Social science 2 Social Groups

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Republic of the PhilippinesAKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY

School of Management SciencesBanga, Aklan

JUSTINE ROWEL N. OROZCOROSMARY D. ROLDAN

Associate in Office Information Management 2-1First Semester A. Y. 2012-2013

SOCIAL GROUPS AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS

Social Science 2 – Society and Culture with Family PlanningMARICHU T. CALIZO, Instructor

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What is Social Groups mean?



• Social Groups is defined as two or more people who have a high degree of common identity and who interact on a regular basis. (Macionis, John J. : Sociology Second Edition Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs New Jersy 07632)

• Social group is two or more humans who interact with one another, share similar characteristics and collectively have a sense of unity although the best way to define social group is a matter of conjecture. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_group)

• A social group is a collection of people who interact with each other and share similar characteristics and a sense of unity.(www.cliffnotes.com/ study_guide/Social-Groups.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26868.html)



SOCIAL GROUPS

As a social being, a person is born into the company of others, never in isolation. He has to depend on others, and vice-versa. An individual who lives and interacts in an environment, ex. the family, the school, the church, the office, the factory, or a basketball court, shares and acquires his personal habits and attitudes, values, and ambitious.



The Family The School The Church

The FactoryThe Office



What are the Types of Social Groups?



TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

Sociologists recognize several types of groups. These are:

1. Categorical Group2. Aggregate Group3. Collective Groups4. Associational Group



CATEGORICAL GROUP

Members of this group share particular characteristics and a common identity. The categorical grouping is important to people for they tend to share certain characteristics and interest and be aware of their similarity to other members of their own social category.



An aggregate is any collection of people who are together in one place without interacting with one another. Participants in an aggregate are generally not concerned with the feelings and attitudes of others.

AGGREGATE GROUP



These are temporary groups which are not generally governed by established norms of the culture and are composed of people who share some kind of belief which motivates them to prepare for action.

COLLECTIVE GROUPS



This group is composed of people who join together in an organized manner to pursue a common interest. Generally, this group has a formal group.

ASSOCIATIONAL GROUP



From the group that have been identified, these groups may be classified on the basis of social boundaries between members and non-members and adherence to a special set of norms. There would be some kind of agreement that membership in a social group involves: 1. Some type of interaction.2. A sense of belonging or membership3. Shared interest or agreement on values,

norms.4. A structure (Eshleman J. Ross et al.,

1988).



Perhaps the most fundamental difference in the classification of social groups is that made between primary and secondary groups. The term primary group was coined by Charles W. Cooley and is used to refer to small, informal groups of people who interact in a personal, direct and intimate manner. Primary groups include the family and play groups which Cooley believed were the most important in shaping the human personality.

THE PRIMARY AND THE SECONDARY GROUPS



Primary group are characterized by intimate face-to-face association and interaction and, there, members develop a sense of “we-ness.” “We,” the natural and mutual expression among the members, involves reciprocal identification and shared feelings.

PRIMARY GROUP



A secondary group is a group whose members interact in a business-like manner; relationship is impersonal; and emotional ties are loose. Generally, members come together for specific objectives.

SECONDARY GROUP



Comparison of Primary and Secondary Groups

Primary Group• Generally small• Relatively long period

of interaction• Intimate, face-to-face

association• Some emotional depth

in relationships• Cooperative, friendly

Secondary Group• Usually large• Relatively short duration

often temporary• Little social intimacy or

mutual understanding• Relationships generally

superficial• More formal and

impersonal

Source:Schaefer Richard T.,: Sociology Ninth Edition McGraw-Hill International Edition



Primary and secondary groups are imperatives both to individuals and to society. Erich Fromm (1965) and Lewis Mumford (1962) contend that the strength and vitality of primary groups are the basis of the health of a society. In spite of the fact that primary groups are important to the health of both individuals and the society, secondary groups are likewise important for they tend to meet specific goals. Both help society to function effectively and allow people who do not know one another intimately to perform their job effectively.



Generally, Filipinos are sentimental and sympathetic. These qualities greatly affect their social relationship. That is why the Filipino family is a closely knit one. Because of modernization, the family ties, to a great extent, are slowly loosening. For a Filipino, loyalty is almost synonymous to interdependence. To remain an accepted member of the group, one may have to compromise his principles, even if the group hampers creativity, resourcefulness, interdependence, and ingenuity necessary for development.

GEMEINSCHAFT AND GESSELSCHAFT



Different groups exert tremendous pressures on the activities of their members. This usually happens among young and idealistic students in the universities who form themselves into fraternities which oftentimes end up in gang wars and rumbles.

Primary and Secondary groups are somewhat similar to the concept of Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft developed by Ferdinand Tonnie, a German sociologist.



Gemeinschaft is a social community in which most relationships are suggestive of mutual cooperation and helpfulness, and are either personal or traditional, or both. The activities and interests center around the families and immediate neighbors. The high degree of comformity with the norms, values, customs, traditions, language and moral ideas becomes the unifying thread of the group. The concept of Gemeinschaft is commonly understood in the Filipino Language as “BAYANIHAN.”

GEMEINSCHAFT



Gesselschaft is a social community in which most relationships are characterized by impersonal and rationalized relationships. It veers away from personal to impersonal, from informal to formal, and from dependence to independence. It is based on realism rather than on sentimentalism and gives impetus to specialization. The trend towards a Gesselschaft is apparently manifested in changing and dynamic society exemplified by the rapid growth and development of urban-industrial communities.

GESSELSCHAFT



The sense of belongingness matters much to an individual and this is one of the key characteristics of a group

IN-GROUP AND OUT-GROUP



In-group is a social category where people feel they belong and share a common orientation, come from common roots and background and adhere to a common ideology. It is characterized by individuals whose loyalty to one another brings out the feeling of togetherness.

IN-GROUP



Out-group, the opposite of the in-group, is a group in which people feel they are strangers. It is made up of individuals who do not share awareness of kind or of the same class. The out-group attitude leads to dislike for, avoidance of, antagonism or even hatred toward people because of one’s predisposition to perceive his own in-group as superior to others. Sociologically, it is important to know the difference between in-groups and out-groups. There is a tendency of the in-group to think that people in the out-group are stereotyped a standardized conception or image vested with special meaning and held in common be members of a group.

OUT-GROUP



A reference group is a group with which people identify psychologically and to which they refer in evaluating themeselves and their behavior. The reference group becomes the individual’s frame of reference in relation to his motivations, experiences, attitudes and social affinity. Psychologically, we tend to identify with persons and groups who are important to us, and we look these reference groups for direction on how to think and behave.

REFERENCE GROUPS



Sociologists view the study of social organization as the key to understand society, groups, and personal behavior that will explain and give useful information. Groups are classified according to their form, nature and objectives and how members relate to one another. These are the informal groups and formal groups.

INFORMAL AND FORMAL GROUPS



Informal Group comes into being out of the interactions of two or more persons on an issue affecting welfare. At the outset, it arises from the spur of the moment and eventually draws persons to be involved because they manifest the same emotions and sentiments. The members share a feeling of confidence a sense of belongingness. Basically, the members voluntarily join themeselves together to insure cooperation of a common action and to promote and safeguard their interests and welfare.

INFORMAL GROUPS



A formal organization is a form of social organization and is deliberately planned, constructed and organized to achieve a certain specific goal and objectives. It is a special-purpose group designed and structured in the interests of maximum efficiency ( Schaeffer, Richard T. And Robert P. Lamm, 1992). In society, formal organizations fulfill an enormous variety of personal and societal needs that shape the lives of every individual. Every formal organization, whether civil, military, political, economic or ecclesiastical, has a philosophy defining its vision and mission.

FORMAL GROUPS



References:Macionis, John J.,: Sociology Second Edition Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy

07632Schaefer Richard T.,: Sociology Ninth Edition

McGraw-Hill International Edition

www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_groupwww.cliffnotes.com/ study_guide/Social-

Groups.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26868.htmlZulueta, Francisco M.,: General Sociology

Revised Edition Academic Publishing Corporation


http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_group




Social science 2 Social Groups

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