Settling the Northern Colonies

1619 – 1700

Religion 1517 – Protestant reformation 1536 – John Calvin --- Calvinism

The elect Predestination Conversion Visible saints

Puritans v. Separatists

Pilgrims & the Mayflower 1620 – Pilgrims/Mayflower> Plymouth

Less than ½ were actually Puritans Squatters – no charter, suppose to settle in

Virginia Mayflower Compact (1620)

town meetingsSimple agreement to form a crude

government & submit to the will of majority

Plymouth 1st Thanksgiving (1621)

Plentiful harvest/ Wampanoag Indians William Bradford – Governor

(reelected 30x) Afraid that non-Puritans would corrupt his

godly experiment Never important politically or economically

Great Puritan Migration - 1630 Massachusetts Bay

Colony John Winthrop –

Governor for 19 years calling from God

Purposed of government was to enforce God’s laws

Model society for humankind

General court Protestant ethic –

work! “Day of Doom” Persecution of

Quakers “We shall be as a

city upon a hill.”

Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)

Franchise granted to all “freemen”- adult males who belonged to Puritan congregations

Town government – all male property holders/ majority rule

Believers & non-believers paid taxes to support church

Puritans Separation of church and state – clergy

could not hold political office Could hire & fire ministers and set their

salaries Enjoyed earthly pleasures

Roger Williams - 1635 Extreme separatist Condemned colony

for taking Indian land without compensation (Mass. Bay Colony)

1st Baptist church in America

Denied the authority of civil government to regulate religious behavior

Banished Fled to Rhode

Island (1636)- with help of Indians

Rhode Island -- 1636 Established by

Roger Williams Freedom of religion No oaths or taxes to

support a church

Simple manhood suffrage

Strongly individualistic/ stubbornly independent

Many religious dissenters

Anne Hutchinson - 1638 Banished for heresy

from Mass. Bay Colony Belief – a holy life was no

sure sign of salvation Moved to Rhode Island Antinomianism – belief

that those whom God had marked for salvation need not obey secular laws

Connecticut Colony (1635) Highly fertile land Thomas Hooker -leader Fundamental Orders (1639) (constitution) 1638 – New Haven established – no charter

Merged with Connecticut under Charles II’s orders

New Hampshire (1679) Granite rich area Separated from Mass. Bay Colony under

King’s orders Massachusetts Bay colony exaggerated the

charter to include New Hampshire King split colonies into royal colonies

Puritans versus Indians

King Philip’s War (1675-1676) King Philip (Metacom) launched attacks on

English villages Slowed westward march of English settlement in

New England Lasting defeat of New England’s Indians Last serious Indian challenge to white settlement

New England Confederation (1643)

4 colonies banded together “Puritan Club” Mass Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, & New Haven

Defense against the Indians, the French, & the Dutch

Settled intercolonial problems First milestone on road to colonial unity

Monarch 1660- Charles II restored to English throne End of “Benign Neglect”

Took an active, aggressive hand in the management of the colonies flexing his muscles

Dominion of New England(1686)

Created by royal authority Purpose: colonial defense & administration

of the English Navigation Laws stop trade with countries not ruled by English

crown Smuggling began

Sir Edmund Andros Led Dominion of New England

authoritarian rule Stopped town meetings Heavy restrictions on courts, press, & school Revoked all land titles Tax without consent Suppress smuggling & enforce Navigation Laws

Dominion collapsed with the Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) –William & Mary come to throne

New York 1623-24 – New Netherlands established by the

Dutch West India Company Fur trade along Hudson River valley

New Amsterdam (NYC) protected from Indian attacks by a wall

Aristocratic/Patroonships – received estates if you settled 50 people

No enthusiasm for religious toleration, free speech, or democratic practices

Cosmopolitan population

New Amsterdam Surrenders

1664- Dutch & English want New Amsterdam Peter Stuyvesant forced to surrender to

English Land given to Duke of York by his brother

King Charles II

Pennsylvania 1681 – Established by William Penn as a

refuge for the Quakers Quaker beliefs

Take no oaths, simple town meetings, democratic, turn the other cheek, etc…

Penn: “First American advertising man.”

Pennsylvania Representative Assembly elected by

landowners No tax supported church Opposed war & slavery Rich mix of ethnic groups Great relationship with Native Americans

Changes in the Colonies 1702 – East & West Jersey combined into

New Jersey 2 proprietors received land by Duke of York

1703 – Delaware (Lord de la Warr) granted its own assembly Remained under the control of Pennsylvania

until American Revolution

Characteristics of the Middle Colonies

Fertile soil – “Bread Colonies”

Broad rivers – Encouraged movement

Forests – lumbering & shipbuilding

Deep harbors – commerce/seaports of NY & Philadelphia

Intermediate landholdings (size)

Most ethnically mixed Unusual degree of

religious toleration & democratic control

More economic democracy

Similarities Among all the Colonies

All basically English

Some self-government

Some degree of religious toleration/ educational opportunity

Unusual advantages for economic and social self-development

All separated from home authority by 3,000 miles