07 Planting Systems for Row Crops Staggenborg

7/28/2019 07 Planting Systems for Row Crops Staggenborg

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Planting Systems - An Agronomists View?


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Alternate Row Spacings Narrow row and alternate row configurations have

been of studied as a means to improve yields byimproving light and water use efficiencies.

Karlen et al., (1985) reported 5 to 10% yieldincrease from narrow rows over 38 in rows.

Paszkiewicz (2002) summarized a series of narrowrow studies throughout the corn belt and found:

Yield response to narrow rows ranged from -1.6to 7.6% compared to 30 in rows.

Widdicombe and Thelen (2002) reported

30 to 22 in = 2% yield increase

30 to 15 in = 4% yield increase


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Light Interception

Paszkiewicz (2002) Yield responses were more likely to occur in NW corn

belt compared to other regions of the corn belt.

Attributed advantages to increased light interception inlight limiting environments.

Andrade et al. (2002)

Clearly illustrated that yield increases occur in narrow

rows in response increased light interception


4/78

Narrow Row Corn Study

Years - 1996, 1997, 1998

Row spacings - 15, 20 and 30 inch

Plant populations - 20-, 26-, 32-, and

36,000 plants/a

Locations - Scandia (irrigated), St. John

(irrigated) & Belleville (dryland)


5/78

60

70

80

90

100110

120

130

140

16,000 20,000 24,000 28,000 32,000 36,000 40,000

Plant Population (plts/a)

G

rainYield(bu/a)

15 20 30

Belleville 1996 - Dryland

LSD(0.05) = 9.4


6/78

40

50

60

70

80

90

16,000 20,000 24,000 28,000 32,000 36,000 40,000


G

rainYield(bu/a)

15 20 30

Belleville 1997 - Dryland

LSD(0.05) = 9.4


7/78

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

16,000 20,000 24,000 28,000 32,000 36,000 40,000


G

rainYield(bu/a)

15 20 30

Scandia 1996 & 97- Irrigated

LSD(0.05) = 12.2


8/78

Irrigated Dryland

Row Yield Diff* Yield Diff*

Spacing (in) (bu/a) (bu/a) (bu/a) (bu/a)

15 188.7 13.4 108.3 -5.4

20 185.0 9.7 106.0 -7.730 175.2 --- 113.8 ---

Narrow Row Corn Summary (96-98)Six irrigated site-years and three dryland site-years

* Difference compared to 30 rows


9/78

Plant Irrigated Dryland

Population Yield Diff* Yield Diff*

(plt/a) (bu/a) (bu/a) (bu/a) (bu/a)

20,000 166.4 --- 103.7 ---

26,000 184.0 17.6 107.5 3.732,000 189.8 23.4 111.8 8.0

36,000 193.7 27.3 114.6 10.9

Corn Population Summary (96-98)Six irrigated site-years and three dryland site-years

* Difference compared to 20,000 rows


10/78

Paired Row

Corn

Believed to have the same light

interception characteristics of narrow row

corn (~22 in).

Can be harvested with conventional corn

head.


11/78

Paired Row Corn

- Drills Plant paired row corn with fluted feed or air

seeders.

Hope that skips in adjacent rows willcompensate for each other.

Seeding depth control and seed placement?


12/78

Paired Row Corn - Drill

Near McPherson in 1998

Irrigated - Center Pivot

Planted with air seeder

Yield were adjusted for harvest loss.


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Irrigated Corn 1998

140

150

160

170

180

190

30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

Plant Population (plts/acre)

Drill 7.5"

Drill 15"

Drill Paired Row

Planter 15"

Planter 30"


14/78

Paired Row Corn StudyAlexander, KS 2000

John Deere 1760 Row Crop Planter & 1860 Air Seeder

Two corn hybrids

Target Plant Populations -

Planter 19,500 & 21,000 seed/a (hybrid specific)

Air Seeder 25,500, 32,500 and 39,000 seed/a

Measured emergence, plant spacing, seeding depth and yield.


15/78

Corn - Paired Row

Alexander, KS 2000

Unit Yield

Seed

Depth

Std. Dev.

in Depth

(bu/a) (in) (in)

Planter 115 1.77 0.30

Air Seeder 104 1.45 0.29

LSD(0.05) 10 0.16 ns


16/78

Corn - Paired Row

Alexander, KS 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Miss Quality of Feed Multiple

Index(%

)

Planter

Air Seeder


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Materials and Methods

Six Location-Years: Manhattan (dryland) 2001

Manhattan (dryland) 2002

Powhattan (dryland) 2002

Belleville (dryland) 2002

Rossville (irrigated) 2001

Topeka (irrigated) 2002

Three planting patterns:

30 in, 20 in, and paired row

Previous Crop Soybeans

All location-years

Except Manhattan 2001 Corn


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Materials and Methods

Two plant populations: Dryland: 24,000 and 28,000 plants/a

Irrigated: 26,000 and 30,000 plants/a

Hybrids used: Pioneer 34K77 (2001) & Pioneer 35P12

Yield and yield components were measured.

Grain yield

Ears/Plant

Ears/a

Kernel weight


19/78

Paired Row Corn - Planter

Two locations:

Manhattan (dryland)

Rossville (irrigated)

Two plant populations:

Manhattan: 24,000 and 28,000

Rossville: 26,000 and 30,000

Three planting patterns:

30 in, 20 in, and paired row


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Analysis of Variance2001

Grain YieldPlot Locations

Source Riley Shawnee

Row Configuration (RC) 0.09 0.81

Plant Density (D) 0.46 0.19

RC X D 0.59 0.37

C.V. (%) 22.4 11.8

Mean Yield (bu/a) 41 134


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Analysis of Variance2002Grain Yield

Plot Locations

Source Brown Shawnee Riley Republic

Row Configuration (RC) 0.17 0.77 0.88 0.05

Plant Density (D) 0.44 0.78 0.09 0.74

RC X D 0.09 0.81 0.02 0.32

C.V. (%) 9.4 33.2 6.4 33.3

Mean Yield (bu/a) 67 91 45 15


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Republic 2002

Row

Configuration

Grain Yield

bu/a

30 in 25 a

20 in 12 b

Paired 10 b

means followed by the same letter in the

same column are not different at =0.05


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Plot Locations

Source Brown Shawnee Riley Republic

Row Configuration (RC) 0.98 0.30 0.93 0.89

Plant Density (D) 0.53 0.28 0.83 0.74

RC X D 0.52 0.54 0.98 0.22

C.V. (%) 7.9 8.4 14.0 43.3

Mean Yield (bu/a) 83 123 45 56


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Plot Locations

Source Shawnee Republic

Row Configuration (RC) 0.04 0.05

Plant Density (D) 0.01 0.21

RC X D 0.24 0.80

C.V. (%) 4.8 13.3

Mean Yield (bu/a) 220 231


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Corn - Paired Row - 2004

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

30-in Paired -

Row

20-in

Yield(bu/a)

a

b b

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

30-in Paired -

Row

20-in

Yield(bu/a)

ab a

ShawneeShawnee


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Paired Row Corn

Narrow rows showed and advantage in high yieldingenvironments in the late 1990s. Narrow rows reduced yieldssignificantly when an extended period of early season waterstress was encountered.

Establishing consistent stands with and air seeder or fluted feed

grain drill in paired rows can be challenging.

Paired rows may have canopy characteristics similar to 20 or 22in rows, but the advantage of these row spacings were notrealized in this study.

If adequate stands can be established in paired rows (non airseeder or fluted feed systems) yields will likely be similar to 30in rows planted with a planter under most dryland situations inKansas.


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Questions?


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Paired Row Corn2001

Row Manhattan Rossville

Spacing Yield Ears/Plant Yield Ears/Plant

bu/a bu/a30 in 36.4 0.8 137.8 1.0

20 in 43.4 1.0 132.4 1.0

Paired 39.9 0.9 133.1 1.0

LSD(0.05) NS NS NS NS

Plant population treatments did not significantly affect yields.


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Corn Yield Loss from Plant Spacing Variability

y = 1.328x + 0.3959

R2

= 0.46

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Seed Spacing (Standard Deviation)

YieldLoss(%)

0.8

3.2

6.6

10.6

Vanderlip et al., 1988


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Planter SpeedYield

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Speed (mph)

Yield(bu/a)

Powhattan Topeka Powhattan 00


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Finger Pick-Up Test

Use a Kinze Test Stand (Model 3000)

Ran two new meters at : 40100 rpm

Converted to mph at 3 seeding rates

Medium Round Corn Seed

Meter calculates Accuracy, Skips and

Multiples.


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Finger Pick-Up Test

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

RPM

%M

ultiples

0

1

2

3

4

5

%S

kips

Multiples Skips


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Managing Plant Spacing

Select the correct hybrid for your conditions

Plant it at the right time (late April-Early

May)

Plant the correct populationspeed influence

Maintain your planter and adjust it correctly


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Finger Pick-Up Test

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

MPH

%

Skips

24000 28000 32000


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Finger Pick-Up Test

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

MPH

%

Multiples

24000

28000

32000


37/78


38/78

Planter Speed Study

Corn Seeding Rates: 23,525 & 27,330 seed/acre

Planter Speeds: 5, 8 and 11 mph

Four row plots

Measured grain yield and plant spacings


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Planter Speed - Corn 2000Multiple Index

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

4 6 8 10 12

Speed (mph)

MulitpleIndex

23525 plts/a

27330 plts/a

LSDs

Pop = ns

Speed = ns

P x S = ???

l d


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0

5

10

15

20

25

4 6 8 10 12

Speed (mph)

MissIndex

23525 plts/a27330 plts/a

Average

LSDs

Pop = ns

Speed = 7.2

P x S = ns

Planter Speed - Corn 2000Miss Index

Pl S d C 2000


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60

70

80

90

100

110

4 6 8 10 12

Speed (mph)

Qualityof

Feed

23525 plts/a27330 plts/aAverage

LSDs

Pop = ns

Speed = 7.6

P x S = ns

Planter Speed - Corn 2000Quality of Feed Index

Pl S d C 2000


42/78

15

20

25

30

4 6 8 10 12

Speed (mph)

Precision

23525 plts/a27330 plts/aAverage

LSDs

Pop = ns

Speed = 3.9

P x S = ns

Planter Speed - Corn 2000Precision Index


43/78

Conclusions

Plant variability can result in 10% yield losses under

extreme conditions.

Skips and doubles increase as planter speed increases,

but skips reduce yields, but doubles increase yields if no

barrenness occurs.

Final plant population should be the first goal and then

worry about plant spacing uniformity.

Few improvements are likely to be gained when using a

new or well maintained planter operated at 4 to 7 mph.


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Experimental Design

Planter-Row Spacing Drill 7.5, 15 and 30 (low pop only)

Planter 15 and 30

Three populations (160, 190 and 210,000) Replicated three times (39 plots)

Planted 30 foot strips about 1000 feet long

Squared plots to about 900 feet long andharvested the center 20 feet

Yield monitor and weigh wagon


45/78

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

120 140 160 180 200

Plant Density (1000 plts/acre)

GrainYield(bu/acre)

30 15

ns

Soybean 2000

100 120 140 160


30 15 7.5

ns

Planter Drill


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40

50

60

70

80

90

100

120 170 220


Emergenc

e(%)

30 15

ns

Soybean 2000

120 170 220


30 15 7.5

Planter Drill


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Conclusions

When yields are extremely low, row

spacing and plant population have little

effect on soybean yields

Soybeans planted with planter units had

greater establishment rates (plants/seeddrop) than soybeans planted with a drill.


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K STATEResearch and Extension

KnowledgeLifefor
http://d/Update2001.ppthttp://d/Update2001.ppthttp://d/Update2001.ppthttp://d/Update2001.ppthttp://d/Update2001.ppthttp://d/Update2001.ppt


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Planter SpeedTopeka 2001

Emergence (%)

Source 4/28 4/30 5/4

Speed (S) NS NS NS

Firmer (F) NS ** NS

S X F NS NS NS

Expressed as % of final stand as determined on 6/20


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Seed

Spacing Std Dev

Multiple

Index

Miss

Index

(in) (in)

Keaton 7.0 3.35 11.2 12.7

None 7.2 3.68 10.9 14.1

LSD(0.05) NS 0.31 NS NS


52/78


Emergence (%)

4/28 4/30 5/4

Keaton 0.3 36.7 93.0

None 0.0 39.3 89.7

LSD(0.05) NS NS 3.0



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Planter SpeedPowhattan 2001

Source

Seed

Spacing Std Dev

Multiple

Index

Miss

Index

Speed (S) NS ** ** **

Firmer (F) NS ** NS NS

S X F NS NS NS NS


54/78


y = -0.1362x2

+ 2.13x - 4.1337

y = 1.725x - 1.0083

y = 1.85x + 0.4167

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Speed (mph)

Std. Dev

Multiple Index

Miss Index


55/78


Emergence (%)

Source 4/28 4/30 5/4

Speed (S) NS NS NS

Firmer (F) NS ** NS

S X F NS NS NS



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Seed

Spacing Std Dev

Multiple

Index

Miss

Index

(in) (in)

Keaton 7.0 3.35 11.2 12.7

None 7.2 3.68 10.9 14.1

LSD(0.05) NS 0.31 NS NS


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Emergence (%)

4/28 4/30 5/4

Keaton 0.3 36.7 93.0

None 0.0 39.3 89.7

LSD(0.05) NS NS 3.0



58/78

Speed and Planter Rate (1 rep)

5 mph

11 mph

8 mph5 mph

11 mph

8 mph

27,

330

23,

525

Blocking seeding rates made sub plots (speed) easier to implement

380 ft


59/78

Planter Speed Study

Yield was measured using an AgLeader PF3000

yield monitor to estimate weight (distance

measured with a tape).

Plant spacings of 20 plants were measured for

planter performance evaluation.

Planter Speed Corn 2000


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Planter Speed - Corn 2000Yield

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

4 6 8 10 12

Speed (mph)

Yield(b

u/a)

23,525

27,330

S

LSDsPop = ns

Speed = ns

P x S = ??

Pl t S d St d


61/78

Planter Speed Study

27,330

23,525

23,525

27,330

27,330

23,525

PlantSpacingMeasurementArea

Planter Speed Corn 2000


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Planter Speed - Corn 2000Standard Deviation

0

1

2

34

5

67

4 6 8 10 12

Speed (mph)

Mulitple

Index

23525 plts/a

27330 plts/a

LSDs

Pop = ns

Speed = ns

P x S = ns


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Give the crop a head start

Get a proper standBe sure planters

are properly

adjustedBe sure planters

are properly

maintained

Consider slowing

down. 02

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 5 10 15

Speed (mph)

Percentage

Multiple Index

Miss Index


64/78

y = -0.0782x2

+ 0.3442x + 0.5897

R2

= 0.7343

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

Planting Depth (in)

Yield(%o

fMax)

Proper Planting Depth

Planting corn and sorghum deep (2 & 1.5) will reduceearly season mortality under dry soil conditions.

Source:AgWay


65/78

Geary County 1998

Planter Speeds: 3.4, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 mph

Target Population: 27,500 plants/acre

Measured Plant Standard Deviation with a

mechanical tripping lever device.


66/78

Plant Populations and Standard Deviation

y = 0.1862x + 2.7202

R2

= 0.7216

y = -0.1896x + 24.801

R2

= 0.6383

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.02.5

3.0

3.5

4.04.5

0 2 4 6 8 10

Planter Speed (mph)

StandardDe

viation(in)

22.0

22.5

23.0

23.5

24.0

24.5

25.0

25.526.0

Population(1000plts/a)

Standard Dev

Plant Density


67/78

Vanderlip et al. (1988)

Less than 25% of the yield variability was

accounted for by within-row spacing

variability

In all tests, yield reduction due to variability

in plant spacing was less than 1 bu/A perinch standard deviation in plant spacing


68/78

Plant Spacing

About 3.5 bu/A yield reduction for each

inch of standard deviation in plant

spacing(Krall et al. 1977)

Less than one inch of standard deviation in

plant spacing for reducing planter speedfrom 8 mph to 4 mph


69/78

Osage County Plots

Standard Deviations

Maximum = 6.4

Average = 3.9Minimum = 2.2

Emergence related variability, not planter

speed

Skips and Doubles?


70/78

Skips and Doubles?

Doubles- Plants in the double reduced grain wt/plant by

12% (range 10 to 16%)

- However, no barrenness in the doubles increased

yield/acre by 14 to 26%

Skips

-Plants next to a skip yielded from 9 to 15%higher than the controls

- But the increase was not enough to compensate

for the missing plants

Nafziger, 1996


71/78

Skips and Doubles?

10% skips in a field at 18,000 plants/a willreduce yields by 5% and 8% at 30,000

plants/a. (increasing seeding rates will reduce thenumber of skips)

10% doubles in a field at 18,000 plants/a

will increase yields 8% and 4% at 30,000

plants/acre (reducing plate speed will reduce doubles)

Nafziger, 1996

Drilled Corn


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0

10

20

3040

50

6070

80

10000 15000 20000 25000

Plant Population (plts/acre)

00.2

0.4

0.6

0.81

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2Grain Yield (bu/acre)

Avg Plant Spacing (in)

Plants/row ft

Drilled Corn

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Report - 1888


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Douglas County Soybean Project

80 acre field in southern Douglas county

Worked with K-State in the past on other

projects Curious about differences between split-row

planters and drills for soybeans


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Soil EC and Yield

2000 Soybean 1999 Corn


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Plot Yield vs Distance

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Distance, feet

Yield,

bu/a

c

Planter 15

Drill 7.5


76/78

Soil EC Path

T C i


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Treatment Comparisons

Contrast (X vs Y)

Establishment

(%)

Yield

(bu/a)X-Y X-Y

Planter 15" vs. Drill 15" 21.4 ** 2.1 *

Planter 30" vs. Drill 30" 16.3 ** 1.2 ns

Planter vs. Drill 17.6 ** 1.9 *

Drill 7.5 vs. Drill 15 9.1 ** 1.9 *

Drill 7.5 vs. Planter 15 -12.4 ** -0.2 nsPlanter 15 vs. Planter 30 -1.3 ns -1.4 ns

** indicates significance at the 0.01 level

* indicates significance at the 0.05 level


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07 Planting Systems for Row Crops Staggenborg

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Transcript of 07 Planting Systems for Row Crops Staggenborg