Simple TVSS design UL 1449 listed

PSERC

1

Grid Effects of Cloud-Induced Variation in Solar Photovoltaic Generation

Ward JewellWichita State University

Power Systems Engineering Research Center

[email protected]

PSERC

2

17

18

19

20

21

22

23C

ost o

f PV

Gen

erat

ed

Elec

tric

ty (c

ents

/kW

h)

Year

September 2010:– Modules: $4.08 / W -- Inverters: $0.715 / WSolarBuzz Solar Electricity Prices, Sept. 2010, www.solarbuzz.com/SolarPrices.htm

PSERC

3

PV vs. demand

01020304050607080

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Sola

r (M

W)

Load

(MW

)

Time Period (hour)Piyasak Poonpun, Effects of New Low Carbon Emission Generators and Energy Storage on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Electric Power Systems, PhD Dissertation, Wichita State University, 2009.

Full sun load

solar

PSERC

4

Wind vs. Demand020406080100

0500

10001500200025003000

1 4 7 1013161922 Win

d O

utpu

t (M

W)

Load

(MW

)

Time Period (hour)

020406080100

0500

10001500200025003000

1 4 7 1013161922 Win

d O

utpu

t (M

W)

Load

(MW

)

Time Period (hour)

020406080100

0500

10001500200025003000

1 4 7 1013161922 Win

d O

utpu

t (M

W)

Load

(MW

)

Time Period (hour)

Piyasak Poonpun, Effects of New Low Carbon Emission Generators and Energy Storage on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Electric Power Systems, PhD Dissertation, Wichita State University, 2009.

load

load load

wind

windwind

PSERC

5

Sunlightvaries

R. Ramakumar, Ward Jewell, et al, “Issues in Utility Interactive Photovoltaic Generation,” IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 14, No. 4, April 1994, pp. 19-21.

Full sun

Cloudy

Partly cloudy

December 2

December 5 December 6

PSERC

6

Operating Reserves

Typical capacity credits– Coal, nuclear, natural gas, oil, hydro: 100%– Solar 60-90%– Geothermal 80-100%– Wind 20-40%

PSERC

7

Cloud ModelingStatistical model, small cumulus clouds

Ward Jewell, R. Ramakumar, "Insolation Model for Simulation of an Electric Utility with High Penetration of Dispersed Photovoltaic Generation," Proceedings of the International Solar Energy Society Biennial Congress. June 1985.

PSERC

8

Simulated cloud pattern for 50% shadow cover


PSERC

9

Distributed PV Systems


PSERC

10

Resulting Insolation


PSERC

11

When a squall line moves across an area with PV, all PV generation is lost

Ward Jewell, R. Ramakumar, "The Effects of Moving Clouds on Electric Utilities with Dispersed Photovoltaic Generation," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, December 1987, pp. 570-576.

PSERC

12

When clouds are moving over an area with PV, PV generation varies rapidly

Ward Jewell, R. Ramakumar, Stanton Hill, "A Study of Dispersed Photovoltaic Generation on the PSO System,“ IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 3, No. 3, September 1988, pp. 473-478.

Maximum PV Variability(% per minute)

PSERC

13

When clouds are moving over an area with PV, PV generation varies rapidly


Example: • 1000 km2 (about 400 mi2) service area• 200 MW distributed PV• 200 MW x 3%/minute = 6 MW/minute change

PSERC

14

Power Flow ModelingPublic Service of Oklahoma (AEP) southeast Tulsa area

(450 square kilometers)


PSERC

15

Power Flow ResultsPublic Service of Oklahoma (AEP) southeast Tulsa area


PSERC

16

Power Flow ResultsPublic Service of Oklahoma (AEP) southeast Tulsa area


15 % distributed PV can cause:

• Transmission power flow reversal• Transmission overloads

under certain conditions

PSERC

17

Production CostUnit commitment and economic dispatch

Ward Jewell, Timothy D. Unruh, "Limits on Cloud Induced Fluctuation from Photovoltaic Generation," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 1990, pp. 8 14.

For a system that is ramp-rate limitedto 1% of load per minute:

One PV generator with capacity = 1.3% of load

may exceed system ramp rate under certain cloud conditions.

PSERC

18

Ramp rate limited system1% of load per minute

Ward Jewell, Timothy D. Unruh, "Limits on Cloud Induced Fluctuation from Photovoltaic Generation," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 1990, pp. 8 14.

05

101520253035404550

2 4 6 8 10Fluc

tuat

ion

in P

V O

utpu

t (%

of i

nsta

lled

PV

capa

city

per

min

ute)

PV Penetration (% of installed generation)

PSERC

19

Optimal Power Flowdispatch, LMPs, emissions

Miaolei Shao , Ward Jewell; “CO2Emission-Incorporated AC Optimal Power Flow and Its Primary Impacts on Power System Dispatch and Operations,” 2010 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Minneapolis, July 2010.

PSERC

20

SystemDispatch

No PVCO2 $0/ton

300 MW (9%) PVCO2 $0/ton

300 MW (9%) PVCO2 $50/ton

Piyasak Poonpun, Matthew Riddel, and Ward Jewell, “Solar Generation Prospects and Effects on System Optimal Power Flow,” 2009 Frontiers of Power Conference, Stillwater, Oklahoma, October 2009.

PSERC

21

Marginal Pricesat PV bus

No PVCO2 $0/ton

300 MW (9%) PVCO2 $0/ton

300 MW (9%) PVCO2 $50/ton

PSERC

22

Changes in system operating cost

CO2 $50/tonCO2 $0/ton


PSERC

23

Changes in CO2 emissions

CO2 $50/tonCO2 $0/ton


PSERC

24

Energy Storage to Relieve Congestion

Storage output (MW)

Bus 24 storage schedule

Zhouxing Hu, Ward Jewell, Optimal Power Flow Analysis of Energy Storage for Congestion Relief, Emissions Reduction, and Cost Savings, submitted to IEEE PES 2011 Power Systems Conference and Exhibition, September 2010.

PSERC

25

Operations with storage

Zhouxing Hu, Ward Jewell, Optimal Power Flow Analysis of Energy Storage for Congestion Relief, Emissions Reduction, and Cost Savings, submitted to IEEE PES 2011 Power Systems Conference and Exhibition, September 2010.

PSERC

26

Research supported byPower Systems Engineering Research Center

(pserc.org)Kansas Electric Utilities Research Program

Public Service of Oklahoma (AEP)

Ward JewellWichita State University

Power Systems Engineering Research Center

[email protected]

Simple TVSS design UL 1449 listed

Documents

Transcript of Simple TVSS design UL 1449 listed