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Name: ______________________________ DateMrs. Nessler Review Packet

Directions: This review packet will assist you in studying for your Pre-AP Global History Final, your 2018 regents exam and the 2018 AP World History Exam. Make sure you are completing the assigned parts.

SECTION DUE DATE TOPICS

Vocabulary

Pre-History

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Section 9

Section 10

Section 11

Section 12

Section 13

Section 14

Section 15

Name: ________________________ DateMrs. Nessler Review Packet Section 1

DEFINITIONS: Artifacts: A man made good from the past (weapon, tool, etc)

Archaeologist: Person who studies the past by excavation

Primary Source: First-hand account (diary or autobiography)

Secondary Source: Second-hand account (textbook or biography)

Ethnocentrism: A belief in the superiority of your own culture

Culture: A way of life

Cultural Diffusion: Blending/mixing or cultures *Alexander the Great (combining Persia, India, Greek and Egyptian culture)

Hominid: An early human that walks upright and opposable thumbs

Bipedal: Being able to walk on two legs

Homo Sapiens: Man that knows or wise-man

Homo Erectus: Man that walks upright

Homo Habilis: Man that makes tools and weapons

Australopithecus: A type of hominid from Africa (Lucy is an example)

Egalitarian: When a male and female job may be different but are given the same type of importance in society

ImportantImportant

Bering Bridge: A piece of land that connected Alaska to Russia during the Ice Age (allowed for human migration out of Africa)

Polytheistic: Belief in MANY gods (Hinduism at first)

Monotheistic: Belief in ONE god (Zoroastrianism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism)

Domestication: Taming of animals and cultivating of plants

Nomadic: Moving from place to place in search for food

Sedentary: Remaining in one place to live (river valley civilizations..on)

Pastoral: The keeping and/or grazing of cattle *Seen in Mongol regions, Middle East and North Africa*Not seen in Americas (Because they didn’t domesticate animals)

Dreamtime: Australian mythology on the create of humans

City-State: An area of land with its own government and laws*Seen in Mesopotamia (Babylon, Sumer, Ur, Urak)*Seen in Greece because of Mountainous Topography: Sparta/Athens

Epic of Gilgamesh: Literature from Mesopotamia. Shows a negative outlook on the current life and the afterlife

Patriarchy: Male dominated society (see in China under Confucianism)

Book of the Dead: Literature from Egypt. Shows a positive view on the current life and afterlife.

Pax Romana: A time of peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire

Atman: A person’s soul or the Brahman itself in Hindu religion.

Karma: A person’s good or bad actions (Hinduism and Buddhism)

Dharma: A person’s job in the caste system (Hinduism)

Moksha: A release from a person’s samsara (Hinduism and Buddhism)

Yellow Turban Rebellion: A revolt in China against the Han Dynasty

Varna: The four castes in the caste system

Jati: A group in the Hindu caste system

Helots: The serfs or slave class in Greek Sparta

Centralized: An organized government that effectively rules

Decentralized: A disorganized government that cannot effectively rule

Bureaucracy: A system of government where the ruler delegates work out to others to help rule the empire

Filial Piety: Respect for elders (Seen in Confucian China)

Inferior: Being viewed as lower or less than someone else

Foot Binding: Seen in Tang/Song China shows inferiority of women

Oracle Bones: Used in Shang China to predict the future

Barbarian: Often how the Romans views anyone that was not Roman

Paying Tribute: Payment by a state to a ruler to avoid invasion *Seen in Ming Dynasty

Sharia Law: When religious law becomes the political law of the land *Seen in the Islamic Empire

Jihad: A Muslim war or struggle against non-believers*Seen during the Crusades (Christians v. Muslims)

Hajj: Pilgrimage a Muslim must make to Mecca

Umma: A community of Mulims

Revelations: Angel Gabriel revealing Islam to Muhammad

Icons: Statues or paintings that are useful during prayer

Iconoclasts: The breaking of statues or paintings in the Eastern Orthodox religions (Seen in Byzantium).

Caesaropapism: Combining secular and sacred power (Byzantium)

Hagia Sophia: Holy church in Byzantium switched to Islam during Muslim invasion

Cultural Pluralism: When smaller groups of a conquered people are able to keep their culture (seen in Persia).

Theocracy: When the ruler is seen as a god-like figure connecting Heaven and Earth. (Seen with Egyptian Pharaoh)

SOURCE PROIDE THREE EXAMPLES OF THE SOURCE:*Autobiography *Scrapbook

PRIMARY SOURCE *Diary *Selfies (LOL)*Speech

SECONDARY SOURCE*Biography *Textbook*Articles *Commentaries

COMMON IDEAS:List the common answers often associated with Mary Leakey/Donald Johansen:

1. Archaeologists that excavated Eastern Africa (aka the Great Rift Valley)2. Mary Leakey – Archaeologist finding that all human origins began in the Great Rift Valley3. Donald Johansen – Archaeologist that found Lucy (second oldest hominid) in Great Rift Valley

PALEOLITHIC AGE NEOLITHIC AGE PASTORAL SOCIETIES

When did this time period occur?2 million years ago to

about 8000BCE (it ends differently in different

areas of the world)

8000BCE to about 2000CE

Migration out of Africa until today’s times

What were some developments or advancements of the time?

Basic toolsBasic Hammer

Fire

HidesAgricultural ToolsAdvanced Tools

CartsCaravansWeapons

How did people get their food?Hunt and Gather Domesticate animals

Cultivate PlantsUse their domesticated

animals

Did people live nomadic (moving from place to place in search of food) lifestyles? Why/why not?

Nomadic Sedentary Both

Is there any other information that you think is important to know about either time period?

(Maybe mention social roles)

The weather was colder and people living during this time period weren’t able to grow food

People migrated out of Africa during this time period

Travelled in small bands of people (ranging 50-70 in size)

Egalitarian system (men and women had different jobs but were seen as equally important

The weather was warmer and people were able to grow food.

People started growing food food surplus civilizations begin to grow

Mutual dependence between human life and domesticating the plants and animals

The phase between hunting and gathering and sedentary lifestyles

Pastoralists move around with their domesticated animals

Mongols were famous pastoralists

Pastoral areas = Asian steppes, Africa and Middle East

NOT IN AMERICAS bc they don’t domesticate animals until 1400s

List three reasons why historians call the movement from the Paleolithic era to the Neolithic era a ‘revolution’.1. Revolution means change2. It happened independently throughout the world in different areas3. This time period was a CHANGE from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic time period


River Valley CivilizationsRiver Valley Civilizations

Pre-Pre-

List the Rivers in each civilization:Civilization River(S)

MesopotamiaTigris and Euphrates - Unpredictable Pessimistic view on life, afterlife and their gods. (Seen in the Epic of Gilgamesh)SumerCuneiform First Writing System

EgyptNile – Predictable Optimistic View on life, afterlife and their gods (We see this in the book of the dead)

IndiaIndus and the Ganges (Holy River)

Shang (China)Huang He (aka the Yellow River) and the Yangtze

*All civilizations show social stratification (classes) EXCEPT Indus River ValleyLIST THE COMMON IDEAS FOR:

Hammurabi’s Code

1. Written laws in Mesopotamia2. Harsh Laws (often compared to Legalism)3. Even though they’re harsh promote social order4. Shows social stratification because different social class groups had

different fines.

Phoenicia

1. Have control of the Mediterranean Region2. Establish colonies throughout the Mediterranean region3. Create the first phonetic alphabet system4. Create purple dye by using the snails in the region major trade

product

Geography of India

1. Diverse topography2. Thar desert in the south, Himalaya Mountains in the in Northeast,

Mountain range in the North3. Indian Ocean surrounding the Peninsula4. Seasonal Monsoon Winds5. Susceptible to invaders in Northwest corner (no natural barriers). This

also allowed trade with Mesopotamia

Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa

1. Two cities in the Indus River Valley Civilization2. Perfect examples of urban planning on a precise grid-like system3. Grids ran north-south and east west4. Had advanced plumbing5. Built houses on angle to catch monsoon winds to keep houses cool

All river valley civilizations

1. All these civilizations settle near rivers2. Rivers bring fertile soil for agriculture3. Many civilizations create irrigation techniques4. Agriculture allows food surplus food surplus allows for civilizations to

begin.


ClassicalClassical CivilizationCivilization

Persians Phoenicians Gupta/Maurya

Where is the general location of this empire?

Middle EastMiddle East

MediterraneanNorth Africa

(Many colonies)

India

Any significant rulers?

Cyrus the Great - First Persian King and helped bring Persian to successful time period

Darius – Third Persian King and helped expand Persian territories

No one important to note

Hannibal (Carthage) – Helped win 2nd Punic War

Ashoka Chandragupta

Method of Rule?

Cultural Pluralism – When they conquered territories, they allowed those territories to practice their existing culture

Known for adopting many foreign customs as their own

Ruled by installing many colonies throughout the Mediterranean region

Under Ashoka – Ruled by brutal conquest

Ashoka then took Buddhism and ruled by peaceful Buddhist means

Rules by Buddhist religious values

Significant Information about the empire?

It was a successful empire that had dominant control of the region under the Hellenistic Era

It was never a unified empire but rather consisted of many colonies feeding the motherland with resources

Thrived until Carthage (Phoenician colony) was destroyed by the Romans during the Punic wars

Phoenicians had control of the Mediterranean Sea

Created the Phonetic Alphabet

Used purple dye as their main trading commodity

The Gupta/Maurya empire goes through a Golden Age

Famous for mathematical advances

Specifically for contributing the concept of zero


GreeceGreece

LIST THE COMMON IDEAS FOR:

Democracy*direct democracy - seen in Athens *adult male land owning citizens could directly vote*Typically upper class (aristocracy) runs

Topography

*Greece is an archipelago (like Japan)*Mountainous topography had major impact on Greece 1. City-states developed 2. Greek city-states are fragmented but unite under a similar language and religion 3. Don’t unify until Alexander the Great 4. Didn’t have good farm land – depended on trade

*Liquid Highways 1. People traveled city-state to city-state on the water between all the Greek islands

Hellenistic Culture

*Alexander the Great was a King from Macedonia*He conquered lots of land unifying the area 1. Combines Persian, Indian, Greek and Egyptian Culture=Hellenistic Culture 2. Transformed the Eurasian World (and Egypt too) 3. Example of cultural diffusion creates Hellenistic culture 4. First time Greek city-states are united

Philosophy

*Many famous philosophers come from Athens*Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (then later Aristotle teaches Alexander the Great) 1. Philosophers encouraged people to have a questioning spirit 2. Philosophers Athenian citizens to QUESTION everything

Why is the Battle of Marathon significant? *War fought in 490BCE between the Greek city-states and the Persians *The outnumbered Greek forces defeated the Persian *Major turning point in Persian-Greco wars

Why is the Peloponnesian War significant? *A major battle between Greek city-state of Athens and city-state Sparta *Although Sparta was victorious, both city-states never fully recovered from the war

How did gender roles differ between Greek city-states? *Athens – Women didn’t have rights and couldn’t hold political office *Sparta – Women had rights and could interject in political affairsName: ________________________ DateMrs. Nessler Review Packet Section 5

RomanRoman


12 Tables*Roman Written Laws*Originally made to benefit the Patricians (rich) *Eventually, laws were added to protect the Plebeian class (common)

What other written laws might the 12 Tables be compared to and why?1. Hammurabi’s Code2. 10 Commandments They all promote social order3. Justinian’s Code

Roads/Trade

*Romans had an extensive road system all throughout their empire*Road system went all throughout the Afro-Eurasian world (in other words it connected Europe, North Africa and Asia)*Roads were important because they promoted trade and cultural diffusion*Also important because they helped to spread Christianity throughout the empire.*Roads made it easy for Romans to not only conquer new land but to also effectively rule any conquered land

Which society would the Roman Roads be compared to and why?1. Han China – Han China had the Silk Road.2. Han China – Effective bureaucracy. 3. Han China was an extensive piece of land. 4. The road connected the Han Dynasty. It promoted trade and cultural diffusion.

Government

REPUBLIC: *Rome begins as a republic. *A republic is a mix of a Monarchy – Aristocracy – Democracy*People elected the rulers and the senate had the power*PERMS causes the Republic to fall. When Julius Caesar dies…so does the Republic.*Western civilizations borrow the idea of the Republic (Like the USA)EMPIRE: *Octavian ‘Augustus’ Caesar convinces Rome to create an empire*Even though senate still exists, emperor has all of the power*Pax Romana (Roman Golden Age)*The empire falls because the emperor gains too much land to effectively control.

Fall of the Empire

Political: Fight for power… Emperor v. SenateEconomic: Inflation Made it hard for average Romans to pay taxesReligious: Battle between Roman polytheistic gods and ChristianityMilitary: No loyal soldiers fighting for Rome (just foreigners)Social: Fights and tensions between Patricians and PlebeiansInvaders: Germanic invaders able to break through and sac Rome

Explain the social difference throughout Rome*Romans were culturally arrogant and ethnocentric. They felt anyone not Roman was a barbarian*Patricians (rich) abused the Plebeians (lower class). Plebeians felt hostile towards upper class. This tension caused problems and a lack of unity among Roman citizens.

Explain the gender differences throughout Rome*Women were NOT treated equally to men in the Roman empire. Women were domesticated and were not expected to participate in political affairs.


Byzantium -Byzantium - Constantinople - IstanbulConstantinople - Istanbul


Justinian’s Code

*Written laws in the Byzantine Empire*Helped to promote social order*Most compared to: 12 Tables, 10 Commandments and Hammurabi’s Code

Preservation of Rome

*Byzantium was a Christian state even when Rome fell*Preserved Greco-Roman ideas and advancements*Preserved and spread Christianity (Eastern Orthodoxy)

Constantine’s Role

*Ruled the Eastern portion of the Roman Empire*Did a great job eventually Byzantium was renamed Constantinople*Said it was acceptable to be Christian banned the persecution of killing monotheistic Catholics and Christians

Geographic Location

*Great geographic location*Cultural Crossroads connected the Afro-Eurasian Worlds*Located on major land and water trade routes*City was Byzantium then renamed Constantinople Istanbul

Byzantine Achievements

*Caesaropapism When church is tied to the state*Hagia Sophia (Christian church that later becomes a Muslim mosque)*Hippodrome

Influence on Russia*Eastern Orthodox religion*Cyrillic Alphabet*Art and Architecture (especially the use of the dome)

Fall of Byzantine Empire*Fell to the Muslims during Islamic Empire building*Eventually falls to the Mongols allow religious tolerance eventually Mongols assimilate with the people in the area.

Explain the switch of religions in terms of Christianity to Eastern Orthodox1. In the west the pope felt he had more power than the emperor. In the east, the emperor felt like he was

more powerful than the pope… the Roman pope exiled the Byzantine emperor. The Byzantine Emperor created Eastern Orthodoxy. Similar to Christianity but had many significant differences.

Explain the switch of religions in terms of Eastern Orthodox to Islam1. Islam builds empire and eventually takes over Constantinople and calls is Istanbul (under Muslim Turks)



Mansa Musa’s Role in W. Africa

*Muslim pilgrim making pilgrimage to Mecca*Spread the word of Allah along his trade routes through West Africa*Used the abundance of gold in West Africa to fund universities (especially in Timbuktu) that taught all about Islam. *Responsible for many in the region to convert to Islam*Responsible for introducing Europeans to new regions of Africa

Byzantium -Byzantium - Constantinople - IstanbulConstantinople - Istanbul

African CivilizationsAfrican Civilizations

AFRICA HAS A VERY DIVERSE TOPOGRAPHY

Swahili Culture: Eastern Coast of Africa… Combines culture of East Africa, India and Middle East. Trading culture!Name: ________________________ DateMrs. Nessler Review Packet Section 8

CHINESE DYNASTIES YEARS OF DYNASTY

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

SHANG2000BCE to 1027 BCE

Time period of the River Valley Civilizations Oracle Bones Communicated with dead ancestors Filial Piety (respect for elders)

Asian DynastiesAsian Dynasties

Berbers: Nomads living within the Sahara Desert. Responsible for leading people through desert trade routes

Meroe: Settled people living south of the Egyptian civilization. Borrow many of their ideas. Had powerful monarchy and felt women could rule (like Egypt)

Axum: Settled people focusing on Agriculture and architecture. Use the obelisk and borrow from Egypt too.

Djenne-Djeno: Settled people around a river. Abundance of Gold in the area. STATELESS SOCIETY.

Bantu People: Migrated from north (when the Sahara desert was growing… desertification.) Moved GRADUALLY for farming and land for animal grazing.

Fertile Land near the Mediterranean Sea. Where Carthage civilization was located (but then Rome conquered)

Sahara Desert: Northern regionKalahari Desert: Southern region

Mountainous along the eastern coast. Elevates the land so Nile River flows south to North. Natural barrier.

Located in the middle/west area. Uninhabitable but beneficial for medicines

Most habitable region. Where Bantu people migrate to and eventually settle.

Maghrib

Kalahari Desert

ZHOU1027 BCE to 221BCE

Mandate of Heaven and Dynastic Cycle Ruler ties together heaven (divine figures) and earth Buddhism and Confucianism emerge Confucianism becomes part of Chinese society

QIN221BCE to 202 BCE

Shi Huangdi becomes ruler and installs Legalism Strict rule (often compared to Hammurabi’s Code) Promotes social Order Bans Confucianism and Buddhism

HAN202 BCE to220 CE

Reinstates Buddhism and Confucianism Compared to Rome for their extensive road system (Silk Road) Efficient type of bureaucracy in their government All bureaucrats must pass civil service exam All bureaucrats were educated

TANG/SONG618 to 907960 to 1279

Golden Age of Art and Literature Inventions that changed the world like: Gunpowder, Compass

and moveable type

YUAN (under Mongol Control)

1279 to 1368 Chinese Dynasty under rule of Mongol ruler Kublai Khan United China Kublai adapts to Chinese customs and brings China to Golden

Age Creates the Pax Mongolia

MING1368 to 1644 Zheng He – Explorer

Time period of exploration He connects India, Middle East and East Africa Expanded the Economy Commanded many naval expeditions Urbanization of the areas he travelled to wealth in trade

How has China influenced Korea throughout history?1. Cultural diffusion took place between the areas2. Acted as a land bridge, bridging together the cultures, ideas and customs between Korea and China


Mesopotamia City-State of Babylon… HAMMURABI’S CODE (eye for an eye)

Rome 12 Tables (1-10 = patricians and 11 and 12 = plebeians)

Byzantium Justinian’s Code

Islam 5 Pillars of Islam and the Koran (Sharia Law)… when religion dictates how the government should be ruled

Christianity/Judaism 10 Commandments


WrittenWritten

Written Laws

WHAT DO THESE LAWS HAVE IN COMMON

Written laws Promoting social order Sometimes showing social stratification (hammurabi’s code)

… other times protecting social classes… it depends on which civilization

ALWAYS CREATED TO KEEP ORDER IN SOCIETY

How are Sumerian Laws similar to Legalism? *Strict and rigid *Both promote social order

How are religious laws similar to political laws? *Sharia Law when you have religious texts dictating all aspects of life and government. Seen throughout the Islamic Empire


These are some of the religions from 9th grade social studies:Religion Where practicedAnimism Early Americas and Early African civilizationsShintoism JapanDaosim/Taoism Asia (Withdraw to nature to find The Way)Hinduism India (didn’t spread b/c harsh social system)Buddhism India China on Silk Road (Appealed to women and poor)Confucianism Philosophy - Asia (Becomes intertwined in Chinese culture)

ReligionReligion

Zoroastrianism Persia Judaism Middle EastChristianity Middle EastEastern Orthodox ConstantinopleIslam Middle East


Animism/Shinto

All things living and non-living have a spirit Nature is very important Respecting the sacred spirit in nature Pocahontas religion

Hinduism

Karma – A person’s good and bad actions Dharma – A person’s duties or jobs Reincarnation, moksha and samsara Caste system (Harsh a rigid social class systemstill promotes social order) Initially the religion was polytheistic

Buddhism

Karma, Reincarnation, Moksha and Samsara 4 Noble Truths and the 8 Fold Path = Overcome worldly desires Nirvana (breaking Moksha and the samsara cycle) Appealing to women and the poor Spreads on the Silk Road

Confucianism

Pushed for a government of bureaucracy Social order – Good government and Harmony 5 relationships helped filial piety (respect for elders) Philosophy - Has become intertwined with Chinese culture Men was superior to women in this philosophy

Zoroastrianism

First monotheistic religion to emerge Battle of good (God) v. evil (Satan) Epic battle of good v. evil is known as Dualism God was a selfish entity that wanted all the attention to itself

Judaism

Monotheistic religion. Derived from Zoroastrianism Influenced Christianity and Islam God was Yahew 10 Commandments – Helped to promote social order

Christianity

Monotheistic religion Derived from Zoroastrianism 10 Commandments – Helped to promote social order Spreads b/c appealing to women and poor Spreads on extensive Roman Road systems

Eastern Orthodox

Monotheistic religion Derived from Christianity Icons and Iconoclasts Slightly differed from Christianity

Islam

Monotheistic religion God is known as Allah 5 Pillars – Helped to promote social order (1: Go to Mecca, 2: Believe in one God,

3: Pray 5 times a day, 4: Give alms or charity and 5: Fast during Ramadan) Spreads mostly by trade routes and at times by conquest Used Sharia law under the Islamic Empire

WRITE THE LINES TO THE FOLLOWING SOCIAL STUDIES SONGS:

CONFUCIUS SONG 5 PILLARS SONG CHINESE DYNASTIES SONGS Confucius wanted a government

of bureaucracy He believed in social order, good

government and harmony He said the 5 Relationships helps

Filial Piety Confucius helped to make a great

society

Allah Allah only god Pilgrimage is called the Hajj Muslims pray 5 times a day Alms is charity that’s paid Allah Allah only god Fasting during Ramadan

Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Tang and Song Tang and Song Then there was the Ming The main guy was Zheng He He sailed the seas Sailed the seas

(Remember Yuan is between Tang and Ming)

List three ways Zoroastrianism is similar to Judaism and Christianity: Monotheism, Dual of good v. evil and both begin in the Middle EastList three characteristics for each:

Sunni Muslim Shiite Muslim Sufi Muslim Any community member could

rule Islam Umayyad Dynasty – Golden Age

(Astronomy, Architecture, Education) Sharia Law: Islamic Law becomes

the law of the land (religion and politics are tied together)

Abbasid Dynasty – Reform Islam

Blood relative of Muhammad should rule Islam

Stricter form of Islam

Meditate and Chant Give up worldly desires Lead you to Allah and the best

way to practice Islam

How did Islam spread in the following place? Again… mostly by trade routes…India Anatolia (Turkey) North Africa Spain Only 20-30% convert Culturally too many

differences between Islam and Hinduism

Forceful Conversion Appealing because

more egalitarian than Hinduism

Forceful and brutal conversion

Muslims take control of Constantinople

90% convert to Islam Keep Turkic language

Peaceful Conversion Spread through trade Muslims sponsor

universities Elevated social status

for convert (go from merchant to educated merchant)

Tied to W/Africa with gold-salt trade

First peaceful conversion

Muslims, Jews and Christians practice together

Stricter Islam comes through created tension

Isabella and Ferdinand eventually kick out Muslims


DEFINE:Feudalism: Political system: An exchange of land for a type of service or loyalty. Land is owned by a lord or local king. People movie onto manors for protection.

Manorialism: Economic system: The self-Sufficient trade that takes place on the manors


Feudalism

*Political System – (Exchange of loyalty for military service) *People move onto the manors because they are scared of the Germanic invaders*There is no centralized government during a time of feudalism *The government is DECENTRALIZED

MiddleMiddle

*Politically fragmented*Relatively steady population once people find safety while living on manors

Code of Chivalry

*Code of chivalry is a code of honor that knights live by*Explains a gentleman-like way of fighting*Explains how a knight should treat women*Often compared to Code of Bushido

Roman Catholic Church

*The Roman Catholic Church acted as the centralized force*Unified people during the Middle Ages*During late Middle Ages church ‘civilizes’ the Germanic invaders. People then are not afraid of the invaders and begin moving off of the manor and into cities again.*Germanic invaders begin to replace the old Roman citizen and a new ‘Roman Population’ emerges

Art, Architecture and Music

*Art, architecture and music during the Middle Ages all revolved around church and religious themes.*The other theme they revolved around was feudalism*Have halos around their heads (symbolizing a religious figure)*Artwork is very unproportioned

Describe the difference in architecture between beginning and end of the Middle Ages Early Middle Ages (500-1000): Limited proportion, halos around the head and religious themes, sacred Late Middle Ages or High Middle Ages (1000-1400ish): More proportionate, secular themes, interregional

trade, new trade routes to India developing


DEFINE AND IDENTIFY:

Crusades: Set of Holy Wars

Who was involved: Between Christians and Muslims

Major Leaders: Saladin: fighter for Muslims and Richard the Lion-Hearted: Fighter for Christians

LIST THE COMMON IDEAS FOR:*Even though the Muslims and Christians are at war, their cultures, ideas and ways of life mix.

CrusadeCrusade

Cultural Diffusion during Crusades

*Because of the crusades, Europeans have a demand for more middle eastern goods and Indian spices.

Motives for Fighting Crusades

1. To be released from Feudal obligations2. Conquering and defending the Holy Land (Jerusalem)3. Forgiveness of sins4. Desires of goods from the Middle East and India5. Helping defend Christianity in the Byzantine Empire

Result of the Crusades

1. Trade increased2. Feudalism weakens3. Interregional trade4. Europeans begin to search for new trade routes to India. Once the

Muslims sac Constantinople, and tensions remain with Europeans after the Crusades, Muslims shut off Constantinople to Christians. Christians cannot use that as a trade route to India for spices anymore.

What was Pope Urban II’s role in the Crusades?1. He was the Catholic pope who decided to help the Byzantine people fight off the Muslims2. Encouraged many to fight in the crusades


DEFINE:Code of Bushido: Code of conduct that Japanese samurai followed (often compare to Chivalry)

Role of the Heian Period: Japanese aristocrats who abused power

Why does Japanese Feudalism begin: Japanese rebelled against Heian kicked out government weak central government feudal manors protected the Japanese


Feudalism:Feudalism:

Geography of Japan

THINK GODZILLA: *Mountainous topography *Earthquakes *Ring of Fire *Can choose to isolate *Volcanic Activity * Islands (archipelago)

Why were horses so significant to Mongolian rule? Knowledge on horseback and use of bow/arrow on horseback allowed Mongols to conquer the biggest

empire ever seen Mongols could move throughout the huge empire quickly

Explain how Mongol rule extended into the following areas:PERSIA CHINA RUSSIA Mongols enter brutally Slaughtering as the conquer Mongols eventually assimilate,

pick up on Persian bureaucracy and very tolerant of Persian religions

Hard to conquer because of China’s diverse topography

Most Mongols refuse to assimilate…remain tolerant of religious and beliefs

Kublai Khan… runs the Yuan Dynasty

Russia didn’t have much to offer Mongols didn’t directly occupy Collect taxes and get natural

resources through principalities

Why was Genghis (Chinggis Khan) significant to the Mongols?1. He united the Mongol Clans and turned the pastoral lands into an empire2. Built the biggest empire ever built3. Runs successful military campaigns with the organizing his military in decimals (or units) of 10, 100, 1000

Why was Kublai Khan significant to the Mongols?1. He was a Mongol ruler in a Chinese land2. Created a Chinese dynasty called the Yuan Dynasty (after Tang before Ming)3. Assimilated slightly to the Chinese ways4. Adopt bureaucracy… but only allows foreigners (specifically Persians and Muslims) to be in the

bureaucracy so the Chinese do not try to overthrow the MongolsList three reasons that Mongolian Empire went through a Golden Age? (Pax Mongolia)

1. Awesome trading system2. Time of peace and prosperity3. Good road systems to lead the trade routes4. Often compared to the Pax Romana

Name: ________________________

DateMrs. Nessler

Review Packet Section 14

List three characteristics of the Mayan Civilization1. Calendar system2. Form of a writing system

Mongolian RuleMongolian Rule

The AmericasThe Americas

3. Advanced agricultural system4. Located in MesoAmerica

List three characteristics of the Aztec Civilization1. Advanced calendar system2. Adapt to their environment *Floating Gardens3. Religious Sacrifices4. Sun-God Worship5. Located in MesoAmerica

List three characteristics of the Inca Civilization1. Extensive Road Systems (similar to Roman Roads and the Silk Roads)2. Adapt to their environment: Bridges and Roads throughout the mountainous empire3. Terraced Farming4. Located in South America

List three significant characteristics of the following civilizations:Olmec Chavin Moche*Art structures*Statues of heads*Jaguar spirits and animistic beliefs*Early civilization – no river valley

*City-center where training for sacrifices took place

*Pyramid-like structures*Pottery art-work

How does Sumer and the Mayan Civilization compare?1. They both have very early forms of pictorial writing systems

How does the Chavin and Olmec differ from River Valley Civilizations?1. They are early civilizations that ARE NOT near rivers

List three ways the Maya, Aztec and Inca civilizations adapt to their environments?1. Maya- (agricultural surplus)2. Aztec- (floating gardens)3. Inca- (Road systems and terraced farming)

In your opinion, were the early American civilizations advanced BEFORE European contact? Explain!1. Yes… they are all advanced civilization. They all have mathematical advancements, architectural

structures, and religion. Additionally, they all adapt to their environment.2. Even though they’re not pastoral and don’t domesticate animals (because cattle do not migrate over

during the ice age) they are super advanced in cultivating and domesticating plants3. A positive of Columbus is that he does tie together two hemispheres of the world (old and new worlds)


Trans-Saharan Route Indian Ocean Route Silk RoadTrade RoutesTrade Routes

Location of the route

Significant features of the route

Why was this route so important?

Economic impact of the route?

Cultural Diffusion seen on this route

We will do this togetherWe will do this togetherWe will do this together

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Name: ___________________________ DateMrs. Nessler Time Period One Review

The World at a Glance: The first societies pre-history to 400B.C.E. (same as A.D.)Directions: Identify what was going on in the location given during these time periods. Be specific as possible and include as much information as possible.

Location Pre-history to 4000 B.C.E.

Americas

16,000 – Human cross the Bering Straight into Americas14,000 – Humans begin to arrive in South America11,500 – Clovis culture begins

Europe

230,000 – Homo Erectus appears in Europe40,0000 – Homo Sapiens arrive in Europe (live alongside of Neanderthals)28,000 – Neanderthals become extinct (southern Spain)

Middle East

100,000 – Modern humans began moving into Middle East8000 – Jericho becomes a large city8000 to 7700 – Wheat and barley were cultivated7250 – Catal Huyuk – A town in Anatolia emerges with a population of 6000.

Africa

4,500,000 – Hominids begin to appear250,000 – Homo Sapiens emerge in Africa75,000 – Glaciation turns Africa to desert

Asia

75,000 – Modern humans arrive in Southeast Asia and China60,000 – Modern humans arrive in Australia by man-made boats7000 to 5000 – Rice cultivation in Asia

Name: ___________________________ DateMrs. Nessler Time Period One Review

TIME PERIOD ONE

The World at a Glance: The first societies 3000B.C.E. to 500B.C.E. (same as A.D.)Directions: Identify what was going on in the location given during these time periods. Be specific as possible and include as much information as possible.

Location Social Political Interactive w/ Environ. Culture (and religion) Economic

Americas

3000 – Neolithic villages emerge1500 – Olmec civilization begin and establish social structure1100 – Chavin emerge700 – Mayan emerge

1500 – Olmec expand from Gulf to Pacific in Mesoamerica 800 – Chavin is the ritual political center of Americas500 – Olmec culture declines

2000 – Potatoes and quinoa 1200 – Maize staple crop

1500 – Metal working begins1300 – Olmec practice blood-letting rituals and ball games1200 – Olmec stone heads700 -Olmec create glyphic writing

3000 – Agricultural villages appear in C. A. (trade)2800 – Farming Villages in amazon region1200 – Olmec trade obsidian, jade and cocoa

Europe

3000 – Neolithic villages emerge2500 – Stone tools are used

800 – Some Greek city-states700 – Many Greek city-states509 – Romans overthrow King Tarquin the Proud

3000 – Copper is mined2700 – Horse is domesticated

3000 – Bronze Age begins1600 – Stonehenge 1000 – Iron use in Greece700 – Iron slashing swords

3000 – Specialized workers

Middle East

3200 – Mesopotamia emerges3000 – Phoenicia emerges1200 – Phoenicia emerges

2000 – Mesopotamia falls1792 – Hammurabi creates social order1000 – Phoenicians colonize558-529 – Cyrus522 - Darius

3000 – Camels are domesticated3000 – Ziggurats are built

3200 – Cuneiform 3000 – Papyrus, abacus & bronze2700 – Pyramids are built2000 – Epic of Gilgamesh1100 – Phoenician alphabet600 – Zoroastrianism begins

2500 – Mesopotamia trades with Indus1000 – Phoenicians use and sell purple dye 750 – Phoenicia trade network through Mediterranean Sea

Africa

3000 – Neolithic villages emerge3000 – Nile Valley emerges

813 – Carthage founded and colonized by Phoenicians1335 – King Tut ruling Egypt

1050 – Bantu migration southward (desertification)2600 – Egyptians use Nile to trade goods

3100 – Hieroglyphics 2500 – Mummification 950 – Egyptian script called demotic emerges

2500 – Egyptians traded gold, papyrus, linen and grain

Asia

3000 – Neolithic villages emerge2500 – Indus cities emerge1400 – Aryan migration = social order in Indus Valley

1400 – Aryan migration in Indus political structure with Hinduism1000 – Caste system emerges1200 – Shang China begins to fall1045 – Zhou claim mandate of heaven. Overthrow Shang700 – Decline of Zhou

1700 – Earthquake and epidemics cause Indus RVC to fall1400 – Steppe region dries up and/or land overused. Begins migration into Indus Valley

3000 – Plow is used in China2700 – Silk weaving begins2500 - Acupuncture2500 – Indus writing begins1700 – Shang writing system800 – Hindu texts written600 – Daoism560 – Buddhism

2500 – Mesopotamia trades with Indus1700 – Shang: ivory and bronze object sold and traded

Name: ___________________________ Date

Mrs. Nessler Time Period Two ReviewTIME PERIOD TWO: Second Wave Civilizations

The World at a Glance: The first societies 500B.C.E. to 500C.E.Directions: Identify what was going on in the location given during these time periods. Be specific as possible and include as much information as possible.


Americas

500BCE – Olmec civilization400BCE – Zapotec Civilization400BCE – Chavin Civilization300BCE – Mayan Civilization250BCE – Moche Civilization200BCE – Teotihuacan Civ

250BCE – Mayan divine kings rule city-states

200BCE – Mudbrick buildings In Teotihuacan

Slash & Burn FarmingIrrigation

400BCE – Olmec Writing300BCE – Mayan temples300BCE – Mayan calendar100BCE – Teotihuacan temple100BCE – Moche build Ceremonial centers

Animism

100BCE – Cocoa plant

American civilizations trade with one another

Europe

800BCE – Greek city-states590BCE – Tarquin overthrown560BCE – Roman Republic60BCE – Roman Empire

334BCE – Alexander builds264BCE – 1st Punic War215BCE – 2nd Punic War44BCE – J. Caesar killed27BCE – A. Caesar rules259 – Germanics threaten312 – Constantine rules330-450 – Germanics sac

200BCE – Rome builds Aqueducts79 – Vesuvius explodes

776BCE – Greek Olympics500BCE - Pythagoras450BCE – 12 Tables440BCE – Greek Golden Age Pericles312BCE – Appian Way200BCE – Rome bridges and Concrete & gladiators

500BCE – use of coins in Sparta 300BCE-300CE – items traded all along the Roman Roads

Middle East

600BCE – Phoenician Sailors486BCE – Achaemenid Empire558-529BCE – Cyrus522 – Darius247BCE – Satraps emerge

486BCE – Xerxes rules460BCE – Herodotus travels throughout Mid East334BCE – Alex takes over Persia (I.G.E)

400BCE – Underground canals in Iranian Plateau

500-300BCE development of the Torah

1st century – Silk, herbs and spices are traded from Asia to the Middle East224 – rice, sugar and other crops are traded

Africa

750BCE – Carthage Emerges300 – Djenne Djenno

300BCE – Nubian civilization 149BCE – 3rd Punic War300 – Djenne Djenno stateless society

200BCE – Bantu settle in South Africa

Axum and Agriculture

350 – Christianity spreads to AxumAnimismReligion spreads through trade routes

450BCE – Iron used across Africa300BCE – Carthage controls Mediterranean trade200 – Axum begins a huge market in Africa

Asia

256BCE – Zhou falls221BCE – Shi Huangidi (1st emperor Qin China)206BCE – Han China

220BCE – ShiHuangdi implements Legalism322BCE – Mauryan Empire375 – Chandra Gupta assumes Gupta empire200BCE – Han China bureaucracy

400BCE – Walls are built in China 300BCE – Cultivation of wet rice

600 – LaoZi and Daoism560-483BCE – Buddhism500BCE – Confucianism500BCE – Indian surgery and skin graftsConcept of zero

400BCE – Indian merchants conduct trade in Asia350BCE – Coins emerge in China200BCE – Trade on ganges1st Century – Silk Road

Name: ___________________________ Date

Mrs. Nessler Time Period Three ReviewTIME PERIOD THREE

The World at a Glance: The first societies 500 to 1500Directions: Identify what was going on in the location given during these time periods. Be specific as possible and include as much information as possible.


Americas

1250 – Aztec Civilization1300 – Incan Civilization

500-1400s – All American civilizations have divine rules and social classes500-1400s – Women have a lower social status500-1400s – POW used for religious sacrifices

1350 – Floating Gardens1200-1400 – Terraced Farming1400 – Incan Roads1400 – Incan bridges

1000 – Eriksson ‘discovers’ Americas1000-1400 – Jaguar spirits in American civilizations500-1500 – Animism (until Europeans come over)

1200 – Quipus used in Incan Empire1200 – Obsidian used and traded

Europe

300 – Byzantium Empire600-1450 – Byzantine Empire500-1000 – Early Middle Ages1000-1500 – Late Middle Ages

500 – Feudalism in W. Europe527-567 – Justinian gains what was Rome750 – Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor1095-1291 – Crusades 1490 – Columbus comes to New World

500-1000 – Walled Manors1300 – Black Plague arrives

537 – Hagia Sophia529 – Justinian Code980 – Vladimir adopts religionCyrillic alphabet350 – schism (Eastern Orthodox begins)730 – Iconoclasts

500 – Trade on Silk Road between Europe and Asia500 – Manorialism in Europe

Middle East

600 – Islamic Empire begins spreading throughout Afro-Eurasian World

570 – Muhammad born661-750 – Umayyad Dynasty750-1250 – Abbasid Dynasty1095-1291 – Crusades1360 – Ottomans

600-1100 – Violent and brutal Invasion of Middle Eastern Land by Muslims

610 – Islam begins to be Spread910 – al-Razi makes Islamic medical advances

600-1300 – Trade with Silk Road, cultural cross roads and Africa trade routes1300 – cultural crossroads shut to Europeans (bc of Crusades) = Europe looking for new trade routes

Africa

500 – Ghana Empire600 – Islamic Empire begins spreading throughout Afro-Eurasian World1250 – Mali Empire

650 – Islam becomes rule of society as land is conquered1230-1255 – Sundiata1235 – Berber kingdoms1312 – Mansa Musa rules Mali

600-1700 – Bantu migration1312 – Mansa Musa travels through Sahara800-1000 – Monsoon winds used

1333 – Ibn Battuta travels through Afro-Eurasian world and spreads religion and culture

500 – Ghana trading Gold7-14 Century – Gold-Salt Trade

Asia

600 – Islamic Empire begins spreading throughout Afro-Eurasian World

907 – Tang Dynasty960 – Song Dynasty1160-1220 Genghis Khan rule13-15 centuries – Khanates1368 – Ming Dynasty

540 – Nomadic tribes invading China’s border1200 – Black Plague

590 – Printing blocks invented1000 – Gunpowder perfected1200s - Bushido1271 – Marco Polo

500 – Trade on Silk Road between Europe and Asia800-1000 – Indian Ocean Trade Routes1023 – Paper money printed1370 – Zheng He explorers and trades1180 – Japanese feudalism

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