Chapter 2 Section 1 – Early Agriculture. Key Terms Revolution – a complete change in ways of...
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Transcript of Chapter 2 Section 1 – Early Agriculture. Key Terms Revolution – a complete change in ways of...
![Page 1: Chapter 2 Section 1 – Early Agriculture. Key Terms Revolution – a complete change in ways of thinking, living, or working Domesticate – Change the growth.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649ea05503460f94ba2710/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 2Section 1 – Early Agriculture
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Key TermsRevolution – a complete change in ways of
thinking, living, or working
Domesticate – Change the growth of plants or behavior of animals in ways that are useful to humans
Surplus - extra
Specialization – act of concentrating on a limited number of goods or activities
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The Birth of FarmingPeople adapted to the changing climate by
learning to farm
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Modifying the Environment
People learned that if they scattered seeds, plants would grow
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Domesticating Plants and Animals
Widespread domestication marked the birth of farming
Domesticated plants became a reliable source of food
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Spread of FarmingNo one knows for sure where farming originated
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First Centers of AgricultureMost historians believe Southwestern Asia was
the first center of agriculture
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Cost and Benefits to Farming
Transition from hunting and gathering to farming was a slow process
Planting crops and herding animals took time and energy
If crops fail due to weather, a family might starve
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Continued…Farming produced more food
Required less land
People built permanent homes because of farming
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New kinds of ShelterUsed a mixture of mud and straw to form walls
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NEW KINDS OF CLOTHINGHunter-Gatherer societies depended on animal
fur, farming brought new materials that were lighter and easier to work with.
Example:FlaxCottonWoolSilk
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Surpluses and specialization
As crops and herds improved, farmers could raise a surplus
When there is a surplus, everyone doesn’t need to farm
Those people become specialized workers
Example:Tool makersWeaversmetalworkers
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Social OrganizationEarly farmers had to work together
They discuss what to plant, and when to harvest
They discuss how to protect the community
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Chapter 2 Section 2Cities and Civilizations
Page 90
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City of UrukConsidered the worlds first city
Founded around 6,000-7,000 years ago
Uruk had one of the first complex governments
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Centers of wealthUruk also had a complex economy
Uruk’s economy was based on faming, and trade
The wealth of the city attracted people to the city
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The importance of resources
Early civilizations depended on creating a food surplus
The most important resources were fertile soil, water, and seeds
However, these were not important if there was not people there to manage the resources
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Settings of Early Civilizations
Earliest civilizations appear in southwestern Asia
River valleys provide a good setting for permanent settlements
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Features of Civilizations Cities
Organized governments
Established religions
Job specialization
Social classes
Public works
Arts and Architecture
System of writing
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CitiesEarly cities emerged near farming centers
Food surplus led to population growth
Cities were centers of religion, government, and culture
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Organized GovernmentGovernment managed cities resources
Formed and trained armies
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Established ReligionReligion was linked to government
Rulers usually claimed their right to rule from their gods
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Job Specialization Most people were farmers
Priest specialized in religious practice
Rulers and soldiers specialized in keeping peace and protecting the city
Merchants specialized in buying and selling goods
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Social ClassesClass structure resembles a pyramid
Small number of people with the most power at the top
Largest number of people with the least power at the bottom
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Social ClassesHighest class
Priest and rulers
Middle Class
Farmers, Merchants, and Skilled workers
Lowest Class
Slaves
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Public WorksGovernment Projects
Road workWater systemCity wallsGranaries
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System of WritingEarly writing system was used to record
numbers
Eventually they recorded laws, prayers, and described their rulers