Sleep and dream

REM

• Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) is a normal stage of sleepcharacterized by the random movement of the eyes.

• REM sleep is classified into two categories: tonic and phasic.[1] It was identified and defined by Nathaniel Kleitman, Eugene Aserinsky, and Jon Birtwell in the early 1950s. Criteria for REM sleep includes rapid eye movement, but also low muscle tone and a rapid, low-voltage EEG;

• ,the sleep study typically done for patients with suspected sleep disorders.• REM sleep in adult humans typically occupies 20–25% of total sleep, about

90–120 minutes of a night's sleep. REM sleep normally occurs close to morning.[

• During a normal night of sleep, humans usually experience about four or five periods of REM sleep; they are quite short at the beginning of the night and longer toward the end.

• During REM, the activity of the brain's neurons is quite similar to that during waking hours; for this reason, the REM-sleep stage may be called paradoxical sleep

• In mammals and birds, sleep is divided into two broad types: rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM or non-REM) sleep. Each type has a distinct set of associated physiological, neurological, and psychological features. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) further divides NREM into three stages: N1, N2, and N3, the last of which is also called delta sleep or slow-wave sleep (SWS).

• 1937 by Alfred Lee Loomis

• 1968 by Allan Rechtschaffen and Anthony Kales in the "R&K sleep scoring manual.“

• Stage N1 refers to the transition of the brain from alpha waves having a frequency of 8–13 Hz (common in the awake state) to theta waves having a frequency of 4–7 Hz. This stage is sometimes referred to as somnolence or drowsy sleep. Sudden twitches and hypnic jerks, also known as positive myoclonus, may be associated with the onset of sleep during N1. Some people may also experience hypnagogic hallucinations during this stage. During N1, the subject loses some muscle toneand most conscious awareness of the external environment.

• Stage N2 is characterized by sleep spindles ranging from 11 to 16 Hz (most commonly 12–14 Hz) and K-complexes. During this stage, muscular activity as measured by EMG decreases, and conscious awareness of the external environment disappears. This stage occupies 45–55% of total sleep in adults.

• Stage N3 (deep or slow-wave sleep) is characterized by the presence of a minimum of 20% delta waves ranging from 0.5–2 Hz and having a peak-to-peak amplitude >75 μV. (EEG standards define delta waves to be from 0 to 4 Hz, but sleep standards in both the original R&K, as well as the new 2007 AASM guidelines have a range of 0.5–2 Hz.)

In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours.[

In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature.Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer isolated the first clock mutant in Drosophila in the early seventies and mapped the "period" gene, the first discovered genetic component of a circadian clock.[

Joseph Takahashi discovered the first mammalian 'clock gene' (CLOCK) using mice in 1994.

Human or animal

• Nathaniel Kleitman (Ph.D., ’23), Professor Emeritus in Physiology, pioneer in sleep research and co-discoverer of REM sleep, died in Los Angeles Friday, Aug. 13, at the age of 104.

Look at dream

• Dr. Harris completed her PhD in Behavioral Neursocience at BU in 2011. While at UVA, she had the opportunity to work on a spatial learning project with Alzheimer’s disease patients within the Department of Neurology at the University of Virginia Medical Center. She is currently a Grants Administrator (in the Evolutionary NeurobehaviorLaboratory,)

• Rem(repot)• Non rem (report)• Amygdala• Balance and depression

Non dream

• Mark Solms (born 1961 in South Africa) is a psychoanalyst and a lecturer in neurosurgery

at the St. Bartholomew’s and Royal London School of Medicine; chair of neuropsychology, University of Cape Town, South Africa and director of the Arnold Pfeffer Center for Neuro-Psychoanalysis at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute. He is a registrant of the BPC.

• Remember

• Parietal lobe

• Motivation system

Mean dream

• variety aspects

• Science aspect

• Dream Lab Montreal university (Antonio Zadra, Ph.D.)

• Math and dream database

• Emotion-dream

Dream-innovation

• Elias Howe (swing machine)

• Dmitri Mendeleev (periodical table)

• Mary Shelley (Frankenstein)

• Learn in dream

• Robert Stickgold Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School Associate

• Dream-memory-reorganized

Bad dream

• Antti Revonsuo, PhD. Docent, Department of Psychology, University of Turku Professor, School of Humanities and Informatics, University of Skövde, Sweden

• Natural program

• Simulation to survive

• Modern fear

Luci dreamers

• Stephen LaBerge (born 1947) • a psychophysiologist and a leader in the scientific study of lucid dreaming.

• In 1967 he received his Bachelor's Degree in mathematics.

• He began researching lucid dreaming for his Ph.D. in Psychophysiology at Stanford University, which he received in 1980

• Bring real word to dream

• Induction Techniques

• Dream Recall

• Dream Control

Parallel universe & lisa randall

• A Hypothesis for a Membrane Theory of GravityAndrew L. Bender ( BraneBrain.com@gmail.com ) www.BraneBrain.com

Abstract: Proposed is a modification of gravity in M-Theory that couldsuccessfully combine relativity and quantum mechanics by means of amembrane (brane) theory of gravity. The force of gravity would be produced bythe curvature of our brane by the vibrations of individual strings ofmatter in the three gravity dimensions of M-Theory. Gravity’s weaknesswould be due to the size of our membrane relative to the Planck lengthof an individual string. If the forces of electromagnetism and gravity wereroughly equivalent when our brane was the Planck length, then as itexpanded to its current size, the strength of gravity would have decreased inproportion to our membrane’s size, roughly calculated to have a maximumradius of 526 trillion light-years. This theory allows for a direct methodof energy transfer from membrane collision to individual virtual stringspresent within the brane at the instant of the collision. This explains thecreation of our universe without a singularity while keeping physics intactthroughout the big splash. Dark matter and dark energy are revealed tobe vibrations of our membrane left over from the original collision thatcreated our universe. The relaxation of those vibrations (whose potentialenergy is being converted into kinetic energy) causes spacetime to expandmore rapidly as it ages and to accelerate at what appears to be a constantrate until all dark matter relaxes completely, stopping the acceleration.Additionally, several methods of observational confirmation of this theory(and therefore string theory as well) are proposed.

Soft power

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Soft power

• Joseph Samuel Nye, Jr. (born January 19, 1937) is the co-founder, along with Robert Keohane, of the international relations theory neoliberalism, developed in their 1977 book Power and Interdependence. Together with Keohane, he developed the concepts of asymmetrical and complex interdependence. They also explored transnational relations and world politics in an edited volume in the 1970s. More recently, he pioneered the theory of soft power.

softpower

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philosophy

• literally Master Zhuang, was a Chinese philosopher, who is supposed to have lived during the Warring States Period, corresponding to the Hundred Schools of Thought. His name is also transliterated as Zhuang Zi, Zhuang Zhou, Chuang Tzu, Chuang Tse. Chuang was his surname and Tse indicates master; so he would be referred to as Master Chuang. You will also see his name given as "Chuang Chou" or "ZhuangZhu", this was his proper name, first and last, not an alternate spelling of "Chuang Tzu" or "Zhuangzi".

philosophy

• Once upon a time, I, Chuang Chou, dreamt I was a butterfly, fluttering hither and thither, to all intents and purposes a butterfly. I was conscious only of my happiness as a butterfly, unaware that I was Chou. Soon I awaked, and there I was, veritably myself again. Now I do not know whether I was then a man dreaming I was a butterfly, or whether I am now a butterfly, dreaming I am a man. Between a man and a butterfly there is necessarily a distinction. The transition is called the transformation of material things