 1 for positive and reverse to negative statements.

CONCLUSION

From the various methods available for constructing the attitude scale, scale product method’ which combines the Thurstone’s technique of equal appearing interval scale, for selection of items and Likert’s technique of summated rating for ascertaining the response on the scale as proposed by Eysenck and Crown was used to measure the attitude of farmers towards use of mineral mixture.

REFERENCES

Edward, A. L. 1957. Techniques of attitude scale construction, Appleton Century Crofts, Inc., New York.

Eysenck, H. J. and Crown, S. 1949. An Experimental study in opinion Attitude Methodology. Int.J. of

Attitude Res. 3: 47-86.

Guilford, J. P. 1954. Psychometric Methods. Tata McGraw- Hill Publication Co. Ltd., Bombay: 378-382.

Likert, R. A. 1932. A Technique for the measurement of attitude. Archives of Psychology, New York.140

Patel, M. C. and Chauhan, N. B. 2010. Construction of attitude scale to measure agricultural risk orientation, Karnataka J. Agri. Sci., 23 (2): 392-393, ISSN0972-1061

Paul, S., Panjabi, N. K. and Paul, N. (2001) Attitude of tribal’s towards cross breed cattle rearing. Maharashtra Journal of Extension Education, XX : 32-35

Quddus, M. A. (2012). Adoption of dairy farming technologies by small farm holders: practices and constraints. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science. 41(2) : 124- 135

Thurston, L. L. and Chave , E. G.1928. The measurement of attitude, Chicago University Press, USA. : 39-40.

Received : September 2015 : Accepted : December 2015


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INTRODUCTION

Horticulture accounts for 30% of India’s agricultural GDP (Gross Domestic Product) from 8.5% of the cropped area and it is a priority sector in agriculture by virtue of its potential in improving the socio-economical conditions of the farmers. The erratic rainfall pattern and excessive humidity created problem for efficient utilization of immense potential of horticultural crop in Gujarat. In era of commercial and high value agriculture, horticulture crops are front runners for betterment of small and marginal farmer in the Gujarat.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To find the constraints faced by the small scale horticultural nursery growers in management efficiency of horticultural nursery.

(ii) To seek the suggestions from the small scale horticultural nursery growers to overcome the constraints faced by them in management efficiency of horticultural nursery.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in South Gujarat

region. Out of seven districts of South Gujarat, Navsari and Valsad districts were purposively selected for the study because these two districts are the leading horticultural nursery crops growing districts of South Gujarat. Vansda taluka and Valsad taluka were selected purposively from Navsari and Valsad district, respectively because in these talukas, villages farmers were engaged in small scale horticultural nursery business. Doldha and Kamboya villages from Vansda taluka while Bhomapardi and Ronvel villages from Valsad taluka were purposively selected for the study because in these villages of Vansda and Valsad taluka, most of the farmers doing small scale horticultural nursery business. A random sampling technique was followed for selection of respondents from selected village. Thereafter, 25 farmers from each village were selected randomly. Thus, total 100 small scale horticultural nursery growers were selected as respondents from four selected villages.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Constraints faced by small scale horticultural nursery growers

Constraints in management efficiency of

Constraints Faced by Small Scale Horticultural Nursery Growers in South Gujarat

A.G.Patel1 and H.U.Vyas2

1 P.G. Student, N. M. College of Agriculture, NAU, Navsari - 3964502 Associate Professor, DEE, NAU, Navsari - 396450

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The present investigation was carried out in the Navsari and Valsad districts of south Gujarat to know the constraints faced by the small scale horticultural nursery growers in small scale horticultural nursery business. Majority of small scale horticultural nursery growers faced constraints of non-availability of labours as first ranked position, followed by high cost of labours, irregular supply of electricity, irregular supply of irrigation, lack of knowledge about plant protection were ranked second, third, fourth and fifth position, respectively. Valuable suggestions given by small scale horticultural nursery growers were prices of inputs should be minimized as first ranked followed by good and healthy planting material should be provided at proper time, sufficient electric power should be available for long time sufficient irrigation water should be available at proper time, sufficient knowledge should be provided regarding plant protection were ranked at second, third, fourth and fifth position, respectively.

Keywords: Constraints, Suggestions, Management efficiency,. Nursery growers


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horticultural nursery never end. However they can be minimized. The respondents were requested to express the constraints faced by small scale horticultural nursery growers in management efficiency of horticultural nursery. Frequency and percentage for each constraint was calculated and on that basis, the constraints were ranked and presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Constraints faced by respondents in management efficiency of small scale horticultural nursery n = 100

Sr. No. Constraints Number Per cent Rank

1 Non-availability of labours 90 90.00 I

2 High cost of labours 86 86.00 II3 Irregular supply of

electricity 76 76.00 III

4 Irregular supply of irrigation 68 68.00 IV

5 Lack of knowledge about plant protection 60 60.00 V

6 High cost of inputs 54 54.00 VI7 Unavailability of

planting material at proper time

50 50.00 VII

8 High cost of transportation 48 48.00 VIII

9 Lack of timely technical advice 37 37.00 IX

10 Non-availability of credit in time 22 22.00 X

As seen from the Table 1, majority of small scale horticultural nursery growers faced constraints of non-availability of labours (90.00 per cent) as I ranked, high cost of labours (86.00 per cent) ranked II, irregular supply of electricity (76.00 per cent) ranked III, Irregular supply of irrigation (68.00 per cent) ranked IV, lack of knowledge about plant protection (60.00 per cent) ranked V, high cost of inputs (54.00 per cent) ranked VI, unavailability of planting material at proper time (50.00 per cent) ranked VII, high cost of transportation (48.00 per cent) ranked VIII, lack of timely technical advice (37.00 per cent) ranked IX and non-availability of credit in time (22.00 per cent) ranked X. The result presented here is partially matched with the previous results of Shitre (2010) and Patel et al. (2013).

Suggestions offered by small scale horticultural nursery growers

An attempt was also made to ascertain suggestions from small scale horticultural nursery growers to overcome

various constraints faced by them in management efficiency of horticultural nursery. The respondents were requested to offer their valuable suggestions against difficulties faced by them in management efficiency of horticultural nursery. The data were collected and summarized in Table 2.

Table 2: Suggestions given by respondents toovercome constraints faced by them n = 100

Sr. No. Suggestions Number Per cent Rank

1 Price of input should be minimized 89 89.00 I

2 Good and healthy planting material should be provided at proper time

80 80.00 II

3 Sufficient electric power should be available for long time

65 65.00 III

4 Sufficient irrigation water should be available at proper time

54 54.00 IV

5 Sufficient knowledge should be provided regarding plant protection

48 48.00 V

6 Timely technical advice should be provided to the farmers

43 43.00 VI

7 Training on new technologies should be imparted to the farmers

41 41.00 VII

8 Guidance should be provided to adopt proper cultivation practices

21 21.00 VIII

9 Regular and timely visit of the farm should be necessary by horticultural officer

18 18.00 IX

10 Low cost farm mechanization is required

15 15.00X

The data depicted in Table 2 shown that prices of inputs should be minimized (89.00 per cent) ranked I, good and healthy planting material should be provided at proper time (80.00 per cent) ranked II, sufficient electric power should be available for long time (65.00 per cent) ranked III, sufficient irrigation water should be available at proper time (54.00 per cent) ranked IV, sufficient knowledge should be provided regarding plant protection (48.00 per cent) ranked V, timely technical advice should be provided to the farmers (43.00 per cent) ranked VI, training on new technologies


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should be imparted to the farmers (41.00 per cent) ranked VII, guidance should be provided to adopt proper cultivation practices (21.00 per cent) ranked VIII, regular and timely visit of the farm should be necessary by horticultural officer (18.00 per cent) ranked IX, Low cost farm mechanization is required (15.00 per cent) ranked X. The result presented here is partially in concurrence with the previous results of Badhe (2009), Darandale (2010) and Shitre (2010).

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that constraints faced by small scale horticultural nursery growers were non-availability of labours was ranked at first position, followed by high cost of labours, irregular supply of electricity, irregular supply of irrigation, lack of knowledge about plant protection were ranked at second, third, fourth and fifth position, respectively. whereas suggestions given by small scale horticultural nursery growers were prices of inputs should be minimized was ranked at first position, good and healthy planting material should be provided at proper time, sufficient electric power should be available for long time sufficient irrigation water

should be available at proper time, sufficient knowledge should be provided regarding plant protection were ranked at second, third, fourth and fifth position, respectively.

REFERENCES

Badhe, D. K. (2009). A study on adoption of recommended production technology of brinjal by brinjal growers in Anand district of Gujarat state. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished) submitted to A.A.U., Anand.

Darandale, A. A. (2010). A study on management efficiency of cotton growers in Vadodara district of Gujarat State. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished) submitted to A.A.U., Anand.

Patel, R. R.., Thakkar, K. A., Bindage, A. B. and Patel, V. M. (2013). Constraints of vegetable growers in north Gujarat. Guj. J. Ext. Edu., 24: 68-73.

Shitre, V. R. (2010). A study on adoption of recommended production technology of potato by potato growers in Anand district of Gujarat state. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished) submitted to A.A.U., Anand.

Received : August 2015 : Accepted : November 2015


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INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the largest industry in India contributing to the source of livelihood for over 70 per cent of population. Agricultural production plays a significant role in the Indian economy. In India, women and agriculture seem synonymous terms. One can not think of agriculture without women. There is hardly any activity in agriculture except ploughing, where women are not involved. In some of the activities, she is relatively more efficient than man. Dahod is one of the ITDP areas of Gujarat State, where various administrative measures have been adopted through large number of tribal development and welfare programmes under Tribal Area Sub Plan (TASP). Since, independence huge fund have been diverted by the Central and State Government through different agencies with a view to uplift their living standard and bringing them into the main stream of nation. Even after lapses of more than 50 years of independence the progress of tribal farmwoman is not yet upto the level of expectation in the field of agriculture and animal husbandry as she is continued to be in a state of neglect. Being illiterate

and ignorant, she is over exploited. A victim of man made system, she is hardly considered equal to man in wage and social status. Keeping in view the above said facts and information about the tribal farmwoman’s situation and her multiple roles in agriculture and animal husbandry a study on “Training needs of tribal farmwomen in relation to agriculture and animal husbandry activities” was undertaken.

OBJECTIVE

To know the training needs of tribal farmwomen in relation to agriculture and animal husbandry activities

METHODOLOGY

The present study was undertaken in Integrated Tribal Development Project areas of Dahod district of Gujarat in 2006. Out of seven talukas of the district, five talukas namely (1) Dahod (2) Zalod (3) Limkheda (4) Garbada and (5) Dhanpur were selected purposively for this study. Out of total villages of each selected taluka, two villages were randomly selected comprising total ten villages from five

Training Needs of Tribal Farmwomen in Relation to Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Activities

Mahesh R. Patel1, Arun Patel2 and Bhavik Patel3

1 Associate Extension Educationist, EEI, AAU, Anand - 3881102 Director, EEI, AAU, Anand - 388110

3 PG Student, Department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand - 388110Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Agricultural production plays a significant role in the Indian economy. In India, women and agriculture seem synonymous terms. One can not think of agriculture without women. There is hardly any activity in agriculture except ploughing, where women are not involved. The tribal farmwoman shares with her husband the arduous burden of farm work in addition to her major responsibility as home maker, by helping in all other agricultural operations. Keeping this fact in mind, the present study was carried out to find out the areas of training needs of tribal farmwomen in relation to agriculture and animal husbandry activities. The result of the study revealed that areas of training needs expressed by the tribal respondents in the field of agriculture were identification of common pest and diseases and its control, method and time of fertilizer application, treatment of seeds, method of treatment, storage of food grains, preparation of farmyard manure, selection of seed, uprooting of the seedlings and distance of sowing in sequential order. It is also observed that areas of training needs expressed by respondents in the field of animal husbandry were awareness about primary treatment of common diseases, management of milch animals, planning of animal feed, storage and cultivation of fodder crops, importance of water for animals, preparation of good curd and ghee, symptoms of animals during heat, information about artificial insemination, care of cross bred cows, methods of milking in sequential order.

Keywords: Training needs, Tribal farmwomen


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selected talukas kof ITDP Dahod. From each village, 20 respondents were selected randomly, thus, total sample of 200 respondents were selected for the present study.

The interview schedule was prepared keeping in

view the objectives of the study. The interview schedule was

translated in to Gujarati language and pre-tested in the field

on a separate 20 non-sampled respondents. On the basis of

pre-testing, necessary modifications were made in the final

draft and used as the instrument for data collection.

The areas of training needs in the present study,

refers to the various areas of agriculture and animal husbandry

in which the tribal farmwomen find themselves deficient in

knowledge and would like to be trained in for enhancing

their competence while agricultural and animal husbandry

activities. With a view to identify the areas of training needs,

a list of 19 specific items of training needs was prepared

initially based on literature available and from discussion

with extension experts. Before finalizing the items of training

needs for inclusion in final schedule an informal interview

with a group of about 20 tribal farmwomen other than the

respondents of the study had been arranged. The scores were

assigned to the training needs expressed by the respondents.

They were requested to rate each of them either of three

response categories viz., most needed, needed and not needed

having weightage of 2, 1 and 0, respectively. The scores, thus

obtained for each areas of training need were summed up, the

total scores under any suggestions were divided by the total

number of respondents to calculate the mean score. Ranking

of training need was done on the basis of this mean score.


For the improvement of existing level of contribution

of tribal farmwomen in agricultural operations and animal

husbandry activities, it was felt necessary to know their

expectations regarding some of the areas in which they were

interested for training. The information was collected and

presented in Table 1. Training need was calculated on the

basis of mean score and rank.

The data presented in Table 1 revealed that areas of training needs expressed by the tribal farmwomen in the field of agriculture were identification of common pest and diseases and its control (rank I), method and time of fertilizer application (rank II), treatment of seeds (rank III), method of treatment (rank IV), storage of food grains (rank V), preparation of farmyard manure (rank VI), selection of seed (rank VII), uprooting of the seedlings (rank VIII) and distance of sowing (rank IX). With a view to bring improvement in animal husbandry, tribal farmwomen were requested to give their views regarding important areas of training needs in animal husbandry. Such information had been presented in Table 1.

Table 1 : Areas of training needs of respondents in relation to agriculture and animal husbandry activities n = 200

Sr. No.

Area/subject/field Mean score

Rank

(A) Agriculture 1 Selection of seed 1.45 VII2 Treatment of seed 1.68 III3 Method of treatment 1.66 IV4 Distance of sowing 0.95 IX5 Uprooting of seedlings 1.29 VIII6 Preparation of farm yard manure 1.57 VI7 Method and time of fertilizer

application 1.75 II

8 Identification of common pests and disease and its control

1.90 I

9 Storage of food grains 1.62 V(B) Animal husbandry

1 Management of milch animals 1.69 II2 Methods of milking 0.85 X3 Planning of animal feed 1.59 III4 Awareness about primary treatment

of common diseases 1.87 I

5 Symptoms of animals during heat 1.30 VII6 Information about artificial

insemination0.99 VIII

7 Storage and cultivation of fodder crops

1.54 IV

8 Importance of water for animals 1.53 V9 Preparation of good curd and ghee 1.44 VI10 Care of cross bred cows 0.96 IX

The data presented in Table 1 revealed that areas of training needs expressed by respondents in the field of animal husbandry were awareness about primary treatment of common diseases (rank I), management of milch animals (rank II), planning of animal feed (rank III), storage and


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cultivation of fodder crops (rank IV), importance of water for animals (rank V), preparation of good curd and ghee (rank VI), symptoms of animals during heat (rank VII), information about artificial insemination (rank VIII), care of cross bred cows (rank IX), methods of milking (rank X).

From the foregoing discussion, it can be concluded that, areas of training needs expressed by tribal farmwomen in the field of agriculture were identification of common pest and diseases and its control, method and time of fertilizer application, treatment of seeds, method of treatment, storage of food grains, preparation of farmyard manure, selection of seed, uprooting of the seedlings and distance of sowing, whereas in the field of animal husbandry, expected areas of training needs were awareness about primary treatment of common diseases, management of milch animals, planning of animal feed, storage and cultivation of fodder crops, importance of water for animals, preparation of good curd and ghee, symptoms of animals during heat, information about artificial insemination, care of cross bred cows, methods of milking.

This finding was in concurrence with Shah (1997) and Patel (1998).

CONCLUSION

It is concluded from the study that Areas of training needs expressed by the tribal farmwomen in

the field of agriculture were identification of common pest and diseases and its control (rank I), method and time of fertilizer application (rank II), treatment of seeds (rank III), method of treatment (rank IV), storage of food grains (rank V), preparation of farmyard manure (rank VI), selection of seed (rank VII), uprooting of the seedlings (rank VIII) and distance of sowing (rank IX).

Areas of training needs expressed by respondents in the field of animal husbandry were awareness about primary treatment of common diseases (rank I), management of milch animals (rank II), planning of animal feed (rank III), storage and cultivation of fodder crops (rank IV), importance of water for animals (rank V), preparation of good curd and ghee (rank VI), symptoms of animals during heat (rank VII), information about artificial insemination (rank VIII), care of cross bred cows (rank IX), methods of milking (rank X).

REFERENCES

Patel, J. G. (1998). Indigenous resource management by tribal farmwomen in Vadodara district of Gujarat state. Ph. D. thesis (Unpub), GAU, Anand.

Shah, U. B. (1997). Study on knowledge and role performance of tribal farmwomen in mixed farming in Vadodara district of Gujarat state, M. Sc. (Agri.) thesis (Unpub.), GAU, Anand.



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INTRODUCTION

Crop insurance is one alternative to manage risk in yield loss by the farmers. It is the mechanism to reduce the impact of income loss on the farmer (family and farming). Crop insurance is a means of protecting farmers against the variations in yield resulting from uncertainty of practically all natural factors beyond their control such as rainfall (drought or excess rainfall), flood, hails, other weather variables (temperature, sunlight, wind), pest infestation, etc. Crop insurance is a financial mechanism to minimize the impact of loss in farm income by factoring in a large number of uncertainties which affect the crop yields. As such it is a risk management alternative where production risk is transferred to another party at a cost called premium. The weather based crop insurance uses weather parameters as proxy for crop yield in compensating the cultivators for deemed crop losses. It provides a good alternative both to farmers and government. Farmers get on actuarially fair insurance with swift payments at little administrative costs to the government. Rainfall insurance is a specific form of weather insurance. As such weather insurance is not yield insurance while crop insurance is. In both the cases cultivators pass risk in yield to another party for a premium.

METHODOLOGY

The level of perception towards Crop Insurance

Scheme was measured by means of respondents response towards thirteen statements asked them through schedule. Farmers answers towards each statement were studied by means of agree, somewhat agree and dis-agree format independently. Scores assigned were 2, 1 and 0 for agree, somewhat agree and disagree respectively. The total score for each respondent were worked out and was considered as an indicator of perception of individual towards Crop Insurance Scheme.

On the basis of total score obtained, the selected respondents were grouped into three categories by equal interval method. The Pune District was purposively selected for the study as more beneficiaries of Crop Insurance Scheme are located in Pune and the tahsils selected were Bhor, Khed, Junnar and Ambegaon. Data were collected by contacting the respondent personally through structural interview schedule by keeping the view of objectives of the study. Total 120 respondents were selected purposively.


The level of perception towards Crop Insurance Scheme was measured by means of respondents response towards twelve statements asked them through schedule. The data regarding perception of the respondents towards Crop Insurance Scheme were obtained and they were grouped into three different categories. The distribution is given in Table-1

Farmers’ Perception Towards Crop Insurance Scheme in Maharashtra

Sonawane H.P.1, Jadhav S. S2 and S. S. Neware

1 Assistant Professor (Agril. Extn), College of Agriculture – Pune (MS)2 Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Extension Education, MPKV, Rahuri (MS)

3 Junior Research Assistant, College of Agriculture – Pune (MS)Email :

ABSTRACT

The main objective of Crop Insurance Scheme is to provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of prevented sowing and failure of any of the notified crop as a result of natural calamities, pests & diseases. Hence, it is necessary to know insurance products adopted and constraints of respondents and communicate feedback and suggestion of farmers to the government, policy makers and insurance companies. Therefore, the study entitled “Farmers’ perception towards crop insurance scheme in Pune district” was undertaken. The study was conducted with 120 respondents from Bhor, Khed, Junnar and Ambegaon tahsils of Pune district. It was also observed that, the respondents had low perception towards Crop Insurance Scheme.

Keywords: Crop Insurance Scheme, Farmers’ Perception


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Table 1 : Level of perception toward crop insurance scheme n=120

Sr. No. Statements

Agree Somewhat Agree

Disagree

No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent

1 Availability of information regarding CIS is decent 06 05.00 38 31.66 76 63.33

2 Adoption Process of CIS is not difficult 54 45.00 39 32.50 27 22.50

3 Premium rate is not reasonable 01 00.83 41 34.16 78 65.00

4 All crops should be incurred 97 80.83 23 19.16 00 00.00

5 Compensation offered in CIS is worthwhile 05 04.16 49 40.83 66 55.00

6 Required time of getting compensation is not manageable 57 47.50 34 28.33 29 24.16

7 Functioning of Financial institutions were good 18 15.00 27 22.50 75 62.50

8 Farmers willingness should not be taken under consider-ation 51 42.50 41 34.16 28 23.33

9 Individual assessment should not be followed in the scheme 02 01.66 29 24.16 89 74.16

10 Security level should be increased up to 60-100 92 76.66 27 22.50 01 00.83

11 Assessment should be followed/supervised by representa-tive individually 75 62.50 39 32.50 06 05.00

12 Availability of the scheme should be in reach of everyone 69 57.50 46 38.33 05 04.16

Near about 63.34 per cent respondents were claimed concerning about low information available to the farmers regarding Crop Insurance Scheme. Nearly half (45.00 per cent) of the respondents were given satisfactory response when they were inquired about the adoption process of Crop Insurance Scheme. 65.00 per cent respondents were satisfied about the premium rate charged in the scheme at present. 80.84 per cent respondents argued that all crop should be involved in the Crop Insurance Scheme. 80.84 per cent respondents argued that all crop should be involved in the Crop Insurance Scheme. Nearly half (47.50 per cent) of the respondents were given unsatisfactory response when they were asked about the time required to get the compensation of Crop Insurance Scheme. 62.50 per cent respondents were unsatisfied about the financial institution functioning in respect to schemes provided by them. Majority (42.5 per cent) of the respondents discuss that, farmers willingness should be taken under consideration. Nearly three fourth (74.16 per cent) of the respondents were in the side of individual assessment should

be followed in the scheme for the individual economic justice. Security level adjusted in the scheme, 76.66 per cent respondents were unsatisfied about the same. 62.50 per cent respondents show positive response towards supervision of the institution officer. More than half (57.50 per cent) of the respondents were agree about the scheme should be available easy to the farmers.

Respondent’s perception towards Crop Insurance Scheme

It refers to respondent’s knowledge regarding Crop Insurance Scheme through different senses/sources. The level of perception towards Crop Insurance Scheme was measured by means of respondents response towards twelve statements asked them through schedule. The data regarding perception of the respondents towards Crop Insurance Scheme were obtained and they were grouped into three different categories. The distribution is given in Table- 11.


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Table 2: Distribution of the respondents according to their perception towards Crop Insurance Scheme n=120

Sr. No. Perception (score)

Number Percent-age

1 Low ( Up to 13 ) 71 59.162 Medium ( 14 to 19 ) 37 30.843 High ( 20 and above ) 12 10.00

It is revealed from the Table-2 that, 59.16 per cent of the respondents have low perception towards Crop Insurance Scheme. Low perception followed by medium perception (30.84 per cent) and high perception (10.00 per cent). These findings are similar to findings of Sinha (2007) and Barah et al. (2011).

CONCLUSION

As the perception of the Crop Insurance Scheme is low, in order to enhance adoption of Crop Insurance Scheme, there is urgent need to increase awareness by way of giving through mass media of communication and seminars, farmer rally, exhibitions, advertisements etc. To increase the participation and adoption of the Crop Insurance Scheme, indemnity level of the Crop Insurance Scheme should be

raised from present 50 per cent to 100 per cent.

REFERENCES

Barah, B.C. and W.L. Johanson. (2011). Risk management tool: crop insurance in England. Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science. 18(1): 63-69.

Bhende, M.J. (2002). An analysis of Crop Insurance Scheme in Karnataka. Bangalore: Agricultural Development and Rural Transformation Unit, Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC). Discussion paper no. 37.

Deshpande, R.S. and Nagesh Prabhu. (2005). Farmer’s Distress – Proof beyond Question. EPW, Vol. XL : 44- 45

Fulzele, D.B., M.R. Choudhary and S.R. Khonde. (2003). Characteristics profile of the farmers and its relationship with agriculture information utilization in rainfed area. Maharashtra Journal of Extension Education. 22(1): 85-88.

Sinha, S. (2007). Agriculture Insurance in India. Centre for Insurance and Risk Management Working Paper Series. : 7-20.



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INTRODUCTION

Attitude is often defined as a tendencyto react towards a designated class of stimuli such as an idea, technology, customor an institution. For the purpose of this study, the definition of attitude refers to the degree of favorableness or unfavourableness towards Krushi Mahotsav as responded by the farmers.

The success, progress and development or failure of any social reforms or development programme mainly depends on peoples’ attitude toward it. Thurstone (1946) defined an attitude as the degree of positive or negative affect associated with some psychological object. In this study attitude was conceptualized as beneficiary farmers’ degree of favourable or unfavourabledisposition towards Krushi Mahotsav. Attitude towards Krushi Mahotsav has been reported as an important factor in adoption process.

It refers as the degree of positive or negative effect associated with some psychological object. Attitude is a state of readiness or a tendency to react in a certain manner. Individual’s attitude is present but dormant most of the time. Attitude scale has been proved useful tools to measure the attitude of large number of individuals towards specific areas. Such instrument stimulates people to express their attitude.

The psychological object for the present study has been conceptualized. Hence the attitude in present study means negative or positive reaction of the respondents towards Krushi Mahotsav. For measuring the attitude of the farmers toward Krushi Mahotsav, the scale was developed.

METHODOLOGY

Considering the capacity of summated rating technique to measure the broadness, value and intensity of the study area, the researcher has selected the methods suggested by Likert (1932) and Edward (1959) to construct the attitude scale.

Collection of statements

In initial stage of developing scale fifty-seven attitudinal statements about Krushi Mahotsav were collected from relevant literature and discuss on with experts of agricultural department and SDAU scientists. The statements thus selected were edited on the basis of the criteria shown by Edward (1957). From the fifty-seven statements, 47 statements were selected as they were found to be non ambiguous and non factual.

Item analysis

The items of the attitude scale were called statements. All the 47 statements were converted into a schedule. The schedule was mailed to a panel of 120 judges/experts drawn from various agricultural universities scientists / teachers (not below Assistant Professor), Post-Graduates students and extension personnel of KVKs. They were requested to judge each statement critically with regard to measure attitude towards Krushi Mahotsav and give response on five point continuum as strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree with the scores of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1, receptively for positive statements. The scoring was reversed

Scale Development to Measure Attitude of Farmers towards Krushi Mahotsav

S.P. Pandya1, M.R.Prajapati2 and K.S.Patel3

1 Assistant Profesor, Office of DSW, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar - 3855062 Dean & Principal, CPCA, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar - 385506

3Assistant Professor, Office of DEE, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar-385506Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The study was confined to develop a scale which can scientifically measure the attitude of farmers towards Krushi Mahotsav. Considering the capacity of summated rating technique to measure the broadness, value and intensity of the study area, the researcher has selected the methods suggested by Likert (1932) and Edward (1959) to construct the attitude scale.The final scale constitutes 17 statements. The calculated reliability coefficient is 0.84.

Keywords : Attitude, Krushi Mahotsav


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for negative statements.

Among 120 judges, eighty judges responded in time. Frequency distribution of the scores of the judges was then done. The statements were then arranged in descending order on the basis of total score obtained by them. For item analysis, 25.00 per cent (i.e., 20 judges) of the subjects with the highest score and the other 25.00 per cent of the subjects with the lowest score were selected.

The each statement contained responses of 20 experts. The higher and lower quartiles were used as criterion group to evaluate individual statement. The probability value for each statement was calculated by applying ‘t’ test. The thirty statements found significant at 0.01 level of probability were selected for the final scale. The final attitude scale is given in Table 1.

Validity of the statements

The validity of a scale is a property that ensures the constructed measures, the variables, which are suppose

to measure. While, selecting the statements due to care was taken in obtaining a fair degree of content validity. All the 30 statements were significant at 0.01 probability levels which inferred that the statements of the attitude scale had discriminating value to measure the attitude of the farmers towards Krushi Mahotsav.

Reliability of the scale

The reliability of the scale was tested by using ‘split half method.’ The odd number and even number statements were separated for making two halves. The agreement between two halves of scores on each half of the scale was determined by calculating correlation for those half tests. From the reliability of the half tests, the self-correlation of the whole test was then estimated by the Spearman-Brown formula.

The calculated value of reliability co-efficient for whole test was 0.84, which was highly significant. Therefore, it is concluded that the scale was reliable.

Table 1 : List of statements showing attitude of beneficiary farmers towards krushi mahotsav

Sr.No. Statements

Response categoryS.A. A. U.D. D.A. S.D.

1 Farmer’s knowledge regarding improved scientific technology has been increase due to Krushi Mahotsav.

2 The economic condition of the farmers has improved due to advice obtained from Krushi Mahotsav.

3 Farmers of north Gujarat area still continue the traditional farming even after starting of Krushi Mahotsav.

4 Area under improved practices of cotton has increased due to Krushi Mahotsav.5 To reap the fruits of innovations, Krushi Mahotsav should be organized every year.6 Krushi Mahotsav has played a significant role in increasing per unit production of

major crops of north Gujarat.7 Various combined activities carried out by different department of government through

Krushi Mahotsav confuse the farmers instead of helping them.8 Krushi Mahotsav creates employment opportunities in rural area.9 Krushi Mahotsav is an institution to all family members for their development.10 Krushi Mahotsav has helped the farmers to get loans from the bank.11 Krushi Mahotsavhelps the farmers to get improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides in

time.12. Scientist and functionaries work together to plan and implement Krushi Mahotsav

activities in the village.13. Krushi Mahotsav is well through practical approach for boasting the agricultural

production. 14. Krushi Mahotsav creates more interest in participating other extension activities.15. Only contact farmers of government officers are benefited through Krushi Mahotsav.16. Because of Krushi Mahotsav agricultural production has considerably increased

during last four year.17. Krushi Mahotsav has great impact on popularity of MIS in North Gujarat

S.A.= Strongly Agree, A.= Agee, U.D. = Undecided, D.A.=Disagree, S.D.= Strongly Disagree.


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Scoring techniques

There were 17 statements in the final scale which were administrated to the farmers and asked to express their reactions on five point continuum viz., strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree with the scores of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1, receptively. The scoring for negative statements was reversed. The total attitude score for each respondent was obtained by adding the weights of his responses made to individual scale item.

An attitude scale was developed for measurement of the attitude of respondents towards Krushi Mahotsav using Likert (1932) summated rating technique. The scale was consisted of several positive and negative sentences. Five point continuums were used to measure the attitude of the respondents. The scoring procedure was followed as under.

The respondents was asked to express their reaction in terms of their agreement or disagreement with each item by selecting any one of response categories ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree.

REFERENCES

Edwards, A.L. (1957) Techniques of attitude scale construction. Vekils, Feffers and Simons. Pvt. Ltd., Bombay.

Linkerts, R.A.(1932) A techniques for the measurement of attitude scale. Arch. Psychol. New York, No. : 140.

Thurstone, L.L. (1946). The measurement of attitude, Chicago University, Chicago Press. 39-50



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INTRODUCTION

Food and nutritional security is the foremost priorities of any nation. Agriculture is one of the most important areas of human activity worldwide. As the population rises there is a need to increase the agricultural production. Between 1870 and the 1920s, agricultural innovation due to commercialization, land-saving and labor intensive production doubled agricultural production per land area (Olmstead and Rhode, 2009). Between 1920 and 1970, the total inputs used in agriculture increased 20%, while total output increased 179%. Duncan and Harshbarger (1979) found that the output increase was clearly not just an increase in the amount of inputs used but rather the technology knowhow for efficient agricultural inputs utilization. Farmers started using computers and software systems to organize their financial data and keep track of their transactions with third parties (Batte, 2005) and also monitor their crops more effectively. Martin-Retortillo and Pinilla (2012) concluded in their research that the use of chemical fertilizers, biological innovations, harvesting and threshing machines, and mechanical technology mainly caused the increase in agricultural productivity per worker three folds between 1970 and the 2000s. Nowadays, a number of proprietary solutions have been developed to help farmers to manage their farms in an effective way (Allen and Wolfert, 2011). Farm Management Information Systems (Lewis, 1998), focus on

specific tasks and use their own specifications to implement the functionality provided. Farm management deals with the organization and operation of a farm with the objective of maximizing profits from the farm business on a continuing basis.

METHODOLOGY

Web-based user-friendly Farm Management Information System has been implemented as a layered structure having three layers viz., User Interface layer (UIL), Application layer (APL) and Database layer (DBL). The layer structure of Web-based Farm Management Information System is presented in Fig. 1

Fig. 1 : Layer structure of Farm Management Information System

Farm Management Information System

D.R. Kathiriya1, R.S.Parmar2 and D.K.Parmar3

1 Professor (Computer Science), College of AIT, AAU, Anand - 3881102 Associate Professor (Computer Science), College of AIT, AAU, Anand - 3881103 Assistant Professor (Computer Science), College of AIT, AAU, Anand - 388110

Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Farm management is dealing with the analysis of the farm resources, alternatives, choices and opportunities within the framework of resource restrictions and social & personal constraints of farming business. This complex information is integrated and synthesized to increase profitability of the farming business; the ultimate aim is to raise the living standard of the farming people. Farm management is a decision-making science. It helps to decide about the basic course of action of the farming business, in which there are often contradicting demand which leads to complication and comes in the way of smooth functioning of research workers. Farm management information system provides information on various aspects of farm management on agriculture. This Web-based farm management system has emerged to replace outdated complex and monolithic farm systems and software tools. We present the functional architecture of this farm management information system. The research work has been carried out with the objective to manage farm resources like plots, equipment etc. and the development of web-based farm management information system.

Keywords: Farm management Information sysytem


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The various aspects included in this study have been organized under the following sub heads:

a. Identification and study of responsibility of i. Farm Manager (Planning)

ii. Research Worker (Demands)iii. Store Keeper (Operation)

b. Implementation of a Web-based Farm Management Information System

RESULTS

The Home page (Fig.2) of the Farm Management Information System has menu items like “Farm Manager (Planning)”, “Research Worker (Demands)” and “Store

Keeper (Operation)”. By clicking on these menu options one can get the desired page.

Fig. 2 : Home Page

Fig.3 and Fig.4 shows the reports of Experiment Cropping Scheme and General Cropping Scheme respectively.

Fig. 3 : Experiment Cropping Scheme

Fig. 4 : General Cropping Scheme

The data entry form for Plot Requirement and Machine Requirement are shown in Fig.5 and Fig. 6 respectively.


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Fig. 5 : Plot Requirement

Fig. 6 : Machine Requirement Fig.7, Fig.8 and Fig.9 shows the Requested Machine Details, Approved Equipment Requests and Approved Plot Request respectively.

Fig. 7 : Requested Machine Details

Fig. 8 : Approved Equipment Requests


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Fig.9 : Approved Plot Request

CONCLUSION

Farm management Information System for that helps farmers to improve their productivity and profitability. It enables farmers to manage financials, inventory, people, and mechanization of farms and fields. Thus farm management is the science which deals with the analysis of the farming resources, alternatives, choices and opportunities within the framework of resource restrictions and social & personal constraints of farming business. This complex information is integrated and synthesized to increase profitability of the farming business. Farm management is a decision-making science. It helps to decide about the basic course of action of the farming business. The information system will help in giving accurate information in very short time and will help in taking decision by the manager, which otherwise could not have been taken by the manager because of non-centralization of information by various sections of farm office. Thus computerization will help supporting the decision by the farm management and in the information retrieval at any point of time.

REFERENCES

Allen, J., Wolfert, J. (2011) Farming for the Future: towards better information-based decision-making and communication – Phase I: Australasian stocktake of farm management tools used by farmers and rural professionals. New Zealand Centre of Excellence in Farm Business Management, Palmerston North. <http:// edepot.wur.nl/194811>

Batte, M. (2005) Changing computer use in agriculture: evidence from Ohio. Comput. Electron. Agric. 47 (1), : 1–13.

Duncan, M., Harshbarger, E. (1979) Agricultural productivity: trends and implications for the future economic. Econ. Rev. (September) :1–12.

Lewis, T. (1998) Evolution of farm management information systems. Comput. Electron. Agric. 19 (3) : 233–248.

Martin-Retortillo, M., Pinilla, V. (2012) Why did agricultural labor productivity not converge in Europe from 1950 to 2006? In: Proceedings of the 2012 Economic History Society Annual Conference, University of Oxford, Friday 30 March- Sunday 1 April. UK.

Olmstead, L., Rhode, P. (2009) Conceptual issues for the comparative study of agricultural development. In: Lains, P., Pinilla, V. (Eds.), Agriculture and Economic Development in Europe since 1870. Routledge, London : 27–52.

Received : June 2015 : Accepted : September 2015


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INTRODUCTION

Farm woman is an integral part of the human society. They have been playing significant role in home, farm and allied activities. Women contribute one-third labour force required for farm operations and allied enterprises. Farm woman is associated to her husband in various activities and have greater role in decision making process. Women contribute a lot to the agricultural development. It is thus imperative to study the pattern of such women in decision making related to home, farm and livestock operations. Thus the study entitled participation of women in decision making was under taken with the following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To identify the involvement of women in the process of decision making for home management

(ii) To identify the involvement of women in the process of decision making for farm management

(iii) To identify the involvement of women in the process

of decision making for animal husbandry

METHODOLOGY

The study was undertaken in Sabarkantha district. Five non tribal talukas viz; Vadali, Idar, Himatnagar, Talod and Prantij were selected randomly. Two villages were randomly selected from each taluka. Ten farm women from each village were selected randomly. Thus, 100 farm women were selected for the study. The data were collected by personally interviewed through the well constructed interview schedule on participation of farm women in decision making. The frequencies and percentage were worked out on the basis of their responses given.


Home Management

The results regarding farm women involvement in the process of decision making for home management are presented in Table 1.

Participation of Farm Women in Decision Making Process

J. J. Mistry1, K. J. Vihol2 and G. J. Patel3

1 SMS (Ext. Edu.), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma - 3832552 SMS (Agron.), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma - 383255

3 Programme Coordinator, KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma - 383255

email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Farm women contribute a lot to the agricultural development. It is thus imperative to study the pattern of women in decision making related to home, farm and livestock operations. The study was undertaken in Sabarkantha district. The data were collected by personal interview through the well constructed interview schedule on participation of tribal farm women in decision making. The frequencies and percentage were worked out on the basis of their response given. More than half women were jointly involved in the process of decision making for home management and animal husbandry aspects. As regarding farm management aspects, one third women were jointly involved in the process of decision making.

Keywords : Decision making process, Farm women


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Table 1 : Farm women involvement in the process of decision making for home management n=100

Sr.No.

Item of home management Herself only

Husband Jointly Not related

No. % No. % No. % No. %1 Children education 00 00 10 10 90 90 00 002 Children occupation 00 00 20 20 80 80 00 003 Children marriage 00 00 10 10 90 90 00 004 Construction of new house 00 00 37 37 63 63 00 005 House repair 00 00 20 20 80 80 00 006 Decoration of house 50 50 08 08 42 42 00 007 Purchasing & selling of ornaments 10 10 15 15 75 75 00 008 Purchasing of household articles 25 25 30 30 45 45 00 009 Selection & preparing of foods 80 80 00 00 20 20 00 0010 Borrowing money for home management 00 00 45 45 35 35 20 2011 Manner of saving 00 00 52 52 48 48 00 0012 Repayment of loan 00 00 45 45 35 35 20 20

Overall Total 165 165 292 292 703 703 40 40Overall Average 13.75 13.75 24.33 24.33 58.58 58.58 3.33 3.33

Round 14 14 24 24 59 59 03 03

Majority of women were jointly involved in the process of decision making for construction of new house, children education, children occupation, children marriage, house repair, purchasing & selling of ornaments under home management aspects.

It can be concluded that more than half women were jointly involved in the process of decision making for home management aspects.

Farm Management

The results regarding farm women involvement in the process of decision making for farm management are presented in Table 2.

Table 2 Farm women involvement in the process of decision making for farm management n=100

Sr.No

Item of farm management Herself only


No % No. % No. % No. %1 Deciding areas to be grown under different crops 00 00 58 58 42 42 00 002 Introduction of new crop varieties 00 00 70 70 30 30 00 003 Selection of seeds 00 00 66 66 34 34 00 004 When to irrigate the field 00 00 79 79 21 21 00 005 Quantity & type of fertilizer to be used 00 00 82 82 18 18 00 006 Plant protection measures to be used 00 00 88 88 12 12 00 007 Hiring of farm laboures 00 00 64 64 36 36 00 008 Buying farm machine & equipments 00 00 68 68 32 32 00 009 Installing oil engine & electric motor 00 00 74 74 26 26 00 0010 Buying & selling of farm land 00 00 12 12 78 78 10 1011 Borrowing money for farm operations 00 00 86 86 09 09 05 0512 Selling of surplus farm produces 00 00 38 38 62 62 00 00

Overall Total 00 00 785 785 400 400 15 15Overall Average 00 00 65.42 65.42 33.33 33.33 1.25 1.25

Round 00 00 66 66 33 33 01 01

Majority of women were jointly involved in the process of decision making for buying & selling of farm land, selling of surplus farm produces under farm management

aspects.

Majority of husband alone were involved in the process of decision making for deciding areas to be grown


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under different crops, introduction of new crop varieties, selection of seeds, when to irrigate the field, buying farm machine & equipments, installing oil engine and electric motor under farm management aspects.

It can be concluded that one third women were jointly involved in the process of decision making for farm

management aspects.

Animal Husbandry

The results regarding farm women involvement in the process of decision making for animal husbandry are presented in Table 3.

Table 3 Farm women involvement in the process of decision making for animal husbandry n=100

Sr.No.

Item of animal husbandry management Herself only


No. % No. % No. % No. %1 Selection of animal breed 08 08 18 18 74 74 00 002 Selection of fodder & feed 50 50 10 10 40 40 00 003 Sell & purchase of animal 05 05 21 21 74 74 00 004 Sell of milk & its products 40 40 10 10 50 50 00 005 Keeping size of herd 12 12 24 24 64 64 00 00

Overall Total 115 115 83 83 302 302 00 00Overall Average 23 23 16.60 16.60 60.40 60.40 00 00

Round 23 23 17 17 60 60 00 00Majority of women were jointly involved in the

process of decision making for selection of animal breed, sell & purchase of animal, keeping size of herd under animal husbandry aspects.

It can be concluded that more than half women were jointly involved in the process of decision making for animal husbandry aspects.

Overall involvement in the process of decision making

Table 4 Farm women overall involvement in the process of decision making (n=100)

Sr.No.

Item of Home Management Herself only


No. % No. % No. % No. %1. Home Management 14 14 24 24 59 59 03 032. Farm Management 00 00 66 66 33 33 01 013. Animal Husbandry 23 23 17 17 60 60 00 00

Overall Total 37 37 107 107 152 152 04 04Overall Average 12.33 12.33 35.67 35.67 50.67 50.67 1.33 1.33

Round 12 12 36 36 51 51 01 01Nearly half of women were overall jointly involved in the process of decision making.

CONCLUSION

Fifty nine per cent and sixty per cent women were jointly involved in the process of decision making for home management and animal husbandry aspect respectively. As regarding farm management aspect, thirty three per cent women were jointly involved in the process of decision making. It can be concluded that overall nearly half women were jointly involved in the process of decision making.

REFERENCES

Naik R. M. and Tandel B. M. (2014). Farm women participation in vermicompost production. Guj. J. Ext. Edu. 25(2): 178-180.

Pandya S. P., Prajapati M. R. and Thakkar K. P. (2014). Assessment of training needs of farm women. Guj. J. Ext. Edu. 25(2): 169-171.

Toppo A. (2005). A study on participation and decision making of farm women in dairy occupation. M.Sc. (Agri.) Unpublished thesis, AAU, Anand.



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Impact of Training Programme in Terms of Gain in Knowledge for Sustainable Agriculture

B. N. Kalsariya1, N. D. Bharad2, and M.K. Jadeja3

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Agriculture Extension, COA, JAU, Junagadh - 3620012 Training Organizer, Office of Dir. Of Extn. Edun. JAU, Junagadh - 362001

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Agriculture Extension, COA, JAU, Junagadh - 362001Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Assessing the training needs and evaluating the outcomes of training are crucial, both for training providers and recipients of training to ensure that training is effective and resources are widely used. Training is critical input for the farmers for quick transfer of technology and a way to improve their agriculture and uplift their socio-economic condition. Thus, the importance of training as an indispensable instrument for human resource development at any level cannot be ignored. The study was conducted at Sardar Smruti Kendra, J. A. U., Junagadh. Total 46 farmers from different villages of Jamnagar district were participated in three days training programme held during 14th -16th May, 2015. In order to determine the level of knowledge before and after training and to ascertain the correlation of their level of knowledge with different factors, the study was conducted. The results of the study revealed that the gain in knowledge after training was increase 8.70 percent in medium group and 2.17 percent in high level of knowledge group of young farmers. Whereas, decrease in case of low-level group of knowledge is 10.87 percent. This clearly indicated that medium and high knowledge group were dominant only after underwent training. The results reflected that the knowledge level before training was correlated with socio-economic characteristics viz. education, unirrigated land, cropping intensity and training received. While only education and training received were correlates after training of improved agricultural technology. The co efficient of regression (determination) indicated that all the sixteen variables together explained 54.59 percent variation in the knowledge of before training of trainees and 56.17 percent variation in knowledge of after training of improved technology of agriculture. That means, it indicated an increase in knowledge of the respondent after training, which was found to significant.

Keywords: Knowledge level, Tomato Growers, Training programme

INTRODUCTION

Impact assessment is generally regarded as an essential part of any project and is equally applicable to information of improved agricultural technologies. Training is critical input for the farmers for quick transfer of technology and a way to improve their agriculture and uplift their socio-economic condition. The International Labour Organization (1986) defined training as activities which essential aims at providing the skills, knowledge and attitude required for employment in a particular occupations or for exercising a function in any field of economic activities. Institutional training programme are designed to acquaint farmers with modern and scientific techniques of farming and also to disseminate information to the farming community for the improvement of socio-economic status. To keep the

pace with the development in agriculture technology, it is imperative to streamline the transfer of technology system, so that the benefits of innovations can reach the farming community in the quickest possible time. For speedy transfer of improved agricultural technologies, role of research and training for farmers has been recognized according to their requirement. Thus, the importance of training as an indispensable instrument for human resource development at any level can not be ignored. In this context, the Sardar Smruti Kendra (SSK), Junagadh Agricultural University (JAU), Junagadh has organized an institutional training programme of selected farmers from various villages of Jamnagar district in collaboration withAgricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA), Jamnagar. Keeping these points in view, present study was conducted with the following objectives.


155

OBJECTIVES

(i) To know the level of knowledge of farmers regard-ing improved agricultural technologies

(ii) To determine the relationship between knowledge level of farmers and their selected socio-economic characteristics

(iii) To assess the change in knowledge level before and after institutional training programme

METHODOLOGY

The Sardar Smruti Kendra, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh is organizing institutional and non-institutional training programme for farmers, farm women and youth of the Saurashtra region. Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA), Jamnagar has organized three days farmers training programme during May14th - 16th, 2015 at Sardar Smruti Kendra, G. A. U., Junagadh.

Total 46 farmers from various villages of Jamnagar district had participated in training programme. In order to measure the impact of training on change in knowledge regarding improved agricultural technologies a study was conducted. Keeping the theme of the training content in mind a simple objective type knowledge inventory was prepared and pre and post test before training and after training respectively were conducted for data collection. The number and percentage and pair ‘ t ‘ test were employed for interpretation of the data.

A schedule developed for the purpose was administered to the respondents before and after training programme and data were collected. For analysis of the level of knowledge regarding the agricultural technologies, the correct response was given ‘1’ score whereas ‘0’ score was given to incorrect response. The mean percent knowledge was computed by the following formula.

Knowledge = Total score obtained X 100 Potential score


Level of Knowledge

Table 1 : Distribution of respondents on the basis of knowledge level before and after training n = 46

Level of knowledge

Before training After training Difference in percentNo. of respondent Per cent No. of respondent Per cent

Low 10 21.74 05 10.87 - 10.87Medium 29 63.04 33 71.74 + 8.70High 07 15.22 08 17.39 + 2.17Total 46 100.00 46 100.00

The Table 1 revealed that in case of before training, more than three-fifth (63.04 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of knowledge. Whereas in case of after training, the respondents had 71.74 per cent of the knowledge of

improved agricultural technologies. The difference between before and after training is increase 8.70 per cent in medium group of knowledge level.

Difference of knowledge before and after training

Table 2 : Average score of knowledge of farmers among before and after training n = 46

Category No. of respondent Mean Standard deviation

‘ t ‘ value

Before training 46 45.6524 18.2842 0.75474 **After training 46 69.8761 13.1648 -

** = significant at 0.01 per cent level.

It is observed from Table 2 that the mean score of knowledge of farmers who received training was higher than that of before training of farmers and difference was found

to be statistically significant at 1 per cent level. This higher score can be attributed to the impact of training centre.


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Correlates of Knowledge

Table 3 : Relationship of independent variable with knowledge level of respondents before and after training of improved agricultural technologies n = 46

Sr. No. Independent variable

Correlation co-efficient( r )

Partial regression co-efficient ( b ) ‘ t ’ value

Before training

After training Y1 Y2 Y1 Y2

X1 Age 0.17906 0.08993 0.0007 0.0040 -0.143 -0.340X2 Education 0.46182** 0.44690** 0.2576 0.2739 3.172 3.307X3 Irrigated land 0.10364 -0.04249 0.0819 0.0352 -1.608 -1.028X4 Unirrigated land -0.24493* -0.16072 0.0824 0.0348 -1.614 -1.023X5 Total land holding -0.15328 -0.16379 0.0826 0.0355 1.616 1.034X6 Cropping intensity 0.26868* 0.23309 0.0153 0.0511 0.672 1.249X7 Training received 0.30415** 0.30615** 0.1379 0.1468 2.154 2.234X8 Cast 0.19957 0.18127 0.0091 0.0246 0.517 0.855X9 Family type -0.04461 -0.04294 0.0024 0.0009 -0.266 -0.165X10 Family income -0.08717 -0.11661 0.0057 0.0004 0.409 -0.111X11 Farming experience 0.12022 0.01763 0.0273 0.0121 0.902 0.597X12 Social participation -0.06115 -0.06858 0.0592 0.0243 -1.351 -0.850X13 Economic motivation 0.09821 0.08899 0.0366 0.0817 -1.049 -1.606X14 Extension participation 0.10996 0.03871 0.0018 0.0831 -0.277 -1.621X15 Mass media exposure 0.12921 0.18842 0.1377 0.2389 1.066 3.017X16 Distance from training centre 0.12129 -0.06437 0.0458 0.0281 -1.180 -0.915

Y1 = Before training – Multiple R2 = 0.5459, Multiple R = 0.7389, F value for R = 2.179**

Y2 = After training – Multiple R2 = 0.5617, Multiple R = 0.7495, F value for R = 2.323**

The data presented in Table 3 indicated that out of 16 independent variables only four variables viz. education, unirrigated land, cropping intensity and training received in case of before training and two variables viz. education and training received in case of after training had significant relationship with the knowledge score of the respondents.

The co-efficient of determination R2 = 0.5459 (before training) and R2 = 0.5617 (after training) indicated that all the sixteen variables together explained 54.59 per cent variation in the knowledge in case of before training of trainees and 56.17 per cent variation in the knowledge in case of after training was observed. That means, it indicated an increase in knowledge of the respondent after receiving the training. This was found significant.

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that the gain in knowledge after training was increase 8.70 percent in medium group and 2.17

percent in high level of knowledge group of young farmers. That means, medium and high knowledge group were dominant only after underwent training.

The difference in mean score of knowledge of farmers was found to be significant at 1 percent level. It is obviously stated that the training to youths is working as an innovative tool for acquiring the technological know-how in agriculture.

The results reflected that the knowledge level before training was correlated with socio-economic characteristics viz. education, unirrigated land, cropping intensity and training received. While only education and training received were correlates after training of improved agricultural technology. Thus, education and training are utmost important to increase the knowledge.

The co-efficient of determination R2 = 0.5459 (before training) and R2 = 0.5617 (after training) indicated that all the sixteen variables together explained 54.59 per


157

cent variation in the knowledge in case of before training of trainees and 56.17 per cent variation in the knowledge in case of after training was observed. That means, it indicated an increase in knowledge of the respondent after receiving the training.

REFERENCES

Anonymous. (1986). Cited from New Direction in Extension Training (1990), Directorate of Extension. International Labour Organization. Occasional Paper-3, New delhi : 9.

Bhatt, J. P.; Patel, R. B. and Joshi, V. D. (1997 & 1998). Impact of short term training in terms of increase in knowledge, adoption and yield of the farmers. Guj. J. Ext. Edu., Vol. – VIII & IX : 33 – 36

Ganesan, Annamalai, R. and Sundaram S. Soma (1992). Training needs of small farmers. Indian Journal of Extension Education, Vol. – XXVII : 63 – 64

Gosai, H. V.; Munshi, M. A.; Savaliya, V. J. and Kanani, P. R. (1997 & 1998). Impact of institutional training programme on farm women under TWA project. Guj. J. Ext. Edu., Vol. – VIII &IX : 111 – 112

Meena, R. K. and Chauhan M. S. (2002). Training needs of farmers about improved production practices of groundnut. Rajsthan Journal of Extension Education, Vol. – 10 : 117 – 121

Patel, J. B., Patel, B. D., Sukhadiya A. G. and Onima V. T. (2012). Study on Training Needs of Trainers Participated in EEI Workshops. Guj. J. Ext. Edu., Vol. – 23 : 128 – 131

Soni, R. L. and Bhimawat B. S. (2002).Effectiveness of institutional training programme for trible farmers. Rajsthan Journal of Extension Education, Vol. 10 : 141 – 143

Received : June 2015 : Accepted : October 2015


158

INTRODUCTION

Dairying is one of the important enterprises, which supports the rural households by providing gainful employment and steady income. The importance of milk and milk products for the physical development and well being of human beings is universally recognized. In India, women’s involvement in livestock management is a longstanding tradition and dairy farming has been an integral part of homestead farming system. Although much of the work related to livestock farming is carried out by women. The word “training”, is accepted as a synonym for all of the forms of knowledge, skill, and attitudinal development which one need to keep pace with the accelerating life involvement and the enlarging concepts of man’s capabilities. Training need in dairy farming practices like breeding, feeding, fodder, management, animal health care, are necessary to improve the productivity of dairy cattle and thereby making dairy-farming a more profitable enterprise. In Sabarkantha district, rural women mostly rearing Mehsani buffalo and crossed breed cows for milk production purpose.

Dairy development is not feasible unless rural women are trained in scientific dairy farming. For making training more effective, it should be based on the felt needs of the trainees. The training without need based, may have a little impact on bringing desirable change in the clientele system.

OBJECTIVE

To find out the training needs of tribal women of Sabarkantha district in dairying.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was carried out in Sabarkantha district. In Sabarkantha district, dairy farming is being practiced in all talukas in varying degrees. Of the 13 talukas of the district, 4 talukas are tribal dominating with low economic development. Among them two talukas viz; Khedbrahma and Bhiloda were selected purposively. Ten villages from each taluka were selected purposely in which milk production was maximum. Thus, total twenty villages were selected. From

Training Needs of Tribal Women of Sabarkantha District Regarding Animal Husbandry Practices

R. N. Patel1, M. M. Prajapati2 and V. T. Patel3

1 Agriculture Officer, Department of Extension Education, CPCA, Sardarkrushinagar - 3855062 Ph.D Student, Department of Extension Education, CPCA, Sardarkrushinagar - 385506

3 Associate Professor, Department of Extension Education, CPCA, Sardarkrushinagar - 385506Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The present study was undertaken in sabarkantha district of Gujarat state. Rural women play a great role in decision making process of farm matter, performed many of the farm operations and undertaken many responsibilities concerning care and management of farm animals. Keeping in view in mind, the study entitled “Training Needs of tribal women of Sabarkantha District regarding animal husbandry practices.” was undertaken with an objective to determine the training need of dairy farm women in dairy farming practices. On the basis of mean score obtained for various areas of dairy farming, the dairy women showed interest in various aspects of dairy farming practices. For breeding practices, artificial insemination and Pregnancy diagnosis were the main aspects need to be training. With respect to feeding practices, Time and frequency of feeding and advantage of homemade live stock feed. In fodder production, silage making and selection of fodder crops were the important sub-area in which women demanded training. In management practices, Individual animal housing, Replacement of stock by at home weaning system or artificial system, was most important. In animal health care practices Sterility treatments and Precaution against parasitic disease were the important areas for which women asked for training.

Keywords : Breeding, Feeding, Management, Training needs, Animal health care


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each village five tribal women respondents were selected randomly for the study. Thus, total sample comprising 100 tribal women which are involved in dairying.


Training need in breeding practices

The data pertaining to training need of tribal women with respect to breeding practices are presented in Table 1 revealed that the milk production depends largely on type of breed and breeding practices. According to the need hierarchy, the respondents assigned first rank to artificial insemination’ (2.59 mean score) followed by ‘Pregnancy diagnosis’ (1.90 mean score) and ‘breeding practices’ (1. 87 mean score). The sub-items viz., ‘ Reproductive efficiency of dairy animals’ (1.78 mean score), ‘selection of breed’ (1.66 mean score), and ‘selection of adult animal and dairy heifers’ (1.60 mean score) was ranked fourth, fifth and sixth, respectively.

Table1: Training needs of rural women with respect with to breeding practices n=100

Sr. No.

Sub items of training Mean score

Rank

1 Artificial Insemination 2.59 I

2 Pregnancy diagnosis 1.90 II

3 Breeding programme 1.87 III

4 Reproductive efficiency of dairy animals

1.78 IV

5 Selection of breed 1.66 V

6 Selection of adult animal and dairy heifers

1.60 VI

7 Rearing of cows 1.11 VII

8 Heat detection 1.08 VIII

9 Post partum coverage 1.04 IX

Remaining sub-items of the breeding practices were perceived by the dairy farm women as less important as their mean scores were less than average mean score 1.62. This finding is in line with those of Fulzele and Meena (1995) and Durga Rani and Subhadra (2009), who reported that selection of breed, was a most needed area of training and Raju et al. (1999) who reported that selection of animals was one of the most needed areas of training.

Training need in feeding practices

Feeding practices play a vital role in dairy farming, as feeds affected the milk production. So far as training need is concerned with respect to this aspect, some of the items are utmost important.

Table 2 : Training needs of rural women with respect with to feeding practices n=100

Sr. No.


Rank

1 Time and frequency of feed-ing

1.85 I

2 Advantage of homemade live stock feed

1.75 II

3 Feeding schedule of dry animals

1.73 III

4 Advantage of live stock feed manufactured by District Union.

1.46 IV

5 Selection of feed 1.30 V6 Feeding schedule of young

calves 1.23 VI

7 Advantage of live stock feed manufactured by private companies

1.17 VII

8 Feeding schedule of young heifers

1.13 VIII

9 Feeding schedule of pregnant animal

1.09 IX

10 Feeding of milch animal 1.01 X

The data depicted in Table 2 revealed that the highest mean score for training need as desired by dairy farm women was ‘time and frequency of feeding’ (1.85 mean score) ranked first followed by ‘Advantage of homemade live stock feed’ (1.75 mean score) and ‘Feeding schedule of dry animals’ (1.73 mean score ). The mean score for the sub- items ‘feeding schedule of pregnant animal’ and ‘feeding of milch animal’ was 1.09 and 1.01, respectively. Similar results were reported by Durga Rani and Subhadra (2009).

Training needs in fodder production

Fodder crops are the important sources of animal food supply. The data presented in Table 3 revealed that among the various sub-items of fodder production, ‘silage making’ was the most important item and ranked first by respondents for the purpose of training (mean score 3.00).


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Table 3 : Training needs of rural women with respect with to fodder production n=100

Sr. No.


Rank

1 Silage making 3.00 I2 Selection of fodder crops 1.43 II3 Storage of fodder products 1.15 IV4 Cultivation of fodder crops 1.10 V5 Drying of fodder products 1.03 VI

The second rank was assigned by the respondents to the sub-area of ‘selection of fodder crops’ with a mean score of 1.43 followed by storage of fodder products, cultivation of fodder crops and drying of fodder crops with a mean score of 1.15, 1.10 and 1.03, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that ‘silage making’ was the major area in which respondents asked for training. Durga Rani and Subhadra (2009) stated the need to the dairy women for training to fodder production.

Training needs in management practices

Management practice is one of the important aspects of dairy farming. The data presented in Table 4 revealed that among the various sub-items of management practices, ‘individual animal housing’ was the most important areas ranked first by the respondents for the purpose of training. The mean score for the item was 3.00.

Table 4: Training needs of rural women with respect with to management practices n=100

Sr. No.


Rank

1 Individual animal housing 3.00 I2 Replacement of stock by at

home weaning system or artificial system

2.96 II

3 Replacement of stock through purchase

2.33 III

4 Castration 1.57 IV5 Dehorning 1.33 V6 Raising the replacement stock

by feeding colostrums 1.22 VI

7 Up keeping of the various records

1.12 VII

8 Group animal housing 1.00 VIII9 Cafepan animal housing 1.00 IX10 Raising replacement stock by

natural system 1.00 X

The second rank was assigned to the sub-area of ‘replacement of stock by at home weaning system or artificial

system’ with a mean score of 2.96.The third and forth ranked items were ‘replacement of stock through purchase’ and ‘castration’ with a mean score of 2.33 and 1.57, respectively. Rest was considered least important by the respondents and their mean score was below average mean score of 1.65.

Training needs in animal health care practices

Animal health care practice plays a vital role in dairy farming. Parasites and various diseases affected the health of animals, which influence the quality and quantity of milk.

Table 5 : Training needs of rural women with respect with to animal health care practices n=100

Sr. No.


Rank

1 Sterility treatments 2.17 I2 Precaution against parasitic

disease 2.06 II

3 Vaccination schedule 1.80 III4 Treatment against contagious

diseases 1.36 IV

5 Treatment against common diseases

1.15 V

6 control of parasites 1.06 VI

The data depicted in Table 5 indicated that according to need hierarchy, among the various sub-items of animal health care, ‘sterility treatment’ was assigned first rank with a mean score of 2.17 followed by ‘precaution against parasitic disease’ and ‘ Vaccination schedule’ with mean score of 2.06 and 1.80, respectively. The rank assigned to the sub-items, viz., treatment against contagious disease, treatment against common disease and control of parasites were fourth, fifth and sixth were considered least important for training. The results are in par with the findings of Fulzele and Meena (1995), Raju et al. (1999), Lalitha and Seethalakshmi (1999), Sujaths and Nanjaiyan (1999), Umarani and Thangamani (2000), Das and Mishra (2002), Gupta and Tripathi (2002) and Durga Rani and Subhadra (2009).

CONCLUSION

From the above study, it can be concluded that in various breeding practices, artificial insemination and Pregnancy diagnosis were the main aspects need to be training. With respect to feeding practices, time and frequency of feeding and advantage of homemade live stock feed were the major sub-areas of training. In fodder production, silage making is the important sub-area in which women demanded training. In management practices, individual animal housing


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and replacement of stock by at home weaning system or artificial system were most important. In animal health care practices sterility treatments and precaution against parasitic disease were the important areas for which women asked for training.

REFERENCES

Das, L. and Mishra, S. K. (2002). Training needs of tribal women in farm and home activities. Agricultural Ext. Rev., 14(2): 3-6.

Durga Rani V. and Subhadra M.R. (2009) Training needs of farm women in dairy farming, Veterinary World, Vol.2 (6): 221-223.

Fulzele, R. M. and Meena, B. L. (1995). Training needs of dairy tribal women. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 48(19): 551-553.

Gupta, M. and Tripathi, H. (2002). Assessment of training needs of rural women in dairy enterprise. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 55(3): 178-182.

Lalitha, N and Seethalakshmi, M. (1999). Rural women in dairy enterprise. The role of institutional intervention. J. of Ext. and Res., 1(2): 121-131.

Raju, L. D., Nataraju, M. S. and Niranjan, M. (1999). Women in animal production an ex-post-facto analysis. Agricultural Ext. Rev., 11(3): 3-8.

Sujaths, J. and Nanjaiyan, K. (1999). Gender analysis of time utilization pattern, training needs and problems of farmers and farm women in farming systems. J. Ext. Edu., 10(1): 2299-2304.

Umarani, K. and Thangamani, K. (2000). Technological needs of women in dairying. J. Ext. Edu., 11(2): 2812-2814.



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INTRODUCTION

In India Sunflower was grown on 18.13 lakh ha. with a production of 11.58 lakh tonnes and productivity of just 699 Kg/ha. during 2008-09. In Maharashtra, sunflower was grown over an area of 2.64 lakh ha. with production of 1.55 lakh tonnes and average yield of 587 kg/ha.Niger crop is grown on area of 3.93 lakh ha. with production of 1.16 lakh tonnes and average yield of 297 kg/ha in India, whereas, the area, production and productivity in Maharashtra was 0.39 lakh ha. 0.11 lakh tonnes and 297 kg/ha., respectively during the year 2008-09.

With a view to demonstrate under real farm situation the productivity potentials and profitability of a spectrum of improved oilseed crop production technologies, evolved by the oilseed research network in the country from time to time, on-farm demonstrations were organized through various technology transfer programmes of the Central and State. Among the most successful such programmes figured “Front Line Demonstrations in Oilseeds” Project, a component

of the Oilseed Production and Development Programme (OPDP) of the Government of India that supplemented the Oilseed Technology Mission. Under this programme the technologies are demonstrated for the first time by the Scientists themselves before being fed to the main extension system of the State Department of Agriculture. The main objective was to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection technologies and its management practices in the farmer’s field under different agro-climatic regions and farming situations under the close supervision of scientist.

In Konkan region of Maharashtra, efforts are being put in to boost up the oilseed production and also its productivity. With this in mind a study was conducted to estimate the technological and extension yield gaps and technology index of Niger and Sunflower varieties.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in 25 villages from Konkan region of Maharashtra, where Krishi Vigyan Kendra of respective district has already done the work of

Varietal Evaluation of Niger and Sunflower through Front Line Demonstrations in Konkan Region of Maharashtra

Mandavkar, P. M. 1, Manjarekar, R. G2. and M. S. Talathi3

1 Research Editor, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (MS)2 Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, DBSKKV, Dapoli (MS)3 Programme Coordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Roha, Raigad,(MS)


ABSTRACT

Under Front Line Demonstrations programme, the technologies are demonstrated for the first time by the Scientists themselves before being fed to the main extension system of the State Department of Agriculture. In Konkan region of Maharashtra, efforts are being put in to boost up the oilseed production and also its productivity. The present study was conducted in 25 villages from Konkan region of Maharashtra, where Krishi Vigyan Kendra of respective district has already done the work of technology transfer in oilseed crop production. The technology gap was observed minimum i.e. 0.61 q/ha and 0.70 q/ha in niger variety IGP-76 and Phule karala, respectively in the location Thane district. However, technology gap of these varieties was observed maximum in Ratnagiri district. The extension gap was ranged 0.75 q/ha to 1.60 q/ha in all the locations which emphasized the need to educate the farmers in adoption of improved technologies to narrow these extension gaps. The technology gap was lowest (2.86 q/ha) in sunflower variety Pioneear-64599 and highest (4.20 q/ha) in variety Kargil 413. More or less for all the sunflower varieties the extension gap was high. According to criterion of technology index, niger crop variety IGP-76 and Phule Karala performed best in Thane district. The technology index was lowest (19.07 per cent) in case of sunflower variety Pioneer-64599 which is more feasible than any other varieties.

Keywords : Variety, Technology gap, Extension gap, Technology index


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technology transfer in oilseed crop production through Front Line Demonstration(FLD) programme. For selection of respondents for this study, a total list of FLD farmers was collected from four KVKs. By adopting systematic sampling design 100 respondents who had actually undertaken the demonstration with control trial were selected for the study. The data was collected one year after FLD programme through personal interview technique with the help of interview schedule developed for the study.

This gap index was calculated with the help of formula given below:

Technology gap = Pi – DiExtension gap = Di – Fi Technology index = Pi – Di x 100

Pi

Where,Pi =Potential yield of the cropDi =Demonstration yield of the cropFi = Farmers plot (Local) yield


Technology gap and extension gap

The technology gap was due to non-transferable technologies such as recommended plant population per hectares and environmental differences between Research station and KVK focal village. The extension gap was due to resource-cum-management-cum-extension efforts. It is difference between the yield obtained due to adoption of technology in demonstration plot and yield obtained from traditional method of cultivation.

Table 1 : Technological and Extension yield gap and Technology Index for demonstrated niger crop technology

Year Variety used

Location

(District)

No. of Demo.

Yield (q/ha) Technol-ogy gap

(q/ha)

Extension gap

(q/ha)

Technol-ogy index

(%)Poten-

tialDemo. Local

check

2008-09 IGP- 76 Ratnagiri 13 4.75 2.75 2.00 2.00 0.75 42.112008-09 IGP- 76 Thane 15 4.75 4.14 2.70 0.61 1.44 12.842009-10 Phule

karalaRatnagiri

12 5.00 3.18 2.15 1.82 1.03 36.40

2009-10 Phule karala

Thane 10 5.00 4.30 2.70 0.70 1.60 14.00

Average 50 4.88 3.59 2.39 1.28 1.21 26.34

A perusal of Table 1 enlightens the fact that, the technology gap was observed minimum i.e. 0.61 q/ha and 0.70 q/ha in niger variety IGP-76 and Phule karala respectively in the location Thane district. However, technology gap of these varieties was observed maximum in Ratnagiri district. This may be due to the soil fertility and weather conditions. The

extension gap was ranged 0.75 q/ha to 1.60 q/ha in all the locations which emphasized the need to educate the farmers in adoption of improved technologies to narrow these extension gaps. The findings are in line with the findings of Goswami et al. (1996).

Table 2. Technological and Extension Yield gap and Technology Index for demonstrated Sunflower crop technology

Year Variety used Location(District)

No. of Demo.

Yield (q/ha) Technol-ogy gap(q/ha)

Exten-sion gap (q/ha)

Tech-nology index (%)

Poten-tial

Demo. Local check

2008-09 Kargil 413 Sindhudurg 10 15.00 12.00 7.90 3.00 4.10 20.002008-09 Kargil 413 Ratnagiri 10 15.00 10.80 7.30 4.20 3.50 28.002009-10 Pioneer 64599 Sindhudurg

10 15.00 12.14 8.10 2.86 4.04 19.07

2009-10 Suryakiran Ratnagiri 10 15.00 11.40 8.00 3.60 3.40 24.002009-10 Morden Raigad 10 12.00 8.10 6.15 3.90 1.95 32.50

Average 50 14.40 10.89 7.49 3.51 3.40 24.71


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It was observed from Table 2 that, the technology gap was lowest (2.86 q/ha) in sunflower variety Pioneear-64599 and highest (4.20 q/ha) in variety Kargil 413. Further, it is seen that there exist a wide gap between potential yield and demonstration yield. The reason accountable for this is the non-availability of location specific varieties and non-adoption of certain recommended package of practices like Azospirillum culture, proper intercultural operations and water management even on the demonstration fields.

The extension gap was highest (4.10q/ha) in case of variety Kargil 413 demonstrated in Sindhudurg district while lowest (1.95 q/ha) in variety Morden demonstrated in Raigad district. More or less for all the sunflower varieties the extension gap was high. This existence of extension gap was because the fellow farmers failed to adopt recommendations for important practices like seed treatment, proper seed rate and fertilizer dose, planting distance and intercultural operations.

Technology Index

For ascertaining feasibility of evolved oilseed technology at the farmer’s field, technology index was calculated. The criteria is lower the value of technology index more is the feasibility of the technology.

It was observed from Table 1 that the technology index was highest in niger variety IGP-76 (42.11 per cent) and Phule Karala (36.40 per cent) in Ratnagiri. However, both varieties have lowest i.e.12.84 and 14.00 per cent technology index in Thane district. Hence, according to criterion variety IGP-76 and Phule Karala performed best in Thane district. The possible reason that could be attributed to the high feasibility of niger production technology was that the participant farmers were given opportunity to interact with the scientist and they were made to adopt recommended practices and skills during the process of demonstration.

Table 2 indicating the technology index of sunflower variety demonstration in three districts resulted that technology index was highest in variety Morden (32.50 per cent) followed by Kargil-413 (28.00 per cent) and Suryakiran (24.00 per cent). The technology index was lowest (19.07 per cent) in case of variety Pioneer-64599 which is more feasible than any other varieties. As the technology index of other varieties was observed more than 20.00 per cent, this indicates that a wide gap exist between the technology evolved at Research Station and farmers field. The findings are supported by the findings of Sharma and Sharma(2004).

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that, nearly all the niger and sunflower varieties except few, the extension gaps was higher than the technology gaps resulting into low adoption of technology on farmers field. It means that, the full potential of the crops on farm thus remains untapped even though there is technology explosion in this fast changing world. There is need to educate the farmers regarding certain partial or non-adopted recommended package of practices like seed treatment, proper sowing method, and application of copper sulphate, lime and intercultural operations even on the demonstration fields. This calls for critical monitoring of front line demonstrations so that the potential farm yield of the crops can be realized.

REFERENCES

Goswami, S. N. ; Choudhary, A. N. and Khan, A. K. (1996) Yield gap analysis of major Oilseed of Nagaland. Journal of Hill Research 9 (1): 85-88.

Sharma, R. N and Sharma, K.C. (2004) Evaluation of Front Line Demonstration trials on oilseeds in barren district of Rajasthan Madhya J. of Extn. Edn. Vol.VII.2004 : 72-75



165

INTRODUCTION

Groundnut is an important edible oilseed crop. Now a day in Gujarat, Groundnut crop is cultivated on the seed production basis. India ocopy second rank in the world, in respect of area (69.52.Million ha.), production (56.17 Mt.) and productivity (808 Kg/ha). Gujarat state ranks first in the country with respect to area (17.58 Lakh.ha.), production (16.33 Lakh.ha) and productivity (929 Kg/ha) among all major Groundnut growing states in the country. However, the average yield of Groundnut in Banaskantha district. is low (800 kg/ha) as compared to the yield potentiality of Research station (1341 kg/ha.), This may be due to reason that all scientific cultivation practices may not have reached to the farmers and hence may not have adopted by the farmers. therefore the present study “Training Need assessment of visitor farmers of ATIC regarding Groundnut production technology. ” was planned with the following

specific objectives

OBJECTIVES

(i) To study the personal attributes of visitor farmers.

(ii) To assess the training needs of the visitor farmers.

(iii) To ascertain relationship between personal attributes and training needs of the visitor farmers.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted for visitor farmers of ATIC, S.K Nagar, under Banashakatha district. Number of farmers are visiting ATIC, for the gain the guidance on various crop production technology including groundnut production technology. Those farmers who visited ATIC,for securing technical guidance of groundnut production technology were considered as a population and

Training Need Assessment of Visitor Farmers of ATIC Regarding Groundnut Production Technology

K.S.Patel1 ,S.P.Pandya2 and M.R. Prajapati3

1 Assistant Professor(Extension Education),ATIC, DEE,SDAU, Saradarkrushinagar - 3855062 Assistant professor (Extension Education), DSW, SDAU, Saradarkrushinagar - 385506

3 Principal, C.P.College of Agriculture, SDAU, Saradarkrushinagar - 385506Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Gujarat state is the largest producer of oil seed crops particularly castor, Groundnut mustard, and seasamam. Groundnut is majority oil seed among all the crops. It is mostly cultivated in North Gujarat and saurashtra region of the state. In North Gujarat it is largely grown in mahesana and Banaskatha districts of which Banaskatha district was selected to assess the training need of Groundnut growers. With a view to assess Training Need of visitor farmers of ATIC regarding Groundnut production technology. study was conducted in Banaskatha district. Eighty farmers from five talukas were randomly interviewed for collection of the data. The analysis of the data revealed that majority (52.50%) of the respondents were of middle age, having primary education (67.50%). They had occupation farming along with animal husbandry was the main occupation of majority farmers (86.25%). There were (62.50) percent large farmers. Majorty of the farmers (85.0%) have tube well for irrigating their lands Farmers were (66.25%) having their annual income ranging from ` 50.000 to more than 2,50,000. Study further indicated that majorty of Groundnut growers prefer to receive training on diagnosis and control measures of diseases and pests.(Rank l and ll, respectively ) followed by application of manures and fertilizers-Basel dose and organic manures. Among eight variable. education and social participation were significantly related with training need of Groundnut growers. occupation. land holding irrigation facilities and annual income were not-significantly related with training need of Groundnut growers. Whereas age had negative and highly significant relationship with training need of Groundnut growers.

Keywords: Training need assessment, Groundnut production technology


166

(25%) of such farmers were interviewed during their visit considering Proportionate random sampling technique The interview were conducted during the visit of such farmers to ATIC, The interview procedure was carried out for month long period before sowing. Total 80 farmers of five taluka viz, Deesa. Danta. Amirgadh.vadagam. and Dantiwada were interviewed, Well structured and pre-tested Gujarati version interview schedule was developed including all the items on which information was required for the study.The independent and dependent variables were measured by utilizing appropriate scale and procedure adopted by other research workers. The statistical tools used to analyse the data were percentage, mean, ranking and coefficient of correlation.

RUSULTS AND DISCUSSION

Personal attributes of visitor farmers

The data depicted in Table-1 show that majority (52.50%) of the respondents were found in the middle age group followed by young age (27.50%) and old age group (20.00%) respectively. From the above discussion, it could be inferred that majority of the respondents belonged to middle age group. The probable reason might be that, old age and young age farmers has less interest in farming.

Table1 : Distribution of the respondents according to their Age n=80

Sr. No.

Age Group Number Percent

1 Young age (18-35 yrs.) 22 27.502 Middle age (36-50 yrs.) 42 52.503 Old age (Above 50yrs.) 16 20.00

The data presented in Table-2 reveal that (67.5%) of respondents were having primary level of education, followed by secondary level (18.75%). Higher secondary level (5.0%), college level and above (0.0%) whereas (8.75%) of the farmers were found illiterate. It can be thus concluded that majority of the respondents were literate.

Table 2 : Distribution of the respondents according to their Level of Education n=80

Sr. No.

Education Number Percent.

1 Illiterate 07 08.752 Primary level (1 to 7 std.) 54 67.503 Secondary level (8 to 10 std.) 15 18.754 Higher Secondary level

(11 to 12 std.)04 05.00

5 College level & above 00 00.00

Table 3 : Distribution of the respondents according to their occupation n=80

Sr. No.

Occupation Number Percent

1. Only Farming 05 06.252 Farming+Animal husbandry 69 86.253 Farming+Business 00 00.004 Farming+Service 00 00.005 Farming+Animal

husbandry+Service06 07.50

It is apparent from the above data that (86.25%) farmers had farming+animal husbandry as their occupation followed by(7.50%) who were erning from farming+animal husbandry+service. On the other hand (6.25%) were earning only from farming.

Thus it can be concluded that majority of the farmers were earning from farming along with animal husbandry.

Table 4 : Distribution of the respondents according to their Land holding n=80

Sr. No.

Land holding Num-ber

Percent

1 Marginal (up to 1.0 ha) 01 01.252 Small (1.01 to 2.0 ha) 09 11.253 Medium (2.01 to 4.0 ha) 20 25.004 Large(more than 4.0 ha) 50 62.50

The data in Table-4 indicate that (62.50%) of the farmers were large farmers followed by medium farmers(25.0%) and small farmers(11.25%). Only (1.25 %) of them were marginal farmers.thus, it can be concluded that majority of the farmers owned land more than 4.0 hectares.

Table 5 : Distribution of the respondents according to their Irrigation facility n=80

Sr. No.

Irrigation facility Number Percent

1 No facility(Irrigated by Hire)

10 12.50

2 Canal 02 02.503 Well & Electric motor 00 00.004 Tube Well 68 85.005 Well +Tube Well 00 00.00

It can be seen from Table-5 that majority of the farmers(85.0%) had tube well irrigation facility. Only (2.5%)


167

farmers have irrigated their crops through canal. Remaining (12.5 %) farmers had no irrigation facility, they irrigated their crop on rental base.

Table 6 : Distribution of the respondents according to their Annual income n=80

Sr. No.

Annual income Number Percent

1 Low(Below ` 50.000) 02 02.50

2 Medium (` 50,001 to 2,50,000)

53 66.25

3 High(Above ` 2,50,000) 25 31.25

The data presented in Table-6 indicate that (66.25%) and (31.25%) of the respondents had annual income of ` 50, 000-/ to ` 2, 50,000-/ and above ` 2, 50,000-/ respectively. Only (2.50 %)of the respondent were having the income below ` 50, 000-/ per year. It can be concluded that majority of the farmers were having medium annual income.

Table 7 : Distribution of the respondents according to their Social participation n=80

Sr. No.

Social participation Number Percent.

1 No Participation 00 00.002 Member in one Organiza-

tion07 08.75

3 Member in two Organiza-tion

41 51.25

4 Member in more than two Organization

25 31.25

5 Office bearer 07 08.75%

The data presented in Table-7 clearly indicate that (51.25%) respondents could associated with two organizations followed by (31.25%) were associated with more than two organizations. Only (8.75%) respondents were member in only one organization. Further it was observed that only (8.75%) respondents were found holding position in social organizations.

It is concluded that majority of the respondents were associated with two organizations. i.e. milk Co-operative society and Co-operative society.

Training needs of the visitor farmer

Table 8 : Distribution of the respondents according to their training need n=80

Sr. No.

Training need Mean Score

Rank.

1 Diagnosis of diseases and pests.

2.69 I

2 Control measures of dis-eases and pests

2.55 II

3 Application of manures and fertilizers-Basel dose.

2.51 III

4 Organic manures 2.45 IV5 Selection of Seed 2.33 V6 Export Procedure & Op-

portunities.2.29 VI

7 Sowing time 2.25 VII8 Seed treatment 2.24 VIII9 Land preparation 2.18 IX10 Application of manures and

fertilizers-Topdressing2.14 X

11 Value Addition,Grading,Packing etc.

1.96 XI

12 Irrigation: Method of Irriga-tion Drip,Sprinkler,furrow.

1.91 XII

13 Marketing 1.89 XIII14 Method of Sowing(Spacing:

row to row, plant to Plant)1.81 XIV

15 Harvesting time and method 1.60 XV

Mean of mean score : 2.45

The data presented in Table-8 reveal that majority of ground nut growers prefer to receive training on diagnosis of diseases and pests and control measures of diseases and pests and Organic manures (Rank I,II and III)followed by application of manures and fertilizers-basel dose. It can be concluded that groundnut growers of selected villages don’t have knowledge and skill about Application of manures and fertilizers-basel dose.The rest were as consider as least important training need of various aspects related to ground nut production by the visitor farmers of ATIC.

Relationship with characteristics of visitor farmers of ATIC and their training need

A perusal of data presented in table-9 revealed that the Education and Social participation were highly significant with training need of groundnut growers. While occupation, land holding, irrigation facilities and annual income were non-significantly related with training need of groundnut


168

Table9 : Relationship with characteristics of visitor farmers of ATIC & their training need n=80

Sr. No.

variable Training need coefficient of Correlation.(r-value)

X1 Age -- 0.592**X2 Education 0.558**X3 Occupation 0.188X4 Land holding 0.086X5 Irrigation facilities 0.192X6 Annual income 0.177X7 Social participation 0.367**

** Significant at the level of the 0.01 level. * Significant at the level 0.05 level.

growers. While the age had negatively and highly significant relationship with training need of groundnut growers.

CONCLUSION

Majority of the Groundnut growers had middle aged, educated up to primary to secondary level, farming along with animal husbandry as main occupation, possessed membership in two organizations average size of land holding was more than 4.0 hectares, tube well was the main source of irrigation. and having medium annual income. (` 50,000/- to ` 2,50,000/-)

Majority of the Groundnut growers preferred to receive training on control measures of diseases and pests and followed by organic manures and application of

manures and fertilizers.

Education and Social participation were highly significant with training need of groundnut growers. While occupation, land holding, irrigation facilities and annual income were non-significantly related with training need of groundnut growers. While the age had negatively and highly significant relationship with training need of groundnut growers.

REFERENCES

Bhatt, H. P. (2002) Impact of institutional training on farmwomen’s’ knowledge and adoption of whear production technology, M.Sc (Agri.) thesis (unpublished), G,A,U,. S.K. Nagar.

Garret, H.E. (1967), Statistics in psychology education. Vakils peffer and simons pvt. Ltd., Bombay.

Siddaramaiah, B S. and Jalihal, K. A. (1983) Ascale to measure extension participation of farmers. IJEF, 19 (3&4) :74-76.

Subramonium, K. (1986) Communication behavior of farmers a system analysis M.Sc (Agri.) College agriculture vellayani.

Trivedi, M. S. and Patel, B. T. (1997). A knowledge test to measure Groundnut growers’ knowledge about Groundnut production technology, Guj. J Ext. Edu. Vol. 8&9 :109-110.



169

INTRODUCTION

Green gram is an important pulses crop in India and believed to be originated from India. It is short duration legume crop grown mostly as a fallow crop in rotation with rice. Similar to the leguminous pulses, green gram, enriches soil nitrogen content. It is grown mostly in Asian region traditionally while its cultivation has spread to Africa and Americas relatively in the recent times. More than 70%t of world’s green gram production comes from India. Green gram, similar to other pulses, is grown primarily for its protein rich seeds. Green gram contains 20-25% protein. The plants are sometimes cut and ploughed into the soil to enrich soil nitrogen.

India is the world’s largest producer as well as consumer of green gram. It produces about 17.52 million M tons of green gram annually from about 3.4 million hectares of area, with an average productivity of 500kg per hectare. Green gram output accounts for about 10-12% of total pulse production in the country.

Green gram production in the country remained stable more than a decade from the year 2000, the production

around 10 to 15 lakh tons. But a sudden jump in output was noted in 2010-11 to 17.5 lakh tones.

There is a distinct change in production pattern of green gram across states. Traditionally Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh are major green gram producing states. But there is significant rise in production from other states in recent years particularly from Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.

Number of steps has been initiated by the central/state government to boost-up the production of pluses crop. There are several transfer of technology projects of the ICAR like the All India Coordinated Project on National Demonstration (AICPND), Operation Research Project (ORP), NFSM, NMSA, RKVY, A3P, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) and Lab to Land Programme (LLP), National Pulse Production Scheme (NPPS). In these projects the main aim is to enhancing the production of green gram at farmer’s field by providing latest technical know-how.

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in Chhotaudaipur district

Association between Personal Attributes of Farmers with Their Knowledge and Adoption of Green Gram Production Technology in Chhotaudaipur District

B.L.Dhayal1, and B.M.Mehta2

1 Scientist(Agriculture Extension), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vadodara - 3911252 Senior Scientist & Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vadodara - 391125


ABSTRACT

In ayurvedic cooking, it is used as a whole or, more commonly, split and hulled. Split and hulled green gram are small and yellow and called mung (moong) dal in India. Green gram is one of the most cherished foods in ayurveda. They are tridoshic-they can be eaten to balance all three doshas, especially when cooked with spices appropriate for each dosha. They are very nourishing, while being relatively easy to digest-they do not generally create abdominal gas or bloating, as the drawbacks of larger beans. Persons recuperating are often recommended khichari, a combination of rice and green gram, because of their ability to provide a good level of nourishment without overtaxing the digestion. They offer the astringent taste. According to modern nutrition, Green gram offer 14 g of protein per cooked cup. Green gram is also a good source of dietary fiber. They also contain thiamin, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and copper, and are a good source of foliate.The majority of farmers belonged to the middle age group i.e., between 30-54 years. It was further found that 63.0 farmers belonged to the up to secondary category of educational level. The majority of farmers were more than 2.00 ha land followed by small farmers and marginal farmers in the study sample. It was also found 88.00 per cent farmers belonged to the (Above Rs. 24000 income per annum).

Keywords: A Green gram production technology, Knowledge, Adoption, Association


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of Gujarat. The Chhotaudaipur was selected based on following reasons. Chhotaudaipur is one of the new develop district and KVK mangalbharti is located in the same district. Out of six talukas of the district five (5) talukas were selected basis on the area under Green Gram cultivation.

Two villages were selected from each talukas on basis of maximum area under green gram cultivation. From selected 10 villages a sample of 100 Green Gram growers has been made in such a manner that the number of Green Gram growers selected from each village has been proportionate to the total number of Green Gram growers of the respective village.


Distribution of farmers according to their selected personal characteristics

(1) Age of farmers

Table 1 shows that majority of farmers belonging to middle age group i.e. between 30-54 years of age. This age group constitutes 61.00% of the total sample. Further, farmers 21.00% were from young and 18.00% of old age group.

(2) Education

The data in Table 1 shows that 63.00 % of the total farmers were educated up to secondary, 23.00 % illiterate (no schooling) and 14.00% were observed above secondary level of education in study area.

(3) Size of land holding

Observation of Table 1 reveals that majority of farmers belonged to Above 2 ha land holding group. This land holding category alone constitutes 64.00 per cent of the total sample. Further, 18.00 per cent were in small farmers category whereas, remaining i.e., 18.00 per cent farmers were in the marginal farmer’s category.

(4) Income

The data incorporated in Table 1 clearly show that majority of the farmers i.e., 88.00 per cent were from above 24000 rs per annum, while only 12.00 per cent farmers were found to be below 24000rs per annum.

(5) Social participation

Table 1 shows that 30 % farmers were not the member of any organization, 45.00% were the member of one organization, and 25.00% farmers had possessed the position of office bearer.

Table 1: Distribution of farmers according to their personal attributes n=100

Sr.No. Personal attributes

FarmersF %

1 Age(i) Young (below 30 years) 21 21(ii) Middle (30-54 years) 61 61(iii) Old (above 54 years) 18 182 Education (i) Illiterate 23 23(ii) Up to secondary 63 63(iii) Above secondary 14 143 Size of land holding (i) Marginal (less than 1 ha.) 18 18(ii) Small (1-2 ha.) 18 18(iii) Big (above 2 ha.) 64 644 Income(i) Above ` 24000/ Annum 88 88(ii) Below ` 24000/-Annum 12 125 Social participation (i) No member of any organization 30 30(ii) Members of organization 45 45(iii) Office bearer 25 25

F= frequency, %= percentage

Association between selected personal characteristics of green gram growers with their level of knowledge about green gram production technology

(1) Age

Table 2 shows that the age of the Green gram growers was significantly correlated with their knowledge level of farmers about green gram production technology

(2) Education

Farmers which were highly significant with the knowledge level about green gram production technology at 1 per cent level of significance; it means educational level of farmer’s effect significantly on the knowledge level.


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(3) Size of land holding

Size of land holding of farmers was highly significant correlated with knowledge level at 1 per cent level of significance. Thus reveals that there is correlation between knowledge and land holding of farmers.

Table 2 : Association between personal attributes and knowledge level of farmers about green gram production technology n=100

Sr. No

Variables Co-efficient correlation ‘r’ value

X1 Age 0.85*X2 Education 0.857**X3 Size of land holding 0.72**X4 Income 0.669**X5 Social participation 0.818*

* and ** indicate significance of values at 0.05 and 0.01 respectively, NS – Non-significant

(4) Income

It can be seen from the Table 2 that farmer’s income was significant at 1 per cent level of significance. It means income variable exerted highly significant effect on the knowledge level of farmers.


The social participation was positively and significantly co-related with the Knowledge level of the farmers. This might have been due to the reason that the social participation gave on opportunity to green gram growers to widen their scope for interacting and discussing with their fellow farmers about their problems and this interaction might some time help the green gram growers in understanding the utility of new innovations and in strengthening the already established positive opinion about new technologies resulting in more knowledge.

Association between selected personal characteristics of green gram growers with their level of adoption about green gram production technology.

(1) Age

The data incorporated in Table 3 show that the farmers which were significantly associated with the extent of adoption of farmers about green gram production technology at 5 per cent level of significance. It means age of

farmers exerted a significant effect on the extent of adoption of farmers.

Table 3 : Association between age and adoption level of farmers about green gram production technology.

S r. No

Variables Association with Adoption Level

Co-efficient correlation ‘r’ value

X1 Age 0.666*

X2 Education 0.677**

X3 Size of land holding 0.16NS

X4 Income 0.443**

X5 Social participation 0.612*

* and ** indicate significance of values at 0.05 and 0.01 respectively, NS – Non-significant

(2) Education

It can be seen from the Table 3 that farmers, which were significantly associated with the extent of adoption of farmers about green gram production technology at 1 and 5 per cent level of significance, It means education level of farmers exerted significant effect on the extent of adoption of farmers.

(3) Size of Land holding

The data incorporated in Table 3 show that the farmers which were non-significant with the size of land holding.

(4) Income

The critical study of Table 3 reveals those farmers which were highly significant at 1 and 5 per cent level of significance. This reveals that there is significant association between income and extent of adoption of farmers.


The study of Table 3 reveals that farmers significant correlation with social participation and extent adoption of farmers about green gram production technology

CONCLUSION

The majority of farmers belonged to the middle age group i.e., between 30-54 years. It was further found that


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63.0 farmers belonged to the up to secondary category of educational level.

The majority of farmers were more than 2.00 ha land followed by small farmers and marginal farmers in the study sample. It was also found 88.00 per cent farmers belonged to the (Above ` 24000 income per annum). The 30.00% of farmers were no member of any organization followed by member of one organization (45%) and office bearer of organization (25%).

There was significant association between different variables viz., age, education and income with knowledge level as well as extent of adoption of the farmers. Personal attributes of farmers like land holding was significantly associated with knowledge level but not associated with the extent of adoption level.

REFERENCES

Asiwal, B.L. (2006). Impact of front line demonstration of adoption on improved mustard production technology among the farmers of Laxmangarh panchayat samiti of Sikar district of Rajasthan. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, (Unpub.), R.A.U , Campus-Jobner.

Dangi, K.L. and Intodia, S.L. (1998). Adoption behaviour of contact and follower farmers under T & V system in Indira Gandhi Canal project area of Rajasthan. Raj. J. Extn. Edu., 2 (1) : 50-55.

Arneja, C.S. and Khangura, R.S. (2003). “A study of the knowledge of pea growers and its association with their selected socio personal characteristics”. Rural India, 66 : 166-168.

Dattari, P. (1980). Extent of knowledge and adoption of improved practices of rice cultivation by contact and non-contact farmer under T & V system in Karimnagar district of A.P. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Campus- Jobner.

Geengar, H.K. (2006). Knowledge and adoption of maize production technology by the tribal and non-tribal farmers in Jahazpur panchayat samiti of Bhilwara district (Raj.). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, (Unpub.), R.A.U.. campus- Jobner.

Patil, H.S., Purkar, J.K. and Deshmukh, M.R. (2003).

Impact of frontline demonstration on niger in Maharashtra. Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika, 18 (1&2) : 53-67.

Nakela, N.S. (1989). Kharif Pulse Technology accessibility to farmers in tribal and non-tribal areas of Udaipur district (Rajasthan). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, (Unpub.), R.A.U.. campus- Udaipur.

Narpat, S. (2004). Knowledge and adoption of recommended technology of mustard cultivation in Jhunjhunu District of Rajasthan. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis (Unpub.), R.A.U.. campus- Jobner.

Poonia, A. (2002). Technological gap among the kinnow (Citrus deliciosa) orchard owners in Sriganganagar district of Rajasthan. M.Sc. (Ag.), Thesis (Unpub.), M P U A T, Udaipur.

Rathore, N.S. (2001). A study on adoption of improved cultivation practices of mungbean (Vigna radiata) among the farmers of Nagaur district of Rajasthan. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis (Unpub.), MPUAT, Udaipur.

Rathore, S.S., Deepak, D. and Chouhan, J. (2003). Factors associated with the knowledge level of farmers about improved agricultural practices of mustard cultivation in Jalore. Indn. Res. J. Extn. Edu., 3. (1) : 4-6.

Singh, N. and Sharma, F.l. (2005) impact of fld on gain in knowledge about mustard production technology among farmers of bharatpur district’’. indn. res. j. extn. edu., 5 (1) :18-20.

Singh, R.P, Tyagi, M.S., Tomar, A.S., Bhagwat, P.D., Mandape, M.K. and Badgujar, V.K. 2008). Extent of adoption of improved practices of mothbean production technology by farmers in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan. 3rd National Symposium on Enhancing Productivity, Nutritional Security and Export Potential Through Arid Leg., Abstract, 28-30 (132-133).

Singh, B., Singh, R. and Chouhan, K.N.K. (2003). Adoption and constraints in mothbean production technology in arid zone of Rajasthan. Advances in Arid Leg. Res. Indn. Arid Leg. Society and Scientific Publisher (India), Jodhpur, 510-514.



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INTRODUCTION

Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development sectors play an important role in the national economy and in the socioeconomic development of the country as well as in supplementing family income and generating gainful employment in the rural sector, particularly among the landless labourers, small and marginal farmers and women, besides providing cheap nutritional food to millions of people.India has the world’s largest livestock population accounting for over 55 and 16 per cent of the world’s buffalo and cattle populations, respectively.

The XIth Five Year Plan has included ambitious programs to increase the outlays for control of animal diseases. The present domestic animal health industry, which is of about Rs 1,000 crore, is only 4.5 percent of the total estimated domestic pharmaceutical market. The control of animal disease is important for many reasons. Resistance to disease improves animal welfare, makes livestock farming more efficient (and food more plentiful) and helps protect people from those animal borne diseases capable of infecting humans too. In each of these cases even the most effective treatments would not achieve these ends as well as an effective vaccination programme can. However, the animal health has

not received due attention in tribal areas that it deserves. To further evaluate attitude of tribal livestock owners towards vaccination in ruminants, the present investigation was carried out.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To Study the profile of the livestock owners adopting vaccination practices in ruminants

(ii) To measure the attitude of livestock owners towards vaccination practices in ruminants

METHODOLOGY

The present study was carried out in randomly selected villages of selected talukas of Dahod district of Gujarat state. Two talukas namely Dahod and Zalod were purposively selected for study having higher milk production capacity. Randomly five villages from two selected Talukas of Dahod district were selected and after selecting villages, randomly 12 livestock owners were selected from each village. Thus, total sample size for this research study was 60 livestock owners. Where having fairly good number of livestock owners having good herd size and had higher milk production capacity.

Dynamic Profile of the Tribal Livestock Owners and Their Attitude Towards Vaccination in Ruminants

P. C. Patel1, J. B. Patel2 and N. R. Parmar3

1 and 3 P. G. Student, Department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand - 388 1102 Associate Professor, Department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand - 388 110


ABSTRACT

Present study was conducted to access the attitude of the tribal livestock owners towards vaccination in ruminants in two selected Talukas of Dahod district of Gujarat State. Randomly five villages from two selected Talukas of Dahod district were selected, where fairly good number of livestock owners having good herd size and had higher milk production capacity. After selecting villages, randomly 12 livestock owners were selected from each village. Thus, total sample size for this research study was 60 livestock owners. As stated by Kerlinger (1976), ex-post-facto research design is worthy to be applied when the independent variables have already acted upon. Different independent variables like age, education, and experience in livestock management, social participation, land holding, annual income, extension contact, mass media exposure, knowledge, economic motivation, scientific orientation and risk orientation were measured and majority of the livestock owners had moderately to most favorable attitude towards vaccination in ruminants.

Keywords: Tribal livestock owners, Profile, Attitude, Vaccination in ruminants


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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Background information of the livestock owners

The respondents were categorized into different groups

on the basis of their some of the important personal, social, economical, communicational and psychological characteristics of the livestock owner were selected and studied the findings of which have been presented in Table: 1

Table 1: Component of Livestock owners n=60

Sr.No.

Components Categories Frequency Percentage

1 AgeYoung age ( up to 35 years)Middle age (36 to 50 years) Old age (above 50 years)

173409

28.3356.5715.00

2 Educationa. illiterate b.read n write c.Primary (up to 7th) d.Secondry (8th-12th) e.College level

15 09 22 08 06

25.00 15.00 36.67 13.33 10.00

3 Experience in livestock management

Very low (Up to 5 years) Low (6 to 10 years) Medium (11 to 15 years) High (16 to 20 years) Very high (21 and more)

11 10 15 05 19

18.33 16.67 25.00 08.34 31.66

4 Social participation

No membership. Membership in 1 organization. Membership in 2 organization. Membership in more than 2 organization. Position holder.

0 33 07 11 9

00.00 55.00 11.67 18.33 15.00

5 Land Holding Marginal farmer (Up to 1 hectare) Small farmer (1.01 to 2 hectare) Medium farmer( 01 to 4 hectare) Large farmer (>4 hectare)

19 24 08 09

31.67 40.00 13.33 15.00

6 Herd Size Very low (Up to 3 animals) Low (4 to 6 animals) Medium (7 to 10 animals) High (11 to 13 animals) Very high (14 and more animals)

33 14 08 02 03

55.00 23.33 13.34 03.33 05.00

7 Annual Inome Very low (Up to 50,000) Low ( 50,001 to 1,00,000) Medium ( 1,00,001 to 1,50,000) High ( 1,50,001 to 2,00,000) Very high (Above 2,00,001)

14 10 22 08 06

23.34 16.66 36.67 13.33 10.00

8 Extension Contact

Very low (up to 2.40) Low (2.41 to 4.80 ) Medium (4.81 to 7.20) High (7.21 to 9.60) Very high (more than 9.60)

13 05 19 16 07

21.66 08.34 31.67 26.66 17.67

9 Mass Media Exposure

Very low (up to 3.60) Low (3.61 to 7.20) Medium (7.21 to 10.80) High (10.81 to 14.40) Very high (more than 14.41)

08 11 20 07 14

13.33 18.34 33.33 11.67 23.33


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Sr.No.

Components Categories Frequency Percentage

10 Knowledge Very low (up to 20 %) Low (21 % to 40 %) Medium (41 % to 60 %) High (61 % to 80 %) Very high (more than 80 %)

07 09 34 06 04

11.67 15.00 56.67 10.00 06.66

11 Economic motivation

Very low (up to 10.80) Low (10.81 to 15.60) Medium (15.61 to 20.40) High (20.41 to 25.20) Very high (25.21 to 30.00)

06 16 23 07 08

10.00 26.66 38.33 11.67 13.34

12 Scientific Orientation

Very low (up to 25.20) Low (25.21 to 36.40) Medium (36.41 to 47.60) High (47.61 to 58.80) Very high (58.81 to 70.00)

07 17 21 09 06 60

11.67 28.33 35.00 15.00 10.00 100

13 Risk Orientation Very low (up to 18)Low(19 to 26)Medium (27 to 34)High (35 to 42)Very high (43 to 50)

12 04 33 08 03

20.00 06.67 55.00 13.33 05.00

(1) Age

The data presented in Table 1 show that more than half (56.67 per cent) of the livestock owners were found in the middle age group followed by 28.33 per cent in young age group. The rest 15.00 per cent of the livestock owners belonged to old age group.

(2) Education

The data presented in the Table 1 reveal that more than one third (36.678 per cent) of the livestock owners had secondary level of education followed by 25.00 per cent, 15.00 per cent and 13.33 per cent of them who had illiterate, primary and higher secondary level of education, respectively. Only 10.00 per cent of the livestock owners were found in the category of graduate and above level of education.

(3) Experience in livestock management

The data presented in Table 1 reveal that slightly more than one third of the livestock owners (31.66 per cent) had more than 21 years of experience in animal keeping, while 25.00 per cent, 18.33 per cent, 16.67 per cent of them had 11 to 15 years, up to 5 years and 6 to 10 years of experience in animal keeping, respectively. Whereas, only 8.34 per cent of the owners had experience of 16 to 20 years.

(4) Social Participation

The data presented in Table 1 show that more than half (55.00 per cent) of the livestock owners had membership in one organization, while 18.33 per cent of livestock owners had membership in more than two organizations. Further, 15.00 per cent of them had membership along with position holding, while 11.67 per cent of them had membership in more than one organization and none of the member was found in the category of no membership in any organization.

(5) Land Holding

It is obvious from the data presented in Table 1 that exactly two fifth (40.00 per cent) of the livestock owners possessed small size of land holding,whereas,31.67 per cent and 15.00 per cent of them possessed marginal and large size of land holding, respectively. Only 13.33 per cent of them possessed medium size of land holding.

(6) Herd Size

The data presented in Table 1 show that more than half (55.00 per cent) of the livestock owners had very low herd size of 3 animals, followed by 23.33 per cent, 13.34 per cent and 5.00 per cent of the livestock owners had low, medium and very high herd size, respectively. Whereas, only


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3.33 per cent of the livestock owners had high herd size.

(7) Annual Income

From the Table 1 we can reveal that nearly less than two fifth (36.67 per cent) of the livestock owners had medium annual income ranging from 1,00,001 to 1,50,000, followed by 23.34 per cent, 16.66 per cent, 13.33 per cent and 10.00 per cent had very low, low, high and very high annual income, respectively.

(8) Extension Contact

It is observed from Table 1 that slightly more than one third(31.67 per cent) of the livestock owners had medium level of extension contact followed by 26.66 per cent and 21.66 per cent of them had high and very low level of extension contact, respectively. Only 11.67 per cent and 08.34 per cent of livestock owners had very high and low extension contact.

(9) Mass Media Exposure

The data given in Table1 indicate that more than one third(33.33 per cent) of the livestock owners had medium exposure to mass media, followed by 23.33 per cent, 18.34 per cent, 13.33 per cent, 11.67 per cent of them had very high level, low level, very low level and high level of mass media exposure respectively. Thus it can be concluded that 76.67 per cent of the livestock owners had medium to high level of mass media exposure.

(10) Knowledge

A look at Table 1 makes it clear that more than half 56.67 per cent of the livestock owners had medium level of knowledge followed by 15.00 per cent and 11.67 per cent had low and very low level of knowledge respectively. Whereas, only 10.00 per cent and 06.66 per cent of the livestock owners had high and very high level of knowledge regarding vaccination and better animal healthcare practices.

(11) Economic Motivation

A look at Table 1 makes it clear that nearly two fifth (38.33 per cent) of the livestock owners had medium economic motivation, while 26.66 per cent and 13.34 per cent were found to have low and very high economic motivation. Further, 11.67 per cent and 10.00 per cent of them were found to have high and very low economic motivation.

(12) Scientific Orientation

A perusal of data presented in Table 1 reveals that 35.00 per cent of the livestock owners had medium level of scientific orientation followed by 28.33 per cent and 15.00 per cent of the livestock owners had low and high level of scientific orientation, respectively. Only 11.67 per cent and 10.00per cent of the owners had very low and very high level of scientific orientation.

(13) Risk Orientation

A perusal of data from Table 1 reveals that more than half (55.00 per cent) of the livestock owners had medium risk orientation followed by 20.00 per cent, 13.33 per cent of them with very low and high risk orientation. Only 06.67 per cent and 05.00 of them were observed to have low and very high degree of risk orientation.

Attitude of the livestock owners towards vaccination in ruminants

For the measurement of the attitude of tribal livestock owners towards vaccination, scale developed by research worker himself was applied. The data regarding tribal livestock owners towards vaccination are presented in arbitrary form in Table 2.

Table 2: Distribution of Livestock owners according to their attitude towards vaccination in ruminants n=60

Sr. No.

Level of Attitude Frequency Per cent

1 Least favorable(14.00 to 25.20) 04 06.662 Less favorable (25.21 to 36.40) 10 16.673 Moderately favorable

(36.41 to 47.60)38 63.33

4 More favorable (47.61 to 58.80) 03 05.005 Most favorable (58.81 to 70.00) 05 08.34

The data given in Table 2 illustrate that 63.33 per cent of the owners had moderately favorable attitude towards vaccination followed by 16.67 per cent and 8.34 per cent of them had less favorable and most favorable attitude towards vaccination in ruminants, respectively. Only 6.66 per cent and 5.00 per cent of the livestock owners were observed to have least favorable and more favorable attitude towards vaccination in ruminants. From the foregoing discussion, it can be concluded that majority (76.67 per cent) of the livestock owners had moderately to most favorable attitude towards vaccination in ruminants.


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CONCLUSION

From the above discussion it can be concluded that the attitude of livestock owners towards vaccination in ruminants needs to be changed by creating appropriate awareness about improved animal health care practices and improved vaccination as well, because there is a better scope of improvement in the animal health subsequently increasing the milk production and generating high income vice-versa in the tribal area if proper care is taken. We can conclude that majority of the livestock owners were of middle aged group having secondary to college level of education with experience of 11 to 12 year in livestock management. Great majority of the owners had poor social participation with one or two organization. Majority of the owners had marginal to small size of land holding having annual income of 1,00,001 to 2,00,000, medium to high level of extension contact, medium to very high level of knowledge and economic motivation and scientific orientation. Whereas majority of the owners had very low to medium level of scientific orientation and vast majority had herd size of 3 to 10 animals. Majority of the tribal livestock owners had moderately favorable to most favorable attitude towards vaccination in ruminants.

REFERENCES

Anonymous (2010). Veterinary Vaccine and Diagnostic. Policy Paper 46 : 1

Anonymous (2012).http://www.nddb.org

Anonymous (2013). British veterinary association. Vaccination-The Facts: 8

Eysenck, H. J. and Crown, S. (1949). An experimental study in opinion-attitude methodology. Int. J. Opin. Attitude Res.,3: 47-86.

Edward, A. L. (1957). Techniques for scale construction. Appeton century Inc., New York.

Guilford, J. P. (1954). Psychometric methods. Tata McGraw-Hill Publication Co. Ltd., Bombay : 378-382.

Hai, Abdul., Srivastava, R. M., and Singh, R. P. (2003). Livestock farmer’s preference of communication media and their use by extension workers in tribal area of Bihar. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 39(1 & 2): 31-34.

Karl, Pearson. (1978). Hand Book of Agricultural Statistics. I.C.A.R., New Delhi. 284-285

Kerlinger, F. N. (1976). “Foundations of behavioural research” Surjeet Publications, New Delhi : 198-204.

Likert, R. A. (1932). A technique for measurement of attitude scale. Archive of Psychology. (140).

Temkar, G. K. (2000). A study on extent of knowledge and attitude towards artificial insemination in the milch animals of the dairy farmers of Anand district. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, Gujarat Agricultural University, S. K. Nagar.

Tiwari, R., Rupasi Tiwari. and Singh, R. (2000). Attitude of livestock owners towards piggery enterprise. Agricultural Extension Review, 12(4): 19-23.

Thrustone, L. L. and E. G. Chave (1928). The measurement of opinion. Journal of Abnormal psychology, 22: 415-430



178

Suggestions to Overcome the Constraints Faced by the Farm Women in Adoption of No Cost and Low Cost Technology of Animal Husbandry

B.M.Christian1, N.B.Chauhan2 and S. N. Shah3

1 Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, AAU, Vaso - 387380

2 Professor and Head, Department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand - 3881103 Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, BACA, AAU, Anand - 388110


ABSTRACT

Current study was conducted to know suggestions to overcome the constraints faced by the farm women in adoption of no cost and low cost technology of animal husbandry of Nadiad Taluka of Kheda district. According to the availability of the farm women engaged in animal husbandry as per government census, 10 villages of Nadiad taluka were selected for this study. Total 150 farm women were selected by proportionate random sample method. The data were collected by personal contacts. The majority of the farm woman also suggests that, there is a need of loan and subsidy (credit facility) for preparation of cattle shed and purchase of animal and there is a need to train farmers about new technology frequently to overcome the problems to adopt no cost low cost technology in animal husbandry. There is a need to provide training to at least five members of milk co-operative society about animal husbandry related problems and its solution and there should be facility of vaccine and semen storage and its care at every milk co-operative society level.

Keywords : Constraints, No cost and low cost technology, Farm women

In India, animal husbandry occupy as the second biggest economic sector next to agriculture in rural areas. It provides employment and financial support to rural families. Women play an important role in animal husbandry activi-ties as manager, decision makers and skilled workers. They help in farm operations, take their animals for grazing, look after the sale of milk and in addition, perform the functions related to house management. Rural woman contributes a share of more than 75 per cent in animal husbandry opera-tions like feeding, milking and sale of milk. Considering the importance of role of women in animal husbandry, the pres-ent study was carried out.

OBJECTIVE

To seek suggestions to overcome the constraints faced by the farm women in adoption of no cost and low cost

technology of animal husbandry

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in Nadiad taluka of Kheda district of Gujarat state. According to the availability of the farm women engaged in animal husbandry as per government census, 10 villages of Nadiad taluka were selected for this study. Total 150 farm women were selected by proportion-ate random sample method. The proportionate sample that is from Vaso-20 farm women ,Uttarsanda-19,Sodpur-17,Vadtal-16,Salun(talpad)-14,Piplata-14,Maholel-14,Dabhan-12,Chalali-12,Narsanda-12 farm women were selected. The data of the study was collected by personal interview. The interview schedule was prepared keeping in view the objec-tives of the study. The statistical measure such as mean score was used to analyze the data.


179

It is observed from the above table that The majority of the farm woman also suggests that, there is a need of loan and subsidy (credit facility) for preparation of cattle shed and pur-chase of animal and there is a need to train farmers about new technology frequently to overcome the problems to adopt no cost low cost technology in animal husbandry. There is a need to provide training to at least five members of milk co-operative society about animal husbandry related problems and its solution and there should be facility of vaccine and semen storage and its care at every milk co-operative society level.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that the majority of the farm woman also suggests that, there is a need of loan and subsidy (credit fa-cility) for preparation of cattle shed and purchase of animal and there is a need to train farmers about new technology fre-quently to overcome the problems to adopt no cost low cost technology in animal husbandry. There is a need to provide training to at least five members of milk co-operative society about animal husbandry related problems and its solution and there should be facility of vaccine and semen storage and its care at every milk co-operative society level.

IMPLICATION

Taking into consideration the importance of farm

woman in to animal husbandry, there is a need give impor-tance to the suggestions of farm woman to solve their dif-ficulty which obstruct them for adoption of no cost and low cost technology of animal Husbandry so that they can mini-mize their cost of animal keeping and raise their income.

REFERENCES

Patel, A. J; Chaudhary M.G, and Patel J.K (2012) Awareness and Technological Needs of Woman in Dairying, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., vol. 23 : 74-77.

Patel, R. N; Patel V. T, and Prajapati M.M (2013) Training need of dairy Farm Women in Dairy Farming Practices, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., vol.24 : 39-41.

Prajapati, J.V; Bhatt P.M and Patel J.B(2013)Factors affect-ing Adoption of No-cost and Low –cost Technologies of Animal Husbandry by Tribal Dairy Farmwomen in Gujarat, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., vol.24 :111-113.

Prajapati, J.V; Bhatt P.M and Patel H.B(2011)Adoption of no-cost and Low –cost technologies of animal husband-ry by tribal dairy farmwomen, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., vol.22 :111-113.

Prajapati, J.V; Bhatt P.M and Patel J.B(2012)Knowledge level of Tribal Dairy Farm Women about No-cost and Low –cost Technologies of Animal Husbandry, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., vol.23141-146.


Table 1: Suggestions to overcome the constraints faced by the farm women in adoption of no cost and low cost tech-nology of animal husbandry n=150

Sr. No.

category Mean score

Rank

1. There is a need of loan and subsidy(credit) for preparation of cattle shed and purchase of animal

1.92 It

2. There is a need to train farmers about new technology frequently 1.87 II3. There is a need to provide training to at least five member of milk co-operative society

about animal husbandry related problems and its solution1.86 III

4. There should be facility of vaccine and semen storage and its care at every milk co-operative society level

1.82 IV

Received : May 2015 : Accepted : October 2015


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INTRODUCTION

Globalization and technological change processes that have accelerated in tandem over the past years have created a new global economy ―Powered by technology, fueled by information and driven by knowledge. The emergence of this new global economy has serious implications for the nature and purpose of educational institutions

Today‘s world is a world of information explosion. This information explosion is taking place in such a fast speed that even a literate person is feeling as if he or she is illiterate being not able to cope up with such an information explosion. Here the question arises how is one to cope up with it? The answer is, information technology (IT) that can help in coping with the information explosion. So, we can say that - Information Technology is nothing but coping up with explosion of Information. Information technology (IT) is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a micro-electronics - based combination of computing and telecommunication.

METHODOLOGY

Study was conducted on graduate and post graduate students of college of food processing technology and bio energy. Data were collected through questionnaires. The collected data were classified, tabulated and analyzed with frequency, mean and standard deviation.


Table 1: Number of students

Degree Semester Male Female TotalB.Tech 1st 21 19 40

3rd 14 16 305th 20 13 337th 10 15 25

M.Tech 1st 05 04 093rd 09 03 12Total 79 70 149

Table 1 shows the under graduate and post graduate number of students from each semester who participated in

Study of FPT and BE Students’ Knowledge, Anxiety and Attitude Towards Computers

K. C. Kamani1 and P. S. Parsania2

1 Assistant Professor (Computer Science), SMC College of Dairy Science, AAU, Anand - 3881102 Professor (Computer Science), College of FPT&BE, AAU, Anand - 388110


ABSTRACT

Throughout the world, information and communications technologies (ICTs) are changing the face of education. It has been argued that the transformation of education may be the most important of the many practical revolutions sparked by computer technology. Just as computers are about to replace books as our main source of information globally, computers will come to occupy the central position in education once occupied by books. The efficient use of Information Technology can help students in higher education for their independent learning and research activities. In this regard, this study attempted to find out the relation between students’ knowledge, anxiety and attitude towards computers. Sample of the study were 149 students from the college of Food Processing Technology and Bio Energy, Anand Agricultural University including male and female of B. Tech (Semester 1, 3, 5 and 7) and M. Tech (Semester 1 and 3). Students’ computer knowledge access through researchers” made test. Attitude and anxiety were measured throughComputer Attitude Scale (C.A.S.). There is a positive significant relationship between students Computer Anxiety and Attitude towards computer, Computer Confidence and Attitude towards computer, Computer Linking and Attitude towards computer, Computer usefulness and Attitude towards computer.

Keywords: ICT, CAS.


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study.

Table 2: Number of student’s having personal computer and previous knowledge of computer

Degree Semester Gender Personal Computer

No Personal Computer

Previous Knowledge

No Previous Knowledge

B.Tech 1st Male 12 09 19 02Female 10 09 17 02

3rd Male 08 06 14 00Female 08 08 15 01

5th Male 11 09 20 00Female 07 06 13 00

7th Male 09 01 10 00Female 14 01 15 00

M.Tech 1st Male 03 02 05 00Female 04 00 04 00

3rd Male 09 00 07 02Female 03 00 02 01

Table 2 shows the under graduate and post graduate number of students from each semester having personal computer and previous knowledge of computer.

Table 3: Means score and standard deviation of student’s on knowledge of computer test and computer attitude based on personal computer

Degree Sem. No PC NoPC

Knowledge of computer Attitude towards compute

Mean SD Mean SD

PC NoPC PC No

PC PC NoPC PC No

PC

B.Tech 1st 40 22 18 29.05 25.22 8.20 6.81 138.23 131.61 17.98 14.55

3rd 30 16 14 31.00 28.29 6.42 4.43 143.13 128.50 15.65 10.71

5th 33 18 15 29.33 27.87 7.77 6.37 135.39 127.60 21.49 14.35

7th 25 23 2 34.65 34.50 5.15 6.36 147.78 130.00 12.26 9.90

M.Tech 1st 9 7 2 34.29 29.50 7.61 3.54 161.57 143.00 24.56 5.66

3rd 12 12 0 33.92 NA 4.34 NA 143.92 NA 22.77 NA

Total 149 98 51 32.04 29.08 6.58 5.50 145.00 132.14 19.12 11.03

With respect to knowledge test score of students the Table 3 indicates that mean score of all the semester having personal computer is 34.04 with standard deviation of 6.58. the mean score of all the semester does not having personal computer is 29.08 with standard deviation of 5.50.

With respect to attitude towards computer of students the table indicates that mean score of all the semester having personal computer is 145.00 with standard deviation of 19.12. the mean score of all the semester does not having personal computer is 132.15 with standard deviation of 11.03.


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Table 4: Means score and standard deviation of student’s on knowledge of computer and computer attitude based on previous knowledge of computer

Degree Sem No PK NoPK


Mean SD Mean SD

PK NoPK PK No

PK PK NoPK PK No

PK

B.Tech 1st 40 36 04 28.42 17.50 7.20 5.80 137.14 118.25 16.33 8.18

3rd 30 19 01 30.00 5.56 22.00 NA 136.79 122.00 15.29 NA

5th 33 33 00 28.67 NA 7.10 NA 131.85 NA 18.74 NA

7th 25 25 00 34.64 NA 5.10 NA 146.36 NA 12.89 NA

M.Tech 1st 09 09 00 33.22 NA 7.03 NA 157.44 NA 22.88 NA

3rd 12 09 03 35.78 28.33 2.86 2.89 140.67 153.67 21.33 29.02

Total 149 131 08 31.79 17.13 8.55 4.35 141.71 131.31 17.91 18.60

With respect to knowledge test score of students the Table 4 indicates that mean score of all the semester having previous knowledge of computer is 31.79 with standard deviation of 8.55. The mean score of all the semester does not previous knowledge of computer is 17.13 with standard deviation of 4.35.

With respect to attitude towards computer of students the table indicates that mean score of all the semester having previous knowledge of computer is 141.71 with standard deviation of 17.91. The mean score of all the semester does not having previous knowledge of computer is 131.31 with standard deviation of 18.60.

Table 5 : Mean score and standard deviation of student’s knowledge of computer test and computer attitude

Degree Semester No of Students


Mean SD Mean SD

B.Tech 1st 40 27.33 7.75 135.25 16.65

3rd 30 29.73 5.66 136.30 15.27

5th 33 28.67 7.10 131.85 18.74

7th 25 34.64 5.10 146.36 12.89

M.Tech 1st 9 33.22 7.03 157.44 22.88

3rd 12 33.92 4.34 143.92 22.77

Total 149 31.25 6.16 141.85 18.20

With respect to knowledge test score of students the Table 5 indicates that mean score of all the semester is 31.25 with standard deviation of 6.16.

With respect to attitude towards computer of students the table indicates that mean score of all the semester is 141.85 with standard deviation of 18.20.


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Table 6: Mean scores and standard deviation of students on sub-scales of computer attitude scale

Semester No. of Students

Computer Anxiety

Sub-scale

Computer confidence

Sub-scale

Computer linking

Sub-scale

Computer usefulness

Sub-scaleMean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD

1st (B.Tech) 40 34.08 6.90 35.38 5.93 31.68 4.81 34.13 5.13

3rd

(B.Tech)30 35.23 5.58 36.13 5.51 31.63 4.88 33.30 5.74

5th

(B.Tech)33 34.45 6.59 34.15 7.22 31.00 5.35 32.24 6.02

7th

(B.Tech)25 37.04 6.11 37.48 5.30 34.00 3.28 37.84 2.85

1st

(M.Tech)09 44.22 8.11 42.33 7.50 33.22 7.60 37.67 4.12

3rd

(M.Tech)12 41.58 4.87 40.92 6.11 31.17 9.43 30.25 9.68

Total 149 37.77 6.36 37.73 6.26 32.12 5.89 34.24 5.59 With respect to student’s score on computer anxiety sub-scale the Table 6 indicates that the mean score of all the semester is 37.77 with standard deviation of 6.36. With respect to student’s score on computer confidence sub-scale the Table indicates that the mean score of all the semester is 37.77 with standard deviation of 6.36. With respect to student’s score on

computer linking sub-scale the Table indicates that the mean score of all the semester is 32.12 with standard deviation of 5.89. With respect to student’s score on computer usefulness sub-scale the Table indicates that the mean score of all the semester is 34.24 with standard deviation of 5.59.

Table 7: Relationship between variables

Sr. No. X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6

X1 1X2 0.341882 1X3 0.219986 0.546553 1X4 0.14846 0.253091 0.299717 1X5 0.3004 0.36073 0.394623 0.488611 1X6 0.348491 0.762875 0.777439 0.656577 0.745764 1

X1 = Knowledge Test Score X2 = Computer Anxiety X3 = Computer Confidence X4 = Computer LinkingX5 = Computer Usefulness X6 = Attitude Towards computer

The Table 7 indicate that The mean score on computer usefulness subscale for students of 7th semester (B. Tech) was highest. There is a positive significant relationship between students Computer Anxiety and Attitude towards computer, Computer Confidence and Attitude towards computer, Computer Linking and Attitude towards computer, Computer usefulness and Attitude towards computer. There

is no significant relationship between students’ knowledge of computer and their computer anxiety.

CONCLUSION

The data analysis reveals that 65.77% of the students have personal computer and 94.63% of the students had previous computer knowledge. The mean score on computer


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confidence subscale for students of 1th semester (M. Tech) was highest.

The mean score on computer linking subscale and computer usefulness subscale for students of 7th semester (B. Tech) was highest.

There is a positive significant relationship between students Computer Anxiety and Attitude towards computer, Computer Confidence and Attitude towards computer, Computer Linking and Attitude towards computer, Computer usefulness and Attitude towards computer.

REFERENCES

Aytenkin, I. (2004) Attitudes of Students toward Computers, The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, TOJET January vol. (1) Article 2.

Christensen, R. and Knezek, G. (1998), Parallel Forms for Measuring Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Computers, Presented at Society of Information Technology & Teacher Education (SITE)’s 9th International Conference, Washington, DC.

Creswell, J. & Plano Clark, V. (2007). Designing and

conducting mixed methods research, California, USA: Sage Publication /studies/survey/tacdesc.htm

Ghosh, P.P. ((2005). Modern Educational Technologies, Aavishkar Publishers, Distributers. Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Johnson, D. (1996). Evaluating the Impact of Technology: The Less Simple Answer, The Educational Technology Journal, Vol. 5, No. 5, January.

Joshi, P. J., & Chauhan, N. B. (2013),. Tool to Measure Attitude towards Computer Application.Guj.J.Ext.Edu., Vol.24:55-57

Knezek, G. and Christensen, R. (1997). Attitudes Toward Information Technology at Two Parochial Schools in North Texas. Denton, TX: Texas Center for Educational Technology.

Laurence, J C. (2006). Impact.of Digital Technology on Education, Rajat Publication, New Delhi.

Sachdev, P. Concept of Information, Communication and Educational Technology, http://www.mu.ac.in/myweb_test/ma%20edu/ICT%20-%20Edu.pdf

Received : June 2015 : Accepted : September 2015


185

INTRODUCTION

The Government of Gujarat celebrates the ‘Krishi Mahotsav programme’. The main aim is to boost up the agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry and allied production. Pigeon pea is widely grown in Vadodara district which plays an important role in the rural economy. Looking to the importance of pigeon pea crop for farmers, the study was undertaken to know the Usefulness of Krushi mahotsav programmme for Pigeon pea growers regarding pigeon pea cultivation practices.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To know the socio-economic characteristics of farmers.

(ii) To know the usefulness of information about pigeon pea cultivation practices given during Krishi Mahotsav.

METHODOLOGY

The study was undertaken by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mangal Bharti in Vadodara district under middle Gujarat. Total 10 villages were randomly selected in Sankheda taluka of Vadodara district namely Hareshwar, Kasumbiya, Manjarol, Orwada, Bhuriyakuwa, Aritha, Aambapura, Sundarpura, Kathmandava and Ratanpur. From each village,

10 respondents were randomly selected for the study. Thus the total sample size of the respondents became 100. The data were collected through interview schedule and analyzed with frequency and percentage.


Socio-economic characteristics of farmers

(a) Age

The majority of farmers (61.00 per cent) were in middle age group followed by 26.00 per cent of farmers belonging old age group and 13.00 per cent were under young age group.

(b) Education

Nearly one-half of farmers (47.00 per cent) were an educated up to primary school level followed by 32.00, 9.00, 6.00 and 6.00 per cent were an education up to secondary level, up to higher secondary level, up to graduate and illiterate respectively.

(c) Type of family

The more than half (59.00 per cent) of farmers had nuclear family followed by 41.00 per cent had joint family.

Usefulness of Krushi Mahotsav Programmme for Pigeon pea Growers

Arti N. Soni1 , Dipal. N.Soni2, H.B.Patel3

1 SMS (Home Science), KVK, NAU, Vyara, Dist. Tapi - 396450 2 SMS (Home Science), KVK, NAU, Surat - 3950073 Extension Educationist, DEE, AAU, Anand - 388110


ABSTRACT

The study was conducted in jurisdiction of KVK, Mangal Bharti, Vadodara district. Total 10 villages were randomly selected in Sankheda taluka.10 respondents were randomly selected from each village. Respondents of the study were beneficiary farmers of Krishi Mahotsav programme which is organized every year by Government of Gujarat. The study was undertaken to know usefulness of information on pigeon pea cultivation practices given during Krishi Mahotsav. The study revealed that during Krishi Mahotsav programme, the majority of farmers gained information regarding pigeon pea cultivation practices like place of availability of fertilizers, name of advantageous chemical fertilizers, deficiency symptoms of major plant nutrients, chemical weed control, trade name of weedicides, schedule and critical stage for irrigation, fertilizer management during irrigation, Biological control of pests, useful insects, care after harvesting at farm level, storage practices, place of marketing, weather forecast and value addition, spacing, gap filling, nutrient requirement, hand weeding, trade name of insecticides/pesticides were found useful to farmers. Therefore, it should be suggested that the detail information regarding pigeon pea cultivation practices should be given to farmers during Krishi Mahotsav programme.

Keywords : Pigeon pea cultivation practices, Socio-economic characteristics


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(d) Family size:

The majority of farmers (59.00 per cent) possessed above 4 members i.e. big family size followed by 33.00, 8.00 per cent had 3 to 4 members (medium family), up to 2 members (small family size), respectively.

(e) Land holding

The majority of farmers (80.00 per cent) belonged to marginal to small land holding categories followed by 12.00, 6.00, 2.00 per cent were in landless, medium and big land holding categories, respectively.

(f) Milch animal size

The more than half farmers (53.00 per cent) had possessed 3 to 4 numbers of milch animals followed by 31.00 and 16.00 per cent of them possessed above 4 animals and up

to 2 animals, respectively.

(g) Annual income

Total 29.00 per cent farmers had annual income of ̀ 20,001 to ̀ 30,000, while 20.00, 19.00, 12.00 per cent of them had up to ` 30,001 to ` 40,000 and up to ` 10,000, ` 10,001 to ` 20,000, above ` 40,000 annual income, respectively.

(h) Membership in organization

Total 62.00 per cent had membership in one organization followed by 20.00 and 3.00 per cent of them had membership in more than one organization and office bearer respectively and 15.00 per cent farmers had no membership in organization.

Usefulness of Krushi Mahotsav Programme

Table-1: Usefulness of information about Pigeon pea cultivation practices given during Krishi Mahotsav n=100

Sr. No.

Item Not given(%)

1st time known correct

information(%)

Usefulness(%)

Useful(%)

Most useful(%)

A Nursery management1 Sources of seed 13 87 24 762 Suitable high yielding variety for the area 13 87 10 903 Rate of seeds 100 00 00 004 Seed rate 32 68 76 24B Post nursery phase5 Sowing time 39 61 83 176 Depth of sowing 100 00 00 007 Method of sowing 39 61 77 238 Spacing 18 82 89 119 Seed treatment inputs 37 63 68 3210 Gap filling 42 58 94 0611 Price of fertilizers 100 00 00 0012 Place of availability of fertilizers 83 17 100 0013 Name of advantageous chemical fertilizers 68 32 100 0014 Method and time of fertilizer application 25 75 70 3015 Nutrient requirements of crop 29 71 92 0816 Calculating the doze of chemical fertilizer 100 00 00 0017 Deficiency symptoms of major plant nutrients 93 07 100 0018 Bio-fertilizers 12 88 17 8319 Making organic matter from farm waste 100 00 00 0020 Organic manures 18 82 84 1621 Chemical weed control 60 40 100 0022 Price of weedicides 100 00 00 0023 Place of availability of weedicides 60 40 68 3224 Trade name of weedicides 69 31 100 0025 Hand weeding 35 65 87 13


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Sr. No.

Item Not given(%)

1st time known correct

information(%)

Usefulness(%)

Useful(%)

Most useful(%)

26 Schedule for irrigation 37 63 100 0027 Critical stages of irrigation 45 55 100 0028 How to save crop during shortage of water 100 00 00 0029 Fertilizer management during irrigation 54 46 100 0030 Method of irrigation 58 42 80 2031 Insect management 27 73 67 3332 Diseases management 25 75 64 3633 Price of insecticides and pesticides 100 00 00 0034 Integrated pest management 33 67 47 5335 Biological control of pests 79 21 100 0036 Useful insects 84 16 100 0037 Method of preparing solution of insecticides/pesticides 41 59 81 1938 Trade name of insecticides/pesticides 60 40 87 1339 Place of availability of insecticides and pesticides 63 37 78 2240 Proper time of harvest 47 53 100 0041 How to store production 78 22 100 0042 Care after harvesting at farm level 83 17 100 0043 Care during harvesting 83 17 100 00C Marketing of the products44 Market price 100 00 00 0045 Quality parameters that affects price 100 00 00 0046 Time of market inflow 100 00 00 0047 Place of marketing 86 14 100 0048 Marketing procedure 100 00 00 0049 Facilities available at market 100 00 00 0050 Value addition 87 13 100 0051 Export marketing 100 00 00 00D Related information52 Weather forecast 73 27 100 0053 Crop related government policies 100 00 00 0054 Credit/loan facilities for crop cultivation 100 00 00 0055 Insurance of crop 80 20 70 3056 Subsidies for crop cultivation 100 00 00 00

The data depicted in Table1 revealed that during Krishi Mahotsav programme, the information regarding place of availability of fertilizers, name of advantageous chemical fertilizers, deficiency symptoms of major plant nutrients, chemical weed control, trade name of weedicides, schedule and critical stage for irrigation, fertilizer management during irrigation, Biological control of pests, useful insects, care after harvesting at farm level, storage practices, place of marketing, weather forecast and value addition found cent percent useful to the farmers. More than eighty five percent (>85.00per cent) farmers found useful information regarding spacing, gap filling, nutrient requirement, hand weeding, trade name of insecticides/pesticides. While information regarding rate of seeds, depth of sowing, price of fertilizers/

weedicides/ insecticides/pesticides, calculating the doze of chemical fertilizers, making organic matter from farm waste, how to save crop during shortage of water, marketing of the product, government policies, credit/loan facilities/subsidies for crop cultivation were not given during Krishi Mahotsav programme.

CONCLUSION

From the above results and discussion, it could be concluded that majority of the farmers (87.00 per cent) had in middle to old age group. Majority of farmers (79.00 per cent) had an education up to primary to secondary level. It was also observed that the majority of farmers (80.00 per cent)


188

belonged to marginal to small land holding categories, 53.00 per cent farmers had 3 to 4 numbers of milch animals.

It could be found that during Krishi Mahotsav programme, information regarding pigeon pea cultivation practices like place of availability of fertilizers, name of advantageous chemical fertilizers, deficiency symptoms of major plant nutrients, chemical weed control, trade name of weedicides, schedule and critical stage for irrigation, fertilizer management during irrigation, Biological control of pests, useful insects, care after harvesting at farm level, storage practices, place of marketing, weather forecast and value addition, spacing, gap filling, nutrient requirement, hand weeding, trade name of insecticides/pesticides were found useful to farmers. Therefore, it should be suggested

that the detail information regarding pigeon pea cultivation practices should be given to farmers during Krishi Mahotsav programme.

REFERENCES

Gohel G.R., Markana J.G. and Kalasariya B.N. (2014) Technological crop Analysis in Adoption of Groundnut- Pigeon pea inter relay cropping system, Guj. J. of Ext.Edu. Vol. 25 (2); 181-183

Meti,S.K. and Sambrani,R.M.(2005) A technique of attitude scale construction of small and marginal farmers towards improved agricultural technologies. Rural India, : 95-96.



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INTRODUCTION

Livestock enterprise provides employment and economic support to rural families who are landless and those possess some land. Many of the important tasks in animal husbandry activities are performed by women besides fulfilling their responsibilities as home makers (Randhawa and Chandra, 1993). It is a general fact that women are not lower than men in terms of intelligence, thinking, imagination, attitudes, courage and activities.

Dairy farming in Gujarat has vital role in providing not only nutritional security but also generating income and employment to large segment of rural people of the state. India is the largest Milk producer country among the world which is the prestigious matter for the country while Gujarat state has remarkable 5th rank with about 8.00 % contribution in total Milk production in all over the country since 2003-04.

This is the unique milestone for Gujarat. (28th survey report on estimate of major livestock products for the year 2010-11, Gujarat state). Promila Kanwar et al. (2003) revealed that women spent more time in farming activities. Farm women spent 15: 54 hrs/day and 16: 58 hrs/day for productive work during the slack and peak period, respectively. The time saved by farm women from farm activities during the slack period was diverted towards care of children, family members and house hold works.

The participation in decision making reflects the status of any individual which increases with the growing participation up to the final decision. Earlier, women were considered neither knowledgeable nor competent enough to participate in the decision making process. But the role and the status of women have been undergoing a continuous change in recent years. Women now play a vital role in decision making regarding householder resources which are

Decision Making Pattern of Dairy Women Regarding Their Socio-Economic Development

S.J. Parmar1, J.G. Rathod2 and Nidhi3

1, 2, & 3 Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh-362001Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The women folk are considered the backbone of the nation and better half of the men in almost all spheres of community development. Rural women constitute about 50% of total rural population. They play a vital role in all spheres of economic life and contribute richly towards national income. Livestock rearing is an important means of income generation in villages for all categories of farmers in rural India. Milk production and processing of milk for product preparations play a vital role in India’s agricultural economy. The government of India report indicates that 85 percent of rural women are engaged in livestock production. Participation in decision making certainly affects their efficiency in work and in the development of dairy enterprise. The study was under taken to determine the extent of participation of farm women in the dairy occupation. The study was conducted in Junagadh district of Gujarat state. Two villages were purposively selected from each taluka of Junagadh district having more number of members of dairy cooperative society. Ten farm women were selected randomly from each of the selected villages. Thus, 120 women were selected from twelve villages for the study. The study was clearly indicated that slightly more than three-fifth (62.50 per cent) of the farm women had medium level of participation. Whereas, 19.17 and 18.33 per cent of the respondents had high and low level of participation in decision making process, respectively. In case of constraints faced by farm women while participation in decision making revealed that participation of women in decision making process secured a first rank in dairy practices followed by health care practices and profit utilization secured a second and third rank respectively.

Keywords: Decision making, Co-operative society, Livestock, Dairy practices, Participation


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specifically used by them (Giriappa, 1988 and Nikhade, 1988). If the extension workers know clearly what are the decision making pattern, who makes decision, whether the decision are taken at individual level or joint decisions are taken, then the advisory work will becomes easier and systematic. The study was under taken on following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To develop and measure participation of farm women in decision making process with respect to animal husbandry practices.

(ii) Constraints faced by farm women while participation in decision making

METHODOLOGY

Dairy and farming are main occupations in the area under study. In these areas, livestock plays a significant role for socio-economic upliftment of the weaker sections of the society. Farm women are associated to their husband in various practices related to farm and has greater role in decision making process. Thus, the timely and judicious decision making in various animal husbandry practices have a direct bearing on the development of the dairy sector. Empowerment of women in decision making is a need of hour in an agrarian country like India. The study was conducted in Junagadh district of Gujarat state. The problem was conducted under ex-post-facto research design. A multistage random sampling technique was used for the study. In Junagadh district, six talukas were purposively selected where maximum number of dairy cooperative society existence. Two villages were purposively selected from each taluka having more number of members of dairy cooperative society.

Present study, “decision making” of farm women with respect to animal husbandry practices were quantified by developing an index called “Decision Making Index” (DMI) which is the dependent variable for the study. It include these variable: Breeding practices, Feeding practices, Fodder production Management practices, Milk making product, Marketing practices, Housing facilities, Health care practices, Daily practices, Financial practices, Profit utilization.

R1 R2 RnDecision-making = ___ x W1 + ____ x W2 + ….. ____ xWnIndex (DMI) M1 M2 Mn

R1, R2……Rn = score received by respondents for each indicator

M1, M2….Mn = Maximum score one can get for each indicator

W1, W2….Wn = Weightage score of each indicator received from experts


The data in Table 1 revealed that slightly more than three-fifth (62.50 per cent) of the farm women had medium level participation. Whereas, 19.17 and 18.33 per cent of the respondents had high and low level of participation in decision making process, respectively.

Table 1: Distribution of farm women according to their extent of participation in decision making in relation to animal husbandry practices n=120

Sr. No. Extent of participation Frequency Per

cent

1 Low level participation (up to 20.99 score) 22 18.33

2Medium level participation (in between 21.00 to 23.62 score)

75 62.50

3 High level participation (above 23.62 score) 23 19.17

Mean =11.15 S.D. = 0.65

It can be inferred that great majority (81.67 per cent) of the farm women had medium to high level participation in decision making with respect to animal husbandry practices. This might be due to the medium level of extension participation, social participation, scientific orientation and economic motivation.

The data in Table 2 indicated that the most important constraints faced by the farm women in decision making process in animal husbandry practices were: costly management (97.92 percent) ranked first, followed by lack of self-confidence in decision (95.00 per cent) and lack of technical know-how about breeding, feeding, management and health care on milch animals (93.75 per cent) were ranked second and third, respectively. High cost of milch animal (85.42 per cent), social/cultural norms (83.34 per cent) and poor educational background (80.00 per cent) were ranked fourth, fifth and sixth, respectively.

More than half of the farm women constraints faced in dominancy of other family members (79.17 per cent), busy schedule due to house hold activities (53.34 per cent) and small size of land holding (50.42 per cent).


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Table 2: Constraints faced by farm women while participation in decision making n=120

Sr. No.

Constraints Percent Rank

1 High cost of milch animal 85.42 IV

2 Costly management 97.92 I3 Lack of technical know-

how about breeding, feeding, management and health care on milch animals

93.75 III

4 Busy schedule due to house hold activities

53.34 VIII

5 Social/cultural norms 83.34 V6 Dominancy of other family

members79.17 VII

7 Less contact with Extension workers

47.92 X

8 Lack of self confidence in decision

95.00 II

9 Poor educational background 80.00 VI10 Unsuitable climate for cross

bred cow37.50 XV

11 Loan procedure is too much tedious

40.84 XIII

12 Artificial insemination centre being far away

37.08 XVI

13 Lack of veterinary dispensary facility

39.58 XIV

14 Non availability of vaccine in time

23.34 XX

15 High cost of balanced concentrates

46.67 XI

16 Unavailability of adequate water

41.25 XII

17 Small size of land holding 50.42 IX18 Cattle feed not supplied by

dairy co-operative society32.50 XVIII

19 Non availability of improved fodder crop seeds

30.84 XIX

20 Lack of training in animal husbandry practices

33.34 XVII

Very less constraints faced by women in less contact with extension workers (47.92 per cent), high cost of balanced concentrates (46.67 per cent), unavailability of

adequate water (41.25 per cent), loan procedure is too much tedious (40.84 per cent), Lack of veterinary dispensary facility (39.58 per cent), Unsuitable climate for cross bred cow (37.50 per cent), artificial insemination centre being far away (37.08 per cent), lack of training in animal husbandry practices (33.34 per cent), cattle feed not supplied by dairy co-operative society (32.50 per cent, non availability of improved fodder crop seeds (30.84 per cent) and non availability of vaccine in time (23.34 per cent).

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that slightly more than three-fifth (62.50 per cent) of the farm women had medium level of participation. Whereas, 19.17 and 18.33 per cent of the respondents had high and low level of participation in decision making process, respectively. The major constraints faced by farm women were costly management, lack of self confidence in decision and lack of technical know-how about breeding, feeding, management and health care on milch animals.

REFERENCES

Chauhan, N. M. (2011). Role performance of tribal farm women in agricultural and animal husbandry in Gujarat.Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,24 (5): 672-675.

Narmatha N., Uma V., Arun L. and Geetha R. (2009).Level of participation of women in livestock farming activities.Tamilnadu J. Veterinary & Animal Science 5(1):4-8, January-February 2009.

Pharate, D.N., Shinde and Sonawane, H.P. (2010).Training needs and participation of farmers in dairy management.Agriculture Update, 5(3 & 4): 271-273.

PromilaKanwar, Dinesh Yadav and Neetu Sharma (2003).Time use pattern of hill farm women, a study in Himachal Pradesh.Himachal J. Agri. Res., 29 (1-2): 84-88.

Randhawa, A. and Chandra, S. (1993). Changing role of home science scientists in Transferring Farm Technologies to Farm Women in Agriculture. Paper presented at national seminar on ‘Women in agriculture – developmental issues’ at NAARM, Hyderabad, Dec. 28-30.



192

INTRODUCTION

Technological gap primarily depends upon the transfer of an application of technology by making the use of available resources. It is intimately related with the application of science and technology in the farming. Therefore, increase in agricultural production, economic and social benefits are directly dependent on the extent to which farmers use the improve technology. Its success is frequently dependent on an understanding of the society in which it is to take place, knowledge of the social and cultural factors that conditioning farmer’s responsiveness to technological change and the ability to obtain willing cooperation of the people involved.

In Gujarat, soybean covers about 84,000 ha area with 68,040 million tones productions (Anonymous 2011). Soybean is cultivated as one of the major oilseed crop, in almost all the district of Gujarat state. However there is still a wide gap between the production potential and the actual production realized by the soybean growers. This may be due to partial adoption of improved cultivation practices by soybean growers. Technological gap is a major problem in increase soybean production. No systematic effort was made to study the technological gap existing in various components of soybean cultivation, the present study was therefore

undertaken to find out the technological gap in adoption of improved cultivation practices by soybean growers.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To study extent of the overall technological gap in adoption of improved cultivation practices by soybean growers.

(ii) To study the practice wise technological gap in adoption of improved cultivation practices by soybean growers.

METHODOLGY

Dahod district is comprised of seven talukas. Out of these, two talukas namely Dahod and Garbada was purposively selected for the study as they have maximum area under soybean cultivation than other talukas. Total 6 villages were purposively selected as they have maximum area under soybean cultivation than other villages from each selected taluka. Thus total 12 villages were selected from 2 talukas. From each selected villages, 10 farmers were randomly selected. Hence, total sample size was 120 farmers. The data were collected in the light of the objectives of the study with the help of well structured pre tested Gujarati version interview schedule. For measurement of dependent and independent variables included in study, different scales

Technological Gap in Adoption of Improved Cultivation Practices by Soybean Growers

A.H.Parikh1, N.V.Soni2 and J.K. Chaudhari3

1&3 P.G. Students, Department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand-388 1102 Associate Extension Educationist, Office of DEE, AAU, Anand-388 110


ABSTRACT

A study was conducted on technological gap in adoption of improved cultivation practices by soybean growers in dahod district of Gujarat. By following the simple random sampling, total 120 soybean growers from twelve villeges were selected. The ex-post-facto research design was used for study. The finding revealed that 60.00 per cent of soybean growers had medium technological gap, followed by low (21.66 per cent) and high (18.34 per cent) technological gap in adoption of improved soybean cultivation practices. Among the various improved technologies, the highest technological gap was observed in adoption of plant protection measures (80.68 per cent) followed by application of basal fertilizer (70.17 per cent), harvesting (64.17 per cent), application of FYM (61.67 per cent), weeding and inter-culturing (60.22 per cent), seed rate (47.50 per cent), irrigation (42.64 per cent), spacing (40.42 per cent), time of sowing (26.67 per cent) and variety (15.00 per cent).

Keywords: Technological gap, Adoption


193

and scoring techniques developed by other scientists were used with slight modifications. The data so collected were coded, classified, tabulated and analyzed in order to make the finding meaningful.


Overall technological gap about improved soybean cultivation practices

The technological gap refers to the difference between technology recommended by the scientists and technology adopted by the farmers. It was felt that agricultural technology is not generally adopted by the farmers completely in all respects. As a result, technological gap appears and poor yield is obtained. Keeping this in view, technological gap has been studied. On the basis of score obtained by the soybean growers, they were grouped in to three categories viz., low, medium and high technological gap. The data regarding this aspect are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Distribution of the soybean growers according to their overall technological gap n=120

Sr. No.

Overall technological gap Frequ-ency

Per cent

1 Low (below 40.28 score) 26 21.662 Medium (between 40.28 to

56.02 score)72 60.00

3 High (above 56.02 score) 22 18.34Mean = 48.15 S.D. = 7.87

The data in Table-1 clearly indicate that 60.00 per cent of soybean growers had medium technological gap, followed by low (21.66 per cent) and high (18.34 per cent) technological gap in adoption of improved soybean cultivation practices, respectively.

The possible reasons for this might be that the farmers could not get the message of improved cultivation practices in time in acceptable form. Further, farmers might have tried their best to use and adopt the improved soybean cultivation practices but some constraints might have hindered them to do so, and hence technological gap might have observed.

Technological gap in different components of improved soybean cultivation practices

The average technological gap in adoption of different component of improved soybean cultivation

practices among the soybean growers are summarized in Table- 2.

Table 2 : Average technological gaps in different components of improved soybean cultivation practices n = 120

Sr. No.

Different components of improved soybean cultiva-tion practices

Technological gap (%)

Rank

1 Variety 15.00 X2 Seed rate 47.50 VI3 Time of sowing 26.67 IX4 Spacing 40.42 VIII5 Application of FYM 61.67 IV6 Application of basal

fertilizer 70.17 II

7 Irrigation 42.64 VII8 Weeding and inter-culturing 60.22 V9 Plant protection measures 80.68 I10 Harvesting 64.17 III

Overall technological gap (Average)

53.58

It could be inferred from the Table 2 that the highest technological gap was observed in adoption of plant protection measures (80.68 %) and was ranked the first followed by basal fertilizer (70.17 per cent ), harvesting (64.17 per cent), with second and third rank, respectively. The practices viz., application of FYM (61.67 per cent) and weeding and inter-culturing (60.22 per cent) were ranked IV and V, respectively. The respondents assigned VI, VII and VIII rank to technological gap in seed rate (47.50 per cent), irrigation (42.64 per cent) and spacing (40.42 per cent), respectively. With regard technological gap, the practices viz., time of sowing (26.67 per cent) and variety (15.00 per cent) was ranked IX and X, respectively.

The overall technological gap combining all the listed ten practices together was 53.58 per cent of the total improved soybean cultivation practices as expressed by the soybean growers.

The possible reason for these might be that majority of the soybean growers were not aware about many practices. Further, due to many reasons like lack of knowledge and technical guidance, lack of finance, high cost of chemical fertilizers and insecticides and shortage of labour were their limitations and hence they could not adopt many improved soybean cultivation practices.


194

CONCLUSION

The technological gap observed in adoption of improved soybean cultivation practices were of plant protection measures, basal fertilizer, harvesting, application of FYM, weeding and inter-culturing, seed rate, irrigation and spacing. The overall technological gap combining all the listed ten practices together was 53.58 per cent of the total improved soybean cultivation practices as expressed by the soybean growers.

REFERENCES

Anonymous (2011). District wise area, production and yield

of important food and non-food crop in Gujarat state for the year of 2010-11.

Patel, R.M. (2007). Discriminate functional analysis of technological gap of tribal maize growers of vadodara district of Gujarat state. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), AAU, Anand.

Suresh Kumar (2009). A Study on Technological Gap In Adoption Of The Improved Cultivation Practices By the Soybean Growers. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished), Submitted to University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.



195

INTRODUCTION

India is the largest milk producer in the world; however India has poor quality of milk with low productivity. Gujarat ranks 5th in the milk production of the country. Dahod has a large tribal population having agriculture and animal husbandry as major source of livelihood. The cows and buffalos are major milk producing animals in the district. The animal owners are not aware about the importance of scientific animal husbandry practices and hence milk productivity is very low. The success to sustain and enhance milk production entirely depends on farmers’ knowledge about scientific animal husbandry practices coupled with regular advice, constant follow up, timely reminder and good coordination to take action on matters of their interest. The transfer of modern animal husbandry practices to the Livestock keepers with pre-conceived thought of traditional animal keeping calls for a well developed and organized training programme for the farmers. Training is a critical input and also an integral part for quick transfer of technology and way to improve their agriculture, animal husbandry and uplift their socio economic condition. Thus, the importance of training as an indispensable instrument for human resources development at any level cannot be ignored. Farmers training

programme can be taken as the most suitably designed programme to meet the present day complex extension requirements of taking the full technology in the shortest possible time to large number of farmers. Keeping in view the above reality government of Gujarat started Pashu Vigyan Kendra at Limkheda of Dahod district to train animal keepers in scientific dairy farming. The centre is in establishment phase, hence it is essential to study the personal and socio-economical characteristic of the Livestock keepers so that appropriated training modules can be developed and training programmes can be conducted accordingly and also serve as bench mark for future evaluation of the scheme.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in operational area of Pashu Vigyan Kendra, Limkheda. All Seven Talukas of Dahod districts were selected for the study. Two villages were selected randomly from each Taluka and 25 Livestock keepers were randomly selected from each village, thus making the total sample of 350 Livestock keepers. A well structured pre- tested Gujarati version interview schedule was prepared in consultation with dairy, veterinary and extension experts. The data were collected through personal interview

Personal and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Livestock Keepers in Dahod District

S. G. Vahora1, G N Thorat2 and Dweep Ramjiyani3

1 Associate Professor, Pashu Vigyan Kendra , TRTC, AAU, Devgadhbari -389430 2 Assistant Professor, Pashu Vigyan Kendra, TRTC, AAU, Devgadhbari -389430

3 Senior Research Associate, TRTC, AAU, Devgadhbari -389430Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Pashu Vigyan Kendra at Limkheda is in establishment phase; hence it is essential to study the personal and socio-economical characteristic of the livestock keepers so that appropriated training modules can be developed. Data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 350 Livestock keepers of Dahod district of Gujarat. Majority of the livestock keepers were found in the old and middle aged group and most of them were illiterate, belonged to ST caste having joint family system with medium family size having membership in one organization and had agriculture with animal husbandry as a major occupation with small and marginal size of land holding possess more than 4 animals having more than 20 years of dairy experience, annual income up to ` 50000/- and share of animal husbandry to its 11 to 20 per cent total annual income having kaccha house facilitate with mobile, fan, cycle, radio and television with medium level of extension contact and extension participation.

Keywords: Livestock keepers, Personal, Socio-economic characteristics


196

method. By using descriptive statistics the data was analyzed by calculating simple percentage.


Profile of the livestock keepers

Personal characteristics of livestock keepers

The data presented in Table 1 revealed that majority (56.00 Per cent) of the Livestock keepers belonged to old age group, followed by 37.14 per cent with middle age and 6.86 per cent were from young age group. Nearly 40 per cent of the Livestock keepers are illiterate, followed by 37.14 per cent were of them having primary education and very less (4.00 per cent) had education 11 and above standard. The possible reason for this might to that young and middle age group livestock keepers migrate for work to another district as well as Dahod district fall in under tribal area so unaware an important of higher education and

It can be observed from the data presented in Table: 1 that half (50.86 per cent) of the Livestock keepers had high level of experience, followed by medium and low level of experience in dairy husbandry.

Table 1: Personal and Socio-economical characteristics of Livestock keepers n=350

Sr. No.

Personal Characteristics

Frequencies Per cent

1 AgeYoung (below 35 years) 24 06.86Middle (between36 to 50 years) 130 37.14

Old (Above 50 years) 196 56.002 Education level

Illiterate 144 41.14Primary (1st to 7th std.) 130 37.14Secondary (8th to 10th std.) 62 17.72

Higher secondary (11th to 12th std.) 12 3.43

Graduation and above 02 0.573 Experience

Low l (Up to10 years) 60 17.14Medium (in between 10 to 20 years) 112 32.00

High (above20 years) 178 50.86Socio- economical Characteristics

4 CasteSchedule Caste 87 24.86Schedule Tribe 182 52.00Other backward caste 52 14.86General 29 08.28

5 Family TypesJoint family 269 76.87Nucleus family 81 23.14

6 Family sizeSmall family ( up to 4) 42 12.00Medium family(5 to 8) 178 50.86Large family (more than 9) 130 37.14

7 Social participationNo membership 71 20.28Membership in one organization 210 60.00

Membership in more than one organization 59 16.86

Position holder 10 02.868 Occupation

Only animal husbandry 02 00.57Agriculture+ animal husbandry 140 61.39

Animal husbandry+ labour 34 40.00

Agriculture+ animal husbandry+ labour 150 42.87

Agriculture+ animal husbandry+ service 24 06.86

9 Land holdingMarginal (Up to 1.00 ha) 114 32.57

Small (1.01 to 2.0 ha) 156 44.57Medium 2.01 to 4.00) 68 19.43Large (Above 4.00 ha) 12 03.43

10 Animal possession (milch)Up to 2 40 11.433 to 4 112 32.00More than 4 198 56.57Types of animal possessedBuffaloes only 141 35.84Cows+ Buffaloes 162 40.27Cows only 47 23.89Types of BreedDesi breed 112 86.82Cross breed 17 13.18


197

11 Annual incomeUp to ` 50000/ 140 40.00` 50,001 to 1,00,000 136 38.86` 1,00,001 to 1,50,000 42 12.00` 1,50,001 to 2,00,000 24 6.86Above ` 2.00,001 8 2.28

12 Contribution of animal husbandry to total annual income Up to 10 per cent 5 1.4311to 20 per cent 210 60.0021 to 30 per cent 105 30.0031 to 40 per cent 20 5.71Above 40 per cent 10 2.86

13 Type of houseKaccha 178 50.86Mix 123 35.14Pakka 49 14.00

14 Agricultural implementsHoes and harrows 335 95.71plough 325 92.86Hand sprayer 260 74.29Cart 189 54.00Winnower 168 48.00Electric motor 111 31.71Thresher 52 14.86Chaff cutter 10 2.86Oil engine 15 4.29Tractors 5 1.43

15 House hold itemsMobile / telephone 285 81.42Fan 300 85.71cycle 238 68.00Radio 154 44.00Television 176 50.29Motor cycle 123 35.14Refrigerator 45 12.86Gobar gas 14 4.00Washing machine 2 0.57Ata maker 1 0.03Computer 33 9.43Car/jeep 14 4.00

16 Extension contactLow 145 41.43Medium 175 50.00High 30 8.57

17 Extension participationLow 158 45.14Medium 176 50.29High 16 4.57

Socio-Economic Characteristics Of Livestock Keepers

The data presented in Table 1 indicate that more than half (52 per cent) of the Livestock keeper belonged to other schedule tribe followed by schedule cast category. General category is only 8.28 per cent.

More than three fourth (76.87 per cent) of the Livestock keepers had joint family. Regarding size of family majority (50.86 per cent) of respondent belonged to the middle sized families i.e. 5 to 8 members, while 37.14 per cent of them belonged to large size families having above 9 members and 12.00 per cent belonged to small size family having up to 4 members. It can be observed from the data presented in Table: 1 that three fifth (60 per cent) of the Livestock keeper belonged to the occupation category of animal husbandry with agriculture. Only 0.57 % of Livestock keepers belonged to only animal husbandry occupation.

It can be observed from the Table that 44.57 per cent of the Livestock keepers small farmers, while 32.57 per cent of them were small farmers and 19.43 per cent were medium farmers. Only 3.43 per cent were large farmers with land holding above 4.00 ha.

The data presented in Table 1 show that more than half (56.57%) of the Livestock keepers possessed more than 4 milch animals followed by 32 % per cent and 11.43 per cent who possessed 3 to 4 milch animals and up to 2 milch animals respectively. Further more than two-fifth (40.27 per cent) of them had buffalos and cows, 35.84 per cent had buffalos only and rest 23.89 per cent possessed cows only. Among the cows, 86.82 per cent possessed desi cows, while 13.18 per cent possessed cross bred cows only.

The data presented in Table 1 show that about 40 per cent of the Livestock keepers had annual income up to ` 50000/- , followed by 38.86 per cent of them had annual income ranging from ` 50001/- to ` 1,00,000/- and 12.00 per cent had annual income ranging from ` Rs. 1,00000/- to ` 1,50000/- and only 2.28 per cent Livestock keepers had annual income above ` 2,00000. The data show that exactly 60% of the Livestock keepers earned 11 to 20 percent of their total annual income from animal husbandry followed by 30 per cent, Livestock keepers who earned 21 to 30 per cent of


198

their total annual income from animal husbandry.

The data depicted in Table 1 indicate that half of Livestock keepers possessed kaccha house followed by 35.14 per cent and 14.00 per cent of them who had mix and pakka house, respectively.

The data in Table indicate that most of the Livestock keeper possessed hoes and harrows (95.71 per cent), plough (92.86 per cent), hand sprayers (74.29 per cent). Half of them possessed carts (54 per cent) and winnower (48 per cent), however less than 3% possessed chaff cutter, oil engine and tractor. The data depicted in table 1 reveal that majority of the Livestock keepers possessed mobile /land line phone (81.42 per cent) and fan in their homes (85.71 per cent) and very less Livestock keepers possessed gobar gas/ gas connection, washing machine, Ata maker, computer and car/jeep

It is apparent from the data in Table 1 that half of the Livestock keepers were found to have medium level of extension contact, followed by 41.43 per cent of them with low level of extension contact. Half (50.29 per cent) of the Livestock keeper were found to have medium level of extension participation, where as 4.57 per cent Livestock keepers were found to have high level of extension participation.

The data with respect to social participation are presented in Table 1 which revealed that majority of Livestock keepers (60.00 per cent) had membership in one organization, while 20.28 per cent, 16.86 per cent and 2.86 per cent of them had no membership in any organization, membership in more than one organization and were position holders, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Majority of the Livestock keepers were found in the old and middle aged group and most of them were illiterate, belonged to ST caste having joint family system with medium family size having membership in one organization and had agriculture with animal husbandry as a major occupation with small and marginal size of land holding possess more than 4 animals having more than 20 years of dairy experience,

annual income up to ̀ 50000/- and share of animal husbandry to its 11 to 20 per cent total annual income having kaccha house facilitate with mobile, fan, cycle, radio and television with medium level of extension contact and extension participation.

IMPLICATIONS

Majority (56.00 per cent) of the livestock keepers belonged middle to old age group, so Government and non government take initiate to create some income generating activities and also to make awareness regarding the higher level of education in particular Dahod district.

Livestock keepers of Dahod district had joint family and belonged to middle to large size families having more than 4 members in families, so family planning programmes should be implement.

Most of the livestock keepers belonged to the occupation category of animal husbandry with agriculture and they are marginal to small farmers having land holding 1.00 ha to 2.00 ha. and possessed more than 4 milch animals. So, extension functionaries should be given more emphasis to organize training programme on improved agriculture production technology as well as scientific animal husbandry practices.

Livestock keepers possessed mobile /land line phone (81.42 per cent) and television in their homes, so extension functionaries should be used these instruments for dissemination of improved technology.

REFERENCES

Patel, R.N., Patel, V.T., and Prajapati, M. R., Attitude, Knowledge and Adoption Level of Dairy Farm Women Towards Dairy Farming. Guj.J.Ext.Edu., Vol.25(2)138-139

Received : July 2015 : Accepted : October 2015


199

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the largest industry in India contributing to the source of livelihood for over 70 per cent of population. Agricultural production plays a significant role in the Indian economy. In India, women and agriculture seem synonymous terms. One can not think of agriculture without women. There is hardly any activity in agriculture except ploughing, where women are not involved. In some of the activities, she is relatively more efficient than man. Dahod is one of the ITDP areas of Gujarat State, where various administrative measures have been adopted through large number of tribal development and welfare programmes under Tribal Area Sub Plan (TASP). Since, independence huge fund have been diverted by the Central and State Government through different agencies with a view to uplift their living standard and bringing them into the main stream of nation. Even after lapses of more than 50 years of independence the progress of tribal farmwoman is not yet upto the level of expectation in the field of agriculture and animal husbandry as she is continued to be in a state of neglect. Being illiterate and ignorant, she is over exploited. A victim of man made system, she is hardly considered equal to man in wage and social status. Keeping in view the above said facts and

information about the tribal farmwoman’s situation and her multiple roles in agriculture and animal husbandry a study on “sources of Information used by tribal farm women and relationship with their contribution in agriculture and animal husbandry” was undertaken.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was undertaken in Integrated Tribal Development Project areas of Dahod district of Gujarat in 2006. Out of seven talukas of the district, five talukas namely (1) Dahod (2) Zalod (3) Limkheda (4) Garbada and (5) Dhanpur were selected purposively for this study. Out of total villages of each selected taluka, two villages were randomly selected comprising total ten villages from five selected talukas kof ITDP Dahod. From each village, 20 respondents were selected randomly, thus, total sample of 200 respondents were selected for the present study.

The interview schedule was prepared keeping in view the objectives of the study. The interview schedule was translated in to Gujarati language and pre-tested in the field on a separate 20 non-sampled respondents. On the basis of pre-testing, necessary modifications were made in the final draft and used as the instrument for data collection.

Sources of Information Used by Tribal Farm Women and Relationship with Their Contribution in Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Mahesh R. Patel1, Bhavik Patel2 and Arun Patel3

1 Associate Extension Educationist, EEI, AAU, Anand - 3881102 PG Student, Dept. of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand - 388110

3 Director, EEI, AAU, Anand - 388110Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Agricultural production plays a significant role in the Indian economy. In India, women and agriculture seem synonymous terms. One can not think of agriculture without women. There is hardly any activity in agriculture except ploughing, where women are not involved. The tribal farmwoman shares with her husband the arduous burden of farm work in addition to her major responsibility as home maker, by helping in all other agricultural and animal husbandry activities. Keeping this fact in mind, the present study was carried out to find out sources of Information used by tribal farm women and relationship with their contribution in agriculture and animal husbandry. The result of the study revealed that among different sources of information, majority of the respondents used neighbour and relatives as sources of information. Sources of information utilized by the respondents had positive and significant relationship with their overall extent of contribution in agricultural operations.

Keywords: Sources of Information, Tribal farmwomen


200

Sources of information play a major role in the diffusion and adoption of innovations or technologies. Communication sources are conceptualized as the sources through which tribal farmwomen get information about improved method of farming and animal husbandry. Use of sources was measured by taking into consideration all the possible sources available to the tribal farmwomen. Each respondent was asked to indicate from which source she got information for the use of technologies. Number and percentages of the tribal farmwomen for the each source were calculated.

Coefficient of correlation was computed to find out the relationship between each of the independent variable and the dependent variable by employing following formula.

∑ ∑−

∑ ∑−

∑ ∑ ∑−=

n

2)Y(2Y n

2)X(2X

nYXXY

r

Where, r = Coefficient of correlation X = independent variable Y = dependent variable n = number of observations


Sources of information

Sources of information play a major role in the diffusion and adoption of innovation. The respondents were asked to indicate from which sources they got information for the use of technologies. The information regarding sources of information used by the respondents is presented in Table 1.

Table 1 : Distribution of respondents according to their sources of information n = 200

Sr. No.

Source of information

Number Per cent

1 Neighbour 167 83.502 Relative 107 53.503 Progressive farmers 75 37.504 VLW 33 16.505 Staff of ITDP 18 09.006 Staff of KVK / FTC 06 03.00

The data presented in Table 1 indicated that the tribal farmwomen mainly utilized neighbours (83.50 per cent) as a source of information followed by relatives (53.50 per

cent) and progressive farmers (37.50 per cent) for obtaining information regarding use of new agricultural technologies. Village level worker and staff of the ITDP were use as a source of information by 16.50 and 9.00 per cent of tribal farmwomen, respectively. Whereas 3.00 per cent of the tribal farmwomen used staff of KVK/FTC as source of information. It can be concluded that majority of the tribal farmwomen had used neighbours (83.50 per cent) and relatives (53.50 per cent) as source of information about use of technologies. The probable reason might be that these sources are accessible easily by majority of the tribal farmwomen. Also due to their poor economic condition and high illiteracy do not permit them to utilize other sources of information.

The finding is in conformity with those of Thakor and Waghmare (1992) and Patel (1995).

Sources of information and contribution in agricultural operations

The calculated correlation coefficient value of r = 0.47917 was significant at 0.01 level. It can be concluded that the source of information used by the tribal farmwomen had positive and significant relationship with their overall extent of contribution in agricultural operations. It implies that as the source of information increases, the overall contribution of tribal farmwomen in agricultural operations increases.

This might be due to the fact that tribal farmwomen who utilized more information sources have gained useful information for their effective participation in agricultural operations.

This finding is in concurrence with findings reported by Saxena et al. (1990), Patel and Sangle (1992) and Patel (1998).

Sources of information and contribution in animal husbandry activities

The calculated correlation coefficient value (r = 0.01904) was non-significant at 0.05 level. It can be concluded that the source of information used by the tribal farmwomen had no relationship with their overall extent of contribution in animal husbandry activities

CONCLUSION

It is concluded from the study that Majority of the tribal farmwomen had used neighbours (83.50 per cent) and relatives (53.50 per cent) as source of information about use of technologies. There was positive and highly significant


201

relationship between the sources of information utilized by tribal farmwomen and their overall extent of contribution in agricultural operations. There was non-significant relationship between the sources of information utilized by tribal farmwomen and their overall extent of contribution in animal husbandry activities.

REFERENCES

Patel, A. J. (1995). Transfer of agricultural technology among tribal farmers of I.T.D.P. Chhotaudepur, Dist. Vadodara. Ph. D. thesis (Unpub.), G.A.U., Anand.

Patel, J. G. (1998). Indigenous resource management by tribal farmwomen in Vadodara district of Gujarat state. Ph. D. thesis (Unpub), GAU, Anand.

Patel, P. P. and Sangle, G. K. (1992). Adoption of

selected cotton crop production technology by the tribals. Guj. J. Ext. Edu., 2 & 3 : 18-24.

Saxena, K. K.; Jain, N. C. and Pandya, S. C. (1990). Transfer of rainfed wheat technology and its adoption by the farmers in Malwa region. Ind. J. Ext. Edu., 26 (3 & 4) : 70.

Thakor, R. F. and Waghmare, S. K. (1992). Adoption of niger production technology by the tribal of Dangs. Guj. J. of Ext. Edu., 2 & 3: 84-86.

Toppo, A. (2005). A study of participation and decision making of farmwomen in dairy occupation. M. Sc. (Agri.) thesis (Unpub.), AAU, Anand.



202

INTRODUCTION

Job satisfaction of the employees is an important indicator of the success and health of an organization. The job satisfaction in the organization greatly facilitates the task of administrators because it creates favourable conditions for the overall progress of the organization (Mishra, 2005). Bhagoliwal (1988) stated that the job satisfaction is the result of various attitudes the employee hold towards his job related factors and life in general. It also refers the extent to which a person pleased or satisfies by the job content, environment of his work and work condition. Progress of any organization greatly depends on job satisfaction level of employees in the organization. In many organisations job satisfaction is the main determinants which will interfere with the performance of the employee. Extension person does not only involve in delivering information to farmers, but should also attempt to make farmers creative, self-confident and competent enough to overcome their own problems and dilemmas (Sulaiman and Hall, 2003). Hence, for accomplishing the organization’s mission, extension workers should have level of satisfaction in the organization. Therefore, the present study was undertaken

with following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To study the level of job satisfaction of Field Extension Functionaries

(ii) To identify the factors influencing the job satisfaction of FEFs

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in Karnataka State during the year 2014-15 in two purposively selected districts namely; Bangalore Rural and Bangalore Urban and Field extension functionaries of DAH&VS and KMF were selected as the respondents for the study. The ex-post facto research design was employed for the study with 120 respondents, out of them 30 respondents from each department of each district were selected through simple random sampling.

In the present study job satisfaction of the FEFs was operationalised as the degree to which the FEFs were satisfied or dissatisfied with different aspects of their job.

Factors Influencing the Job Satisfaction of Field Extension Functionaries

Diksha Patel1 and A. J. Dhodia2

1 Ph.D. Student, NDRI, Karnal2 P.G. Student, NMCA, NAU, Navsari - 396450


ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted during 2014-15 at Bangalore Rural and Urban districts of Karnataka state with objectives to identify the factors influencing the job satisfaction of Field Extension Functionaries (FEFs). 120 FEFs from Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services (DAH&VS) and Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) were selected through simple random sampling. It was found that majority of the respondents (68.33%) were moderately satisfied with their job followed by 20.00 per cent and 11.67 per cent were dissatisfied and highly satisfied with their job respectively. It was found that age, work experience, training received, job involvement, attitude towards work, organisational climate were positively and significantly correlated with job satisfaction whereas job stress was negatively correlated with job satisfaction of FEFs. Testing of regression coefficient revealed that only three variables role performance, social participation, organisational climate were significantly influencing the job satisfaction of FEFs. The coefficient of determination value with ten independent variables indicated that 42.90 per cent of the significant variation in the job satisfaction was explained by the independent variables covered under the study which was found to be significant.

Keywords: Job satisfaction, Field Extension Functionaries, Correlation, Multiple regression analysis


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This variable was measured by using the scale developed by Kherde (1971) with some modification. The scale consisted of ten statements. The scale was presented to the respondents on a four point continuum namely, ‘most satisfied’, ‘satisfied’, ‘less satisfied’ and ‘not satisfied’, with weight age of 4,3,2 and 1 respectively for all the statements. For the purpose of data collection a questionnaire was developed with the consent of experts of study and covering all the objectives and pre-tested among the respondents from non-sample area. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to find out the association between job satisfaction and FEF’s characteristics.


It is clearly indicated from Table 1 that majority of the respondents (68.33%) were moderately satisfied with their job followed by 20.00 per cent and 11.67 per cent were dissatisfied and highly satisfied with their job respectively. It can be conclude that majority of respondent had moderate level of job satisfaction hence job satisfaction of an individual depends on the socio-economic, socio-personal, environmental factors, strategic employee recognition, job security, freedom of work and good relation with their co-workers and socio-psychological benefits from his/her job. The results of the present study are in confirmation with the earlier studies like Mishra (2005), Patel (2006), Ratnayake (2012) and Goyal (2013) who reported that the majority of respondents belonged to medium level of job satisfaction category.

Table 1 : Distribution of FEFs according to their level of job satisfaction n= 120

Sr. No.

Level of job satisfaction Frequency Per cent

1 Dissatisfied (<23.12) 24 20.002 Moderately Satisfied

(23.12 to 31.87)82 68.33

3 Highly satisfied (>31.87) 14 11.67Mean = 27.53 S.D. = 04.34

Table 2 showed the correlation and regression coefficients between selected independent variables and job satisfaction of FEFs. It is evident from the Table 2 that age, work experience, training received, attitude towards work, job involvement, organizational climate and role performance were positively and significantly correlated with job satisfaction at 1 per cent level of significance (P<0.01) whereas job stress had negative and significant relationship with job

satisfaction at 1 per cent level of significance (P<0.01), while educational qualification, social participation, achievement motivation and information seeking behaviour were found to be non significant relationship with job satisfaction level of FEFs. A careful observation of the results revealed that value of coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.429 which was observed to be statistically significant at 1 per cent level of significance (p<0.01) on the basis of F-value 6.708.

The results further imply that all the selected twelve independent variables put together had contributed 42.90 per cent of variation in job satisfaction of FEFs. It was also found that only three variable role performance, social participation and organisational climate were the main contributing factors to the job satisfaction of FEFs.

From the Table 2 it was clearly depicted that there was a positive and significant association between the age and work experience with that of job satisfaction. According to Herzberg et al. (1957) there is high morale among employee during the starting years of job which later on decreases but during this time job satisfaction level begins to rise and continue to rise throughout the worker’s carrier. Findings are in line with findings of Maity (2002) and Goyal (2013) and not in line with findings of Jain (2002). Educational qualification had non-significant relationship with the job satisfaction of FEFs. As most of respondents were recruit on the basis of basic degree of B.V.Sc. & AH and higher education did not fetch any increment and chances of promotion in the job of FEFs which may be the cause of its non-significant relationship with job satisfaction. This finding was according to Maity (2002) and Goyal (2013)

Training received was found to be positively and significantly associated with the job satisfaction. It was concluded by the fact that most of the training programmes conducted for FEFs were to meet the challenges faced by them in the field activities. It would seem natural at first instance that by increasing the number of training courses there will be increase in the efficiency of the performance of FEFs which was accompanied by a corresponding increase in their job satisfaction. The findings were not in line with Jain (2002) who reported that training had negative and non significant relationship with job satisfaction of District Extension Specialists. The job involvement was positively and significantly correlated with the job satisfaction. Respondents agreed that high degree of job involvement is a must for extension workers as most of the time he/she is expected to work unsupervised and away from the office comforts. This


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type of work cannot be done with high performance unless total involvement of an individual is required. Therefore it is natural to find out the significant relationship between

job involvement and job satisfaction. This finding was in accordance with Mishra (2005) and Goyal (2013).

Table 2 : Correlation and regression coefficient of independent variables with job satisfaction of FEFs

Sr. No.

Independent VariablesCorrelation coeffiecient

“r”

Regression coefficient

“b”

Standard Error of “b”

“t” value

X1 Age 0.346** 0.102 0.083 0.489X2 Educational qualification 0.071 0.008 0.564 0.106X3 Work experience 0.369** -0.007 0.092 -0.031X4 Training received 0.291** 0.079 0.259 0.778X5 Social participation -0.022 -0.206 0.266 -2.508*X6 Attitude towards work 0.331** 0.096 0.187 0.962X7 Job involvement 0.381** 0.089 0.152 0.907X8 Achievement motivation -0.174 -0.004 0.127 -0.047X9 Job stress -0.306** -0.143 0.142 -1.637X10 Role performance 0.527** 0.383 0.034 3.828**X11 Organizational climate 0.323** 0.166 0.075 1.931*X12 Information seeking behaviour -0.041 -0.100 0.085 -1.206

** Significant at 1%, * Significant at 5% R2= 0.429, F= 6.708**

Organisational climate found to be significant with job satisfaction and it is also the one of the main contributing to the job satisfaction of FEFs. A favourable climate perception results in higher efficiency/productivity of the employees there by result in their higher job satisfaction. It is because extension workers have clear mental picture about the climate of the organisation especially w.r.t. human relations, supervision and guidance, communication, programme planning, decision making etc. This finding is in line with Mishra (2005). Achievement motivation of FEFs is found to be non-significant. It is assumed that achievement motivation directs the individual towards reaching some goals, which he has set for himself. Higher the association of achievement motivation higher will be the individual efforts. Reason for this finding might be due to lack of promotional opportunities available to FEFs, lack of recognition for quality work and work pressure which might have deterred their enthusiasm to strive hard.

There was negative and significant relationship exists between the job stress and job satisfaction of FEFs. This could be due to the fact that any kind of stress decreases the efficiency of a person to perform any activity. The probable reasons for job stress may be due to the FEFs were not well acquainted with the nature of their job and found their job to be highly demanding, inadequate staff in department, poor infrastructural facilities and more work pressure. These findings were in line with the findings of Sandika et al. (2007)

and Goyal (2013) who found that job stress had significant and negative association with job satisfaction. Role performance of FEFs was found to be the main factor which influences the job satisfaction of FEFs. Role performance refers as the degree to which the different job duties (activities) were performed by the respondents as the occupants of the post. So it is natural if he/she likes the job activities or his/her role in organisation his satisfaction level automatically will be high. It is an established fact that the performance of any individual is largely affected by the satisfaction which leads to qualitative and quantitative improvement in overall job satisfaction.

CONCLUSION

It can concluded from the results of the study that majority of the FEFs were moderately satisfied with their job. So both departments DAH&VS and KMF should make policy decision for better promotional and transfer opportunities for FEFs. Regular training programme should be organised for extension personnel for updating of know-how and recent advancement in their field. FEFs should given appropriate job responsibility and authority to improve the job performance. They should be given enough freedom to take decision on their own way. Their work should be well recognised by organisation and they should be involved in programme planning and decision making process. Policy makers of both the departments need to pay due attention to weed out undesirable factors/ conditions and to create


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conducive working environment to aim effective transfer of technology for sustainable development of the farming community.

REFERENCES

Bhagoliwal, S. (1988). Teaching effectiveness and teacher personality. Allahabad: Smita Prakashan.

Goyal, J. (2013). Job performance and job satisfaction of veterinary surgeons in Haryana. M.V.Sc. (Unpub.) Thesis, ICAR- N.D.R.I, Karnal, Haryana.

Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Peterson, R. O., and Capwell, D. F. (1957). Job attitudes: Review of research and opinion. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychological Service of Pittsburgh.

Jain, M. (2002). Job performance of district extension specialists of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University in Haryana- a sociological study. Ph.D. (Unpub.) Thesis, C.C.S.H.A.U., Hisar, Haryana.

Kherde R. L. 1971. Role performance and role prediction of VLW in the new strategy of agricultural production. Ph.D. (Unpub.) Thesis, ICAR- I.A.R.I., New Delhi, India.

Maity, M. (2002). Role expectation, role performance and job satisfaction among livestock development assistants (LDAs) of West Bengal. Ph.D. (Unpub.)

Thesis, N.D.R.I, Karnal, Haryana.

Mishra, D. (2005). A Comparative study on the Job performance, Job satisfaction and Constraints of men and women Extension Officers of Karnataka State Department of Agriculture. M.Sc. (Unpub.) Thesis, U.A.S., Dharwad, Karnataka.

Patel, M. G. 2006. Study of factors of job performance of agriculture extension personnel of Department of Agriculture, Gujarat State. Ph.D. (Unpub.) Thesis, AAU, Anand, Gujarat.

Ratnayake, T.C. (2012). Organisational climate and differential role performance as perceived by veterinary officers of Andhra Pradesh in India. Ph.D. (Unpub.) Thesis, ICAR- N.D.R.I, Karnal, Haryana.

Sandika, A.L., Angadi, J.G., Hirevenkanagouda, L.V. and Natikar, K.V. (2007). Job Performance of Veterinary Officers and Veterinary Livestock Inspectors of Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service, Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 20(3): 551-554.

Sulaiman, V. R. and Hall, A. J. (2003). India: The emergence of Extension-Plus: Future for Extension beyond technology transfer? In Rivera WM Gary Alex (eds.) Extension and Rural Development. The World Bank, Washington DC.

Received : July 2015 : Accepted : November 2015


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INTRODUCTION

The mechanization of Indian agriculture has assumed greater importance in increasing agricultural production and productivity by utilizing scarse agricultural inputs more effectively and reducing human drudgery. The green revolution characterized by the use of high yielding variety seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilizers and insecticides induced farmers to increase cropping intensity and adopt modern methods of agriculture. The introduction of high yielding varieties necessitated the support of mechanical power sources, improved agricultural implements, machines and hence selective mechanization become a necessity. Potato and groundnut are the major crops of the district. This investigation related to the extent of mechanization in potato and groundnut farming is an attempt in this direction with the following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To study selected personal and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents

(ii) To measure the extent of mechanization in potato and groundnut farming

(iii) To ascertain association between selected personal and

socio-economic characteristics of respondents and their extent of mechanization

METHODOLOGY

The study was carried out in the Banaskantha district of Gujarat state. Three talukas viz; Dantiwada, Deesa and Dhanera of Banaskantha district were selected for the study. From these three talukas, five villages having highest production of potato and groundnut crops were selected purposively. From each village four tractor owners and four other than tractor owners were selected randomly. Thus, a sample of study was 120 farmers. Keeping in view, the interview schedule was prepared through discussion with experts. The extent of mechanization was calculated on the basis of weight age of different implements/machine, number of years of using implement/machine and total cropped area under which the implements/machine used for potato and groundnut crops. The data were collected from the respondents by arranging personal interview. The ‘Z’ test was used to compare the characteristics of tractor owners and other than tractor owners. Pearson correlation co-efficient was calculated to know the relationship. Other appropriate statistical tools were used to analyze the data.

Mechanization in Agriculture with Respect to Potato and Groundnut Crops

Bipin A. Sutariya1 , J. J. Mistry2 and V. M. Patel3

1 Block Technology Manager, Khedbrahma, ATMA Sabarkantha2 Subject Matter Specialist (Ext. Edu.), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma

3. Assistant Professor, Polytechnic in Agriculture, SDAU, KhedbrahmaEmail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The farm mechanization plays a vital role in reducing human drudgery and raising agriculture productivity. Thus, study of mechanization in agriculture was carried out in Banaskantha district of Gujarat state with randomly selected 120 potato and groundnut growers. The attributes under study were age, education, family type, family size, social participation, caste, land holding and annual income. The extent of mechanization of respondents was also studied. The study revealed that 39.00 per cent groundnut growers and 28.34 per cent of potato growers had adopted 50.10 to 60.00 per cent mechanization. The education, family size, social participation, land holding and annual income had positive and significant relationship with mechanization.

Keywords : Mechanization, Potato, Groundnut


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Personal and Socio-economic characteristics of the respondents

Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to their personal and socio-economic characteristics n=120

Sr.No.

Characteristics Classification Tractor owner (n-60)

Other than tractor owners (n-60)

Z value

Frequency Per cent

Frequency Per cent

1 Age Young(Below 35 years)

11 18.34 07 11.661.19*

Middle(35 to 50 years) 34 56.66 26 43.34Old (above 50 years) 15 25.00 27 45.00

2 Education Illiterate 11 18.34 22 36.67 2.11*Primary level(up to 7 standard)

25 41.66 27 45.00

Secondary level(From 8 to 12 standard)

18 30.00 10 16.66

Higher Education (Above 12 standard)

06 10.00 01 1.67

3 Family Type Nuclear 23 38.33 29 48.34 1.20NS

Joint 37 61.67 31 51.664 Family size Small (below 5 members) 14 23.34 18 30.00 1.12NS

Medium (5 to 7 members) 31 51.66 28 46.66Large (Above 7 members) 15 25.00 14 23.34

5 Social participation

No participation 18 30.00 21 35.00 1.99*Participation in one organization 20 33.34 24 40.00Participation in more than one organization

13 21.66 09 15.00

Participation in more than one organization with holding position

09 25.00 06 10.00

6 Caste Lower 04 6.66 3 5.002.05*Middle 35 58.34 45 75.00

Higher 21 35.00 12 20.007 Land holding Small size (up to 2 ha) 08 13.33 33 55.00

2.18*Medium size(2.1 to 5 ha) 23 38.34 15 25.00Large size(Above 5 ha) 29 48.33 12 20.00

8 Annual income Low(up to ` 25000) 18 30.00 23 38.342.12*Medium(` 25001 to 50000) 16 26.66 22 36.66

High(Above Rs.50000) 26 43.34 15 25.00*Significant at 0.05 level of significance NS=Non-significant

(1) age

The data presented in Table-1 shows that majority of tractor owners (56.66 per cent) were middle age group while

45.00 per cent of other than tractor owners were from old age group. The calculated ‘Z’ value (1.19) was found significant. It indicates that both the groups of the respondents were different as far their age is concerned.


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(2) Education

The 41.66 per cent of tractor owners had primary level of education. This was followed by 30.00 per cent of the respondents who had secondary level of education while 18.34 per cent of the respondents were illiterate. Only 10.00 per cent of the respondents had higher education. In case of other than tractor owners, 45.00 per cent of the respondents had education up to primary level followed by 36.67 and 16.66 per cent of the respondents having illiterate and secondary level of education, respectively. Only 1.67 per cent of the respondents had higher level of education. The calculated ‘Z’ value (2.11) was found to be significant indicating that both the groups of respondents differed as regards to their level of education.

(3) Family type

The data revealed that 61.67 per cent of the tractor owners belonged to joint family, while 38.33 per cent belonged to nuclear family. In case of other than tractor owners 51.66 per cent of the respondents belonged to joint family and 48.34 per cent of the respondents belonged to nuclear type of family. The calculated ‘Z’ value (1.20) was found non-significant and indicates that both the groups of respondents had no difference as regards to type of family.

(4) Family size

The data indicated that 51.66 per cent of the tractor owners had medium size family. This was followed by nearly equal number (23.34 per cent and 25.00 per cent) of the respondents who had small and large size of family respectively. Same trend was observed in other than tractor owners. Nearly half (46.66 per cent) of the farmers had medium size family, followed by 30.00 per cent of the respondents had small size family and 23.34 per cent of the respondents had large size family. The calculated ‘Z’ value (1.12) was found non-significant which indicates that no difference among both the groups as regard to their family size.


It is clear from Table-1 that majority of tractor owners (33.34 per cent) and other than tractor owners (40.00 per cent) had participation in one organization. The calculated ‘Z’ value (1.99) found significant indicates that both the groups differed as regards to social participation.

(7) Caste

The data presented in Table-1 revealed that 58.34 per cent of the tractor owners were from middle caste and 35.00 per cent of the respondents were from higher caste. Only 6.66 per cent of the respondents belonged to lower caste. In case of other than tractor owners, 75.00 per cent of the respondents came from middle caste, while 20.00 per cent of the respondents came from higher caste. Only 5.00 per cent of the respondents came from lower caste. The significant ‘Z’ value 2.05 leads to conclude that the respondents from both the groups differed as regards the caste.

(8) Land holding

The data in Table-1 indicated that 48.33 per cent of

the tractor owners had large size of land holding, followed by

38.34 per cent had medium sized land holding. Only 13.33

per cent of the farmers possessed small size of land holding.

As regards to other than tractor owners, 55.00 per cent of

the respondents had small size of land holding, followed by

25.00 per cent had medium sized land holding and 20.00 per

cent of the respondents had large size of land holding. The

calculated value of ‘Z’ 2.18 was significant and indicates that

the respondents of both the groups differed significantly with

regard to the size of their land holdings.

(9) Animal income

It was found that majority of tractor owners (43.34

per cent) had annual income above ` 50,000/- and other than

tractor owners (38.34 per cent) had annual income up to

` 25,000/-. The ‘Z’ test (2.12) was found to be significant

indicates that the respondents of both the groups were differed

as far as their annual income was concerned.

Extent of mechanization in potato and groundnut farming

With a view to measure the extent (percentage) of

mechanization in potato and groundnut farming, the extent

of mechanization was measured in terms of percentage,

category wise and practice wise. The respondents were asked

to provide practice wise information about the mechanized

implements and machines they used in farming.


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Table 2 : Distribution of respondents according to extent of mechanization n = 120

Extent of mechanization (%)

Potato GroundnutCombination of potato

and groundnutFrequency

(n=120)Per cent

Frequency (n=120)

Per centFrequency

(n=120)Per cent

0-10 05 04.16 06 5.00 05 04.1610.1-20 08 06.66 10 8.34 08 06.6620.1-30 15 12.50 14 11.66 17 14.1630.1-40 23 19.16 21 17.50 26 21.6640.1-50 31 25.84 30 25.00 33 27.5050.1-60 34 28.34 36 30.00 29 24.1660.1-70 04 03.34 03 2.50 02 01.6670.1-80 0 0 0 0 0 080.1-90 0 0 0 0 0 090.1-100 0 0 0 0 0 0

The extent of mechanization was measured in terms of percentage ranging from 0 to 100. It was divided in to ten equal parts, viz., 0-10 per cent mechanization, 10.1-20 per cent mechanization and so on. Inclusive method was used to classify the data i.e., the upper limit of 10 of class 0-10 is considered in that class.

(a) Potato crop

The data regarding potato crop given in Table 2 indicated that 28.34 per cent of respondents were observed in between 50.1-60 per cent of mechanization. This was followed by 25.84, 19.16 and 12.50 per cent of the respondents observed in between 40.1-50, 30.1-40 and 20.1-30, respectively. The lowest per cent of the respondents were observed in between 0-10, 10.1-20 and 60.1-70 per cent mechanization.

(b) Groundnut crop

In case of groundnut farming, the data presented in Table 2 indicated that a 39 per cent of the respondents had adopted 50.1-60 per cent of mechanization, followed by 25.00, 17.50 and 11.66 per cent of respondents adopted 40.1-50, 30.1-40 and 20.1-30, respectively. The 8.34 per cent, 5.00 per cent and 2.5 per cent of respondents had adopted 10.1-20, 0-10 and 60.1-70 per cent of mechanization, respectively.

Overall mechanization

Regarding the overall mechanization in both potato and groundnut farming, it is clear from Table 2 that the highest number (27.50 %) of respondents had adopted 40.1-50 per cent of mechanization. This was followed by 24.16, 21.60 and 14.16 per cent of respondent had adopted 50.1-60, 30.1-40 and 20.1-30 per cent of mechanization. The 6.66,

4.16 and 1.66 per cent) of respondents had adopted 10.1-20, 0-10 and 60.1-70 per cent of mechanization respectively.

Thus it can be concluded that more than fifty per cent (57.50 %) of the potato growers had 20.1-50 per cent mechanization, while majority (72.50 %) of groundnut growers were having 30.1-60 per cent of mechanization. The overall picture shows that a good number of farmers (i.e., 73.32 %) of the both crops adopted mechanization in between 30.1 to 60 per cent.

Relationship of extent of mechanization of farmers with their selected characteristics

The correlation co-efficient (r’) was calculated to study the relationship between selected characteristics of respondents and extent of mechanization. The results are presented in Table-3.

Table : 3 Correlation coefficient between selected independent variable of the respondents and their extent of mechanization n = 120

Sr.No.

Characteristics of the respondent

Correlation coefficient (‘r’)

X1 Age -0.18300 NS

X2 Education 0.40943**X3 Family type 0.16677 NS

X4 Family size 0.26102**X5 Social participation 0.59961**X6 Caste 0.5938 NS

X7 Land holding 0.44359 **X8 Income 0.40831**

**Significant at 0.01 level of significance NS= Non-significant


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There was negative but non-significant relationship between age of the respondents with their extent of mechanization. The education, family size, social participation, land holding and annual income of the respondents were found to have positive and significant relationship with their extent of mechanization. Family type and caste of the respondents were found to have positive but non-significant relationship with their extent of mechanization.

CONCLUSION

The present study revealed that majority of tractor owners belonged to middle age group, educated to primary level, had medium sized joint family, participated in one organization, having large sized land holding, middle caste and annual income above ` 50,000.00. While, in case of other than tractor owners, majority of them belonged to middle age group, primary level of education, nuclear family, medium size of family, participated in one organization, middle caste, small size of land holding and annual income up to Rs. 25000.00. The 39.00 per cent groundnut growers and 28.34 per cent potato growers had adopted 50.1-60 per

cent mechanization. Age had negative and non-significant relationship with extent of mechanization. The education, family size, social participation, land holding and annual income had positive and significant relationship with extent of mechanization.

REFERENCES

Bariya, R.K. (1997). A study on extent of mechanization in agriculture in paddy and sugarcane crops in Surat and Valsad district of south Gujarat. M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished), N.M.College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural university, Navasari.

Salunkhe, D.C. (1994). A Study of farm implements utilization behavior of farmers from Sangamner Tehsil of Ahmednagar District. Master’s Thesis (Unpublished), Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidhyapith, Pune.

Singh, R. (1983). Selected chareccteristics of farmers in relation to their adoption of farm mechanization. Indian J.Ext.Edn., 19 : 12-17.



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Knowledge and Attitude of Tribal Farmers of Valsad District Towards Integrated Nutrient Management

L.T.Kapur1, A.R.Patel2 and K.A.Patel3

1 Subject Matter Specialist (Soil science), KVK-Ambheti Dist.-Valsad 2 Subject Matter Specialist (Ext.Edu), KVK-Ambheti Dist.-Valsad3 Subject Matter Specialist (Pl. Prot.),, KVK-Ambheti Dist.-Valsad

Email : ltkvkambheti @gmail.com

ABSTRACT

A study was undertaken to assess the knowledge and attitude of tribal farmers of Valsad district towards the Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). Results of study indicate that more than 67% adopter farmers had complete knowledge about INM system. Among adopter of INM, 84% respondents said that INM is necessary for sustainable soil health & productivity, whereas 87 respondents agree with statement that INM, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Although 74% adopters said that INM system in crop production require knowledge and skill to apply. In case of non-adopter farmers less than 18% respondents had complete knowledge and more than 24% had no knowledge, although more than 41% respondents had partial knowledge about INM system. By the training, demonstration and other extension activities adoption percentage of INM in tribal farmers can be improved.

Keywords- INM, Soil health, Liquid biofertilizer, FYM

INTRODUCTION

Gujarat Vidyapeeth, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (GVKVK) -Ambheti is located in Valsad district of Gujarat, which composed largely of tribal communities depends primarily on agriculture for their livelihood. Soils of the district in general can be classified as medium black to heavy black soil with low fertility. Tribal farmers of district spends lots of money for costly fertilizers and increasing cost of production resulting into low return.

The concept of integrated soil and nutrient management implies practices such as appropriate crop rotations, cover crops, use of manure, crop residues and fertilizers, conservation and no-tillage, moisture management etc (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) approach improves and sustains soil fertility and provides a sound basis for crop production systems to meet the changing needs through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner (FAO, 2011).In this regard, adoption of integrated soil fertility and nutrient management practices may help farmers to enhance crop production and to conserve natural resources (FAO, 2003).

Keeping in view of above facts KVK-Ambheti has carried out study to find out knowledge and attitude of tribal farmers of valsad district towards Integrated Nutrient Management (INM).

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the knowledge and attitude of tribal farmers of valsad district towards Integrated Nutrient Management (INM).

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra-Ambheti during the year 2014 for assessment of knowledge and attitude of tribal farmers of valsad district towards INM. For the study 100, tribal farmers who already adopted INM and 100, tribal farmers as non-adopter were randomly selected from 10 villages of district. For evaluating the farmers’ knowledge and attitude towards INM concepts, principles and methods are propounded. Farmers were asked to indicate their opinion about the statement being true or false. Data were collected by personal interview method with the pretested schedule designed for the purpose.


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RESULT S AND DISCUSSION

Knowledge of adopter and non adopter regarding INM

The data obtained from study that out of 100 Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) adopters, more than 67% respondents had complete, 20% adopters had partial and only less than 02% adopters had no knowledge about Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) system. Whereas, in

case of non-adopter tribal farmers less than 18% non adopters had complete knowledge and more than 24% farmers had no knowledge, although more than 41% non adopters had partial knowledge about INM system. It indicates that majority of the adopters had complete knowledge, while non-adopters had partial knowledge about Integrated Nutrient Management system. The adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management by the tribal farmers depends primarily upon knowledge.

Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to their knowledge about integrated nutrient management n=200

Sr.No.

Particular Adopters (n=100) Non-adopters (n=100)

Complete Knowledge

%

Partial Knowledge

%

No Knowledge

%

Complete Knowledge

%

Partial Knowledge

%

No Knowledge

%1 Use of Gobargas slurry 73 25 02 08 48 442 Vermi composting process 77 22 01 12 47 413 About Liquid biofertilisers 74 24 02 07 40 534 Green manuring technique 67 31 02 18 42 405 Use of Poultry manures 69 30 01 04 72 246 Making of Liquid manures 77 22 01 08 42 507 About Micronutrient application 70 28 02 02 41 578 Composting process 69 29 02 08 55 379 Importance of Trash mulching 74 24 02 07 64 29

10 Application of Farm Yard Manures

78 20 02 12 64 24

Attitude of adopter towards INM

The data of study regarding attitude of adopter farmers towards Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) system shows that most of respondents have positive attitude. Out of 100 respondents, 82% adopter farmers did not agree with the statement “INM concept is useless”, 59% adopter farmers disagree with statement “INM is increase cost of cultivation” and 60 adopter farmers are also disagree with statement “INM is laborious”. Further, out of 100 respondents, 84%adopter farmers said that INM is necessary

for sustainable soil health & productivity, whereas 87 adopter farmers agree with statement that INM reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. The results are in conformity with the result of Shanthy and Subramaniam (2015). Results of the study revealed that there is a scope to improve extent of adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management system among tribal farmers of valsad district by awareness bringing through training, demonstration and other extension activities in the district.

Table 2 : Distribution of respondents according to their attitude towards integrated nutrient management n=100

Sr.No. Statements

Agree%

Undecided%

Disagree%

1 INM is necessary for sustainable soil health and productivity

84 10 06

2 INM reduce the use of chemical fertilizers 87 09 043 INM require knowledge and skill 74 16 10

4 INM is useless 12 06 82

5 INM increase cost of cultivation 24 17 59

6 INM is laborious 08 32 60

7 INM increase yield of crop 10 18 72


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CONCLUSION

After the analysis of collected data, it is concluded that the tribal farmers of Valsad district are aware from Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). They also knows, adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) system contributes to environmental sustainability as the use of excess fertilizers can be avoided and has been considered a broad based remedy against soil fertility decline. In an extension perspective, extension agencies working in Valsad district should make more effort for adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) system. It results into assure national food security, nutritional security, maintenance of soil health, enhancement of soil fertility and to leave a good heritage for the future generations.

REFERENCES

FAO, 2003. Plant Nutrition: Challenges and Tasks Ahead.

Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Section. Food and Agriculture Organizations in United Nations, Italy, Rome.

FAO (2011). Report of the 3rd research coordinator meeting. FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Project on Management of nutrients in rainfed arid and semi-arid areas for increasing crop production. 24-28 September, Vienna.

Gopalasundaram, P., A. Bhaskaran and P. Rakkiyappan (2012). INM in sugarcane. Sugar Tech. 14 (1):3-20.

T. Rajula Shanthy and R. Subramaniam (2015), Farmers’ Perspective on Integrated Nutrient Management in Sugarcane. Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu. 15 (1): 100-106



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Awareness Among Farmers About KVK Working as Knowledge Resource Centre in Dang District of South Gujarat

S. D. Kavad1, D. B. Bhoi2 and V. K. Desai3

1 Assistant Extension Educationist, DEE, NAU, Navsari - 3964502 Subject Matter Specialist (Animal Science), KVK, NAU, Waghai - 3947303 Subject Matter Specialist (Plant protection), KVK, NAU, Waghai - 394730


ABSTRACT Krushi Vigyan Kendra is the Farm Science Centre with multidisciplinary team of qualified scientists, aims to transfer the latest technology to farmers in the district. The mandates of KVKs are Conducting “On Farm Testing” for identifying technologies in terms of location specific sustainable land use systems; Organising “In-service training” to update the extension personnel with emerging advances in agricultural research on regular basis; Organising “short and long term training courses” in agriculture and allied vocations for the farmers and rural youths with emphasis on “Learning by doing” for higher production on farms and generating self-employment and Organising “Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs)” on various crops to generate production data and feedback information. One new mandates i.e. KVK to work as “Knowledge resource centre” was added during 2009. Thus, the role of KVKs is of immense importance for overall agricultural and rural development through its various research and technology transfer mechanisms for the farming community. Keeping all this views in mind, the present research study was taken with the objectives 1) To study the personal profile of the respondents. 2) To study the awareness among farmers of adopted and non-adopted villages of KVK about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre and 3) To ascertain the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The result shows that in adopted villages majority of the respondents were in middle age group, educated up to primary school level, participated in social activities, participated in more than one extension activity, annual income up to ` 50,000/-, engaged in farming + Animal Husbandry as main occupation, possessed 0.01 – 2.00 ha of land, found to have medium level of economic motivation and found to have medium level of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre. Whereas, in non-adopted villages majority of the respondents were in middle age group, educated up to primary school level, not participated in social activities, participated in more than one extension activity, annual income up to ` 50,000/-, engaged in farming as main occupation, possessed 0.01 – 2.00 ha of land, found to have medium level of economic motivation and found to have low level of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre. Regarding association, in adopted villages, social participation and economic motivation were significantly associated with extent of awareness about Knowledge Resource Centre while there was no association between age, education, annual income, occupation, land holding and extent of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre. In non-adopted villages, the extension participation and occupation were highly significantly associated with extent of awareness about Knowledge Resource Centre while, there was no association between age, education, social participation, annual income, land holding, economic motivation and extent of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre.

Keywords: Knowledge resource centre, awareness, association, KVK

INTRODUCTION

KVK is the Farm Science Centre with multidisciplinary team of qualified scientists, aims to transfer the latest technology to farmers in the district. At present there are 641 KVKs in the country. The mandates of KVKs are as follows – Conducting “On Farm Testing” for identifying technologies in terms of location specific sustainable land use systems, Organising “In-service training” to update the

extension personnel with emerging advances in agricultural research on regular basis, Organising “short and long term training courses” in agriculture and allied vocations for the farmers and rural youths with emphasis on “Learning by doing” for higher production on farms and generating self-employment, Organising “Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs)” on various crops to generate production data and feedback information. One new mandates i.e. KVK to work


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as “Knowledge resource centre” was added during 2009. Thus, the role of KVKs is of immense importance for overall agricultural and rural development through its various research and technology transfer mechanisms. Keeping all this views in mind, the present research study “Awareness among farmers about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre” was taken with the objectives.

OBEJCTIVES

(i) To study the personal profile of the respondents.

(ii) To study the awareness among farmers of adopted and non-adopted villages of KVK about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre and

(iii) To ascertain the relationship between dependent and independent variables.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in the Dang district. Eight villages were selected randomly from the list of adopted villages of KVK, while another eight neighboring villages of the adopted villages were selected purposively as the Non-adopted villages. Ten respondents were selected from the list of farmers in each adopted villages and non-adopted villages by random sampling technique. Thus, total numbers of respondents were 160. The interview schedule was developed after due consultation with the faculty members of the discipline and the data were collected by the personal interview method. The data so collected were tabulated, analyzed with appropriate statistical tools and interpreted in the light of the objectives.


Personal profile of the respondents

The findings of these selected characteristics have been presented in the following section:

(i) Age

The data presented in Table 1(1) shows that nearly half (51.00 and 46.00 per cent) of the respondents were in middle age group in adopted and non-adopted villages, respectively, followed by 29.00 per cent of the respondents belongs to young age group in adopted village and 28.00 per cent were under old age group in non-adopted villages.

(ii) Education

It is evident from table 1(2) that more than half (51.00 and 55.00 per cent) of the respondents were educated up to primary school level in adopted and non-adopted villages, respectively. Very few respondents had education above middle school level in the adopted and non-adopted villages.

(iii) Social participation

The data in Table 1(3) revealed that about two-third majority (62.00 per cent) of the respondents were participated in social organizations and 38.00 per cent of the respondents were not participated in social organizations in adopted villages while, two-third majority (66.00 per cent) of the respondents were not participated in social organizations and 34.00 per cent of the respondents were participated in social organizations in non-adopted villages.

(iv) Extension participation

It was observed from the data presented in Table 1(4) that all (100.00 per cent) the respondents were participated in more than one activities in adopted villages while, more than half (56.00 per cent) of the respondents were participated in more than one activity followed by 25.00 per cent were not participated in any activity in non-adopted villages.

(v) Annual Income

It is apparent from Table 1(5) that majority (63.00 and 81.00 per cent) of the respondents had annual income up to Rs. 50,000/- in adopted and non-adopted villages, respectively followed by 26.00 per cent and 14.00 per cent of the respondents had annual income between Rs. 50,001 to 1,00,000 in adopted and non-adopted villages, respectively.

(vi) Occupation

The data presented in Table 1(6) revealed that more than half (57.00 per cent) of the respondents were engaged in farming + Animal Husbandry as their main occupation followed by farming (43.00 per cent) only in adopted villages while, majority (69.00 per cent) of the respondents were engaged in farming as main occupation followed by 29.00 per cent in farming + Animal Husbandry in non-adopted villages.


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(vii) Land holding

The data presented in Table 1(7) shows that two-fifth (42.00 per cent) of the respondents possessed land up to 1.00 ha followed by 28.00 per cent and 20.00 per cent of the respondents possessed 1.01 – 2.00 ha and

2.01 – 4.00 ha of land respectively in adopted villages while, half (49.00 percent) of the respondents possessed land up to 1.00 ha followed by 24.00 per cent and 16.00 per cent of the respondents possessed 1.01 – 2.00 ha and 2.01 – 4.00 ha of land respectively in non-adopted villages.

Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to their personal characteristics n=160

Sr. No.

Personal Characteristics Adopted Villages (n=80)

Non-Adopted Villages (n=80)

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage1 Age group

1 Young (up to 35 years) 23 29 21 262 Middle (36 to 50 years) 41 51 37 463 Old (50 years and above) 16 20 22 28

2 Level of Education1 Illiterate 15 19 18 222 Up to primary school level 41 51 44 553 Up to middle school level 18 22 15 19

4 Up to high school level 04 05 01 015 College and above 02 03 02 03

3 Social Participation1 Participated 50 62 27 342 Not participated 30 38 53 66

4 Extension Participation1 Not participated 0 0 20 252 Participated in one activity 0 0 15 193 Participated in more than one activity 80 100 45 56

5 Annual Income1 Above ` 2,00,000/- 03 04 0 02 ` 1,50,001 to 2,00,000 01 01 02 2.53 ` 1,00,001 to 1,50,000 05 06 02 2.54 ` 50,001 to 1,00,000 21 26 11 145 Up to ` 50,000 50 63 65 81

6 Occupation1 Farming 34 43 55 692 Animal Husbandry 0 0 0 03 Farming + Animal Husbandry 46 57 23 294 Service + Farming 0 0 01 015 Farming + Business 0 0 01 01

7 Land Holding1 > 10 ha 01 01 0 02 4.01 – 10.00 ha 07 09 09 113 2.01 – 4.00 ha 16 20 13 16 4 1.01 – 2.00 ha 22 28 19 245 0.01 – 1.00 ha 34 42 39 49

8 Economic motivation1 Low economic motivation (< 15 score) 01 01 04 052 Medium economic motivation (15-17 score) 62 78 64 803 High economic motivation (> 17 score) 17 21 12 15

Mean-16 S.D. -1


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(viii) Economic motivation

The data presented in Table 1(8) revealed that majority (78.00 and 80.00 per cent) of the respondents were found to have medium level of economic motivation

in adopted and non-adopted villages, respectively while, 21.00 per cent and 15.00 per cent of the respondents had high economic motivation in adopted and non-adopted villages, respectively.

Awareness among farmers about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre:

Table 2: Distribution of respondents according to their awareness n=160

Sr. No. Level of awareness

Adopted Villages (n=80)

Non-Adopted Villages (n=80)

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage1 Low level of awareness (< 33 score) 00 00.00 45 56.252 Medium level of awareness (34-73 score) 46 57.50 34 42.503 High level of awareness (> 74 score) 34 42.50 01 01.25

Mean 71 35S.D. 8 9

The data presented in Table 2 indicate that about three-fifth (57.00 per cent) of the respondents from adopted villages were found to have medium level of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre, followed by 42.50 per cent had high level of awareness. In case of non-adopted villages, more than half (56.25 per cent) of respondents had low level of awareness followed by 42.50 and 1.25 per cent of them had medium and high level of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre. These findings were similar to the findings of Meena

(2011), Patel et al. (2012), Singh et al. (2012) and Pandya et al. (2013).

Association between personal profile of the respondents and their extent of awareness about Knowledge Resource Centre

The correlation coefficient of eight independent variables of respondents of the adopted and non-adopted villages with their extent of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre is furnished in table 3.

Table 3: Association between personal profile of the respondents and their extent of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre

n=160

Sr. No.

Variables Adopted villages Non-adopted villages‘r’ value ‘r’ value

X1 Age 0.12555 -0.02049X2 Education 0.11821 0.09261X3 Social participation 0.22803* 0.15561X4 Extension participation 0.00000 0.37769**X5 Annual income 0.06694 0.09331X6 Occupation -0.00709 0.29222**X7 Land holding -0.03121 0.02986X8 Economic motivation 0.29903** -0.04713

* Significant at 5 per cent level ** Highly significant at 1 per cent level

The data presented in Table 3 shows that economic motivation (0.29903**) was found highly significantly associated with extent of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre, while social participation (0.22803*) was found significantly associated with extent

of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre in adopted villages. There was no significant association found between awareness about KRC with other independent variables.


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In non-adopted villages, the extension participation (0.37769**) and occupation (0.29222**) were found highly significantly associated with extent of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre while; there was no significant association between awareness about KRC and other independent variables.

CONCLUSION

From the results it can be concluded that in adopted villages majority of the respondents were in middle age group, educated up to primary school level, participated in social activities, participated in more than one extension activity, annual income up to Rs.50,000/-, engaged in farming + Animal Husbandry as main occupation, possessed 0.01 – 2.00 ha of land, found to have medium level of economic motivation and found to have medium level of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre whereas, in non-adopted villages majority of the respondents were in middle age group, educated up to primary school level, not participated in social activities, participated in more than one extension activity, annual income up to ` 50,000/-, engaged in farming as main occupation, possessed 0.01 – 2.00 ha of land, found to have medium level of economic motivation and found to have low level of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre.

In adopted villages, social participation and economic motivation were significantly associated with extent

of awareness about Knowledge Resource Centre while there was no association between age, education, annual income, occupation, land holding and extent of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre. In non-adopted villages, the extension participation and occupation were highly significantly associated with extent of awareness about Knowledge Resource Centre while, there was no association between age, education, social participation, annual income, land holding, economic motivation and extent of awareness about KVK working as Knowledge Resource Centre.

REFERENCES

Meena K.C. 2011. An impact assessment of Front line demonstrations (FLDs) on soybean growers. Raj. J. Extn. Edu. 19:133-138.

Pandya, C. D., Bhatt, S. T. and Chauhan, N. M. (2013). Knowledge and adoption level of farmers about scientific cultivation of okra in Tapi district. Guj. J. Extn. Edu. 24:102-104.

Patel B.J., Patel H.B. and Patel U.M. 2012. Impact of Frontline Demonstration on castor growers. Guj. J. Extn. Edu. 23:49-52.

Singh, P., Lakhera, J.P. and Subhash Chandra (2012). Knowledge and adoption of Moth bean production technology in Western zone of Rajasthan. Raj. J. Extn. Edu.20:35-38.



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Knowledge of Farmers Regarding Wheat Production Technology

B.M.Christian1 N.B.Chauhan2 and A.R.Macwan3

1 Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, AAU, Vaso2 Professor and Head, department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand - 388 110

3 Assistant Professor, Polytechnic in Agriculture, AAU, VasoEmail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to know level of Knowledge of wheat production technology of the Farmer Vaso Taluka of Kheda District. As per government census area covered under wheat production, the farmers were randomly selected from 10 villages of Vaso taluka for this study. Total 100 farmers were selected by random sample method. The data were collected by personal contacts. All farmers were having knowledge regarding type of soil requirement, climatic requirement, and need of deep ploughing, depth of sowing of seed, varieties and its seed rate like LOK-1, GW-496 and GW-173 of the wheat crop. Followed by Majority of the farmers (85.00%,83.00%,72.00%,71.00%) were having knowledge regarding variety GW-273,Need of FYM if it is not given in kharif season,Azatobacter and PSB culture treatment ,seed treatment for control of termite by chlorpyriphos respectively. While, 70.00%farmers were having knowledge regarding sowing time of wheat and variety GW-190.slightly more than half (67.00%) were knowing early sowing variety GW-190 and its seed rate and also knowing about control of termite with endosulfan, 65.00% farmers were knowing regarding irrigation at flowering stage while, 62.00% farmers were having knowledge regarding sowing in line, application of FYM and its quantity at first plough, and irrigation at Dough stage. It is interesting that nobody were having knowledge regarding various soil nutrients excluding phosphorous and potash deficiency symptoms and its management.

Keywords : Wheat production technology, Knowledge level

In India, wheat is grown over an area of 23.61 million hectares with total production of 44.25 million tones of grains annually. Wheat is second important staple food crop after rice in India. Wheat grain flour is used in form of chapati, puri, bread, cake, sweetmeats, halwa, etc. Wheat provides characteristic substance “Gluten” which is very essential for bakers. The cultivation of wheat in India is confined mainly to the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. In Gujarat, wheat is grown in about 6 to 7 lakh hectares, of which irrigated wheat contributes about 75 to 80 per cent and remaining 20 to 25 per cent area is under rain fed cultivation. Irrigated wheat is mostly grown in Mehsana, Banaskantha, Sabarkantha, Kheda and Saurashtra region, while unirrigated wheat is grown in about 1.5 lakh hectares with total production of 80 thousand tones and it is mostly grown in Bhal region consisting of some parts of Kheda, Ahmedabad, Bhavnagar and Surendranagar districts.

Considering the importance of wheat crop grown in kheda district, the present study was carried out.

OBJECTIVE

To find out the knowledge level of the farmer regarding wheat production technology.

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in Vaso taluka of Kheda district of Gujarat state. According to the production area of wheat crop, 10 villages of Vaso taluka named Vaso, Palana, Pij, Siholadi, Laval, Alindra, Malyataj, Khutaj, Nandoli, and Heranj were selected for this study. Total 100 farmers were selected by random sample method. The data of the study was collected by personal interview. The interview schedule was prepared keeping in view the objectives of the study. The statistical measure such as percentage was used to analyze the data.


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Table 1 : Knowledge level regarding wheat production technology of farmers n=100

Sr. No.

Practice Per cent

Having KnowledgeA About type of soil1 In which type of soil wheat is grown? 100.002 Which is the ideal soil for wheat? 100.003 Which type of soil is not suited for wheat? 100.00B About Climatic requirement1 In which type of climate wheat is grown? 100.002 How much temperature is suitable for wheat? 100.003 Which type of climate is badly affected on wheat? 100.00C About sowing1 Which is the time for early sowing? 70.002 Which is the time for timely sowing? 70.003 Which is the late sowing time for wheat? 70.004 What is the sowing distance for wheat? 52.005 What is the sowing distance for late sowing wheat? 37.00D About land preparation1 Is there a need to plough deeply? 100.002 Is there a need to plough twice by plank? 45.003 Is there need to add FYM if it is not added in kharif about 10-15 ton/ha.? 83.004 Is there need to add gypsum 1.5 to 2 ton in salty soil? 51.005 Is there a need to add 8 kg zinc phosphate and 15 kg.sulphate before sowing in zinc and

iron deficit soil?35.00

6 Is there a need to sow seed in line? 62.007 Sowing seed 5-6 cm deep? 100.00E About variety and Seed rate 1 About timely sowing variety and its seed ratea LOK-1 100.00b GW-496 100.00c GW-503 46.00d GW-190 70.00e GW-273 85.00f GW-322 27.00g GW-113 28.00h RAJ-1555 45.002 About late sowing variety and its seed rate a GW-173 100.00b LOK-1 100.003 About early sowing variety and its seed ratea GW-190 67.00


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Sr. No.

Practice Per centHaving Knowledge

4 About seed treatmenta For termite control chlorpyriphose 20%EC 4.50 ml/1kg seed at night 71.00b T o control termite Endosulphan 35 EC 700 ml in 5 litre water 67.00c To protect crop from Pre-emergence rust 3-4 gm thirum/captan/1kg seed 34.00d To prevent Loose smut 2.5 to 3 gm vitavax/1 kg seed 00.00e To prevent Loose smut soaking seed in cold water with carbendazim for 4 hrs. and drying

it in sunlight for 3 hrs before sowing 00.00

f Azatobacter and PSB culture treatment@30gm/kg. 72.00F.About fertilizer application

1 FYM @10-15 ton/ha.at the time of first plough 62.002 For timely and late sowing-basal application of 60:60:00 NPK at sowing time 35.003 Top dressing (N) for timely and late sowing-60 KG. 23.004 Gypsum 1 ton before monsoon in salty soil 17.005 Zinc sulphate 8 kg /ha. In Zn deficit soils 14.00G About deficiency symptoms due to soil and its mgt.1 Magnesium deficiency 00.002 Phosphorous deficiency 29.003 Potash deficiency 27.004 Sulphur deficiency 00.005 Boron 00.006 copper 00.007 manganese 00.008 molebledenum 00.009 Zinc 00.00H Irrigation management1 Crown root initiation-18-21 days/20-25days for hy. 51.002 Tillering-35-40 days/40-45 days for hy. 49.003 Booting -50-55 days/70-75 days for hy. 42.004 Flowering-65-70 days/90-95 days for hy. 65.005 Milky stage-75-80 days 55.006 Dough stage-90-95 days/110-115 days for hy. 62.00I Weed control1 Gulli danda-crop rotation and sprinkling of 25 gm sulphosulfuron/ha.250 lit. water 30-35

days 11.00

J Disease identification and management1 Leaf rust 22.002 Stem rust 32.003 Leaf blight 34.004 Loose smut 21.00K Pest control1 Termite 35.002 Stem borer 26.003 Heliothese 27.004 Grass hopper 16.00


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It is Observed from the above table that All farmers were having knowledge regarding type of soil requirement, climatic requirement, need of deep ploughing, depth of sowing of seed, varieties and its seed rate like LOK-1,GW-496 and GW-173 of the wheat crop followed by nearly two third (85.00%,83.00%,72.00%,71.00%) were having knowledge regarding variety GW-273,Need of FYM if it is not given in kharif season,Azatobacter and PSB culture treatment ,seed treatment for control of termite by chlorpyriphos respectively. While, 70.00%farmers were having knowledge regarding sowing time of wheat and variety GW-190.slightly more than half (67.00%) were knowing early sowing variety GW-190 and its seed rate and also knowing about control of termite with endosulfan, 65.00% farmers were knowing regarding irrigation at flowering stage while, 62.00% farmers were having knowledge regarding sowing in line, application of FYM and its quantity at first plough, and irrigation at Dough stage. It is interesting that nobody were having knowledge regarding various soil nutrients excluding phosphorous and potash deficiency symptoms and its management.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that All farmers were having knowledge regarding type of soil requirement, climatic

requirement, need of deep ploughing, depth of sowing of seed, varieties and its seed rate like LOK-1,GW-496 and GW-173 of the wheat crop. Nobody were having knowledge regarding various soil nutrients excluding phosphorous and potash deficiency symptoms and its management.

IMPLICATION

Understanding significance of wheat crop in to the living standard of the farmers of Vaso taluka, there is a need of serious efforts should be started to improve their level of knowledge regarding wheat production technology especially of pest and disease management, nutrient deficiency and its management and weed management. so that they can diminish their cost of wheat production and raise their income.

REFERENCES

Patel, Krunal P and Patel Meena C (2013) Knowledge of Farmers Regarding Green Manuring for Sustainable Agriculture, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., vol. 24 : 23-24.

Patel, D. D; Joshi P. J and Patel P.P (2011) Knowledge level of Rose Growers about Improved Rose Cultivation, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., vol.22 : 24-25.



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INTRODUCTION

Maize is grown as main crop in Panchmahals and Dahod districts of Gujarat state and it is cultivated in approximately 2.70 lakh hectare area in kharif season. Research scientists, extension workers and farmers have responsibilities to maximize the production and productivity of maize in per unit area. The productivity of maize in the state at present is 1300 kg ha-1. It is less than the national Average (2300 kg ha-1) and world average (5500 kg ha-1), respectively. The low productivity in maize was due to lack of scientific cultivation knowledge, poor nutrient management and lack of knowledge on insect pests and disease management. Keeping all these views, the research study “Adoption of farmers about scientific cultivation of maize in Panchmahal and Dahod district” was taken with following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To study the selected characteristics of farmers

(ii) To study the adoption of different scientific cultivation method of maize in middle Gujarat

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in tribal areas of Panchmahal and Dahod district of the Gujarat state. Five tribal Talukas were selected and Total 20 village were selected randomly from these talukas. Ten tribal farmers were selected from each village. This constituted total sample of 200 tribal farmers. The data were collected by personal interview technique and analysed with number & percentage.


Selected characteristics of farmers

(i) age

Table 1: Distribution of maize growers according to thair age n=200

Sr. No. Age group Number Per cent

1 Young age (Up to 30 year) 13 6.502 Middle age (31 to 50 year) 107 53.503 Old age (Above 50 year) 80 40.00

From the data presented in Table 1 shows that

Adoption of Farmers About Scientific Cultivation of Maize in Panchmahal and Dahod District

K.H.Patel1, U.M.Patel2 and S.M. Khanorkar3

1 Assistant Research Scientist, MMRS, AAU, Godhra - 3890012 Programme Coordinator, KVK, AAU, Dahod - 389151

3 Research Scientist (Maize), MMRS, AAU, Godhra - 389001Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted in Panchmahal and Dahod districts of middle Gujarat Agro climatic Zone-III Morva Hadaf, Santrampur, Limkheda, Devgadhbaria and Dhanpur talukas were selected purposively as the majority of farmers in these talukas are growing maize as main crop in kharif season. Twenty villages were selected from these five talukas by simple random sampling techniques. A list of 200 maize growers was prepared from the selected villages. 10 respondents were selected from each village by proportionate random sampling technique. Thus, total number of respondents was 200. The data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted in the light of the objectives. Majority of the respondents were in middle age group having illiterate to primary education, less participation in social activities, had annual income up to `10000 to ` 20000/- were engaged in Farming + Animal Husbandry + Labour work as main occupation possessed 1.01 to 4.00 ha of land were found to have medium levels of economic motivation and medium levels of knowledge on maize production technology.

Keywords: Adoption, Maize growers, Scientific cultivation.


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majority (53.50 percent) of the respondents was in middle age group followed by 40.00 percent of the respondents belonging old age group and only 6.50 percent were under young age group.

(ii) Education

Table 2: Distribution of maize growers according to their level of education n=200

Sr. No. Level of education Number Per cent

1 Illiterate 72 36.00

2 Primary education (Up to VII Std.) 68 34.00

3 Secondary education (VIII to X Std.) 38 19.00

4 Higher Secondary education (XI to XII Std.) 15 07.50

5 College and above education 07 03.50

A perusal of data presented inTable-2 reveal that majority (36.00 percent) of the respondents were illiterate followed by 34.00, 19.00, 7.50 and 3.50 percent were primary school level, secondary school level, Highersecondary level and college level education respectively. This information gives indication that the literacy rate in tribal area is still very low.

(iii) Social Participation

Table 3: Distribution of maize growers according to their social participation n =200

Sr. No. Social participation Number Per

cent

1 No membership 165 82.50

2 Membership in one organization 21 10.50

3 Membership in more than one organizations 11 05.50

4 Holding position 03 01.50

The data in Table 3 revealed that majority (82.5 percent) of the respondents were not participated in any social activity followed by 10.50 percent in one activity and 5.50 percent engaged in more than one activity.

(iv) Land holding

Table 4: Distribution of soybean growers according to their size of land holding n =200

Sr. No. Land holding Number Per

cent

1 Marginal farmers (Up to 1.00 ha) 34 17.00

2 Small farmers (1.01 to 2.00 ha) 74 37.00

3 Medium farmers (2.01 to 4.00 ha) 84 42.00

4 Large farmers (Above 4.00 ha) 08 4.00

It is evident from the data in Table-4 revealed that 42.00 percent farmers possessed 2.01 to 4.00 ha of land followed by 37.00 percent having 1.01 to 2.00 ha of land and 17.00 percent having land up to 1.00 ha. While only 4.00 percent having above 4.00 ha of land.

(v) Cropping intensity

Table 5: Distribution of maize growers according to their cropping intensity n =200

Sr. No. Cropping intensity Number Per cent1 100 34 17.002 200 76 38.003 233 47 23.504 300 29 14.505 400 07 03.506 500 06 03.007 700 01 00.50

It is reveled from Table-5 that 38.00 per cent farmers growing crop twice in a year. Whlle 23.50 per cent having 233 per cent cropping intensity. 14.50 percent farmers having 300% cropping Intensity. While 17.00 per cent farmers having 100 per cent cropping intensity.

(vi) Occupation

Table 6: Distribution of maize growers according to their occupation n =200

Sr. No. Occupation Number Per cent

1 Only farming 03 01.502 Farming + Animal Husbandry 79 39.503 Farming + Animal Husbandry

+ Labour work 65 32.504 Farming +Animal Husbandry

+ Service 53 26.50


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Knowledge about scientific maize production technology Table 8 : Adoption of improved farm technology of maize crop n=200

Sr. No.

Practices Particular No. ofRespondents

Per cent

1 Improved variety

University recommended varieties1 Gujarat Maize-2 16 08.002 Gujarat Maize-4 10 05.003 Gujarat Maize-6 55 27.504 Narmada Moti 15 07.505 HQPM-1 12 06.00Private varieties 35 17.50Deshi varieties 57 28.50

2 Seed rate Below adoption 0 00.00As per recommendation 100 50.00Over adoption (up to 20 per cent) 55 27.50Over adoption (More than 20 per cent) 45 22.50

3 Seed treatment

Used readymade treated seed 130 65.00Treated in correct way by own & used 70 35.00

4 Use of culture

Non-adoption 130 65.00Treated in correct way 70 35.00

5 System of sowing

Drilling 03 01.50Dibbling (Recommendation) 197 98.50

6 Time of sowing

Earlier than recommended time 0 00.00As per recommended time 200 100.00Later than recommended time 0 00.00

7 Row spac-ing

30x10 17 08.5030x15 02 01.0045x10 15 07.5045x15 23 11.5045x20 17 08.5045x25 01 00.5060x10 01 00.50

From the data presented in Table-6 observed that 39.50 percent farmers possessing Farming and Animal husbandry as a occupation while 32.50 percent farmers possessing farming and Animal husbandry with labour work also. While 26.50 percent possessing farming Animal husbandry with job in private public sector organization only 1.50 percent farmers possessing farming occupation only.

It is apparent from Table-7 that more than half (56.00 percent) of the farmers had annual income up to ` 10001 to 20000. while 26.00 percent having less than ` 10000 income. 12.00 percent having the income between ` 20000 to 30000 while no one having Income above ` 50000.

(vii) Animal income

Table 7: Distribution of maize growers according to their annual income n =200

Sr. No. Annual income Number Per cent1 Less than 20,000 51 25.502 20,000 to 30,000 07 3.503 31,000 to 50,000 84 42.004 50,000 to 70,000 41 20.505 70,000 and above 17 8.50


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Sr. No.

Practices Particular No. ofRespondents

Per cent

60x15 16 08.0060x20 (Recommendation) 87 43.5060x25 01 00.5075x10 01 00.5075x15 08 04.0075x20 10 05.0075x25 03 01.50

8 Thinning days after sowing of maize

15 days 94 47.0020 days 31 15.5025 days (Recommendation) 48 24.0030 days 27 13.50

9 Earthing up after sowing of maize

30 days 120 60.0040 days(Recommendation) 72 36.0050 days 08 04.00

10 Manure No-adoption at all 23 11.50Below recommended dose 139 69.50As per recommended dose (10 ton/ha) 38 19.00More than recommended dose 0 00.00

11 Fertilizer N 00.00No-adoption at all 51 25.50Less quantity than recommended dose (Kg) 100 50.00As per recommended does(Kg) 14 07.00More quantity than recommended does 35 17.50P 00.00No-adoption at all 0 00.00Less quantity than recommended dose (Kg) 98 00.00As per recommended does(Kg) 68 00.00More quantity than recommended does 34 00.00

12 Plant protection Measures

Not adopted at all 200 100.00

13 Storage Storage bin 62 31.00Deshi Kothi 91 45.50Gunni bags 47 23.50

(1) Improved variety

More than 50 per cent farmers adopting improved variety of maize for cultivation while 28.50 per cent adopting local deshi varieties. About 17.50 percent farmers adopting private varieties.

(2) Seed rate

Half fo the farmers were adopting seed rate as per scientific recommendation. While more than 40 percent farmers were adopting seed rate more than recommendation.

(3) Seed treatment

Sixty five per cent farmers were using readymade treated seed. While 35 per cent farmers were treated the seed in correct way by own and used for sowing.

(4) Use of culture

Sixty five per cent farmers were non adopting the culture while 35 per cent using in proper way.

(5) System of sowing

About 98.50 per cent farmers were adopting as per


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recommendation i.e. dibbling method while 1.50 per cent adopting drilling method.

(6) Time of sowing

Cent percent farmers were adopting the sowing time as per recommendation.

(7) Row spacing

Nearly 43.50 per cent farmers were adopting row spacing as per recommendation while others were adopting their own method.

(8) Thinning

More than 86.00 per cent of farmers were adopting thinning (15 to 25 DAS). 13.50 per cent were not adopting as per recommendation.

(9) Earthingup

More than 96.00 per cent of farmers were adopting earthing up (30 to 40 DAS). only 4.00 per cent not adopting as per recommendation.

(10) Manure

Only 19.00 per cent adopting as per recommendation while 69.50 per cent adopting below recommendation. 4.00 per cent were not adopting at all.

(11) Chemical fertilizer

(a) Nitrogen

Half of the farmers were adopting the dose of below recommendations while 17.50 percent were adopting more than recommendation. 25.50 percent were not adopting at all.

(b) Phosphorus

Nearly 49.00 percent were adopting the dose of phosphorus below recommendation. 34.00 percent were adopting as per recommendation while 17.00 percent were adopting more than recommended dose.

(12) Plant protection measures

Cent percent of farmers were not adopting at all.

(13) Storage

About 45.50 percent were stored maize grain in Deshi Kothi, 31.00 percent were stored maize gratin in storage bin while 23.50 percent using gunnibags for storage of maize grain.

CONCLUSION

From the above discussion, it could be concluded that majority of the respondents was in middle age group, were illiterate, were less participate in social activities, had annual income is ` 10001 to 20000 were engaged in farming + Animal husbandry as main occupation, possessed less than 2.00 ha land were found to have medium level of knowledge about scientific maize production technology and were medium adopters of the maize production technology.

REFERENCES

Annonymous. 2014. Annual Progress Report, AICRP on Maize

Butani Ketankumar and Dhillon, D.S.(2011). Knowledge and use of Information communication technology by the scientists. Agriculture Update, 6(3&4): 195-200.

Dubey, Swapnil. (2011). Impact of Front Line Deminstration of Pigeon pea in transfer of improved technology. Agriculture Update, 6(3&4): 61-163.

Gaikwad, A.B.Shinde, S.B. and Kolgane, B.T.(2011). Knowledge of extension personnel about horticultural recommendations on selected fruit crops. Agriculture Update, 6(3&4): 155-160.

Pandya, C.D. and Pandya, R.D. (2010). A critical analysis of Socio-Economic Status of organic farming followers of South Gujarat. Ph.D. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished), Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari.

Received : July 2015 : Accepted : November 2015


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INTRODUCTION

Pigs are the most prolific and fast growing with short generation interval. In India pig rearing and pork industry are still in hands of people belonging to lowest Socio-economic status. Pig products like pork, bacon, ham, sausages are increasing in demand both for local consumption and export Modern intensive method of animal production demands a great control over animals and their environments.

Pig is an ideal meat animal under Indian condition. Emphasis is on efficiency of production. The basic goal in any animal production to maximize efficiency of production. The purpose paper attempts to highlight, the importance of local pig breeds, their system of rearing, husbandry practices adopted, their productivity and economic. This will help to suggest suitable managemental practices which will help to cut down mortality and losses and their by help to develop economically viable pig production system which will improve the livelihood of people belonging to lower socio-economic status.

METHODOLOGY

The study was carried out to know the management system of Pigs in Gujarat. The study includes survey of hundred Sows and their 642 piglets in and around Anand.

The pigs roaming around Borsad Chowkdi, Ganesh Chowkti, Jitodiya village, Hadgud village, 100 feet road area and Bakrol were observed. In all 100 sows with their piglets and 100 gilts and Boars were studied in detail. Body condition score was assigned by grading them viz, (i) Emaciated - hide bone condition (ii) Weak can count ribs (iii) Slight fat (iv) Fatty (v) Excessive / over fatty


Gujarat is a state where down trodden community stay harmoniously, total population is significantly higher. There is a great problem of unemployment. If we can generate employment to these youths, then it will be boon for this minority community. In Gujarat the pig farming is not encouraged by other communities. However, the down trodden peoples relish pork. . Gujarat tourism is on rise, there are many hotels on highway and taluka places. The enterprisers have a problem of disposal of hotel waste. The pigs can be reared on hotel waste, vegetable waste, bakery waste etc. The pigs are having good feed conversion efficiency, next to poultry. Similarly their reproductive efficiency is very good compare with other livestock as they farrow twice in a year with minimum 8 – 10 piglets. As pig farming is done by the minority community it is done on non scientific line. Hence to encourage pig farming on scientific lines and to improve the

Study on Management System of Pigs in Gujarat

V.P. Belsare 1, R. K. Mishra2 and K. B. Kamaliya3

1 Research Scientist & Head, LRS, College of V.Sc. & A.H., AAU, Ramana Muvada2 Associate Professor, Polultry Complex, College of V.Sc. & A.H., AAU, Anand - 388 110

3 Principal. Polytechnic in Food Science and Home Economics, AAU, Anand - 388 110E-mail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Among domestic animals, pigs are the most prolific and they are fast growing with shortest generation interval. However, in India, pig raising and pork industry are still in hands if people belonging to the lowest socio -economic status although pig products like port, bacon, ham, sausages are increasingly in demand both for local consumption and for export. The propose paper attempts to highlights the importance and management system of local pig breeds in Gujarat. The present system of rearing pigs by pigs rears, their husbandry practices, productivity and its economics. The study of present pig rearing system and improvement require will definitely increase the productivity from pig and their by help to improve the livelihoods of peoples belonging lower socio economic status.

Keywords : Management, Raring, Pigs


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socio economic status of minority peoples, the Government/ University need to establish regional Pig farms to train the peoples and for the supply of superior germplasm.

Pig Population and Infra Structure Development

According to 2012 Census the world population of pigs was 864.7million, out of which India has 1.48% of pig population i.e. 12.79 millions. In India the highest pig population was in Assam, followed by Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Gujarat has a pig population of 103 thousand (about 0.8% of Indians pig population). Among the various districts of Gujarat highest pig population was in Ahmedabad. The Kheda district has a pig population of about 6 thousand pigs. The pig is the most neglected species of domestic animals in both India as well as in Gujarat compare to all other species of livestock (Table 1).

Table 1: Livestock Infrastructure Development

Sr. Infrastructure India Gujarat

1 Pig farms 106 Nil

2 Cattle and Buffalo farms 183 14

3 Sheep and Goat farms 123 05

4 Poultry including duck and Turkey farms

260 12

5 Hatcheries 121 06

6 Camel farms - 02

7 Horse farms - 02

Pig Rearing Peoples

The peoples rearing pigs in Gujarat are known as Sardarjee belongs to backward class. They are staying in Anand since three to four generations. They do not have any specific profession. They are not educated, education is up to primary school (very few pass 10th standard). Anand Nagar Palika has given them small plots for human dwellings with electric and water connection. Pig rearing is their major occupation which generates income (very few are engaged in repair of locks and tin repair work). Pig rearing acts as a recreation for them and for their children. They celebrate festivals as a single family.

Rearing System

Individual person is the owner of the pig. Pigs are let loose in the city or nearly villages (the distribution of area/villages on group basis). The ownership of pig is identified by ear notching (hole or cut of different size and at different place on ear) and tail cutting. They look after their pigs frequently for their presence and growth. No special feeding or management facilities are being provided to pigs (Purely on scavenging condition). Bristles are the hair from indigenous pig. They clip bristle (before start of winter) during the month of Sept / Oct. Good growth of bristle fetches good price.

Breeding

They rear mostly indigenous breed of pig. There is no specific breeding season. The pigs farrow all throughout the year. But more number of sows farrow during Sept - Oct and Jan-Feb. For optimum breeding they keep one male for 5 females in the area generally white males are allowed for breeding (white males are crosses of Middle white York Shire). Black males are castrated. Generally one sows farrows twice in a year, but very few farrow 5 times in two year also. On an average 2-10 piglets are born to a sow at a time. The piglet mortality ranges from 50 to 60% whereas; adult mortality ranges from 5 to 7% .

Marketing

For the marketing pigs port, bristle etc. the pigs weighing approximately 35-40 kg on eye judgment are capture (using long stick with rope). Before the Sale: Pigs are kept in a yard/ enclosure for 8-10 days. They are washed and cleaned. They are fed with Bakery waste, vegetable waste etc. Generally animals are sold to middle man. Middleman charges ` 50/- animal. The pig owner gets about Rs. 350 to 400 per animal FOR Anand. The white pigs fetch more price than black pigs. These are marketed to Surat and Mumbai city. The pig owner gets Rs. 50 to 60 from bristle/pig. These pig rears are happy with their earnings. As they get the income without any investment. This is a zero input technology.

Body Condition and Health Status

The survey was carried out to study be Body condition and Health status of sows with piglets, gilts and Boar. The result depicted in Table -2.


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Table 2 : Characteristics of pigs

Sr. No.

Characters White pigs

Black pigs

Total

1 No. of sows with piglets 77 23 100

2 Total no. of piglets 476 88 642

3 Average litter size 6.52 3.25 5.64

4 Average body condition score of sows

2.92 2.43 2.79

5 Total no of teats 830 246 1076

6 Average no. of teats per sow

11.36 9.11 10.76

7 No. of teats functional 530 130 660

8 Percent of teat functional 63.85 52.85 61.34

9 No. of teats non-functional

300 116 416

10 Percent of teats non functional

36.15 47.15 38.66

11 Av. body condition score for gilt and boar

3.50(82)

3.05(18)

3.42(100)

The survey indicated that, about 77 percent of the pigs were white while 23 percent were black. This indicates that pig rears are more interested towards while pigs. The study on sows indicate that average number of piglets per

sow were 5.64 with an average body condition of 2.79. The percentage of functional teats were 61.34 percent. The body average condition score of gilts and bore were 3.42 and was found superior compare to sows. This might be due to lactation stress in sows.

CONCLUSION

Pig is a important meat animal because of its efficiency of production. Pig rearing in Gujarat followed by pig rears is a viable system (zero input technology). Supplementary feeding of low cost feed will help to improve health status of their pigs and their by return. Planned and systematic breeding of these pigs with exotic pigs will also help to improve their efficiency of production. Pigs need special care during furrowing and for piglet mortality. Education of these people and their children and development of marketing net work will be a boon to these people as it curtails the middleman’s share. Pig farming is the best way to improve the socio-economic status of minority peoples of Gujarat

REFERENCES

Anaymous (2012) Livestock Census Govt. of India 2012

Anaymous (2014), Animal Husbandry report Govt. of Gujarat 2013-14

Received : July 2015 : Accepted : October 2015


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INTRODUCTION

Wheat is the most important staple food grain of human race, only next to rice. It is the chief source of food of half of the world. In India, it occupies a premium place among cereals. Wheat is an important rabi crop of the Sabarkantha district. Area under wheat crop in the district is the highest than other rabi crops. Many recommendations are made to get maximum output/return from wheat crop. The crop has wide potential for improving its production and productivity by adoption of improved wheat production technology. Though, it was observed that farmers were not adopting all recommended wheat production technologies. Thus, it was felt necessary to know the knowledge and adoption of package of practices of wheat production technology by the farmers of Sabarkantha district.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To study the knowledge of wheat production technology by the wheat growers

(ii) To study the adoption of wheat production technology by the wheat growers

METHODOLOGY

Sabarkantha district has 14 blocks (talukas). Wheat is an important cereal crop of the district. Wheat has

maximum area as compared to other rabi crops in the district. Out of 14 talukas, 4 talukas having highest area under wheat crop were selected purposively. From each taluka, 5 villages were selected randomly. Taluka-wise selected villages are as under:

Sr. No.

Name of talukas

Name of villages

1 Idar Goral, Revas, Abdasan, Lalpur(Ba), Ratanpur

2 Modasa Munsivada, Anandpura kampa, Volva, Gajan, Sakaria

3 Bhiloda Vajapur, Takatunka, Bhutavad, Dholvani, Ganti

4 Himmatnagar Karanpur, Hadiyol, Akodra, Kashipura kampa, Panpur

From each selected village, five wheat growers were selected randomly. The data were collected with the help of structured interview schedule, Keeping in view the objectives of the study, the interview schedule was developed with the help of experts. The data were transferred into master table and analyzed in terms of frequency and percentage in order to make findings meaningful.

Knowledge and Adoption of Wheat Production Technology by the Farmers of Sabarkantha District

J. J. Mistry1, K. J. Vihol2 and G. J. Patel3

1 SMS (Ext. Edu.), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma - 383255 2 SMS (Agron.), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma - 383255

3 Programme Coordinator, KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma -383255Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

An attempt was made to study practice wise knowledge and adoption of wheat production technology by the farmers of Sabarkantha district. The present study was conducted in 4 talukas having highest area under wheat crop of sabarkantha district. The sample of study was 100 respondents. The data were analyzed in terms of frequency and percentage in order to get meaningful results. The analysis of results showed that majority of respondents had knowledge about late sown wheat varieties, timely sown wheat varieties, sowing period for timely sown wheat, post-emergence weedicides, number of irrigations for timely sown wheat and sowing distance for wheat crop. The majority of respondents had adopted timely sown wheat varieties, late sown wheat varieties, post emergence weedicides, sowing distance, numbers of irrigations for timely sown wheat and sowing period for timely sown wheat.

Keywords: Wheat production technology, Knowledge, Adoption


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Knowledge about recommended package of practices

Table 1 : Distribution of the respondents according to the knowledge of recommended package of practice of wheat n=100

Sr. No.

Package of practices Frequency Per cent

1 Timely sown wheat varieties 92 922 Sowing period for timely sown

wheat85 85

3 Late sown wheat varieties 96 964 Sowing period for late sown

wheat47 47

5 Name of insecticide for termite control

52 52

6 Rate and method of application for termite control

46 46

7 Seed rate for timely sown wheat

26 26

8 Seed rate for late sown wheat 24 249 Sowing distance 75 7510 Fertilizer dose for timely sown

wheat 24 24

11 No. of top dressings for timely sown wheat

10 10

12 No. of irrigations for timely sown wheat

77 77

13 Critical stages for irrigation 26 2614 Time in days for last irrigation

application49 49

15 Name and dose of weedicide

Pre-emergence 23 23Post-emergence 78 78

The data in Table 1 revealed that 96.00 per cent and 92.00 per cent respondents had knowledge about late sown wheat varieties and timely sown wheat varieties respectively. The respondents had knowledge about sowing period for timely sown wheat (85.00 per cent), post-emergence weedicides (78.00 per cent), number of irrigations for timely sown wheat (77.00 per cent), sowing distance (75.00 per cent) and name of insecticide for termite control (52.00 per cent). The less than half number of respondents had knowledge about recommended wheat production technologies viz; time in days for last irrigation application, sowing period for late sown wheat and rate and method of application for termite control. The nearly and less than one forth number of respondents had knowledge about recommended wheat production technologies viz; seed rate for timely sown

wheat, critical stages for irrigation, seed rate for late sown wheat, fertilizer dose for timely sown wheat, pre-emergence weedicides and number of top dressings for timely sown wheat.

Adoption of recommended package of practices of wheat production technology by wheat growers

Table 2 : Distribution of the respondents according to the adoption of package of practices of wheat production technology n=100

Sr. No.

Package of practices Frequency Per cent

1 Timely sown wheat varieties 81 812 Sowing period for timely

sown wheat62 62

3 Late sown Wheat varieties 80 804 Sowing period for late sown

wheat40 40

5 Name of insecticide for termite control

48 48

6 Rate and method of application for termite control

42 42

7 Seed rate for timely sown wheat

09 09

8 Seed rate for late sown wheat

20 20

9 Sowing distance 70 7010 Fertilizer dose for timely

sown wheat 20 20

11 No. of top dressings for timely sown wheat

09 09

12 No. of irrigations for timely sown wheat

70 70

13 Critical stages for irrigation 18 1814 Time in days for last

irrigation application40 40

15 Name and dose of weedicide

Pre-emergence 23 23Post-emergence 75 75

The data in Table 2 showed that 81 per cent and 80 per cent of respondents had adopted timely sown wheat varieties and late sown wheat varieties, respectively. The respondents had adopted post emergence weedicides (75.00 per cent), sowing distance (70.00 per cent), numbers of irrigations for timely sown wheat (70.00 per cent) and sowing period for timely sown wheat (62.00 per cent). The less than half number of respondents had adopted recommended wheat production technologies viz; name of insecticide for termite control, rate and method of application for termite control,


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sowing period for late sown wheat and time in days for last irrigation application. Less than one fourth of the respondents had adopted pre-emergence weedicides, fertilizer dose for timely sown wheat, seed rate for late sown wheat and irrigation at critical stages.

Yield

Table 3: Distribution of the respondents according to the yield kg per hector n=100

Sr. No.

Yield (Kg per hector)

Frequency Per cent

1 3000 to 3500 30 302 3501 to 4000 25 253 4001 to 4500 19 194 Above 4501 26 26

The data in Table 3 indicated that 30 per cent of respondents got wheat yield in the range of 3000 to 3500 kgs per hectare. The 26.00 per cent and 19.00 per cent of the respondents got wheat yield above 45000 kgs and in between 4001 to 4500 kgs per hectare, respectively. Only 19.00 per cent got wheat yield in the range of 3000 to 3500 kgs per hectare.

CONCLUSION

From the present study it can be concluded that majority of the respondents had knowledge about late and timely sown wheat varieties, sowing period for timely sown wheat, post-emergence weedicides and number of irrigations for timely sown wheat, sowing distance. Very less number of the respondents had knowledge about seed rate for timely and late sown wheat, critical stages for irrigation, fertilizer dose for timely sown wheat, pre-emergence weedicides and number of top dressings for timely sown wheat.

REFERENCES

Jadav N. B. (2001). Knowledge, adoption and constraints of onion growers with respect to recommended onion production technology. M.Sc. (Agri.) Unpublished thesis, GAU, Sardarkrushinagar.

Sandeep Yadav, Prajapati R. R. and Prajapati M. R. (2014). Knowledge and adoption of tomato growers about improved tomato production technology. Guj. J. Ext. Edu. 25(2): 172-174.



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INTRODUCTION

Farming in India principally depends upon vagaries of monsoon causing dwindling in the production. Now a day’s Watershed Management is a new avenue for developing the rainfed areas. Government has launched ambitious watershed management activities for development of rainfed areas started science from July 1986, covering 16 states of India and 99 districts of Gujarat state as a new trust to improve village economy with an objective to promote holistic growth of the agricultural and allied sector through area based regionally different strategies; to increase and stabilize the agricultural production and narrowing down regional socio-economic imbalance in rainfed areas through development of natural resource base, diversify the rainfed farming system, tapping the local resource potential to attain higher productivity and services for improving standard of living of rural poor and tribal.The present study is carried out to find up to what extent tribal farmers had adoption of low-cost and no-cost technologies of watershed management. For generating information on this dimension, this study is the modest attempt in developing sound and systematic knowledge.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in four tribal talukas of Navsari district in South Gujarat. Important and relevant low-cost and no-cost technologies of watershed management in two major areas of technologies (I) Soil and water conservation technologies, and (II) Crop production technologies were selected under study through expert opinion. With the help of random sampling method four villages were selected from each of selected tribal talukas. From each selected village, ten tribal farmers were randomly selected which constituted a total sample size of 120 tribal respondents. The data were collected with the help of well structured pre-tested interview schedule incorporating all items pertaining to specific objectives of the study. The independent variables were measured with the help of appropriate scales used by other researcher with some modification. The dependent variable was measured by developing adoption index with the help of structure schedule developed by researchers. The collected data were complied, tabulated and analyzed to get proper answer for specific objectives of the study with the help of various statistical tools to test the hypothesis under study. The statistical tools such as arbitrary method, percentage, and mean, co-efficient of correlation were used.

Watershed Management by Tribal Farmers of Navsari District of South Gujarat Through No- Cost and Low-Cost Technologies

Niraj . G. Patel1 and N. M. Chauhan2

1 P.G. Student, Department of Extension Education, NAU, Waghai - 394 7302 Associate professor., Department of Extension Education, NAU, Waghai - 394 730


ABSTRACT

The present study is carried out to find up to what extent tribal farmers had adoption of low-cost and no-cost technologies of watershed management. For generating information on this dimension, this study is the modest attempt in developing sound and systematic knowledge. Slightly less than half of the tribal farmers had medium level of overall knowledge about no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management. Slightly more than half of the tribal farmers had medium level of overall adoption about no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management. Independent variables studies viz., only age of tribal farmers had negative and significant correlation with adoption whereas, rest of the variables like education, farming experience, social participation and training received, mass media exposure, extension contact, occupation, land holding, annual income and scientific orientation were positive and significantly correlated with adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management.

Keywords : Watershed management, Tribal Farmers, No-cost and low-cost technology


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Practice wise knowledge of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management

On the basis of practice wise knowledge score

obtained by the tribal farmers the practice wise knowledge index was calculated, so (I) soil and water conservation technology and (II) crop production technology were grouped into five categories and data regarding this aspect were presented in Table-1.

Table 1 : Practice wise knowledge level of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management among the tribal farmers n=120

Sr. No. Category

Practices

Soil and water conservation technology Crop production technology

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

1 Very low 00 0.00 00 0.00

2 Low 00 0.00 27 22.503 Medium 38 31.67 77 64.17

4 High 37 30.83 12 10.005 Very high 45 37.50 04 3.33

I Soil and water conservation technology

Different Soil and water conservation technologies are an important part of rainfed farming management. Adequate and proper soil & water conservation practices helps in maintaining soil fertility and increases the production in rainfed area. Whereas, poor soil and water conservation can be a valuable factor for low productivity of land of rainfed area. It is apparent from the data presented in Table-13 that, less than half (37.50 per cent) of tribal farmers found with very high level of knowledge, followed by 31.67 per cent and 30.83 per cent of tribal farmers found with medium and high level of knowledge regarding soil and water conservation technology. None of the tribal farmers fall under the categories of very low and low level of knowledge regarding soil and water conservation technology. Bhagat, P.R. (2004) and Patel, J.B. (1995) reported the same.

On the basis of the above result, it can be concluded that cent per cent of tribal farmers were found with very high to medium level of knowledge regarding soil and water conservation technology, which is attributed to fact that nearly two third of tribal farmers were literate, well socially participated had medium to high level of mass media exposure and very high level of extension contact with regular training provided regarding watershed management technologies by GSLDC, Watershed Management Unit, K.V.K., SAUs and NGOs.

II Crop production technology

Different Crop production technologies constitute an important part of rainfed farming management. Adequate and proper crop production technology helps into maintain optimum production of land of rainfed area. Whereas, poor crop production technology can be a valuable factor for low productivity of land of rainfed area.

It is evident from the data reported in Table-1 that, nearly two third (64.17 per cent) of tribal farmers found with medium level of knowledge, followed by 22.50 per cent, 10.00 per cent and 3.33 per cent of tribal farmers found with low, high and very high level of knowledge regarding crop production technology. None of the tribal farmers fall under the categories of very low level of knowledge regarding crop production technology.

Thus, it appears that majority (86.67 per cent) of tribal farmers were found with medium to low level of knowledge regarding crop production technology, which is due to fact that majority of tribal farmers failed to understand the importance of knowledge about proper use of short durational crop varieties, mid season correction, use of organic manures and fertilizers like neem coated urea viz., stands against leaching, inter culturing, inter-cropping, weed management, supplementary irrigation and tree plantation etc.


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Overall knowledge level of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management among the tribal farmers

Table 2 : Distribution of tribal farmers according to their overall knowledge level of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management n=120

Sr. No.

Overall knowledge level categories

Tribal farmers

Frequency Per cent1 Very low (Up to 20 score) 00 0.00

2 Low (21 – 40 score) 00 0.003 Medium (41 – 60 score) 55 45.834 High (61 – 80 score) 40 33.345 Very high (Above 80 score) 25 20.83

The distributional analysis pertaining to overall knowledge level of the tribal farmers mentioned in Table-2 indicated that nearly half (45.83 per cent) of the tribal farmers had medium level of overall knowledge followed by 33.34

per cent and 20.83 per cent had high and very high level of overall knowledge. None of the tribal farmers fall under the categories of low and very low level of overall knowledge about no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management.

Thus, it can be concluded that cent per cent of tribal farmers had medium to very high level of overall knowledge about no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management. The probable reason for medium level of knowledge of farmers might be due to their very high level of extension contact and medium to high level of mass media exposure, besides their primary to secondary level of formal education might have encouraged them to take interest in various awareness programmes run by State Agricultural Department, SAUs, Watershed Management Agencies, K.V.K. and NGO’s. Soleiman and Saeid . (2015) reported the same..

Table 3 : Item wise adoption of tribal farmers about no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management. n=120

Sr. No. Practices Frequency Percent RankI Soil and water conservation technologies 1 Sowing across the slops 112 93.33 II2 Sowing as per recommended spacing 68 56.66 XIII3 Summer ploughing 118 98.33 I4 Contour sowing 91 75.83 V5 Vegetative bunds 70 58.33 XI6 Dividing field with small bunds 82 68.33 VIII7 Small earthen bunds 80 66.67 IX8 Land leveling 100 83.33 IV9 Tillage across the slops 109 90.83 III10 Stubble and agro waste plucking 85 70.83 VII11 Natural grasses on boundaries and waterways. 73 60.83 X12 Afforestation 69 57.5 XII13 Recharge trench 89 74.17 VI14 Irrigation in alternative row and furrow -- -- --II Crop production technologies 1 Selection of short durational variety 91 75.83 I2 Timely sowing 80 66.66 V3 Intercropping 58 48.33 VII4 Mid season correction 53 44.16 VIII5 Use of organic manures 82 68.33 IV6 Use of neem coated chemical fertilizer as urea 60 50.00 VI7 Interculturing 86 71.67 II8 Weed management

(i) Hand weeding 85 70.83 III(ii) Use of herbicides 21 17.50 XI

9 Supplementary irrigation 47 39.16 IX10 Planting of tree on farm boundary / in waste land 41 34.16 X


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I Soil and water conservation technology

Soil and water conservation technology like Sowing across the slops, Sowing as per recommended spacing, Timely sowing, Contour sowing, Vegetative bunds, Dividing field with small bunds, Small earthen bunds, Land levelling, Tillage across the slops, Stubble and agro waste plucking, Natural grasses on boundaries and waterways, and Afforestation etc. constitute an important part of rainfed farming management. Adequate and proper soil and water conservation helps into maintain optimum production of land of rainfed. Whereas, poor soil and water conservation can be a valuable factor for low productivity of land of rainfed area. Pawar, K.P. (2004)

The data presented in the above table concluded that, nearly half (49.17 per cent) of tribal farmers found with high level of adoption, followed by 26.67 per cent, 23.33 per cent and 0.83 per cent of tribal farmers found with medium, high and low level of adoption regarding soil and water conservation technology. None of the tribal farmers fall under the categories of very low level of adoption regarding soil and water conservation technology. Vaneetha, (2006) reported the same..

On the basis of the above result, it can be concluded that nearly cent per cent of tribal farmers were found with medium to very high level of adoption regarding soil and water conservation technology, which is due to fact that majority (62.50 per cent) of tribal farmers were literate, had cent per cent of social participation, medium level of mass media exposure and very high level of extension contact. So, they were aware to understand the importance of adoption of proper production technologies for rainfed farming.

II Crop production technology

Crop production technology like use of short durational crop varieties, mid season correction, use of

organic manures and fertilizers like neem coated urea viz., stands against leaching, inter culturing, intercropping, weed management, supplementary irrigation and tree plantation etc. constitute an important part of rainfed farming management. Adequate and proper crop production technology helps into maintain optimum production of land of rainfed area. Whereas, poor crop production technology can be a valuable factor for low productivity of land of rainfed area. Patel, B.S. (2005) and Rathod, (2001) reported the same.

Result from the Table-4 indicated that, less than half (33.33 per cent) of tribal farmers found with high level of adoption, followed by 30.84 per cent, 24.17 per cent, 8.33 per cent and 3.33 per cent of tribal farmers found with medium, low, very high and very low level of adoption regarding crop production technology, respectively. Shinde, (2011) reported the same..

From the foregoing discussion it can be stated that more than half of tribal farmers were found with medium to very low level of adoption regarding crop production technology, which is due to fact that majority of tribal farmers failed to understand the importance of adoption of short durational crop varieties, mid season correction, use of organic manures and fertilizers like neem coated urea viz., stands against leaching, inter culturing, inter -cropping, weed management, supplementary irrigation and tree plantation etc.

The distributional analysis pertaining to overall adoption level of the tribal farmers mentioned in Table-5 indicated that majority (52.50 per cent) of the tribal farmers had high level of overall adoption followed by 36.67 per cent, 10.00 per cent and 0.83 per cent had medium, very high and low level of overall adoption. None of the tribal farmers fall under the categories of very low level of overall adoption about no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed

Practice wise adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management

Table 4 : Practice wise adoption level of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management among the tribal farmers n=120

Sr. No. CategoriesPractices

Soil and water conservation technology Crop production technologyFrequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

1 Very low 00 00.00 04 03.332 Low 01 00.83 29 24.173 Medium 32 26.67 37 30.844 High 59 49.17 40 33.335 Very high 28 23.33 10 08.33


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management.

Overall adoption level of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management among the tribal farmers

Table 5 : Distribution of tribal farmers according to their overall adoption level of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management n=120

Sr. No.

Overall adoption level categories

Tribal farmers

Frequency Per cent1 Very low (Up to 20 score) 00 0.00

2 Low (21 – 40 score) 01 0.833 Medium (41 – 60 score) 44 36.674 High (61 – 80 score) 63 52.505 Very high (Above 80 score) 12 10.00

Thus, it can be concluded that nearly cent per cent of tribal farmers had medium to very high level of overall adoption about no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management. Jondhale, et al (2000) and Rabari, (2006). reported the same.

For high to medium level of adoption of tribal farmers the probable reason might be due to their very high level of extension contact and medium to high level of mass media exposure, besides their primary to secondary level of formal education might have encouraged them to take interest in various awareness programmes run by State Agricultural Department, SAUs., Watershed Management Agencies, K.V.K., NGO’s and Vanbandhu Welfare Programmes of Tribal Development Department. Here, none per cent of tribal farmers had very low level of overall adoption which is mainly attributed to literacy, means understandable educational status.

Relationship between profile of tribal farmers and their knowledge and adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management.

It is apparent from the data presented in the Table-6 that, age had negative and significant correlation (r = -0.192) with the knowledge of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management by the tribal farmers. Negative correlation was found in case of age and knowledge might be due to that the old aged tribal farmers were traditional, they were skeptical in nature and resist the change as well as reluctant to learn and set habit for thinking resulted into low acquisition of knowledge. This finding is opposite in the line with the results of Karkar and Munshi (2003).

Remaining all independent variables found positive and significant relationship between profile of tribal farmers and their knowledge of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management.

Table 6: Relationship between profile of tribal farmers and their knowledge of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management n=120

Sr. No. Independent Variables Correlation Coefficient

(‘r’ value)X1 Age - 0.192* X2 Education 0.489**X3 Experience in farming 0.222*X4 Social participation 0.223*X5 Training received 0.198*X6 Mass media exposure 0.527**X7 Extension contact 0.363**X8 Occupation 0.401**X9 Land holding 0.281**X10 Annual income 0.374**X11 Scientific orientation 0.253**

*= significant at 5% level of probability

**= significant at 1% level of probability

Relationship between profile of tribal farmers and their adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management

The adoption of recommended no-cost and low-cost technology of watershed management is a complex process involving sequence and thought of action. The action of individual tribal farmers is governed by personal, social, economic, psychological and cultural factors involved in situation. Some tribal farmers adopt new technology of watershed management more quickly than others because of the difference in personal characteristics. Similarly, if there is a difference in economic factors, process of action is changed, there by changing the pattern of adoption. Thus, in nutshell it may be stated that the adoption of recommended no-cost and low-cost technology of watershed management differs when there are difference in personal, socio- economic and psychological characteristics of tribal farmers. Hence, considering the important of these characteristics and review of past research studies, an attempt has been made in this investigation to ascertain the relationship if any, between socio-personal, economic, communicational and psychological characteristics of the tribal farmers and extent of adoption of selected no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management. This was determined and tested with help of Karl Pearson’s coefficient correlation test and results


239

obtained are presented in Table-7.

Table 7 : Relationship between profile of tribal farmers and their level of adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management n=120

Sr. No.

Independent Variables Correlation Coefficient(‘r’ value)

X1 Age -0.247**X2 Education 0.307**X3 Experience in farming 0.313**X4 Social participation 0.252**X5 Training received 0.216*X6 Mass media exposure 0.455**X7 Extension contact 0.438**X8 Occupation 0.348**X9 Land holding 0.326**X10 Annual income 0.328**X11 Scientific orientation 0.237**X12 Knowledge 0.666**

*= significant at 5% level of probability,

**= significant at 1% level of probability,

It is apparent from the data presented in the Table-7 that, age had negative and significant correlation (r = -0.247) with the adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management by the tribal farmers. To epitomize the results of the study, it can be stated that young and middle aged farmers were more enthusiastic in nature with unique power of decision making. On other hand, old age farmers had greater reluctance to learn and had set habits in way of thinking which punctured in forming favorable attitude towards new innovation. This might have resulted into its influence on adoption of an innovation. This finding is in the line with the results of Bhatt (1990).The data presented in Table-7 make it clear that, remaining all independent variables found positive and significant or highly significant relationship between adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management by the tribal farmers. Yadav,et al (2013) and Zala, P.K. (2005).

CONCLUSION

To epitomized the results it can be said that majority of them had found under medium to high level of scientific orientation and overall knowledge level. The independent variables viz., education, experience in farming, social participation, training received, mass media exposure, extension contact, occupation, land holding, annual income, scientific orientation and knowledge regarding no-cost and low-cost watershed management technologies had establish

significant and positive relationship with their adoption whereas, reverse trend was observed in case of age.

IMPLICATIONS

(i) These factors viz., socio-personal, communicational, economical and psychological which affected the adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management should be reason while any programme of planned communication.

(ii) The finding of this study would facilitated in knowing the characteristics of the tribal farmers, which will serve as a guideline for the planners and extension agencies for planning and developing need based integrated watershed management technologies which prove more effectively in watershed area.

(iii) For improving the level of adoption of no-cost and low-cost watershed management technology, implementing agencies of watershed management, state agricultural department, SAUs., K.V.K. and NGOs. should give special attention for adoption of technologies.

(iv) The state Government, Agricultural Department, SAUs, Watershed Management Unit, K.V.K., N.G.Os., should continuously trying to increase the knowledge about no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management among the tribal farmers.

REFERENCES

Anonymous, (2014). Tribal development department of Gujarat, Govt. of Gujarat., Agricultural data of Gujarat, Indian Agricultural Census report. and World Statistical Data.

Bhagat, P.R. (2004).Indigenous and scientific knowledge and adoption level of women for various use of neem in Vadodara taluka of Gujarat state. Thesis, (unpublished.) M.sc.(Agril.) special problem A.A.U.,Anand.

Bhatt, S.R. (1990). Transfer of hybrid maize technology among tribal farmers of Girwa block in Udaipur district of Rajasthan state. M.sc. (Agri.) thesis (unpublished.), Guj.Agri.Uni., Anand campus.

Bhutia, khorla (1993). A study on adopted and non adopted farmers toward watershed development programme in Sikkim. M.sc. (Agri.) thesis (unpublished.), Guj.Agri.Uni., Anand campus.

Chauhan,V.P. (2008). A study on adoption of watershed crop production technology by beneficiaries under


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National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed area in Ahmedabad district of Gujarat state,M.sc.thesis.(unpublished) A.A.U.

Jondhale, S.C.;Jadhav, S.R. and Fatak U.N. Reason for no-cost and low-cost technology in watershed development programme. Maharastra.J.Ext.Edu., XIX, 2000.

Karkar, B.R. and Munsi, M.A. (2003).Coreletes of rainfed Agro-technological knowledge. Guj. j. Ext. Edu. 14:49-51.

Kumar R; Sheoran, D. K. and Singh, J. (2014). People’s participation in integrated watershed management programme in Haryana. Annals of Biology. 30(4): 754-757.

Patel, J.B. (1995). Impact of watershed management technology in agricultural development in Panchmahals district of Gujarat state; M.sc. (Agri.) thesis (unpublished) Guj.Agri.Uni.,Navsari campus.

Patel, B.S. (2005). A study of peasantry modernization in integrated tribal development project area of Dahod District of Gujarat State, Ph.D. thesis (unpublished) A.A.U., Anand.

Patel, R.C. (2000). A study on consequences of adoption of watershed management technology by beneficiary farmers in watershed area of kheda district of Gujarat state,Ph.d. thesis

Pawar, K.P. (2004).Indigenous resources management by tribal farmwomen in Dangs District of Gujarat state Unpublished Ph.D. (Agri.) thesis, AAU, Anand..

Rabari, S.N. (2006). A study on adoption of tomato recomonded technology of tomato growers in Anand District of Gujarat State.M.sc.(Agri.) Thesis (Unpub.)A.A.U.,Anand.

Rathod, J.S. (2001). A study on extent of adoption of recommended watershed crop production technology by the tribal farmers in watershed area of Melghat of Amravati District.M.sc.(Agri.) Thesis (Unpub.)A.A.U.,Anand.

Shinde, M.G. (2011). A Study on extent of adoption of improved cotton cultivation practices in Bellary district of A.P. M.sc.(Agri.) Thesis (Unpub.)U.A.S, Dharwad.

Soleiman R. and Saeid F. (2015). Effective Factors on Rural People’s Non-Participation of Mahabad’s Dam Catchment in Watershed Management Projects. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development 5(1): 19-26.

Vaneetha, K.P. (2006). The characteristic of farm women participating in development programmes. Rural India, April (2006).

Yadav, M.; Singh K. C.;Chouhan A.S. and Singh C.J. (2013). Techno-Economic Changes among the Farmers in Relation to Watershed Development Programme. Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu.13 (1): 31-34.

Zala, P.K. (2005). Indigenous and scientific knowledge of the tribal and non-tribal farmwomen about neem in middle Gujarat. Unpublished Ph.D. (Agri.) thesis, AAU, Anand.

Received : August 2015 : Accepted : October 2015


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Adoption of No Cost and Low Cost Technology of Animal Husbandry by Farm Women

B.M.Christian1 and N.B.Chauhan2

1Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, AAU, Vaso - 3873802 Professor and Head, department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand - 388110


ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to know Extent of adoption of No Cost and Low Cost Technology in Animal Husbandry of the Farm Women of Nadiad Taluka of Kheda. According to the availability of the farm women engaged in animal husbandry as per government census, 10 villages of Nadiad taluka were selected for this study. Total 150 farm women were selected by proportionate random sample method. The data were collected by personal contacts. Majority(79.33%) of the farm women fully adopted the practice of cleanliness of milking utensils followed by 78% of them fully adopted providing adequate fresh and clean drinking water, 77.34% of the farm women fully adopted quick disposal/delivery of milk to the village co-operative /selling place after milking,71.34%of them fully adopted regular cleaning and washing of udder ,teat and hind quarter before milking, 64.66%of them fully adopted proper ventilation &sufficient light in cattle shed, provide chaffed green and dry fodder ,while 63.33%of them fully adopted hygienic disposal of placenta and dead body and regular cleaning of cattle shed, followed by 62.66% of the farm women fully adopted artificial insemination /natural service at proper time of heat, while 61.33 %of them fully adopted different diseases and its time of vaccination at rearing .

Keywords- No cost and low cost technology, Animal husbandry, Adoption

In India, animal husbandry implies as the second largest economic activity next to agriculture in rural areas. It provides employment and economic support to rural families. Many of the important tasks in animal husbandry are performed by women besides their responsibilities as home makers. Women play an important role in animal husbandry activities as manager, decision makers and skilled workers. They help in farm operations, take their animals for grazing, look after the sale of milk and in addition, perform the functions related to house management. Rural woman contributes a share of more than 75 per cent in animal husbandry operations like feeding, milking and sale of milk. Considering the importance of role of women in animal husbandry, the present study was carried out.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the extent of adoption of no cost and

low cost technology by the farm women regarding animal husbandry.

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in Nadiad taluka of Kheda district of Gujarat state. According to the availability of the farm women engaged in animal husbandry as per government census, 10 villages of Nadiad taluka were selected for this study. Total 150 farm women were selected by proportionate random sample method. The proportionate sample that is from Vaso-20 farm women ,Uttarsanda-19,Sodpur-17,Vadtal-16,Salun(talpad)-14,Piplata-14,Maholel-14,Dabhan-12,Chalali-12,Narsanda-12 farm women were selected. The data of the study was collected by personal interview. The interview schedule was prepared keeping in view the objectives of the study. The statistical measure such as percentage was used to analyze the data.


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RESULT AND DISCUSSIONTable 1: Extent of adoption of the farm women regarding no cost and low cost technology of animal husbandry: n=150

Sr.no.

Practice Fully adopted Rejected After adopted

Not adopted

NO. % NO. % NO. %A. About improved variety/breed of animal 17 11.33 06 4.00 127 84.66B. General management and milking practices1 Proper ventilation &sufficient light in cattle shed 97 64.66 00 00.00 53 35.332 Provide non slippery, impervious, well slopped floor in

cattle shed.69 46.00 00 00.00 81 54.00

3 Regular cleaning of cattle shed 95 63.33 16 10.67 39 26.004 Cleaning and washing of udder, teat and hind quarter before

milking107 71.34 00 00.00 43 28.66

5 Cleanliness of milking utensils 119 79.33 00 00.00 31 20.666 Quick, regular and accurate milking with full hand 45 30.00 72 48.00 33 22.007 Quick disposal/delivery of milk to the village co-operative/

selling place after milking116 77.34 00 00.00 34 22.66

C About Feeding and watering practices1 Chaffed green and dry fodder 97 64.66 04 2.67 49 32.672 Providing concentrate and its required quantity 88 58.66 03 2.00 59 39.333 Providing mineral mixture and its required quantity 35 23.33 00 00.00 115 76.674 Providing Adequate fresh and clean drinking water 117 78.00 00 00.00 33 22.00D About Breeding practices1 Accurate and timely heat detection 91 60.66 00 00.00 59 39.332 Artificial insemination/Natural service at proper time of

heat 94 62.66 00 00.00 56 37.33

3 Pregnancy diagnosis at 60-90 days after AI/Natural service 89 59.33 00 00.00 61 40.664 AI/Natural service after 60-90 days of calving 68 45.33 00 00.00 82 54.66E Health care practices

1 Identification and Timely -regular vaccination against contageneous diseases like FMD,BQ,HS

85 56.66 00 00.00 65 43.33

2 Care and post bite vaccination in case of dog bite. 35 23.33 00 00.00 115 76.663 Regular deworming of animal at least once in a year 78 52.00 09 06.00 63 42.004 Hygienic disposal of placenta & dead body 95 63.33 00 00.00 55 36.66F About rearing practices1 Provision of bedding material &its regular replacement 52 34.66 09 6.00 89 59.332 Cutting and disinfections of naval cord with tincture iodine 59 39.33 00 00.00 91 60.673 Feeding of adequate quantity of colostrums to the calf at

proper time73 48.66 00 00.00 77 51.33

4 Dehorning of calf 85 56.66 00 00.00 65 43.335 Different diseases and its Time of Vaccination 92 61.33 00 00.00 58 38.666 Regular deworming of calf 65 43.33 00 00.00 85 56.66G Animal market management1 Purchase of new animal by consulting doctor 48 32.00 00 00.00 102 68.002 Checking 2 to 3 time milk production to know true milk

production of animal before purchasing new one76 50.66 00 00.00 74 49.33


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It is observed from the above table that majority(79.33%) of the farm women fully adopted the practice of cleanliness of milking utensils followed by 78% of them fully adopted providing adequate fresh and clean drinking water, 77.34% of the farm women fully adopted quick disposal/delivery of milk to the village co-operative /selling place after milking,71.34%of them fully adopted regular cleaning and washing of udder ,teat and hind quarter before milking, 64.66%of them fully adopted proper ventilation &sufficient light in cattle shed, provide chaffed green and dry fodder ,while 63.33%of them fully adopted hygienic disposal of placenta and dead body and regular cleaning of cattle shed, followed by 62.66% of the farm women fully adopted artificial insemination /natural service at proper time of heat, while 61.33 %of them fully adopted different diseases and its time of vaccination at rearing .

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that majority(79.33%) of the farm women fully adopted the practice of cleanliness of milking utensils followed by 78% of them fully adopted providing adequate fresh and clean drinking water, 77.34% of the farm women fully adopted quick disposal/delivery of milk to the village co-operative /selling place after milking,71.34%of them fully adopted regular cleaning and washing of udder ,teat and hind quarter before milking, 64.66%of them fully adopted proper ventilation &sufficient light in cattle shed, provide chaffed green and dry fodder ,while 63.33%of them fully adopted hygienic disposal of placenta and dead body and regular cleaning of cattle shed, followed by 62.66% of the farm women fully adopted artificial insemination /natural service at proper time of heat, while 61.33 %of them fully adopted different diseases and its time of vaccination at

rearing .

IMPLICATION

Understanding significance of farm woman in to animal husbandry, there is a need to solve their problems which obstruct them for adoption of no cost and low cost technology of animal Husbandry so that they can reduce their cost of animal keeping and raise their income.

REFERENCES

Patel, A. J; Chaudhary, M.G, and Patel J.K (2012) Awareness and Technological Needs of Woman in Dairying, Guj. J. Ext. Edu. Vol. 23 : 74-77.

Patel, R. N; Patel, V. T, and Prajapati M.M (2013) Training need of dairy Farm Women in Dairy Farming Practices, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., Vol.24 : 39-41.

Prajapati, J.V; Bhatt P.M and Patel J.B(2013)Factors affecting Adoption of No-cost and Low –cost Technologies of Animal Husbandry by Tribal Dairy Farmwomen in Gujarat, Guj. J. Ext. Edu.,Vol.24 : 111-113.

Prajapati, J.V; Bhatt P.M and Patel H.B(2011)Adoption of no-cost and Low –cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen, Guj. J. Ext. Edu. , Vol.22 : 111-113.

Prajapati, J.V; Bhatt P.M and Patel J.B(2012)Knowledge level of Tribal Dairy Farm Women about No-cost and Low –cost Technologies of Animal Husbandry, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., Vol.23 : 141-146.

Received : April 2015 : Accepted : August 2015


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Training Needs Perceived by Dairy Farmers Regarding Dairy and Animal Husbandry Practices

S. G. Vahora1, G N Thorat2 and Dweep Ramjiyani3

1 Associate Professor, Pashu Vigyan Kendra , TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria - 3893802 Assistant Professor, Pashu Vigyan Kendra, TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria - 3893803 Dweep D Ramjiyani, Research Associate, TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria - 389380


ABSTRACT

The study was conducted with aim of to assess the training needs of dairy farmers. Data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 350 dairy farmers of Dahod district of Gujarat. The study covers main areas of animal husbandry practices. Majority of the dairy farmers perceived training need feeding schedule of milch animal followed by upkeeping the various records to maintain regarding animal husbandry management practices and urea treatment in terms of fodder production and its management.

Keywords: Training needs, Dairy farmers, Dairy, Animal Husbandry Practices, Milk production

INTRODUCTION

India is the largest milk producer in the world; however India has poor quality of milk with low productivity. Gujarat ranks 5th in the milk production of the country. Dahod has a large tribal population having agriculture and animal husbandry as major source of livelihood. The cows and buffalos are major milk producing animals in the district. The animal owners are not aware about the importance of scientific animal husbandry practices and hence milk productivity is very low. The success to sustain and enhance milk production entirely depends on farmers’ knowledge about scientific animal husbandry practices coupled with regular advice, constant follow up, timely reminder and good coordination to take action on matters of their interest. The transfer of modern animal husbandry practices to the dairy farmers with pre-conceived thought of traditional animal keeping calls for a well developed and organized training programme for the farmers. Training is a critical input and also an integral part for quick transfer of technology and way to improve their agriculture, animal husbandry and uplift their socio economic condition. Thus, the importance of training as an indispensable instrument for human resources development at any level cannot be ignored. Farmers training programme can be taken as the most suitably designed programme to meet the present day complex extension requirements of taking the full technology in the shortest possible time to large number of farmers. Keeping in view the above reality government of Gujarat started Pashu Vigyan

Kendra at Limkheda to train animal keepers in scientific dairy farming. The centre is in establishment phase, hence it is essential to study the present status and training needs of the dairy farmers so that appropriated training modules can be developed and training programmes can be conducted accordingly. With this in view, the present study to assess the training needs of dairy farmers pertaining to dairy and animal husbandry practices conducted.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the training needs of dairy farmers pertaining to dairy and animal husbandry practices

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in operational area of Pashu Vigyan Kendra, Limkheda. All Seven talukas of Dahod districts were selected for the study. Two villages were selected randomly from each Taluka and 25 dairy farmers were randomly selected from each village, thus making the total sample of 350 dairy farmers. . To assess the training need of dairy farmers, a well structured pre tested Gujarati version interview schedule was prepared in consultation with dairy, veterinary, extension experts and based on the review of the literature. Each respondent was asked to mention their response against the training needs on three point continuum viz ‘most needed’, ‘needed’, and ‘not needed’ for which a score of 2, 1 and 0 respectively was given. Training need index (TNI) was also computed with


245

help of following formula (Kanaga 1988, Patil and Kokate, 2011). Frequency was worked out and ranking was given to each based on the relative score.

TNI=(Total obtained score/Maximum obtainable score)X 100

The training need index was also used to prioritize the training need of dairy farmers in relation to dairy and animal husbandry management practices.


Training needs of dairy farmers about housing and general management practices

Housing and other general management practices like regular grooming and bathing of dairy animals, purchase of dairy animals after veterinary check up and proper maintaining of breeding, feeding, health care and production related records etc. constitute an important part of dairy farm management. Adequate and proper housing helps into maintain optimum production of dairy animal.

Table 1 : Training needs of dairy farmers in dairy and animal husbandry practices n=350

Sr. No.

Item Most needed Needed Not needed Total Score Mean Score

Rank

(A) Training needs of dairy farmers about housing and general management practices

1 Up keeping the various records

315(90.00)

13(3.71)

22(6.29)

643 1.84 I

2 Milking method 175(50.00)

105(30.00)

70(20.00)

455 1.30 II

3 Ideal Housing 156(44.57)

142(40.57)

52(14.86)

454 1.30 III

4 Grooming 170(48.57)

109(31.14)

71(20.29)

449 1.28 IV

5 Use of chaff cutter 165(47.14)

105(30.00)

80(22.86)

435 1.24 V

6 Replacement of stock at home

119(28.57)

131(34.00)

319(37.43)

319 0.91 VI

7 Bathing 60(17.14)

150(42.86)

140(40.00)

277 0.77 VII

8 Replacement of stock through purchase

65(18.57)

108(30.86)

177(50.57)

238 0.68 VIII

9 Animal shed cleaning 45(12.86)

118(33.71)

187(53.43)

208 0.59 IX

(B) Training needs of dairy farmers about feeding water management practices1 Feeding schedule of milch

animals308

(88.00)37

(10.57)5

(1.43)653 1.87 I

2 Feeding schedule of dry animal

275(78.57)

55(15.71)

20(5.71)

605 1.73 II

3 Feeding schedule of heifers 260(74.29)

41(11.17)

49(14.00)

561 1.60 III

4 Feeding schedule of pregnant animals

206(58.86)

64(18.29)

80(22.86)

476 1.36 IV

5 Importance of mineral mixture

175(50.00)

86(24.57)

89(25.43)

436 1.25 V

6 Advantages of compound concentrate mixture

147(42.00)

95(27.14)

108(30.86)

389 1.11 VI

7 Advantages unconventional livestock feed.

126(36.00)

115(32.86)

109(31.14)

367 1.05 VII

8 Selection of feeds 105(30.00)

113(32.29)

132(37.71)

323 0.92 VIII

9 Time and frequency of feeding and watering

105(30.00)

108(30.86)

137(39.14)

318 0.91 IX


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Sr. No.


Rank

(C) Training needs of dairy farmers about calf rearing practices1 Feeding of colostrums 220

(62.86)78

(22.29)52

(14.86) 518 1.48 I

2 Deworming 180(51.43)

61(17.43)

109(31.14) 421 1.20 II

3 Vaccination 149(42.57)

108(30.86)

93(26.57) 406 1.16 III

4 Dehorning 128(36.57)

130(37.14)

92(26.29) 386 1.10 IV

5 castration 81(23.14)

152(43.43)

117(33.43) 314 0.90 V

6 Cutting of naval cord and application of Tr. Iodine

41(11.71)

208(59.43) 101(28.86) 290 0.83 VI

7 Feeding schedule of calves up to one year

82(23.43)

115(32.86)

153(43.71) 279 0.80 VII

(D) Training needs of dairy farmers about breeding practices1 Artificial insemination 270

(77.14)31

(8.86)49

(14.00)571 1.63 I

2 Pregnancy diagnosis 231(66.00)

33(9.43)

86(24.57)

495 1.41 II

3 Selection of Animal breeds 219(62.57)

50(14.29)

81(23.14)

488 1.39 III

4 Reproductive efficiency of dairy animals

151(43.14)

74(21.14)

125(35.71)

376 1.07 IV

5 Heat detection 137(39.14)

74(21.14)

139(39.71)

348 0.99 V

6 Selection of dairy animal and heifers

82(23.43)

102(29.14)

166(47.43)

266 0.76 VI

7 Post partum breeding management.

80(22.86)

101(28.86)

169(48.29)

261 0.75 VII

(E) Training needs of dairy farmers about clean milk production, preservation and value addition1 Stripping of first 2 to 3 strip

out side203

(58.00)73

(20.86)74

(21.14)479 1.37 I

2 Application of antiseptic solu-tion after milking

170(48.57)

110(31.43)

70(20.00)

450 1.29 II

3 Cleanness of vessels 143(40.86)

120(34.29)

87(24.86)

406 1.16 III

4 Selection of vessels 107(30.57)

131(37.43)

112(32.00)

345 0.99 IV

5 Personal hygine of milker 81(23.14)

171(48.57)

99(28.29)

332 0.95 V

6 Ways and means to check milk adulteration

105(30.00)

119(34.00)

126(36.00)

329 0.94 VI

7 Preparation of Milk products for their consumption

80(22.86)

123(35.14)

147(42.00)

283 0.81 VII

8 Milk preservation 70(20.00)

83(23.71)

197(56.29)

223 0.64 VIII

(F) Training needs of dairy farmers about fodder production and its management1 Urea treatment 277

(79.14)30

(8.57)43

(12.29)584 1.67 I


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Sr. No.


Rank

2 Silage making 260(74.29)

41(11.71)

49(14.00)

561 1.60 II

3 Selection of varieties of fodder crop

148(42.29)

52(14.86)

150(42.86)

348 0.99 III

4 Storage of fodder products 130(37.14)

63(18.00)

157(44.86)

323 0.92 IV

5 Cultivation of fodder crop 77(22.00)

65(18.57)

208(59.43)

219 0.63 V

6 Drying of fodder products 25(7.14)

40(11.43)

285(81.43)

90 0.26 VI

(G) Training needs of dairy farmers about health care practices1 Treatment against common

diseases191

(54.57)105

(30.00)54

(15.43) 487 1.39 I

2 Vaccination schedule 168(48.00)

93(26.57)

89(25.43) 429 1.23 II

3 Precaution against internal Parasitic diseases

141(40.29)

145(41.43)

64(18.29) 427 1.22 III

4 External Parasite control 170(48.57)

75(21.43)

105(30.00) 415 1.19 IV

5 Sterility treatment 158(45.14)

92(26.29)

100(28.57) 408 1.17 V

6 Treatment against conterminous diseases

111(31.71)

139(39.71)

100(28.57) 361 1.03 VI

Note : Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage

It is observed from the data presented in Table 1 that overwhelming majority of the dairy farmers (90.00 per cent) opted the training on up keeping the various records as “most needed”, while 3.71 per cent and 6.29 per cent of the dairy farmers opted it as “needed” and “not needed”, respectively.

Data pertaining to training needs of dairy farmers regarding milking method reveal that 50.00 per cent dairy farmers were grouped into ‘most needed’ category while 30.00 per cent and 20.00 per cent were grouped under ‘needed’ and ‘not needed’ category, respectively.

As far as training need with respect to ideal housing is concerned, more than two- fifth of dairy farmers fell under the category “most needed”, whereas 40.57 per cent and 14.86 per cent of them were found in the “needed” and “not needed” training group, respectively.

Further, in case of use of chaff cutter, more than two-fifth (43.89 per cent) of the dairy farmers belonged to ‘most needed’ group while 31.94 per cent and 24.17per cent dairy farmer were found under “needed” and “not needed” group, respectively.

Training needs of the dairy farmers regarding

grooming and use of chaff cutter revealed half of the dairy farmers opined for ‘most needed’

It is evident from Table 1 that more than half of the dairy farmers fell under ‘not needed’ training group for replacement of stock through purchase and animal shed cleaning.

According to item wise training needs related to housing and general management practices hierarchy, up keeping the various records ranked first with mean score 1.84 followed by milking method (1.30), ideal housing (1.30), grooming (1.28), use of chaff cutter (1.24), , replacement of stock at home (0.91), bathing (0.77), replacement of stock through purchase (0.68) and animal shed cleaning (0.59) which ranked II, III, IV, V and VI, VII,VIII, and IX, respectively.

Feeding and water management practices

Feeding is most important and complex aspect of dairy farming management. It accounts for around 70 to 75 per cent of total cost of milk production. Water is an important element for milk production in addition to the health and hygiene of animals.

From data in Table 1 it can be observed that great


248

majority the dairy farmers (88.00 per cent) opined for the training on feeding schedule of milch animal as “most needed” while 10.57 per cent and 1.43 per cent of them opined it as “needed” and “not needed”, respectively.

Data pertaining to training needs of the dairy farmers regarding feeding schedule of dry animals and heifers revealed majority of dairy farmers ‘most needed’ category while feeding schedule of pregnant animals and importance of mineral mixture were grouped under ‘not needed’ category.

Training needs of the dairy farmers regarding advantages of unconventional livestock feed, selection of feeds and time and frequency of feeding and watering more or less similarly belonged to ‘‘most needed’, “needed” and ‘not needed’ training group.

With respect to item wise training needs on feed management hierarchy, feeding schedule of milch animal ranked first with mean score1.87, followed by feeding schedule of dry (1.73), feeding schedule of heifers (1.60), feeding schedule of pregnant animals(1.36), importance of mineral mixture(1.08), advantages of compound concentrate mixture(1.11), advantages unconventional livestock feed (1.05), selection of feeds (0.92) and time and frequency of feeding and watering (0.91) with rank of II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX, respectively.

Calf rearing practices

Calves are the building blocks of a herd and proper calf care is essential for sustenance of the dairy farm and also for preserving and maintaining good quality of germplasm.

The data pertaining to training needs for feeding of colostrums reveal that more than two-third (62.86 per cent) of the dairy farmers fell under ‘most needed’ training group and one third of them fell under ‘needed’ and ‘not needed’ training group.

Data in Table 1 regarding training needs of dairy farmers for deworming and cutting of naval cord and application of tr. iodine revealed that more than half of the them were categorized under ‘most needed’ training group.

In case of dehorning, nearly one third each of the dairy farmers were observed in ‘most needed’ and ‘needed’ category.

As far as vaccination of animal is concerned, more than two fifth (42.57 per cent) of the dairy farmers fell under

“most needed” category followed by “needed” and “not needed”.

As per hierarchy in case of training needs on calf rearing, feeding of colostrums ranked first with mean score1.48, followed by deworming (1.20), vaccination (1.16), dehorning (1.10), castration(0.90), cutting of naval cord application and application of Tr. iodine(0.83), feeding schedule of calves up to one year(0.80) and, which ranked II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII, respectively.

Breeding practices

Proper and better care of breeding stock helps in developing good dairy herd and getting good returns too.

From data presented in Table 1, it is observed that majority of the dairy farmers (62-77 per cent) were grouped in “most needed” category while 10.00 and 8.89 per cent of the dairy farmers were categorized under “needed” and “not needed’ training group “ for artificial insemination, pregnancy diagnosis and selection of animal breed.

In case of training needs of the dairy farmers regarding reproductive efficiency of dairy animals, 43.14 per cent dairy farmers opined it as ‘most needed’ training while 21.14 and 35.71 per cent of them opined it as ‘needed’ and ‘not needed’, respectively.

The data with respect to training needs of the dairy farmers regarding heat detection revealed that 39 per cent dairy farmers were grouped in ‘most needed’ and ‘not needed’ category.

The finding put forth that more than two-fifth of the dairy farmers were grouped in “not needed” category with respect to item selection of dairy animal and heifers and post partum breeding management.

According to item wise training needs on breeding practices, artificial insemination ranked first with mean score 1.63 followed by pregnancy diagnosis (1.41), selection of animal breeds (1.39), reproductive efficiency of dairy animals (1.07), heat detection (0.99), selection of dairy animals and heifers (0.76), and post partum breeding management (0.75) with rank of II, III, IV, V, VI and VII, respectively.

Clean milk production, preservation and value addition

Clean milk production is an important practice of dairy farming. Quality of milk affects the farmers’ profitability every day. Producing clean milk has many positive benefits to


249

the dairy farmer.

Regarding stripping of first 2 to 3 strip outside, it is revealed that 58 per cent of dairy farmers were grouped in ‘most needed’ training while remaining half grouped under ‘needed’ and ‘not needed’ training respectively.

In case of cleanness of vessels, about two-fifth of the dairy farmers were observed under “most needed” training group while more than two-fifth of the dairy farmers were observed under “not needed” category for preparation of milk products for their consumption and milk preservation training groups

According to item wise training needs on different areas on clean milk production, preservation and value addition; stripping of first 2 to 3 strip out side ranked first with mean score 1.37 followed by application of antiseptic solution after milking (1.29), cleanness of vessels (1.16), selection of vessels (0.99), personal hygiene of milker (0.95), ways and means to check milk adulteration (0.94), preparation of milk products for their consumption (0.81), cleanness of vessels milk preservation (0.64) which ranked II, III, IV, V , VI, VII and VIII, respectively

Fodder production and its management

Fodder plays important role in vision and reproduction due to its higher content of vitamin A. it is also important and cheaper source of energy for ruminants.

Table 1 revealed that in regards with training needs for urea treatment and silage making, about 74-80 % of the dairy farmers fell under ‘most needed’ training group, while about 42% of the dairy farmers fell under ‘most needed’ and “not needed” category for “Selection of varieties of fodder crop” training group.

Further, less than half of the dairy farmers (44.86 per cent) were found in “not needed” training category for storage of fodder products, while 60-80% of them were found in same category for “ cultivation of fodder crop” and “drying of fodder product ” training groups.

With respect to item wise training needs in the areas of fodder production and its management, urea treatment ranked first with mean score 1.67 followed by silage making (1.60), selection of varieties of fodder crop (0.99), storage of fodder products (0.92), cultivation of fodder crop (0.63 ) and drying of fodder products (0.26) , with rank of II, III, IV, V and VI, respectively.

Training needs of dairy farmers about Health care practices

Disease free and good health condition of dairy animal is prerequisite to the better animal productivity. Knowledge of commonly occurring animal diseases and preventive measures is of more significance for better productivity and profitability of dairy animals.

The data presented in Table 1 shows that more than 40 % of the dairy farmers fall under ‘most needed’ category for treatment against common diseases, vaccination, precaution against internal parasitic diseases, external parasite control measures and sterility treatment training groups while treatment against conterminous diseases training group most of the dairy farmers divided more or less equally in each category.

Item wise training needs related to health care hierarchy, treatment against common diseases(1.24) rank first with mean score 1.39 followed by vaccination schedule(1.23), precaution against internal parasitic diseases,(1.22), external parasite control (1.19), Sterility treatment (1.17) and treatment against conterminous diseases(1.03) with rank II, III, IV, V, and VI , respectively

CONCLUSION

Based on the training need of dairy farmers in Animal husbandry practices suitable extension programme should be formulated and implemented in scientific dairy farming. The training strategies can be formulated and course syllabus can be redesigned to impart knowledge and skill to the dairy farmer by various training institutes and state department of animal husbandry and state agricultural universities. Emphasis must be given up keeping the various records, urea treatment for fodder management, feeding schedule of milch and dry animals and artificial insemination.

REFERENCES

Chauhan, N. M., & Kshirsagar, S. (2013),. Appraisal of Training Needs of Members of Tribal Women SHGs for Agriculture Management. Guj.J.Ext.Edu., 24 : 14-19.

Kanaga, K. S. (1988). Training needs in agriculture of ‘irulas’ and ‘attapady’ unpublished M. Sc. Agri. Thesis KAU, college of agriculture, Vellayani.(not seen in original)

Pandya, S.P., Prajapati, M. R., and Thakar, K. P., (2014)


250

Assessment of Training Needs of Farm Women. Guj.J.Ext.Edu., Vol.25(2) : 169-171.

Patel, A. J., Chaudhary, M. G., and Patel, J. K. (2012),. Awareness and Technological Needs of Women in Dairying. Guj.J.Ext.Edu., 23 : 74-77.

Patel, R. N., Patel, V. T., & Prajapati, M. M. (2013),. Training Need of Dairy Farm Women in Dairy Farming Practices. Guj.J.Ext.Edu., 24 : 39-41.

Patel, R.N., Patel, V.T., and Prajapati, M. R., (2014) Attitude,

Knowledge and Adoption Level of Dairy Farm Women Towards Dairy Farming. Guj.J.Ext.Edu., Vol.25(2) : 138-139.

Patil, S. S. and Kokate K. D. (2011). Training needs assessment of Subject matter specialists of KrishiVigyan Kendra. Indian Research J. of Exten.Edu., 11(1) : 18-22.

Raval,H., Patel, J.B., and Patel, B.M., (2014) Participation of Farm Women in Animal Husbandry Activities. Guj.J.Ext.Edu.,Vol. 25(2) : 221-223



251

Package of Practices of the Market Oriented Cultivation of Summer Cabbage Followed by the Farmers

Desai, J.D.1*, Solanki, K.D.2 and Patel, P.P.3

1 Senior Research Assistant, Directorate of Extension Education, AAU, Anand – 388 1102 Ex. Associate Director of Extn. Edu., Directorate of Extension Education, SD AU, Sardarkrushinagar – 385 506

3 Director of Extension Education, Directorate of Extension Education, AAU, Anand – 388 110Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The cultivation of vegetables, which is done mainly for marketing purpose, is known as commercial vegetable cultivation. The average productivity of cabbage in India is 22.0 tonnes / ha which is too low as compare to the hectare production of cabbage 55.3 tonnes in Korea Republic. In last one decade cabbage production has multiplied 2.02 times, due to the availability of potential and high temperature resistant varieties. Cabbage crop is harvesting during December, January and February as a traditionally in Gujarat, so the cabbage production supply is not uniform through out the year. The highest price during the summer season is the driving force within the farmers of the Sabarkantha district and they are motivated to cultivate the cabbage as a summer crop. Cabbage crop normally occupied in large area in winter and produces good yield between 5° C to 30° C day temperature. However, the farmers of Sabarkantha are cultivated cabbage crop in average 43° C temperature in summer season and earn highest wholesale price during summer. Therefore, it is interested to know the practices of the market oriented cultivation of summer cabbage followed by the cabbage growers. Considering the area & production of cabbage crop Sabarkantha district, as well as Prantij taluka was also purposively selected. Twelve villages form taluka were selected purposively. Using random sampling techniques, equal number of respondents were selected. Thus, total 120 respondents were selected. The present study was confined to “Ex-Post facto” research design. The twelve important practices and 30 sub–practices were enlisted after discussion with professors of horticulture, agronomy and research scientist and finally were included in the test. The questions were objective type. Based on the frequency and percentage of the farmers, a list of practices was prepared, which are followed by the majority cabbage growers. It can be concluded that majority of the respondents have developed the practices as per requirement of the crop production by their self experiences, which should be rationally tested by scientists community and should be suggested as well as should be advised to farming community.

Keywords : Package of practices, Market oriented, Summer cabbage cultivation

INTRODUCTION

The cultivation of vegetables, which is done mainly for marketing purpose, is known as commercial vegetable cultivation. The average productivity of cabbage in India is 22.0 tonnes / ha which is too low as compare to the hectare production of cabbage 55.3 tonnes in Korea Republic (Gopalakrishnan, 2007).

In last one decade cabbage production has multiplied 2.02 times, due to the availability of potential and high temperature resistant varieties (Singh and Malhotra - 2010). Cabbage crop is harvesting during December, January and February as a traditionally in Gujarat, so the cabbage production supply is not uniform through out the year. Also, the concept of marketing is not focus on the product, but to

focus on the users. Hence user needs are vital in marketing. Owing to this, the average wholesale price of cabbage was also recorded highest in various cities of country during the period of April to August (Indian Horticulture Database - 2011). The highest price during the summer season is the driving force within the farmers of the Sabarkantha district and they are motivated to cultivate the cabbage as a summer crop.

The current advances in market oriented summer cabbage cultivation have not recommended and demonstrated for increasing the cabbage production by the agricultural scientists. Cabbage crop normally occupied in large area in winter and produces good yield between 5° C to 30° C day temperature. However, the farmers of Sabarkantha are cultivated cabbage crop in average 43° C temperature in


252

summer season and earn highest wholesale price during summer. Therefore, it is interested to know the practices of the market oriented cultivation of summer cabbage followed by the cabbage growers, which are evolved by them by their self experience.

METHODOLOGY

Considering the area & production of cabbage crop Sabarkantha district, was purposively selected for the study. Prantij taluka was also purposively selected, because this taluka have more cabbage growing area as compared to other talukas. Twelve villages form taluka were selected purposively. Using random sampling techniques, equal number of respondents i.e., Ten from each village were selected. Thus, total 120 respondents were selected.

The present study was confined to “Ex-Post facto” research design. To know the practices of the market oriented cultivation of summer cabbage, a teacher made test was developed. The twelve important practices and 30 sub–

practices were enlisted after discussion with professors of Horticulture, Agronomy and Research Scientist and finally were included in the test. The questions were objective type. The respondents were asked to reply each question. Based on the frequency and percentage of the farmers, a list of practices was prepared, which are followed by the majority cabbage growers.


The market oriented cultivation of summer cabbage has great potentiality and scope for improving socio-economic condition of small and marginal farmers since it provides higher yield and high economic return in short time as compared to grains. Secondly summer cabbage cultivation is not getting as popular by the scientist community particular in Gujarat. Therefore, the important 12 practices and 30 sub-practices of the market oriented cultivation of summer cabbage followed by cabbage growers were studied and presented in the Table 1.

Table 1 : The important practices of the market oriented cultivation of summer cabbage followed by the respondents. n = 120

Sr. No.

Name of practices Description of practices Frequency Percentage

1 Soil and land preparation 1 Alluvial sandy loam (Heavy clay loams)

100 83.84

2 Two time primary tillage 85 70.843 Planking 109 90.84

2 Seeds & Nursery Management

1 Raising of seedling by own nursery

120 100.00

2 Raise bed plot 120 100.003 Seed rate 500 gm to 600 gm/

ha79 65.84

4 Seed treatment 00 00.005 Date of sowing

(15th Feb to 15th March)94 78.34

3 Use of improved varieties 1 Golden cross (Pahuja) 45 37.502 Cent (Syngenta) 28 23.343 Lucky (Sent) 18 15.004 Indu (Seminis, Monsanto) 13 10.845 Branko (Bijo shital) 53 44.166 Kranti (Mahyco) 25 20.84

4 Transplantation 1 3 weeks old seedlings (20 to 25 days after sowing)

120 100.00

5 Spacing 1 Row to Row: 15 to 35 cm 116 96.662 Plant to Plant:10 to 20 cm 116 96.66


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Sr. No.

Name of practices Description of practices Frequency Percentage

6 Manures & fertilizers 1 FYM: 15 to 25 t / ha 98 81.662 Chemical fertilizers

(A) Basal dose N – P – K (kg / ha)(i) 100 – 80 – 40 46 38.34(ii) 120 – 80 – 40 69 57.50

(B) 40 kg N / ha as top dressing after 30 and 45 days of transplanting

109 90.84

7 Irrigation 1 8 to 13 irrigation each at 4 to 7 days interval

120 100.00

8 Method of controlling temperature

1 Live hedge as wind braker 10 08.342 Use of net 49 40.843 Frequent irrigation 96 80.00

9 Pest management 1 Diamond back moth controled by Flubendiamide 20 WG @ 0.5 kg/ha with two sprays at 20 to 30 days interval

73 60.84

2 Sucking insects controled by Imidaclopride 17.8 SL @ 0.5 lit/ha with two sprays at 20 to 30 days interval

94 78.34

3 Green semi looper controled by Emamectin benzoate 5% SG or 1.9 % EC @ 0.5 kg or lit/ha with two sprays at 20 to 30 days interval

94 78.34

10 Diseases management 1 Damping off and white rust controled by Hexaconazole 5 % SC or Carbandazim 50 % WP @ 0.5 to 1.0 lit or kg/ha with two sprays at 20 to 30 days interval

28 23.34

11 Time of harvesting 1 After 60 to 80 DAT. (depend upon variety)

120 100.00

12 Yield (kg / ha) 1 20,000 to 30,000 kg / ha 110 91.66From the analysis of total important practices and

respondents, it can be observed that the most (83.84 per cent) of the respondents are cultivated summer cabbage in Alluvial sandy loam (Heavy clay loams) soil and 70.84 per cent and 90.84 per cent of the respondents are prepared their land with two time primary tillage and planking. Among seeds and nursery management practice, cent per cent respondents are raising of seedling by own nursery in raise bed plot. Nearly two-thirds (65.84 per cent) of the respondents are used 500 gm to 600 gm seed rate per hectare for transplantation of

cabbage. Non of the respondent is not treated the seed and 78.34 per cent of respondents are sown the seeds in nursery during 15th February to 15th March. Cent per cent of the respondents are cultivated private improved research varieties namely, Golden Cross, Cent, Lucky, Branko and Kranti, and also transplanted 3 weeks (20 to 25 days) old seedling in field. The majority (96.66 per cent) of the respondents are maintained 15 to 35 cm spacing between row to row and 10 to 20 cm within plant to plant.


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In the practice of manures and fertilizers 81.66 per cent respondents are used FYM 15 to 25 t/ha, while 57.50 per cent of the respondents are applied 120N-80P-40K kg/ha as basal dose of chemical fertilizers and 38.34 per cent respondents are used 100N-80P-40K kg/ha as basal dose of chemical fertilizers. The majority (90.84 per cent) of the summer cabbage growers are applied 40 kg N/ha as top dressing of chemical fertilizer after 30 and 45 days of transplanting. Cent per cent of the respondents are irrigated the summer cabbage by 8 to 13 irrigation each at 4 to 7 days interval. Cabbage is a winter season crop, however it is cultivated in summer so the controlling of temperature is an important practice. 80 per cent of summer cabbage growers are used frequent irrigation method for controlling temperature, followed by 40.84 per cent and 8.34 per cent respondents are maintained temperature by use of net and live hedge as wind breaker for controlling temperature.

More than third-fifth (60.84 per cent) of the respondents are controlling Diamond back moth by Flubendiamide 20 WG @ 0.5 kg/ha with two sprays at 20 to 30 days interval. More than three-fourth of the respondents are controlled sucking insects and Green semi looper by Imidaclopride 17.8 SL @ 0.5 lit/ha and Emamectin benzoate 5 % SG or 1.9 EC @ 0.5 kg/ha or lit/ha with two sprays at 20 to 30 days interval, respectively.

Very less (23.34 per cent) respondents are managed Damping off and White rust disease by Hexaconazole 5 % SC or Carbandanzim 50 % WP @ 0.5 lit or kg/ha with two sprays at 20 to 30 days interval. Cent per cent of the summer cabbage grower respondents are harvested the cabbage after 60 to 80 DAT (Depend upon Variety). It is also interested that 91.66 per cent of the respondents are produced summer cabbage 20,000 to 30,000 kg/ha.

CONCLUSION

It was observed that majority of the respondents are cultivated summer cabbage in alluvial clay loam soil, prepared their land with two time primary tillage and planking. Cent per cent of the respondents are raising of seedling by own nursery in raise bed plot. Nearly two-thirds of the respondents are used 500 gm to 600 gm seed rate per hectare for transplantation of cabbage without seed treatment. About three-fourth of the summer cabbage growers are sown the seeds in nursery during 15 th February to 15th March and transplanted 3 weeks old seedling in field. Cent per cent of respondents are cultivated private improved research varieties namely Golden cross, Cent, Lucky, Branko and Kranti and maintained 15 to 35 cm spacing between row

to row and 10 to 20 cm within plant to plant. Majority of the respondents are used FYM 15 to 25 t/ha and are applied 120 N – 80 P – 40 K kg/ha as well as 100 N – 80 P – 40 K kg/ha as basal dose of chemical fertilizer, respectively. Above 90 per cent of the summer cabbage growers are applied 40 kg N/ha as top dressing of chemical fertilizer after 30 and 45 days of transplanting. Cent per cent of the respondents are irrigated the summer cabbage by 8 to 13 irrigation each at 4 to 7 days interval. Majority of summer cabbage growers are used frequent irrigation method for controlling temperature.

More than third – fifth of the respondents controlling Diamond back moth, sucking insects and green semi looper by chemical control measures. Very less respondents are managed Damping off and white rust disease by chemicals. Cent per cent of the respondents are harvested the cabbage after 60 to 80 DAT, and produced summer cabbage 20,000 to 30,000 kg/ha.

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that majority of the respondents have developed the practices as per requirement of the crop production by their self experiences, which should be rationally tested by scientists community and should be suggested as well as should be advised to farming community.

REFERENCES

Desai, J.D. and Solanki, K.D. (2012). Motivational Sources of Cabbage growers for Market Oriented Summer Cabbage Cultivation. Guj. J. Ext. Edu., 23:64-66.

Desai, J.D. and Solanki, K.D. (2013). Extent of Adoption of the Market intelligence Among the Summer Cabbage growers. Guj. J. Ext. Edu., 24:9-13.

Gopalakrishnan, T.R. (2007). Vegetable Crops. New India Publishing Agency, Pitampura, New Delhi: 34

Indian Horticulture Database (2011). (Website : www.nhb.gov.in)

Singh., H.P., and Malhotra, S.K. (2010) Research and development in vegetable – issue and strategies. Ind. Horticulture 55 (1) : 4.

Vishnu kumar and Solanki, K.D. (2012). Scope of Market-led Extension Management in Horticulture. Guj. J. Ext. Edu., 23:18-25.

Received : October 2015 : Accepted : December 2015


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SOCIETY OF EXTENSION EDUCATIONANAND

Profit & Loss A/c1-Apr-2014 to 31-Mar-2015

P a r t i c u l a r s 1-Apr-2014 to 31-Mar-2015 P a r t i c u l a r s 1-Apr-2014 to 31-Mar-2015

Indirect Expenses 6,64,037.00POSTAGE AND COURIER EXP. 30,963.00PRINTING & ZEROX EXP. 3,97,895.00SEMINAR EXP. 1,06,600.00STATIONERY EXP. 5,154.00TRUST EXP. 1,23,425.00

T o t a l 6,64,037.00

Indirect Incomes 6,63,976.09Abstract Printing Income 1,00,800.00ADVERTISEMENT INCOME 97,001.00BANK INTEREST 5,147.00Fixed Deposit Interest 60,628.09LIFE MEMBERSHIP FEES 2,99,000.00Registration Fees for Seminar 58,600.00Sponsorship for Publication of Seminar 42,800.00

Nett Loss 60.91

T o t a l 6,64,037.00

SOCIETY OF EXTENSION EDUCATIONANAND

Balance Sheet1-Apr-2014 to 31-Mar-2015

L i a b i l i t i e s as at 31-Mar-2015

Capital Account 51,981.00TRUST FUND 51,981.00

Loans (Liability)

Current Liabilities 3,10,000.00CURRENT LIABILITIES 3,00,000.00RESERVE FUND 10,000.00

Profit & Loss A/c 77,979.59Opening Balance 78,040.50Current Period (-)60.91

T o t a l 4,39,960.59

A s s e t s as at 31-Mar-2015

Fixed Assets 590.00PEN DRIVE SANDISK 590.00

Investments 3,27,093.09FIXED DEPOSIT WITH C B I 3,27,093.09

Current Assets 1,12,277.50Cash-in-hand 3,309.00Bank Accounts 1,02,905.50TDS RECEIVABLE 6,063.00

T o t a l 4,39,960.59

N.V. DeshpandyChartered Accountant

Anand

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