Social ChangeSocial Change• VirginiaVirginia• Bacon’s Rebellion-1676Bacon’s Rebellion-1676• African slavesAfrican slaves• Middle passageMiddle passage• Slave CodesSlave Codes• Stono Rebellion-1739Stono Rebellion-1739• Accepting slaveryAccepting slavery• Class divisionClass division• UrbanizationUrbanization• FamilyFamily• Conversions declineConversions decline• Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant• Salem witch trialsSalem witch trials• Northern economyNorthern economy• ImmigrantsImmigrants• GermansGermans• Scots-IrishScots-Irish

• AgricultureAgriculture• CurrencyCurrency• Colonial churchesColonial churches• Great AwakeningGreat Awakening• Old Lights\New LightsOld Lights\New Lights• DeismDeism• EducationEducation• John LockeJohn Locke• John Peter ZengerJohn Peter Zenger• Colonial similaritiesColonial similarities

General InfoGeneral Info

• Early 1700’s…..colonies began to expandEarly 1700’s…..colonies began to expand• Still want to be “British”Still want to be “British”• VirginiaVirginia is the largest colony due to is the largest colony due to

expansion of tobaccoexpansion of tobacco; often planting this ; often planting this before corn to eatbefore corn to eat

• Needed more labor……..where?Needed more labor……..where?• Indentured servantsIndentured servants• As they were released they began to wander As they were released they began to wander

and drift……..began causing problemsand drift……..began causing problems

Bacon’s Rebellion-1676Bacon’s Rebellion-1676Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, Virginia

• Conflicts between the frontier Conflicts between the frontier settlers and coastal settlerssettlers and coastal settlers– taxes, protection from Indians, taxes, protection from Indians,

representationrepresentation• Led by Led by Nathaniel BaconNathaniel Bacon• It was a revolt of indentured It was a revolt of indentured

servants servants upset with Gov. William upset with Gov. William Berkley’s treatmentBerkley’s treatment

• Berkley favored large plantersBerkley favored large planters• Bacon led the rebellion to Bacon led the rebellion to

Jamestown and burned the cityJamestown and burned the city• He died from dysentery before the He died from dysentery before the

rebellion was put downrebellion was put down• Showed the large class differences Showed the large class differences

and resistance to royal ruleand resistance to royal rule

Bacon's Rebellion- youtube

AfricansAfricansSlaves began to be imported from AfricaSlaves began to be imported from Africa

Why not use Indians?Why not use Indians?Not many slaves yet in the coloniesNot many slaves yet in the colonies

By the mid 1700’s: numbers increased greatlyBy the mid 1700’s: numbers increased greatly1 in 3 died on the boats1 in 3 died on the boats

Africans sold Africans into slavery…why?Africans sold Africans into slavery…why?

Middle Passage:Middle Passage: route to transport slaves from route to transport slaves from Africa to the AmericasAfrica to the Americas

Triangle Trade RouteTriangle Trade Route

Triangle TradeTriangle Trade

• Rum sent from New England Rum sent from New England to Africato Africa

• Rum sold to the Africans for Rum sold to the Africans for slavesslaves

• Slaves then taken to the Slaves then taken to the West Indies and sold for West Indies and sold for sugar and Molassessugar and Molasses

• Sugar and molasses taken Sugar and molasses taken back to New England and back to New England and made into rummade into rum

Crash Course: Atlantic Slave Trade

Slave CodesSlave CodesAs more slaves were brought As more slaves were brought in, many whites began to fear in, many whites began to fear

the slaves and free blacksthe slaves and free blacks

Slave codes were created to Slave codes were created to limit blackslimit blacks

Slaves and their children were Slaves and their children were property for life and some property for life and some colonies made it a crime to colonies made it a crime to

educate slaveseducate slaves

• Slaves in SC were among the Slaves in SC were among the worst treated……crop?worst treated……crop?

• As slaves procreated, led to the As slaves procreated, led to the creation of their own culture, creation of their own culture, speech, folklore, etc. Pg. 69 in speech, folklore, etc. Pg. 69 in texttext

• A constant fear was revoltA constant fear was revolt• Stono Rebellion, 1739Stono Rebellion, 1739

– Attempted slave revolt in SCAttempted slave revolt in SC– Charles Town slaves took guns Charles Town slaves took guns

and headed to Spanish Floridaand headed to Spanish Florida– Killed 20 on the wayKilled 20 on the way– Caught in a day and killedCaught in a day and killed– More laws passed for controlMore laws passed for control– Some called for manumissionSome called for manumission

SlaverySlavery causes few problems causes few problems

Accepting slaveryAccepting slavery

• Slavery was profitable for England and Slavery was profitable for England and the coloniesthe colonies

• Some protested the slave trade for Some protested the slave trade for religious reasonreligious reason

Class divisionClass division• Between large and Between large and

small farmerssmall farmers• Who controlled most of Who controlled most of

the region’s economy the region’s economy and politics?and politics?

• Small farmers owned Small farmers owned few if any slavesfew if any slaves

• Land less whites and Land less whites and indentured servants indentured servants were at the bottom of were at the bottom of the chainthe chain

Few Cities/UrbanizationFew Cities/Urbanization

• Fewer cities in the Fewer cities in the southsouth……why?……why?

• Less development Less development of professionals like of professionals like doctors, lawyers, doctors, lawyers, etc.etc.

• Life revolvedLife revolved around around the plantationthe plantation

FamilyFamily• New EnglandNew England

– Family was the center of Family was the center of lifelife

– Lots of kidsLots of kids– Child raising was the Child raising was the

woman’s jobwoman’s job

• SouthSouth– Women earned some Women earned some

rightsrights– Property rights b\c many Property rights b\c many

men died early from men died early from diseasedisease

• NE thought this would NE thought this would undermine the familyundermine the family

• Divorces rareDivorces rare

Puritan ProblemsPuritan Problems

• As NE grew, many moved from the citiesAs NE grew, many moved from the cities• Less influence by the churchLess influence by the church• Conversion Conversion rates began to declinerates began to decline• To keep the church going, the idea of To keep the church going, the idea of Half-Half-

Way CovenantWay Covenant was created was created• 22ndnd and 3 and 3rdrd generation members ( generation members ( who didn’t have a conversion who didn’t have a conversion

experience) experience) had their children baptized; allowed the membership to had their children baptized; allowed the membership to climbclimb

• They couldn’t vote in church affairs or take communionThey couldn’t vote in church affairs or take communion• Partial membershipPartial membership• A way to keep the church part of society (power)A way to keep the church part of society (power)• They could be full members if acceptedThey could be full members if accepted• Not supported by all ministersNot supported by all ministers• Puritans began to accept more peoplePuritans began to accept more people• Power began to erode in the churchPower began to erode in the church

• The most famous place, though not the The most famous place, though not the only place, for witch trials was Salem only place, for witch trials was Salem Village, Mass.Village, Mass.

• 165 accused, 55 confessed, 20 165 accused, 55 confessed, 20 executedexecuted

• Key figure was Cotton Mather who Key figure was Cotton Mather who defended the trials but thought it should defended the trials but thought it should be fought with prayer and fastingbe fought with prayer and fasting

• Witch hunts occurred mainly in New Witch hunts occurred mainly in New England Puritan areasEngland Puritan areas

• They were hanged, not burned as in They were hanged, not burned as in EuropeEurope

• Many were women, but also 42 men Many were women, but also 42 men were killed and 2 dogswere killed and 2 dogs

• Salem hanged 19 and pressed oneSalem hanged 19 and pressed one• It was really a fight between the rich It was really a fight between the rich

and poor citizens of Salemand poor citizens of Salem

MP2

Fungus among us….Fungus among us….

• Toxicologists now know that Toxicologists now know that eating ergot-contaminated eating ergot-contaminated food can lead to a food can lead to a convulsive disorder convulsive disorder characterized by violent characterized by violent muscle spasms, vomiting, muscle spasms, vomiting, delusions, hallucinations, delusions, hallucinations, crawling sensations on the crawling sensations on the skin, and a host of other skin, and a host of other symptomssymptoms

Ergot poisoningFungus that effects rye

Northern Colonial EconomyNorthern Colonial Economy

•New England prospered least due to same reasons New England prospered least due to same reasons that would later make them profitablethat would later make them profitable

•Poor soil and climatePoor soil and climate•Led to economic diversityLed to economic diversity•Shipbuilding\deep portsShipbuilding\deep ports

•TradeTrade

ImmigrantsImmigrants

•Many settled in south and middle Many settled in south and middle coloniescolonies

•Why not in the north?Why not in the north?

GermansGermans

• Most of the Most of the population of the population of the colonies was?colonies was?

• Many Germans and Many Germans and Scandinavians Scandinavians settled in Penn. settled in Penn. Back countryBack country

• LutheranLutheran• Why in Penn?Why in Penn?

Scots-IrishScots-Irish

• Non-English groupNon-English group• Not all were IrishNot all were Irish• Many were Scots Many were Scots

pushed into N. pushed into N. Ireland off their landIreland off their land

• Most Scots were Most Scots were PresbyterianPresbyterian

• Hatred for BritsHatred for Brits

AgricultureAgriculture• The leading industry The leading industry

was agriculturewas agriculture (90%) (90%)• In Middle and NE In Middle and NE

trade and trade and shipbuilding began to shipbuilding began to developdevelop

• All colonies benefited All colonies benefited from growing tradefrom growing trade

CurrencyCurrency

• To control the To control the colonies, colonies, currency currency was limited in the was limited in the coloniescolonies

• Only hard currency Only hard currency usedused

• Little paper money Little paper money created due to created due to inflationinflation

Colonial ChurchesColonial Churches

• Two main churches in the coloniesTwo main churches in the colonies

• CongregationalCongregational

• AnglicanAnglican– Began to lose powerBegan to lose power– No American bishop to appoint ministers, No American bishop to appoint ministers,

etc.etc.– Also seen as symbol of the kingAlso seen as symbol of the king

Great AwakeningGreat Awakening• The Puritans began to focus less on the The Puritans began to focus less on the

Puritan ideals and fewer people were Puritan ideals and fewer people were going to churchgoing to church

• Revivals began to occurRevivals began to occur

• Great Awakening-1740’s Great Awakening-1740’s was a time of was a time of revivals in the church led by (among revivals in the church led by (among others) George Whitefieldothers) George Whitefield

• Whitefield was a great actor and a great Whitefield was a great actor and a great speaker; he played the part of God and speaker; he played the part of God and the Devilthe Devil

• Ministers weren’t neededMinisters weren’t needed

• Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards: horrors of hell: horrors of hell

• Mainly occurred in the NorthMainly occurred in the North

• Led to the creation of new churchesLed to the creation of new churches

Superstar of the day

Came over from

England

ChallengesChallenges• Old Lights Old Lights were skeptical of the were skeptical of the

emotional new ministersemotional new ministers

• New Lights New Lights defended the revivalsdefended the revivals

• Congregationalists had many problems Congregationalists had many problems with itwith it

• Many new churches createdMany new churches created

• New Lights create universitiesNew Lights create universities

DeismDeism

• DeismDeism is the is the belief that a supreme God belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical exists and created the physical universe, but it is governed by natural universe, but it is governed by natural lawslaws– God doesn’t interveneGod doesn’t intervene

• Many founders of the United States Many founders of the United States have been related to Deist idealshave been related to Deist ideals

EducationEducation•In NE, In NE, religion was the focus religion was the focus for educationfor education•Led to Led to creation of taxcreation of tax supported schools (largely in supported schools (largely in NE)NE)•As you wentAs you went south south, , fewer fewer schoolsschools and focus on mass and focus on mass educationeducation•Why?Why?

Writers and ThinkersWriters and Thinkers• People began to challenge traditional People began to challenge traditional

beliefs in Europe which effected the beliefs in Europe which effected the coloniescolonies

• John Locke John Locke Two Treatises on Two Treatises on GovernmentGovernment: : states all men had states all men had inalienable rights: life, liberty, propertyinalienable rights: life, liberty, property

• People made a social contract with the People made a social contract with the king: he could rule as long as he king: he could rule as long as he wasn’t a tyrant…….if he did, the wasn’t a tyrant…….if he did, the people could revoltpeople could revolt

• EnlightenmentEnlightenment• Montesquieu: checks and balancesMontesquieu: checks and balances• Voltaire: religious freedomVoltaire: religious freedom• Phillis Wheatley: former slave in NEPhillis Wheatley: former slave in NE

– Wrote poems based on NE and Wrote poems based on NE and religionreligion

• Ben FranklinBen Franklin– ‘‘Poor Richard’s Almanac”Poor Richard’s Almanac”

Can we Talk????Can we Talk????• John Peter ZengerJohn Peter Zenger is is

associated with freedom of associated with freedom of the pressthe press

• Zenger accused the Zenger accused the Governor of Pa. Of rigging Governor of Pa. Of rigging elections, bribery, etc. and elections, bribery, etc. and was sued for libelwas sued for libel

• Zenger was acquitted Zenger was acquitted because the jury agreed with because the jury agreed with himhim

• Symbol for freedom of the Symbol for freedom of the presspress

Colonial GovernmentsColonial Governments

8 R oya l co lon iesw ith R oya lG overn ors

3 P rop rie ta ryco lon ies

M d , P en n , D e l

2 S e lf G overn edC on n . an d R I

G overn m en t

Most had bicameral legislatures with an upper house appointed by the king and lower house by the people

Self taxation was a privilege other royal colonies didn’t have

SimilaritiesSimilarities

• Despite diversity, colonies had many Despite diversity, colonies had many similaritiessimilarities

• What are some?What are some?• Basic lang.Basic lang.• Most ProtestantMost Protestant• Forms of tolerationForms of toleration• Similar types of self-govt.Similar types of self-govt.• Not yet a real democracy yetNot yet a real democracy yet

Courting CandleWhen a suitor arrived, the father would raise or lower

the candle in the holder setting a specific amount of

time the two had to visit.

If the dad liked the boy or he was from a wealthy

family, he generally gave more time to visit.

However, if he did not like the boy, he could limit the

time by lowering the candle in the holder.

The father could also add a second candle or snuff it out depending on how he

felt the courtship was going.