Social groups

Social Groupsand Social Organizations

Social Groups

Social groups consists of a number of people who have a common identity, some feeling of unity, and a certain common goals and shared norms.

“Social interaction takes place in the context of social groups”

Social organization or social institution

is a group of social positions, connected by social relations, performing a social role. It can be also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to socialize the groups or people in it.

Social organization or social institution

A large secondary groups, highly organized to accomplish a complex task or tasks and to achieved goals efficiently.

Social Group

Social Organization

Interaction

Other formation of people Social Aggregates-a set of people who are

in one area. example : People who are riding in a bus. Social Category-a set of people who are

share common characteristics. example : MET students in TUP. Social statistics- is just referring to a

numbered categorization of individuals. example : 10 topnotcher in Board exam

Characteristic of a Group

1. Some group qualities are quite literally superhuman.

2. Groups are generally collectively stronger than even the strongest individual member.

3. Group are also segmentable.

Group Size and Relationships

Dyad- group composed of two people.(one relationship)

Triad- groups composed of three people.(three relationships)

A group of four.(six relationships)

A group of five.(ten relationships)


A BA

BC

Dyad Triad


A

BC

D

A

BE

D C

A Group of Four A Group of Five

Function of Groups

Defining Boundaries Choosing LeadersMaking DecisionsSetting Goals Assigning TasksControlling Members Behavior

Defining Boundaries

Defining boundaries– To identify who are members of a group, some sort of devices must be used to mark the boundaries.

Choosing Leader

Choosing Leaders– Groups by nature must resolve the issue of leadership. A leader according to Tischler is someone who occupies central role or position of dominance and influence in a group.

INSTRUMENTAL LEADERSHIPEXPRESSIVE LEADERSHIP

MAKING DECISION

Making Decision-- among foraging societies, making decisions are made by involving everyone else in the community. Among modern societies, avoid wasting precious time and energy, group use the less participative but popularly known voting o determine the decision of the group.

Setting Goals

Setting Goals– All groups must have a goals. A goal maybe too general, such as protecting the environment or too narrow like getting to the beach resort. Goals change overtime depending on the challenges faced by the group.

Assigning tasks

Assigning task– Goals, decision making, leadership are all important functions of groups but these are of no significance unless tasks are assigned to each member to perform.

Controlling members behavior

Controlling members behavior– group members behavior must be controlled for the group to continuously. This is the reason why deviant behaviors of members of the group are considered dangerous and threatening.

TYPES OF GROUPS

Classification:

1. According to the nature of social ties.

a) Primary( family, neighbor )b) Secondary

2. According to social identification.a) In-groupsb) Out-groupsc) Reference

3. According to Organization

a)Formal organization( utilitarian , Coercive , Voluntary)

b) Informal organization

Primary Group

Primary group are small in size and characterized by personal, intimate and non-specialized relationship between their members .

Examples of Primary Group

FamilyBasketball teamA pair of loversCliqueEtc.

Some elements of primary group

1. Tend to be small and ordinarily composed of fewer than 15 to 20 individuals.

2. Interaction and communication among members in a primary group tend to of an intimate of personal nature.

3. Members commonly develop strong emotional bonds with other members.

4. Generally persist over extensive period of time.

Secondary Group

Secondary groups refer to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding. Sullivan(2004) considered secondary groups as based on task oriented, impersonal and specialized ties with people, they maybe small, but often large.

Examples of secondary group

Sociology classBusiness organizationPolitical partiesLabor unionEtc.

In-group

In-group feel strong identification and loyalty with the members of their own groups different, either culturally or racially

Out-group

Out-group is a group or category to which people feel they do not belong.

Reference Group

Reference group is a group that people use as a standard in evaluating or understanding themselves, their attitudes, and their behavior

Formal Organization

Money is important part to these group, and the organization use money in fulfilling some objective. People belong to some type of formal organization because of some purpose.

Types of Formal Organization

Type Membership

Voluntary People join of their own volition and receive no financial compensation

Coercive People are required to join for either their own benefit or societal good.

Utilitarian People are not forced to join a particular organization but feel compelled to join some.

Types of Formal Organization

Type Benefits

Voluntary Members gain some personal gratification from pursuing hobby or goal

Coercive Society or some groups benefit from the membership of some in these organizations

Utilitarian People join because it would otherwise be difficult to achieve personal goals

Informal Organization

Informal organization provide different but important things. They can provide relaxation and reduce stress. People can be involve in fun activities. Informal organizations are what help keep people in good social health and well being

Bureaucracies

Bureaucracies is a rationally created formal organizations that are based on hierarchical authority and explicit rules of procedure.

Are large-scale, formal organizations which are highly differentiated and organized through elaborate policies and procedures in a hierarchy of authority.

Five characteristic of Bureaucracy

Division of laborHierarchy of authorityWritten rules and regulations

ImpersonalityEmployment based on technical qualification

Division of Labor

Division of Labor – individuals in a bureaucratic organization occupy specific positions and perform specific tasks vis-à-vis other task performed by others in the organization.

Hierarchy of Authority

Hierarchy of Authority – each position in a bureaucratic system falls under the supervision of one of it.

Written Rules and Regulations

Written rules and regulations – rules and regulations provide member of a bureaucracy with clear and vivid norms of behavior and performance

Impersonality

Impersonality – in a bureaucracy works are carried on “sine ira et studio.”- “without hatred and passion.”

Employment based on Technical Qualifications

Employment based on technical qualifications – in a bureaucracy organization members are hired based on qualification not based on who knows within.

Peter Principle – every individual within the hierarchy tend to rise to his or her level of incompetency

Characteristics of Bureaucracy

Characteristics Positive Consequences

Division of Labor

Produces efficiency in large scale corporation


Clarifies who is in command

Written Rules and Regulation

Let workers know what is expected of them

Impersonality Reduce biasEmployment Based on Qualification

Discourages favoritism and reduce petty rivalries


Characteristics Negative Consequences (For the Individual)

Division of Labor

Produces trained incapacity


Deprives employees of voice in decision making


Stifle initiatives and imagination

Impersonality Contributes to feeling of alienation

Employment Based on Qualification

Discourages ambition to improve oneself elsewhere


Characteristics Negative Consequences (For the Organization)

Division of Labor

Produces narrow perspective


Permits concealment of mistakes


Lead to goal displacement

Impersonality Discourages loyalty to company

Employment Based on Qualification

Allow Peter principle to operate

Social groups

Technology

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