Simple Present Tense

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSESIMPLE PRESENT TENSE(Subj + Verb I/+s or es )(Subj + Verb I/+s or es )

The Simple Present Tense is used :The Simple Present Tense is used :1. For 1. For general statements of factgeneral statements of fact. It means that. It means that something is true in the past, in the present, something is true in the past, in the present, and in the future.and in the future. Examples :Examples :

a. Water a. Water consistsconsists of hydrogen and oxygen. of hydrogen and oxygen.b. Most animals b. Most animals killkill only for food. only for food.c. An animal c. An animal killskills only for food only for foodd. The world d. The world isis round. round.e. Sugar e. Sugar tastestastes sweet and salt sweet and salt tastestastes salty. salty.

……..SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE..SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

2. To express 2. To express habitual or everyday activityhabitual or everyday activity..

Examples :Examples :

a.a. I I attendattend a lecture a lecture everydayeveryday..

b.b. He attendHe attendss a lecture a lecture everydayeveryday

c. My classc. My classeses beginbegin at eight. at eight.

d. He usually d. He usually wakeswakes up at 6 o’clock in the up at 6 o’clock in the morning.morning.

e. She always e. She always eatseats a sandwich for lunch. a sandwich for lunch.


Negative forms of the Simple Present Tense

(Subj + do/does + not + verb I)

Examples :

a. Water does not consist of hydrogen and oxygen.

b. Most animals do not kill only for food.

c. I do not attend a lecture everyday.

d. She does not always eat a sandwich for lunch.


Interrogative forms of the Simple Present Tense

(Do/Does + subj + verb I)

Examples :

a. Does water consist of hydrogen and oxygen?.

b. Do most animals kill only for food?.

c. Do I attend a lecture everyday?.

d. Does she always eat a sandwich for lunch?.

SIMPLE PAST TENSESIMPLE PAST TENSE(Subj + Verb II )(Subj + Verb II )

The Simple Past Tense indicates that the

activity or situation began and ended at a

particular time in the past.

Examples :

a. I walked to school yesterday.

b. He lived in Paris three years ago.

c. She bought a new car the day before

yesterday.

d. They visited our laboratory last Monday.

My mother My mother buys buys bananas bananas every weekevery week

My mother My mother boughtbought bananas bananas last weeklast week

……..SIMPLE PAST TENSE..SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Negative forms of the Simple Past Tense

(Subj + did + not + verb I)

Examples :

a. I did not walk to school yesterday.

b. He did not live in Paris three years ago.

c. She did not buy a new car the day before

yesterday.

d. They did not visit our laboratory last Monday.

……..SIMPLE PAST TENSE..SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Interrogative forms of the Simple Past Tense

(Did + subj + verb I)

Examples :

a. Did I walk to school yesterday?.

b. Did he live in Paris three years ago?.

c. Did she buy a new car the day before

yesterday?.

d. Did they visit our laboratory last Monday?.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSEPRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE(Subj + to be + verb-ing)(Subj + to be + verb-ing)

The Present Continuous/Progressive TenseThe Present Continuous/Progressive Tense expresses an activity that is expresses an activity that is in progress at the in progress at the

moment of speakingmoment of speaking. It began in the recent past,. It began in the recent past,

is continuing at present, and will probably end is continuing at present, and will probably end

at some point in the future.at some point in the future.

Example :Example :

a. John a. John is sleepingis sleeping right now. right now.

b. I need an umbrella because it b. I need an umbrella because it is rainingis raining..

c. Romi and Rina c. Romi and Rina are talkingare talking on the phone. on the phone.

……..PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE..PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Often the activity is of a general nature: Often the activity is of a general nature:

something generally in progress in week, this something generally in progress in week, this

month, this semester, and this year.month, this semester, and this year.

Example :Example :

a. I am taking five courses this semester.a. I am taking five courses this semester.

b. She is writing another book this year.b. She is writing another book this year.


Common Nonprogressive VerbsCommon Nonprogressive Verbs

1.1. Mental state : know, realize, understand, recognize, believe, feel, Mental state : know, realize, understand, recognize, believe, feel, suppose,think*, imagine, doubt, remember, forget, want, need, suppose,think*, imagine, doubt, remember, forget, want, need, prefer,mean.prefer,mean.

2.2. Emotional state : love, like, appreciate, hate, dislike, fear, Emotional state : love, like, appreciate, hate, dislike, fear, envy,mind, care.envy,mind, care.

3.3. Possession : possess, have*, own, belong.Possession : possess, have*, own, belong.

4.4. Sense persepssion : taste*, smell*, hear, feel*, see*.Sense persepssion : taste*, smell*, hear, feel*, see*.

5.5. Other existing state : seem, look*, appear*, cost, owe, weigh*, Other existing state : seem, look*, appear*, cost, owe, weigh*, be*, exist, consist of, contain, include.be*, exist, consist of, contain, include.

*Verb with an asterisk are also commonly used as progressive verbs, *Verb with an asterisk are also commonly used as progressive verbs, with a difference in meaning, as in the following examples :with a difference in meaning, as in the following examples :


NONPROGRESSIVENONPROGRESSIVE (existing state) (existing state) PROGRESSIVEPROGRESSIVE (activity in progress) (activity in progress)

I I think think he is a kind man.he is a kind man. I I am thinkingam thinking about this about this grammar.grammar.

He He hashas a car. a car. I I am havingam having trouble. She trouble. She is is havinghaving a good time. a good time.

This food This food tastestastes good. good. The chef The chef is tastingis tasting the sauce. the sauce.

This flowers This flowers smellsmell good. good. Don Don is smellingis smelling the roses. the roses.

I I seesee a butterfly. Do you see it? a butterfly. Do you see it? The doctor The doctor is seeingis seeing a patient. a patient.

The cat’s fur The cat’s fur feelsfeels soft. soft. Sue Sue is feellingis feelling the cat’s fur. the cat’s fur.

SheShe lookslooks cold. I’ll lend her my coat. I cold. I’ll lend her my coat. I am lookingam looking out the window. out the window.

He He appearsappears to be asleep. to be asleep. The actor The actor is appearingis appearing on the on the stage.stage.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE(Subj + was/were + verb-ing)

In the Past Continuous/Progressive Tense, there In the Past Continuous/Progressive Tense, there

were two actions, both actions occurred at the were two actions, both actions occurred at the

samesame time, but one action began time, but one action began earlier and was earlier and was

in progress when the other action occurredin progress when the other action occurred..

Example :Example :

a. I a. I was walkingwas walking down the street when it began to down the street when it began to

rain.rain.

b. When I came home, my father b. When I came home, my father was readingwas reading a a

newspaper.newspaper.

……..PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE..PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Sometimes the Past Continuous/Progressive Sometimes the Past Continuous/Progressive Tense is used in both parts of a sentence when Tense is used in both parts of a sentence when two actions are in progress sumultaneously.two actions are in progress sumultaneously.Example :Example :a. While I was studying in the room of our a. While I was studying in the room of our apartment, my roommate was having a party in apartment, my roommate was having a party in the other room.the other room.b. While my mother was cooking in the kitchen, myb. While my mother was cooking in the kitchen, my father was reading a book in his room.father was reading a book in his room.

1.1. Diana …Diana …washeswashes………… (wash) her hair every other day.(wash) her hair every other day.2.2. Kathy Kathy usually sitsusually sits (usually, sit) in the front row during class, but (usually, sit) in the front row during class, but

today she today she is sittingis sitting (sit) in the last row. (sit) in the last row.3.3. Please be quit! I Please be quit! I am tryingam trying……. (try) to concentrate.……. (try) to concentrate.4.4. (Lock, you, always) ……(Lock, you, always) ……do you always lockdo you always lock the door to your the door to your

apartment when you leave?apartment when you leave?5.5. I ……I ……SentSent…. (send) a letter to my friend last week. She hasn’t …. (send) a letter to my friend last week. She hasn’t

answered my letter yet. I answered my letter yet. I am still waitingam still waiting……. (wait, still) for a ……. (wait, still) for a reply. reply.

6.6. Every morning, the sun …Every morning, the sun …doesn’t shinedoesn’t shine……… (not, shine) in my ……… (not, shine) in my bedroom window and …bedroom window and …doesn’t wakedoesn’t wake……… (not, wake) me up.……… (not, wake) me up.

7.7. A: Look! It A: Look! It is snowingis snowing………. (snow)………. (snow)B: It’s beautiful! This is the first time I’ve ever seen snow. It …B: It’s beautiful! This is the first time I’ve ever seen snow. It …doesn’t snowdoesn’t snow…… (not, snow) in my country.…… (not, snow) in my country.

8.8. I can’t afford that ring. It …I can’t afford that ring. It …costscosts… (cost) too much.… (cost) too much.9.9. Look! It …Look! It …beginsbegins…. (begin) to rain. Unfortunately, I …. (begin) to rain. Unfortunately, I ……don’t don’t

havehave… (not, have) my umbrella with me. … (not, have) my umbrella with me. 10.10. I I don’t owndon’t own……(not, own) an umbrella. I ……(not, own) an umbrella. I wearwear…..(wear) a …..(wear) a

waterproof hat on rainy days.waterproof hat on rainy days.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE(Subj + have/has + verb III)

The Present Perfect Tense expresses the idea that something happened (or never happened) before now, at an unspecified time in the past. The exact time it happened is not important. If there is a specific mention of time, the Simple Past is used.

Example :Example :a. They have moved into a new apartment.a. They have moved into a new apartment. (They moved into a new apartment (They moved into a new apartment last yearlast year))b. I have already seen the Kabayan film.b. I have already seen the Kabayan film. (I already saw the Kabayan film (I already saw the Kabayan film yesterdayyesterday))c. She has ever visited Balic. She has ever visited Bali (She visited Bali (She visited Bali a month agoa month ago).).

…..PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The Present Perfect also expresses the The Present Perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before nowrepetition of an activity before now. . The exact time of each repetition is not important.

Example :

a. We have had four tests so far this semester.

b. I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks.

c. I have flown on an airplane many times.

…..PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

When used with When used with forfor or or sincesince, the Present Perfect , the Present Perfect Tense also expresses a situation that Tense also expresses a situation that began in began in the past and continues to the presentthe past and continues to the present. .

Example :Example :

a. I a. I have beenhave been here here sincesince seven o’clock. seven o’clock.

b. We b. We have beenhave been here here forfor two weeks. two weeks.

c. I c. I have hadhave had this same pair of shoes this same pair of shoes forfor

three years. three years.

d. I d. I have likedhave liked cowboy movies ever cowboy movies ever sincesince I was a I was a child. child.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS(Subj + have/has + been + verb-ing)

This tense is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present. When the tense has this meaning, it is used with time words such as for, since, all morning, all day, all week.

Example :a. I have been sitting here since seven o’clock. (Right

now I am sitting at my desk)b. I have been sitting here for two hours.c. You have been studying for five straight hours. Why don’t you take a break?d. It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now.

…..PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

With certain verbs (most notably With certain verbs (most notably workwork, , livelive, , teachteach), there is little or no difference in meaning ), there is little or no difference in meaning between the two tenses when between the two tenses when sincesince or or forfor is is used.used.

Example :Example :

a. I have lived here since 1972.a. I have lived here since 1972.

I have been living here since 1972.I have been living here since 1972.

b. He has worked at the same store for 10 yearsb. He has worked at the same store for 10 years

He has been working at the same store for 10 He has been working at the same store for 10

years.years.

EXERCISE

1.1. I I have not attended……. have not attended……. (not, attend) any parties since I came (not, attend) any parties since I came here.here.

2.2. Ahmad Ahmad arrived……arrived…… (arrive) here (arrive) here three years agothree years ago..

3.3. Dedi …Dedi …has not lefthas not left…… (leave) for Malaysia since last January 2007.(leave) for Malaysia since last January 2007.

4.4. Dedi …Dedi …leftleft…… (leave) for Malaysia last January 2007.(leave) for Malaysia last January 2007.

5.5. I I have known..have known.. ((know) Greg Adam for ten years. know) Greg Adam for ten years.

6.6. So far this week, I have So far this week, I have had had (have) two tests and a quiz.(have) two tests and a quiz.

7.7. The boys are playing soccer right now. The boys are playing soccer right now. They have been playing They have been playing (play) for almost two hours. They must be getting tired.(play) for almost two hours. They must be getting tired.

8.8. Alex is talking on the phone. He Alex is talking on the phone. He has been talkinghas been talking (talk) on the (talk) on the phone for over a half an hour.phone for over a half an hour.

9.9. It It has been snowinghas been snowing (snow) all day. I wonder when it will stop. (snow) all day. I wonder when it will stop.

10.10. We have We have hadhad (have) three major snowstorms so far this winter. (have) three major snowstorms so far this winter.

PAST PERFECT TENSE(Subj + had + verb III)

The Past Perfect Tense expresses an activity The Past Perfect Tense expresses an activity that was that was completed before another activity or completed before another activity or time in the pasttime in the past. .

Example :Example :

a.a. My parents My parents had had alreadyalready eaten eaten by the time I got by the time I got home.home.

b.b. Until yesterday, I Until yesterday, I hadhad never never heardheard about it. about it.

c.c. The thief simply walked in. Someone had The thief simply walked in. Someone had forgotten to lock the door.forgotten to lock the door.

d.d. Sam Sam hadhad already already leftleft when we got there. when we got there.

……PAST PERFECT TENSE

If either If either beforebefore or or afterafter is used in the sentence, is used in the sentence, the past perfect is often not necessary the past perfect is often not necessary because the time relationship is already clear. because the time relationship is already clear. The simple past may be used.The simple past may be used.

Example :Example :

a.a. Sam Sam had lefthad left beforebefore we got home. we got home.

Sam Sam leftleft beforebefore we got home. we got home.

b. Afterb. After the guests the guests had lefthad left, I went to bed., I went to bed.

AfterAfter the guests the guests leftleft, I went to bed., I went to bed.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS(Subj + had + been + verb-ing)

The Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes the The Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes the durationduration of an activity that was of an activity that was in progress in progress before another activity or time in the pastbefore another activity or time in the past. .

Example :Example :

a.a. The police The police had been lookinghad been looking for the criminal for the criminal for for two yearstwo years before they caught him. before they caught him.

b.b. The patient The patient had been waitinghad been waiting in the emergency in the emergency room for almost an hour room for almost an hour before a doctor finally before a doctor finally treated her.treated her.

c.c. He finally came at six o’clock. I He finally came at six o’clock. I had been had been waitingwaiting for him since four-thirty. for him since four-thirty.

Subj + have/has + verb IIISubj + have/has + verb III

I am here I am here I have been here since 7 o’clockI have been here since 7 o’clockHe is hereHe is hereHe has been here since 6 oclockHe has been here since 6 oclockI have a new bookI have a new bookI have had a new book since yesterdayI have had a new book since yesterdayHe has a new pencilHe has a new pencilHe has had a new pencil since last week He has had a new pencil since last week

Simple Present Tense

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