Sistem Otot Muskular 2 (Muscular System)
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Transcript of Sistem Otot Muskular 2 (Muscular System)
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Muscular System
Introduction Muscles convert chemical energy into
mechanical energy.
Muscles make up the bulk of the body andaccount for about one-third of its weight.
Their ability to contract not only enables thebody to move, but also provides the forcethat pushes substances, such as blood andfood, through the body.
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Without the muscular system, none of the other organ systems would be able
to function.
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Three types of muscle
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
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Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Cells are striated
(striped) with multiple nuclei; are
arranged as many, long, cylindrical cellsbundled together; with several bundlesenclosed in tough connective tissuesheath to form a muscle; they are
responsible for voluntary movement,and are generally connected to bonesvia tendons
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Skeletal Muscle Cells
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Skeletal muscle
Large muscles
Maintain posture
Facilitate locomotion
Move jointed bones
Found in antagonistic pairs Joined to bones by tendons
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Smooth Muscle Cells are not striated, have a single nucleus; the cells are
tapered at both ends, are held together by tight junctions; and are located in the walls of "hollow
organs" i.e., blood vessels, stomach, bladder, andother internal organs; they are responsible forinvoluntary movements i.e., peristalsis, and althoughthey are wrapped by connective tissue, they are notconnected by tendons. Although considered
involuntary muscles, they do respond topsychological states such as stress and excitement
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Smooth muscle
Lines walls of viscera
Found in longitudinal orcircular arrangement
Alternate contraction ofcircular & longitudinalmuscle in the intestineleads to peristalsis
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Smooth Muscle Cells
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Cardiac Muscle Cells
are striated with multiple nuclei per cell likeskeletal muscles; however, the cells arebranched and connected end-to-end by
junctions (fused cell membranes) that
allow electrical current flow; they are locatedonly in the heart wall. Although also consideredinvoluntary muscles, they do respond topsychological states such as stress and
excitement, and significant evidence suggeststhat some degree of voluntary control can begained over cardiac muscles, through practicessuch as meditation and biofeedback
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Cardiac muscle
Main muscle of heart
Pumping mass of heart
Critical in humans
Heart muscle cellsbehave as one unit
Heart always contractsto it’s full extent
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Cardiac Muscle Cells
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Classification of muscle
Voluntary Involuntary
Limbs Heart Viscera
Striated Non-striated
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Note: Control, Location and Structure
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Functional Organization of Skeletal Muscle
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Single Muscle Fibers
A muscle fiber is a single, multinucleatedmuscle cell.
A muscle is made up of hundreds or eventhousands of muscle fibers, depending on themuscles size.
Although muscle fiber makes up most of themuscle tissue, a large amount of connectivetissue, blood vessels, and nerves are alsopresent.
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Connective tissue covers and supportseach muscle fiber and reinforces themuscle as a whole.
The health of muscle depends on asufficient nerve and blood supply. Eachskeletal muscle has a nerve ending thatcontrols its activity (innervation ), and an
individual system to supply and drainblood (vascularization ).
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Bundles of Muscles Muscle Fibers consist of bundles of
threadlike structures called myofibrils
Each myofibril is made up of two types of protein filaments- Thick ones and Thin ones.
The thick filaments are made up of aprotein called myosin .
The thin filaments are made of a protein
called actin .
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Myosin and Actin filaments are
arranged to form overlapping patterns,which are responsible for the light anddark bands (striations) that can beseen in skeletal muscle.
Thin actin filaments are anchored attheir midpoints to a structure calledthe z-line .
The region from one z-line to the nextis called a sarcomere , which is thefunctional unit of muscle contractions.
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How Muscles and Bones Interact
Skeleton muscles generate force andproduce movement only by contracting
or pulling on body parts. Individual muscles can only pull; they
cannot push.
Skeleton muscles are joined to bone bytough connective tissue called tendons.
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Tendons attach muscle to bone; the origin isthe more stationary bone, the insertion is themore movable bone.
Tendons are attached in such a way thatthey pull on the bones and make them work like levers. The movements of the musclesand joints enable the bones to act as levers.
Most skeletal muscles work in pairs.
When one muscle or set of musclescontracts, the other relaxes.
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The muscles of the upper arm are a goodexample of this dual action: a flexor , is a
muscle that bends a joint, while an extensor is a muscle that straightens a joint.
a.when the biceps muscle (on the front of the
upper arm, flexor) contracts, it bends or flexes the elbow joint.
b.when the triceps muscle (on the back of the upper arm, extensor) contracts, it opens, or extends, the elbow joint.
c.a controlled movement requires contraction by both muscles.
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Names of Skeletal Muscles
Individual muscles are named on thebasis of several criteria, each of which
focuses on a particular structural orfunctional characteristic. Paying closeattention to these cues can greatly
simplify your task of learning musclenames and actions:
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Direction of the muscle fibers
Some muscles are named in reference tosome imaginary line (usually the midline) onthe body. When a muscle name includes the
term rectus (straight), its fibers run parallelto that imaginary line. The term oblique (slanted) in a name tells you that the musclefibers run at an angle to the imaginary line.
The rectus femoris is a straight muscle of the thigh. The external oblique is a muscleslanted across the abdomen.
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Relative size of the muscle
Such terms as maximus (largest),minimus (smallest), and longus
(longest) are often used in musclenames.
The gluteus maximus is the largest
muscle of the gluteus muscle group.
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Location of the muscle
Some muscles are named for the bone with which they are associated.
The temporalis and frontalis musclesoverlie the temporal and frontal bonesof the skull.
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Number of origins
Some muscle names begin with aprefix indicating the number of origins.
- The biceps , triceps , and quadriceps have two, three, and four originsrespectively.
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Location of the muscle'sorigin and insertion
Some muscles are named for theirattachment sites.
- The sternocleidomastoid muscle hasits origin on the sternum (sterno ) andclavicle (cleido ) and inserts on the
mastoid process of the temporal bone.
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Shape of the muscle
Some muscles have a distinctive shape that helps to identify them.
- The deltoid muscle is roughlytriangular. (Deltoid means "triangular".)
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Action of the muscle
Action terms like flexor, extensor,and adductor appear in the names.
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