Seniores-Iuniores in the Late-Roman Field Army

7/21/2019 Seniores-Iuniores in the Late-Roman Field Army

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Seniores-Iuniores in the Late-Roman Field Army

Author(s): Roger TomlinReviewed work(s):Source: The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 93, No. 2 (Apr., 1972), pp. 253-278Published by: The Johns Hopkins University PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/293251.

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AMERICANJOURN L O PHILOLO Y

VOL. XCIII, 2 WHOLENO. 370

SENIORES-IUNIORES IN THE LATE-ROMANFIELD ARMY.1

. .partiti sunt comites ... militares partiti sunt numeri. . diviso palatio ut potiori placuerat, Valentinianus Medio-lanum, Constantinopolim Valens discessit.In these words, Ammianus Marcellinus describes the divisionof generals, regiments, and civil administration, between thebrothers Valentinian and Valens in June 364.2 Henceforth,east and west had an army and Augustus of its own: no newarrangement, but now made permanent.3 In 364, Ammianus1Expanded from a paper read in San Francisco, on December 28th1969, to the American Philological Association. I was then a visitingassistant professor at Cornell University, and would thank my pupilsand colleagues for their hospitality. I also thank Professor Birley andhis colleagues at Durham University, who kindly read the final draft.See NOTEat end of this article, p. 278.Ammianus is cited from the edition of C. U. Clark (1910 and 1915,

reprinted 1963), and the Notitia from that of O. Seeck (1876, reprinted1962). Regiments named by Ammianus (with references) will be foundin Appendix i. Those named by the Notitia will be found in Seeck'sexcellent indices, where I have noted only two errors, in the referenceto comites sagittarii iuniores (p. 319) and to the Antianenses (p. 320).2Amm., XXVI, 5, 1-4. The army was divided at Mediana, a suburb

of Naissus (Nish, Yugoslavia), where Valentinian spent most of June364 (C. Th., I, 6, 2, etc.).8 Cf. E. Kornemann, Doppelprinzipat und Reichsteilung im ImperiumRomanum (1930), especially pp. 140-1; and note 21 below. Valentinianicpropaganda stresses imperial unity, by shared coin-types and legends(CONCORDIA is conspicuous by its absence), and in panegyric:Themistius, 76AB; Symmachus, Or., 1, 13.

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ROGER TOMLIN.had probably just left the army in which he had served overten years, in the east, in Gaul, and on the Persian expedition.In retirement, whether he was travelling or living in Antiochand Rome, he must have added many eye-witness accounts tohis own experiences. In his lifetime, he witnessed the struggleto maintain Roman frontiers against almost continual attack.He recorded the great achievements of Constantius II, Julian,and Valentinian; Julian's foolish invasion of Persia; and thecrowning disaster of Adrianople (378) with which his Historyends. Part was published by 392, and the whole by ca. 395 (theexact date is unknown).4 When Theodosius died in 395, theEmpire was divided between his two sons. The eastern frontierwas secured by an agreement with Persia, but the Danube hadbeen lost for ever, the Rhine was held almost by courtesy ofFranks and Alamanni, and Roman authority was receding fromBritain. The Goths could roam the Balkans at will, brigandageand heresy were endemic, and a disaffected peasantry was readyto rebel, or at least to collaboratewith invaders. The Empire'sprecarious stability largely depended on the army, whose limi-tanei would not usually go far from their fortified bases alongthe frontiers and lines of communication, but whose "fieldarmies" (regiments palatini and comitatenses) were concen-trated strategically ready to move fast and far in emergency.The latter regiments are the subject of this paper, for only theycarry (sometimes) the supplementary title of seniores or iu-niores.5Ammianus names over thirty, but is explicitly aware of

' A terminus ante quem of 396 is " conceded" by R. Syme, Ammianusand the Historia Augusta (1968), p. 18, in a critical review of 0. J.Maenchen-Helfen, A. J.P., LXXVI (1955), pp. 384-99. A slightlyearlier date is not proven.6 The only 4th century exceptions are the obsolete milites iunioresItalici (note 38 below), and the three equites Stablesiani in Raetia.Now the Raetia chapter (Oco. 35) is unique among the Danubianducates in showing "Stiliconian" revision: its senior officials aredrawn from the offices of the magistri militum praesentales. Also it lacksthe many cunei equitum and auxilia of the other ducates, the Stablesianibeing the only cavalry unit of post-ala type. They were probably draftedin from the field armies, to remedy the frontier's weakness in cavalry(Amm., XVIII, 8, 2 for a Mlesopotamian instance): a practice well-attested in the 5th century East, C. J., XII, 35, 18 (492) and, earlier,Synesius, Ep. 78, but how far it was followed in the West is uncertain(see E. Stein, BRGK., XVIII [1928], pp. 92 ff.). This may have hap-

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this distinction only once. He is almost unique among fourthcentury writers in actually naming regiments. As a retiredofficer, he may have respected their esprit de corps. He does,however, have a literary-minded historian's distaste for "un-classical" military terminology.6 miles quondam et Graecus.The Notitia Dignitatum, as a catalogue of high offices in eastand west, incidentally names with full title the regiments ofthe various field armies. It was probably compiled soon after395.7 The eastern lists show no sign of later revision, but thewestern have been kept " up to date " until ca. 420. Both, how-ever, incorporate obsolete material, including the titles of long-dead regiments.8 Western regiments are listed twice: first aspened late in the 4th century: the strategic road-centre of Pons Aeni,from which the equites Stablesiani itniores have been posted, hadalready had two previous garrisons in the 4th century-a cavalryregiment in 310, comitatenses as it happens (.I. L., III, 5565), andthe Pontinenses (or Pontennenses), now pseudocomitatenses in Italy.e Averil and Alan Cameron, 0. Q., n. s. XIV (1964), p. 326. Ammianus'inexact terminology is exhaustively surveyed by A. Miiller, Philologus,n. s. XVIII (1905), pp. 574 ff. Even in regiment-titles he is not alwaysexplicit: neither he (XXIV, 1, 2) nor Zosimus (III, 14, 1) specifies the1500 troops screening the Roman army's advance down the Euphrates,which were in fact drawn from the Lanciarii and Mattiarii (Malalas,ed. Dindorf, p. 330, 2 ff.). Libanius, however, can relate Julian's mili-tary career without naming a single regiment (Or. 18), and Julianhimself names only the pair which made him Emperor (283B).7A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire (1964), III, pp. 347 ff.I owe much to his note (pp. 356-7) on the division of the comitatusin 365 (sic).8 The regiments per lineam valli surveyed by S. Frere, Britannia(1967), pp. 230ff., need not be the only "ghosts." Other chaptersactually contain newly-added regiments side by side with dead ones.Thus the army of the comes Africae (Occ. 7, 140ff., 179ff.), while con-taining Honoriani, also contains two regiments destroyed in 373, theequites iv sagittarii and the Constantiaci. The duz Mesopotamiae(Or. 36), whose chapter contains a "Theodosian" item (ibid., 20),is credited with the legiones I and II Parthica, destroyed in 359. YetV Parthica, another casualty of that year, has been deleted. The rubricitem pseudocomitatenses (Or. 7, 48) is the earliest instance of thistitle (pace A. H. M. Jones, L. B. ., II, p. 609), for the legio IIArmeniaca (ibid., 50) had been lost in 359, while its companion IArmeniaca (ibid., 49) survived 363 (Mlalas, p. 332, 9). Legio IIsaura sagittaria was not added before 354 (Amm., XIV, 2, 14 withOr. 29, 7-8), nor the balistarii Theodosiaci before 379.

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infantry or cavalry under the appropriate magister at Court(Occ. 5 and 6); and second (Occ. 7), again as infantry orcavalry, under the appropriate field army commander, in Italy,western Illyricum, Gaul, Spain, Tingitania, Africa, and Britain.The two lists were kept up independently, and so serve as somecheck on each other; they also show discrepancies, sometimesonly in the wording of a title, but more often because of cross-postings and insertion of new regiments.9 The eastern orderof battle is less centralised. Two armies (Or. 5 and 6), bothof infantry and cavalry, are attached to the Court, recentlydrawn from separate armies of infantry and cavalry like thewestern.'0 The other regiments are divided among three fieldarmies, per Orientem (Or. 7), in Thrace (Or. 8), and in easternIllyricum (Or. 9). Each regiment is named only once.Independent record survives of two armies concentrated innorth Italy at the end of the fourth century. The poet Claudianingeniously names seven regiments which campaigned againstGildo in 398.11 Like Ammianus, he eschews the unpoeticaldetail of whether they were seniores or iuniores, but all sevenmay be identified in the Notitia. Only four, however, are cer-tainly in north Italy; a fifth is in Gaul, and the other two inSpain. Yet two of this trio were once in north Italy, for theyoccur among the regiments known at Concordia (just west ofAquileia). The epitapl- of its early Christian cemetery includea remarkablegroup of 3S, which name between them 22 regi-

Tabulated in A. H. M. Jones, L. R. E., III, p. 361.10 As late as 388, Theodosius still followed Valens in having a magis-ter peditum praesentalis and a magister equitum praesentalis (Zos.,IV, 45, 2; cf. C. Th., IV, 17, 5 [386]), but by 391 had adopted thesystem of two magistri militum praesentales (C. Th., VII, 1, 13; cf.Zos., IV, 27). See Mommsen, Ges. Schriften, IV, pp. 550-1.If the lists of the two eastern praesental armies are laid side by side,it is at once obvious that many "pairings" have been broken, whichwe know once existed, either from Ammianus, or by analogy with thewestern lists: e.g. the equites Promoti seniores (Or. 5, 28) with theComites seniores (Or. 6, 28), cf. Amm., XV, 4, 10 and Occ. 6, 43-4-7, 159-60."1Bellum Gildonicum, I, 415-23. The regiments named (with theirprobable identification) are the Ioviani and Herculiani (seniores, Italy);Nervii (sagittarii Nervii, Spain/Concordia); Felices (seniores, Italy);legio Augusta (VIII Augusta, i.e. Octavani, Italy); Invicti (seniores,Spain) ; Leones (either iuniores, Italy; or seniores, Gaul/Concordia).

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ments, almost all of field army rank. These may represent anarmy cantoned there by Theodosius in winter 394/5, or perhapsa longer accumulation from units active in northeastern Italy,from the 380's into the early fifth century.l2Other evidence is slight, but valuable in confirmation. A fewinscriptions survive, mostly scattered epitaphs of comitatenses,brief, and generally undatable. The crack regiment of theloviani is best represented,with corpses at Trier, Arles, Milan,Aquileia (a man from Sirmium), Concordia, and Antioch."3Late-Roman regiment-titles show a certain pleasing imagina-tion, but it is limited. Many express military function or arma-ment (balistarii, clibanarii, catafractarii), trailing off into theornamental (insidiatores, propugnatores) and optimistic (vic-tores, invicti). Ethnic titles are common as in the Principate,deriving from the original source of recruitment (Atecotti,Eruli, Brisigavi). Others recall a frontier-station, whether theregiment there has been promoted to the field army (Segun-tienses, Acincenses) or provides a detachment named by theparent-legion's nickname (Divitenses, Moesiaci).l4 Other le-gionary detachments keep their parent's number (Septimani,Octavani). Regiments can only be dated if named after an em-peror (presumably on recruitment, though sometimes perhapsto honour an existing unit) : the famous Ioviani and Herculianiwere named by Diocletian and Maximian after their tutelarygods,'5 and the lists are full of Constantiniani,Valentinianenses,Theodosiani, Honoriani, etc. Regiments often bear titles formedby combining elements: sagittarii Nervii, comites Arcadiaci, etc.When the suffix seniores or iuniores occurs, it always supple-ments the title, coming last word, as in Ascarii Honoriani

la Published accurately for the first time, with ample commentary,by D. Hoffmann, Museum Helveticum, XX (1963), pp. 22-57. His dateof 394/5 is open to doubt (Appendix ii)."'Appendix iii.14E. g. Seguntienses, C. E. Stevens, Arch. Journal, XCVII (1940),

p. 134. Divitenses, I.L. S., 2346 and 2777.15 Zos., III, 30, 2; cf. Sozomen, VI, 6, 4 (ed. Bidez, p. 244, 4).Vegetius says (I, 17), however, that they were originally two legionsof Mattiobarbuli in Illyricum, honoured by Diocletian and Maximian.Earlier legions certainly gained dynastic titles during their career,usually for loyalty in time of rebellion, and so a 4th century dynastictitle is not necessarily sure criterion of date of recruitment.

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seniores. A few regiments, mostly iuniores, have gained an extrageographical suffix, evidently from service within the regionnamed, like the Victores iuniores Britanniciani in Britain.16The seniores-iuniores suffix distinguishes two regiments thatwould otherwise have been homonyms, as is obvious from theNotitia indices. At Concordia, 27 sarcophagi name regimentswe know from the Notitia to have had homonyms, and in 20cases a suffix is duly added. It is added without exception inthe seven epitaphs of men from the Batavi seniores; and, signifi-cantly, in those of two men from the Mattiaci seniores and twoveterans of the Mattiaci iuniores. Ammianus uses the suffixonlyonce, however, to speak of the Divitenses Tungrecanosque iu-niores who proclaimed Procopius. At their second appearance,the Divitenses are unqualified.17At this very time, a "brigade "of Divitenses-Tungrecani was operating in Gaul, and it is onlyfrom the Notitia that we can deduce they were the seniores.Other pairs of homonyms lurk in Ammianus' narrative. Thedistinction seems official, for it is observedin the " Army List"and in a cemetery where soldiers buried their comrades, butignored by literary-minded people like Ammianus and Claudian.Even the Notitia shows a late-Roman tendency to abbreviateregiment-titles (as in the illustration-captions), and, wherehomonyms served in different armies, the distinction would beunnecessary in day to day usage.The Notitia's homonyms tend to fall into seniores-iuniorespairs, rather more than fifty basic titles being so distinguished,but the pattern is hard to follow. Some seniores or iuniores havelost their complement, no doubt because it has been destroyed.This is clearly true of the lone Divitenses-Tungrecani seniores,whose missing iuniores must have been disbanded by Valens fortreason. Sometimes there are two seniores or two iuniores (orboth), but never such that there is a pair of exact homonyms,suffixand all, of equal rank within the same half of the Empire.l1

16 Appendix iv.17 Ammianus' characteristic omission of iuniores (XXVI, 7, 14) ledClark to insert a comma between Divitenses and Tungrecanosque XXVI,6, 12). The Notitia (cf. Appendix v) confirms that this was a pair ofiuniores.18 Apparent exceptions are due to duplication of regiments in Occ., 7because of cross-postings (n. 9 above), or due to slight variations intitle between Occ. 5/6 and 7.

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It cannot be coincidence that homonyms fall mostly into pairsof regiments of equal rank.l1 This is surely because each derivedfrom a unique regiment that pre-existed them. Appendix vsummarises the careers of five brigades known from Ammianus,despite his confusing habit of speaking of a regiment alwaysas if it were the only one of the name. All ten regiments, weknow from the Notitia, were divided into seniores and iuniores.We know from Ammianus that the Ioviani-Herculiani, theCeltae-Petulantes, and probably the Iovii-Victores, were notdivided before 364; the Eruli-Batavi not before 361 (if not363). The Divitenses-Tungrecani and Eruli-Batavi weredivided by 365; and the Iovii-Victores by 367. The scolae ofthe Gentiles and Scutarii had already been divided by Constan-tius II with his junior colleagues, but not necessarily byseniores--iuniores division. A third scola and seven other regi-ments so divided in the Notitia are named by Ammianus, butwithout adequateevidence of division.The Notitia offers only a confused picture of how regimentswere divided geographically,20 or it is a rather later document,when "twins" have been destroyed, and regiments transferredto new groupings. At least 11 have been divided between eastand west, 9 (and probably all) securely pre-364 in origin. Wellover 20 have been divided within the west, rather fewer in theeast, precise totals being impossible. Of these latter, 12 aresecurely post-364. This is corroborativeevidence of the date ofdivision.

The division of regiments might be expected to coincide withthe definitive division of the army between east and west in 364.This date fits the evidence of Ammianus very well. Crack regi-ments like the loviani are divided with seniores in the west,iuniores in the east; the reverse is almost unknown. This surelyreflects the division of the Empire between Valentinian, the19 The loviani and Herculiani and several scolae have closely similar

shields in Or. and Oco., but this is unusual. The Promoti are uniquein being divided into two palatine seniores and two comitatensianiuniores. A few legions like II Augusta and VII Gemina have furnisheddetachments of both comitatensis and pseudocomitatensis rank, thedifference being due to the date at which they were drafted from thefrontier.2sAppendix vi.

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ROGER TOMLIN.senior Augustus of the west, and his junior colleague in theeast.21 The first iuniores appear at Procopius' proclamation inSeptember365 (there is no earlierinstanceof seniores-iuniores),and three inscriptions earlier than the Notitia confirm that thesuffix was soon current. Flavius Nuvel, a retired commanderof the equites Armigeri iuniores, filius Saturnini viri perfectis-simi ex comitibus, dedicated a basilica at Rusgunia (nearAlgiers). The place, and his hereditaryrank, would fit the pettyking Nubel, who died shortly before 372. The family was pro-Roman when it suited them: Nubel's sons included the fiercelypro-Roman Zammac, the usurper Firmus and his ally Mascezel,the rebel Gildo and (again) his enemy Mascezel.22 At somedate between 370 and 375, a regiment of seniores (probablyBalistarii) left record of its activities in the Crimea.23Not longafter Valentinian's death (375), to judge by associated coins,a soldier of the Mattiaci seniores was buried at Bordeaux.24Negative evidence is provided by a tombstone from near An-tioch of a soldier of the Ioviani with an Illyrian name. Its dateis 364/5, and the loviani carry no suffix. The man may wellhave been discharged when Jovian struggled back to Antiochin summer, 363, and have died soon after.25 It is unfortunate

21Ammianus' summary description of Valens as participem quidemlegitimum potestatis, sed in modum apparitoris morigerum (XXVI,4, 3) is largely correct. The untheological Ausonius compares Valen-tinian with the Father of the Trinity, omnia solus habens, atque omniadilargitus (Versus Paschales, 28), cf. note 3 above.22 . I.L., VIII, 9255; Amm., XXIX, 5, 2 Nubel velut regulus pernationes Mauricas potentissimus. His son Zammac (or Salmaces)owned an estate at Petra (XXIX, 5, 2 and 13), the other side of theGrande Kabylie about 100 miles to the east, where a metrical inscrip-tion proclaimed his loyalty to Rome (I. L. S., 9351). Claudian, B. Gild.,I, 389 ff. and Zos., V, 11 (Mascezel). Firmus was powerfully aided byhis sister Cyria (Amm., XXIX, 5, 28); it was she, or perhaps anotherof Nubel's daughters, that ended her days in the odour of sanctity inConstantinople, with her niece Salvina, Gildo's daughter and widowof Theodosius' nephew Nebridius (Jerome, Epp. 79 and 123, 17;

Palladius, Dialogus de vita S. lohannis Chrysostomi, ed. P.R. Coleman-Norton, p. 61).23 A. E., 1908, 178.24 I. L.S., 9215, first published in R. . A., XII (1910), pp. 67-72.Two coins are of Valens, one of Valentinian, two "Valentinianic," andone apparently of Valentinian II. Style and lettering suit a late 4thcentury date.26 A. E., 1940, 214.

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that Flavius Memorius' epitaph at Arles 26 is not dated: thisdistinguished officer served inter lovianos 28 years, 6 as pro-tector, and 3 as commander of the Lanciarii seniores, beforebecoming a general. The division of regiments clearly fellduring those years as protector.The date, let us say, was 364. How were the regimentsdivided? The question has been ignored.21 seniores and iuniorescannot be perfunctorily divided into regiments of " old soldiers"and of "recruits," 28 for the history of some stretches from thethird century (undivided) into the fifth at least. The men ofthe Mattiaci iuniores buried at Concordia were veterans, whilethe men of the Batavi seniores were all ages from 25 to 60.A retired tribune of the loviani seniores had served 40 yearsin the regiment, no doubt from recruitment.29 Soldiers' ageshave nothing to do with regimental titles, even if seniores enjoythe primacy traditionally accordedthe old. Thus the first fifteenregiments of the elite army of Italy are all seniores, whichelsewhere rank above their iuniores, should they occur in thesame list. The association of seniores with the senior Augustushas already been noted. In fighting quality, however, no dif-

26 . L. S., 2788. Memorius retired as comes Tingitaniae with therank only of vir perfectissimus. From 372, comites rei militaris rankedwith proconsulares (C. Th., VI, 14, 1), but as late as 398, frontiercomites (except per Africam) and duces were still clarissimi (C. Th.,I, 7, 3). Despite Amm., XXI, 16, 2, the dux Valeriae at least wasstill perfectissimus in 365/7 (I.L.S., 762) and as late as 372 (brick-stamps from the Visegrad burgus, S. Soproni, in Studien zu den Militdr-grenzen Roms [KEln, 1967], pp. 138-43); so the change in status seemsto have been gradual (the dux Scythiae being clarissimus in 369,I. L. S., 770). The comes Tingitaniae may not have attained the claris-simate until 372, which would place Memorius' command of the Lan-ciarii seniores in 364-367. Earlier than this, they seem to have beenundivided (Appendix v). Memorius' career, it must be admitted, ifhis retirement-rank has been correctly stated, is hard to reconcile withall the other evidence of seniores and iuniores.27

By R. Grosse, R6mische Militdrgeschichte (1920), and even inA. H. M. Jones, L.R.E., ch. xvii. Pauly-Wissowa and the standarddictionaries are aware of the distinction, but do not explain it.28 " Au Bas-Empire, la distinction entre seniores et iuniores, entreanciens et conscrits, est eourante," J. Carcopino, Syria, VI (1925),p. 131 (citing regiment-titles). The only explanation known to me.29 1 L. S., 2789.

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ROGER TOMLIN.ference is apparent: Valens reinforced the crucial Danubefrontier with a pair of iuniores (who nearly made Procopiusemperor), while two pairs of seniores were being humiliated bythe Alamanni in Gaul.30

seniores-iuniores first distinguishes regiments only in 364,but elsewhere the distinction is common, usually with militaryovertones. Servius Tullus traditionally divided the people intoiuniores, men aged between 17 and 46 fit for military service,and seniores.31 Thus the Republican equivalent of draft fileswere the iuniorum tabulae, and the emperor Tiberius coulddescribe himself as iam senior when too old for soldiering.32Rather more precisely, iuniores is used to mean "recruits" inthe Principate, and commonly in the Theodosian Code andVegetius. The anonymous author of a pamphlet submitted toValentinian and Valens uses it to describe the 50 or 100 youngmen who will be attached to a regiment, to fill vacancies as theyoccur.33This is not so far removed from the sense of iuvenes inItalian towns of the early Empire, young men undergoing pre-military training. In 245, the iuniores vici of Bitburg (nearTrier) actually build somesort of tower.34 In the fourth century,at least, senior and iunior are used also in a non-military sensewhich might, however, suggest a possible relationship betweentwo regiments: father and son. Besides appearing on tomb-stones, the usage is found on coins and in the Theodosian Codeto distinguish Valentinian II from Valentinian I his father;in Claudian, to distinguish Count Theodosius from his son theEmperor.3580The Divitenses-Tungrecani and Eruli-Batavi (Appendix v).8 Cicero, De Republica, II, 39 (22); Livy, I, 43, 1, cf. Censorinus,De Die Natali, 14, 2 (citing Varro).82 Livy, XXIV, 18, 7 (who often uses iuniores in the sense of "menof military age"); Tacitus, Ann., III, 47, 4.8 C.I. L., VIII, 7036 (Hadrianic); VI, 31747 (3rd century). Twentyinstances in 0. Gradenwitz, Heidelberger Index zum Theodosianus

(1925); in 0. Th., VII, 13, 6 as a synonym for tirones. Symmachus,Ep., VI, 58. In Vegetius (ed. C. Lang, 1885) nearly always of recruitsundergoingbasic training, but p. 37, 3 is a parallel to De Rebus Bellicis,V, 5 (E. A. Thompson,A RomanReformerand Inventor [1952], p. 97).84R. MacMullen, Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire(1963), pp. 135-7, especially n. 52 and n. 59. C.I.L., XIII, 4131.86 I. L. C.V., 1506a (a Dassianus senior for his son Dassianus iunior).

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" SENIORES--IUNIORES."iuniores alone is occasionally used of regiments in the early

third century in Africa, apparently to show that they weredrafted from a parent-body. A numerus Emesenorum iuniorumand the Osdroeniiuniores are attested from the Severan frontierof Mauretania by fragmentary inscriptions: it is plausible thatthey are drafts from the well-known cohors milliaria Hemese-norum of Intercisa (now Dunaujvaros, Hungary) and its com-panion numerus Osroenorum,sent to north Africa for trainingin a congenial climate.86 Also in the early third century, atribune of the Urban Cohorts was transferred to the commandof the equites itemque pedites iuniores Mauri with ius gladii.37Obviously a responsible post, his duty being perhaps to reducea large draft of Mauri to Roman discipline. The Notitia offersonly one example of this type of title, iuniores preceding anethnic element: the milites iuniores Italici at Ravenna, a limi-tanean title, and an obsolete item. (Ravenna had been the im-perial headquarterssince about 402.38) They are not a forma-tion like the eight palatine iuniores Gallicani or iuniores Britan-niciani in the western field armies, most of which exist inde-pendently of the well-attested seniores-iuniores pairs of thesame title, and are plausibly detachments once drawn from theparent-unit during a term of service in the region named. Con-versely, some regiments of iuniores have gained the suffix bybeing drafted to the field armies from a frontier unit, like theSecundani iuniores in Britain from the old Legio II Augusta.9Valentinianus iunior, cos. 376: O.Th., VI, 4, 24; I.L.S., 4152 and4268. J. W. E. Pearce, The Roman Imperial Coinage,IX (1951), p. 319.Valentinianus senior (posthumously): C.Th., VII, 4, 22; X, 5, 1;XV, 1, 33. (Theodosius) senior, Claudian, B. Gild., I, 224.36As suggested by J. Carcopino, Syria, VI (1925), pp. 129-34 (cf.note 28 above), publishing an inscription with the conjectural restora-tion numerus Emesenorumiuniorum, and restoring C. I. L., VIII, 9829.Intercisa, I. L. S., 2540.7 I. L. S., 1356, the career of T. Licinius Hierocles, praeses Maure-taniae Caesariensis (in 227, C. I. L., VIII, 9334).

88 Ionorius' constitutions are regularly from Ravenna after December402 (C. Th., VII, 13, 15). The introductory milites is typical of limi-tanean titles, though it is borne later by two (field army?) regimentswhich build the Golden Gate: the milites Cornuti iuniores and themilites primo sagittarii Leones iuniores (I.L.S., 9216). The Notitiaknows them not.89Appendix iv, with other examples.

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ROGER TOMLIN.The unique title, equites Scutarii iuniores scolae secundae, ofa regiment in the African field army, is the clearest illustrationof a Court unit " fathering " one in the provinces. The occasionmay be guessed. In 365, to forestall an invasion of Africa,Valentinian sent three officialsthere, who included the scutariusGaudentius, an old acquaintance he could trust. Yalentinianhad been tribune of the second scola, so this was probably Gau-dentius' too; in his important mission, he might have been givencommand of a small detachment of scutarii, which later formedthe nucleus of a locally-recruitedcavalry regiment.40 The Gothicregiments formed by Yalens had rectores Romanos omnes, ac-cording to Ammianus: perhaps more than just officers, if werecall that his predecessor Tacitus had used the same wordrectores, in a similar context, of Roman legionaries drafted intoa newly-raised cohort ad tradendam disciplinam.41If iuniores could be used to describe a regiment drawn fromanother, then we might expect the parent-regiment to be calledseniores. I suggest that Valentinian divided regiments into twocadres, not necessarily equal in numbers, age, or experience,which were then filled out with recruits who would mature morequickly side by side with old soldiers than if drafted into newregiments. This makes far better military sense than to supposeValentinian cut vital regiments like the Ioviani into half, simplyto share them with his brother.42 By building from cadres, hecould expand the field army rapidly, to compensatefor Julian'slosses in Mesopotamia,and to meet the fresh round of barbarianinvasions that threatened him.43 Harsh recruiting was neces-sary. Both Valentinian and Valens promptly reassertedthe rulethat soldiers' sons were to follow their fathers into the army.Deserterswere hunted down. Gallic peasants, and Germansfrom

40Amm., XXVI, 5, 14; XXV, 10, 9.41Amm., XXXI, 16, 8 and Tacitus, Agr., 28, 1. Ammianus continuedthe Histories (XXXI, 16, 9), and echoes Tacitean language (G. B. A.Fletcher, Rev. de Phil., XI [1937], pp. 389-92). He does, however,

commonly use rector of a regimental commander or field officer.42 Constantius had proposed as much with Julian's Gallo-Germanregiments (lectos ex numeris aliis trecentos, Amm., XX, 4, 2). Theresult, whether intended or not, would have been to cripple the Gallicfield army (Libanius, Or., 18, 90 ff.; Julian, 282D).48post procinctus Parthici clades, Amm., XXX, 8, 8, cf. Libanius,Or., 18, 280. The crisis of 364: Amm., XXVI, 4, 5-6.

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"SENIORES -IUNIORES."

across the Rhine, were pressed into the army. In Gaul, men cutoff their thumbs to avoid the draft. They were forced to doalternative service. Later, Valentinian ordered that they beburnt alive (a typical gesture).44 The direct result was a cruelincrease in taxation, which Valentinian and his sympathisersjustified by reference to the military crisis.45Division of regiments into seniores and iuniores continuedthroughout the fourth century, to judge by the Theodosian andpost-Theodosian date of some, and also because the great ma-jority are divided within their own comitatus. If " division"is in fact doubling, then the Notitia lists betray an unsuspectedincrease in army numbers during the later fourth century. Itsextent cannot be calculated, because we do not know how manyregiments have disappeared from the Notitia, nor how manyare "ghosts." The lists have also been swelled with promotedlimitanei. Disregarding these pseudocomitatenses, we find 143field army regiments in the eastern armies; 48 of them senioresor iuniores, representing 32 original titles. This suggests a totaloriginal establishment of 127 titles, increased by about 30 regi-ments.46 The apparent increase of nearly one-quarter was, infact, greater still, since some divided regiments were raised intoto after 364. The corresponding figures in the west (by col-lating Occ. 5 and 6 with Occ. 7) are 159 field army regiments,87 seniores or iuniores (from 51 original titles). This suggestsan original establishment of 123 titles, increased by about 50,or about two-fifths.

These figures are offered only to suggest a new analysis ofthe Notitia lists. They are most unlikely to be accurate, inview of the difficulty of determining any "original establish-44 Soldiers' sons: C. Th., VII, 1, 5 (364); 8 (365); VII, 22, 7(Valens, 365). Deserters: C. Th., VII, 18, 1 (365). Evasion: C. Th.,VII, 1, 10 (367). Thumbs: C.Th., VII, 13, 4 (367); 5 (368 or 370).Recruitment of Gauls and Germans: Zos., IV, 12, 1.45Zos., IV, 16, 1. Valentinian's sympathisers felt he was forced to

be harsh, after inheriting an empty Treasury, like Aurelian (Amm.,XXX, 8, 8, cf. Jerome, Chron., a. 365). Petronius Probus' harsh ex-actions ruined Illyricum "before the barbarians did" (Jerome, Chron.,a. 372, cf. Amm., XXX, 5, 4 ff. and C. Th., IX, 42, 7).4695 regiments carry no suffix (143 minus 48), to which add the32 regiments later doubled, to make an "original establishment" of127 increased to about 160. Similarly for the West.

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ROGER TOMLIN.

ment" when the western armies have plainly suffered heavylosses. (The army of Gaul has been torn to shreds). The easternarmy, we know, was shattered at Adrianople. Evidence remains,however, in the ubiquitous seniores and iuniores, of a substantialincrease in the army's establishment during 364-395. Its con-sequences, a spiralling taxation, and the growing military arro-gance deplored by Ammianus,47are not peculiarly late-Roman.ROGERTOMLIN.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY.UNIVERSITY OF KENT AT CANTERBURY.

Appendix i: Regiments named by Ammianus MarcellinusFrontier units (b) are included for completeness, since Clarknever finished his promised volume of Indices. Regiments' status isnot given by Ammianus, but for field army units can usually berecovered from the Notitia. Conjectural rankings in brackets.

(a) Field armiesArmaturae scola pal. XIV, 11, 21; XV, 4, 10; 5, 6; 33; XXVII, 2,6,Ascarii aux. pal. XXVII, 2, 9Ballistarii 1 XVI, 2, 5Batavi aux. pal. XVI, 12,45; XX,1,3; 4, 2; XXVII, 1,6;8, 7; XXXI, 13, 9Bracchiati aux. pal. XV, 5,30; XVI, 12,43Candidati 2 XV, 5,16; XXV, 3, 6; XXXI, 13,14; 16; 15,8; 9Catafractarii 1 XVI, 2, 5; 12, 63Catafracti 1 XVI, 10, 8; 12, 38; XXVIII, 5, 6Celtae aux. pal. XX, 4, 2; 20; 5, 9; XXI, 3,2; XXII, 12, 6;XXXI, 10, 4Comites vex. pal. XV, 4,10Constantiani leg. corn. XXIX, 5,20; 22Cornuti aux. pal. XV, 5,30; XVI, 11,9; 12,43; 63; XXXI,8, 9Divitenses leg. pal. XXVII, 1, 2

4 Amm., XXVII, 9, 4: .. .hunc imperatorem (Valentinian) omniumprimum in maius militares fastus ad damna rerum auxisse communium.Cf. voracis militarium fastus (XXX, 7, 10), and XXI, 16, 2 andXXVII, 9, 1. Not that Valentinian and his seniores were entirely toblame, for before his accession Ammianus had already satirised theferox in suos illis temporibus miles et rapaw (XXII, 4, 7); a common-place in Aurelius Victor, writing under Constantius (Liber de Caesari-bus, 11, 9; 18; 26, 5; 35, 11).

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D. iuniores (leg. pal.)Domestici ProtectoresDomesticiProtectores

ComesDomesticorum-commands D. Pro-tectores-commands Domes-

XXVI, 6,12; 7,14XV,3,10; 5,22; XVIII,3, 6; 8,11; XXI,16,20; XXVI, 5, 14XXV, 5,4; 10, 9XIV, 7, 9; 12; XV, 3,11; XVIII, 5,1; 9,3;XXV, 5, 8; XXVI, 10,1; XXX, 7,3XIV,10,8; 11,14; XX, 4,21; XXVI,8,7;XXXI, 7,4; 10, 6XVIII, 3, 6

tici XIV, 11,19; XXI, 8,1Eruli/Heruli/Aeruli XX, 1, 3; 4, 2; XXV, 10, 9; XXVII, 1, 6;aux pal. 8, 7(Flavia) leg. I and II XXIX, 5,18Gentiles scola pal. XIV, 7,9; XV, 5, 6; XVI, 4,1; XX, 2, 5;4, 3; 8,13; XXVII, 10,12Herculiani leg. pal. XXII, 3,2; XXV, 6, 2Ioviani leg. pal. XXII, 3, 2; XXV, 5, 8; 6, 2; XXVII, 10, 10;XXIX, 3, 7Iovii aux. pal. XXV, 6,3; XXVI, 7,13; XXVII, 8,7Laeti8 XXI, 13,16Lancearii leg. pal. XXI, 13,16; XXXI, 13,8Mattiarii leg. pal. XXI, 13,16; XXXI, 13,8"numeriMoesiaci" XX, 1, 3Petulantes aux. pal. XX, 4,2; 18; 20; 5, 9; XXI, 3,2; XXII, 12,6; XXXI, 10,4Primani (leg. pal.) XVI, 12,49Promoti vex. pal. XV, 4,10; XXXI, 13,18Reges (aux. pal.) XVI, 12,45cohorsiv Sagittariorum XXIX, 5, 20vex. corn.sagittariiScntarii XXX, 1,11; XXXI, 12,2; 16scola pal. XIV, 7,9; XV, 4,9; XVI,4,1; 6,2; 12,2;XX, 4, 3; 8,13; XXI, 8,1; XXVI, 5,14;XXVII, 10,12; 16; XXIX, 1,16; XXXI,10,20; 12, 16

1These titles "express military function or armament," but Am-mianus seems usually to have had specific regiments in mind.'The Emperor's immediate bodyguard, probably drawn from thescolae, for which Ammianus has several non-technical terms. armigeri:XXXI, 10, 3; 21 (actually in the Petulantes); XXXI, 13, 8. impera-torius comitatus: XXXI, 10, 14. cohors praetoria: XVII, 13, 10;cf. XVI, 12, 49 (castra praetoria). The Praetorians enjoyed a literaryafter-life, cf. Symmachus, Or., 1, 23.Also used of a Germanraiding-party (XVI, 11, 4), and of Germanssettled in Gaul by the Roman government (XX, 8, 13).

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ROGER TOMLIN.trib. Scutariorum XIV,10,8; 11,11; 14; XVI,11,6; XVII,10,5; XIX, 11,16; XX, 2,5; XXX, 1,11;

XXXI, 8, 9trib. scolae I XXII, 11, 2; XXVI, 1,4trib. scolae II XXII, 11, 2; XXV, 10, 9; XXVI, 1, 5Tertiaci (vex.) XXV, 1, 7Thebaeae legiones XIV, 11,15Tungrecani 4 leg. pal. XXVII, 1, 2T. iuniores (leg. pal.) XXVI, 6,12Victores aux. pal. XXIV, 4,23; XXV, 6,3; XXVI, 7,13;XXVII, 8, 7Zianni (leg. corn.) XXV, 1,19(b) Frontier armies

Alamannorum numerusAreani 5leg. II Armeniaca ps. corn.Comites Sagittarii 6legg. Constantiacae7Decentiaci 7DecimaniDiogmitaeleg. I Flavialeg. II FlaviaFortensesGothi"indigenarum turma" (Amida)ex Illyrico duae turmae 7Magnentiaci 7Martenses militesleg. Moesiacaleg. Pannonicaleg. I Parthicaleg. II Parthicaleg. V ParthicaPraeventoressagittarii " cohors"

XXIX, 4, 7XXVIII, 3, 8XX, 7,1XVIII, 9, 4XXI, 11, 2XVIII, 9, 3; cf. XIX, 5, 2XVIII, 9, 3XXVII, 9, 6XX, 6, 8XX, 7, 1XVIII, 9, 3XXXI, 16, 8XVIII, 9, 3XVIII, 8, 2XVIII, 9, 3; cf. XIX, 5, 2XXVI, 6, 7XXIX, 6, 13; 14XXIX, 6,13; 14XX, 6, 8XX, 7, 1XVIII, 9, 3XVIII, 9, 3XXI, 11, 2; (another) X) SIX,6, 11

4 V reads tunc grecani as in the Notitia and C. I. L., XIII, 5190. Thisspelling is preferable to Clark's Tungricani (G).Not a regular unit. For a defence of the MS reading (and a possi-ble explanation), see C. E. Stevens, Latomus, XIV (1955), p. 395.A field army title, but in Amida for the siege, perhaps by accident.7If technically limitanei, nonetheless "mobile," since they werefreely drafted from one frontier to another. Many limitanean unitstook refuge in Amida (XVIII, 9, 3), and the dux Osrhoenae took partin the Persian expedition (XXIV, 1, 2), which suggests limitanei mightoperate away from their bases.

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"SENIORES-IUNIORES."Saracenorum cuneus XXXI, 16, 5Superventores XVIII, 9, 3Tricensimani (ps. cor.) XVIII, 9,3sagittarii Zabdieeni XX, 7,1Most are from the Mesopotamian frontier, of which Ammianus hadpersonal knowledge. Only barbarian contingents which formed partof the Roman army are included (though the Saraceni are doubtful).Appendix ii: The cemetery of Concordial

In 1873 an early Christian cemetery was discovered outside theRoman town of colonia lulia Concordia. When excavation ended in1875, 270 sarcophagi had been uncovered, many with epitaphs in-scribed upon them. They were of uniform type, and the language andlettering are fairly uniform also. Internal evidence showed that thecemetery was in use some time after 362/3 (the date of a re-usedinscription) and before 452 (the sack of Concordia by the Huns,when the cemetery seems to have been disturbed). Three epitaphsare actually dated: one to the consulship of Arcadius and Honorius(394, 396, or 402), and the others to 409/10 and 426/7. Unfortu-nately, the cemetery could not be preserved in situ, and no recordseems to have been kept of its exact layout. Nor have the epitaphsall been published in a single group, though many were collected byMommsen in C.I.L., V (1877), pp. 1058 ff.2The epitaphs name between them 22 regiments of the late Romanarmy (nearly all palatini and comitatenses), and form its most im-portant epigraphic source. Intensive study of these 36 epitaphs,culminating in their definitive publication by Dr. Hoffmann (inMuseum Helveticum, XX [1963], pp. 22-57), has given a misleadingimpression of the site as being a "military cemetery." In fact, alsoburied there are two praepositi and four variously-ranking fabri-censes from the local arrow factory (cf. Occ. 9,24); at least nineSyrian immigrants (and probably the four other Aurelii); and overa dozen civilians, usually with their wives.4 They include anarchiater, a cohortalis from Dacia Ripensis, a principalis fromMursa. Not published by Hoffmann are a domesticus and his wife(V,8738), and a veteranus and his wife (8749). Only the localbourgeoisie could afford these substantial stone coffins (de prop(r)iosuo usually); almost every soldier and fabricensis is an NCO. There

P. L. Zovatto, Antichi Monumenti Cristiani di Iulia ConcordiaSagittaria (1950), cited in n. 5 as Zovatto. G. Brusin and P. L.Zovatto, Monumenti Romani e Cristiani di Iulia Concordia (1960).2 Bibliography in Hoffmann,Museum Helveticum, XX (1963), p. 26.3"Concordiae in militum sepulcreto" (Diehl).4 The actual figure may be more. Soldatengrabschriftenare collectedby Hoffmann, but I have not been able to trace all the civilians'sarcophagi.

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ROGER TOMLIN.is no apparent difference between soldiers' and civilians' sarcophagi,whether in language, style, or position in the cemetery. To all ap-pearances, they were buried side by side, just as (it is tempting tosuppose) they were in life. ".. . il sepolereto era commune a tuttala cristianita di Concordia (earthly goods permitting, one mightadd), non era speciale dei militi della truppa di guarnigione o dipassaggio . . ." 5Hoffmann, however, claims "eine Reihe von Anzeichen" (op. cit.,p. 25) show that the soldiers came from an army drawn fromeastern and western units, cantoned in Concordia by Theodosiusafter his victory at the Frigidus (i. e. winter 394/5). From hiscommentary, the "Anzeichen" seem to be the eastern origin of halfthe 22 regiments. Which is dubious. The Batavi seniores, theMattiaci seniores and iuniores, are said to have returned from theeast on no better evidence than their appearance in both eastern andwestern field army lists in the Notitia. These lists, however, post-date the division of the Empire in 395, and these are simplyexamples of homonymous regiments in both partes imperii (cf. thePromoti, Regii, etc.). The Armaturae, loviani, and Fortenses Hoff-mann allows may be either eastern or western, but he prefers to seethe eastern iuniores in the Brachiati (rather than the seniores ofItaly, or the iuniores of Gaul), because of the Gothic names of thetwo NCO's who bury the dead man. However, Gratian like The-odosius came to terms with the Goths (the Ostrogoths seem to havebeen allowed to settle in nearby Pannonia), and it is unreasonableto suppose the western empire, desperate for recruits, would haveconfined itself to Gauls and Germans. The numerus primae Martiaevictricis Hoffmann identifies, surely correctly, with the Martii, aleg. corn. in east Illyricum (probably the leg. I Martia active on theDanube under Valentinian). The comites seniores sagittarii areunknown to the Notitia, and their station during the 390's cannot beinferred from the presence of comites sagittarii iuniores in Or. 5.The Regii Emeseni ludaei are likewise unknown to the Notitia, andtheir identification with the eastern Regii supposes that someonedeleted their full title after reading C. Th., XVI, 8, 24 (418),Honorius' edict banning Jews from military service. In no otherplace is there evidence the eastern lists have been modified after ca.395. There is some chance, in fact, that the Regii are Ammianus'Reges.6 We certainly cannot be sure whether the eastern or westerniegii are meant: Emeseni had served in the west before. Thepresence of the Iberi (= the Hiberi in Or. 5) depends on emenda-tion and interpretation of a difficult inscription, for which Hoffmannmakes out a convincing case.

5Zovatto (see note 1), p. 17.6The Batavi seniores and the Regii occupy complementarypositionsin the lists of Or. 5 and Or. 6 (cf. text above, note 10); Amm., XVI,12, 45, Batavi rveere cum regibus, formidabilis manus.

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"SIENUNIORE-IUIIORE."Only two regiments (2 sarcophagi out of 36) are, in my opinion,certainly eastern. Eight can be identified with units placed by theNotitia in Italy; 5 with Gallic units (one of these, Leones seniores,may be the Leones of Claudian); 2 in Spain (the sagittarii Nerviiare probably Claudian's Nervii); 1 in western Illyricum, and 4 un-certain. The army (397-8) listed by Claudian as sent from Pisa tonorth Africa (B. Gild., I, 415-23) offers similar discrepancies withthe Notitia.7Internal evidence does not suggest the army which swept Theo-dosius through the Balkans to victory in 394. Several are buried bytheir colleagues (Hoffmann, 1, 5, 12, 14), a brother (5), a son and

a kinsman (8, instantibus collegis). But Vassio (20), who was 60,and had served 35 years in the Batavi seniores, is buried by thewife "who lived with him 22 years." Flavia Optata (36) standsin some unspecified relationship to a soldier of the Regii EmeseniIudaei. Fandigildus, protector de numero Armigerorum (11), hadthe foresight to purchase his sarcophagus vivo suo. This may wellbe his retirement-rank (C. Th., VII, 20, 12 [400], cf. VII, 20, 5; 8and XIII, 1, 7); compare Alatancus, a domesticus, who was buriedwith his wife, with the provision that "no one of our family, oranyone else, be laid in this grave" (C.I.L., V, 8738).8 He seems assettled in Concordia as the veteran Gidnadius, buried nearby withhis wife (V, 8749). Why not also the two veterans from theMattiaci iuniores (28, 29), one of whom (28) intended the grave forhimself and his son, with the usual sanction against violation postobitum eorum? Some such sanction is repeated on all the militarysarcophagi, and usually also the claim that they were bought by thedeceased de proprio suo. The civilians say exactly the same. As aprecaution, Mansuetus (31) entrusted his grave to the protection of"the veterans." Three other soldiers (11, 14, 35), like Alatancus,entrusted their graves to the protection of the Church of Concordia.What sort of striking force is this, which includes veterans and60-year-olds (not to mention their wives), a girl (daughter ormistress?), a civil servant (38), and a petty magnate from Mursa(39) ? If this was a temporary cantonment, why did Mansuetusbelieve there would be veterans to look after his grave? CouldDassiolus have expected his son to share his grave-and wouldAlatancus need to fear his family's avarice? The soldiers buriedtheir dead side by side with the local bourgeoisie. Ties of friend-ship developed: Vettius Serenianus (10), hospes et heres eits,buried the NCO billeted upon him, and inherited his property.Some may have died in transit: perhaps the two easterners(12, 35), although we might note that Concordia was the home of

7 Cf. text, above, n. 11.8Alatancus' wife and family suggest that he was elderly or retired;his rank as domesticus is indecisive (Carpilio [16] is a 30-year-oldexample, de numero Batavorum seniorum).

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ROGER TOMLIN.numerous Syrians. Field army units passed through Concordia, orwere billeted there, when Maximus advanced to Aquileia (388), andEugenius stood on the Frigidus (394). Honorius made a lengthyexcursion to Patavium and nearby Altinum in 399. The regiment-pair of the Batavi seniores and the Eruli seniores must have beenbased on Concordia for some time, for they provide 11 inscriptionsbetween them (8 of them NCO's). This would not be Concordia'sfirst experience as an army base: a papyrus of the later thirdcentury attests a cohors IV Concordiensium.9 By 406, Stilico's armywas based at Ticinum, where it mutinied against him in 408 (Zos., V,26 4; 32, etc.). The army stationed there in 405/6 amounted to 30apLOBol(Zos., V, 26, 4), rather fewer than the 44 numeri allocated toItaly by Occ. 7. This list is later, and one would not expect Stilico'sarmy was any smaller. (If anything, the reverse: 7 vexillationes isvery few.) Thus considerable forces may have been stationed atother strategic points of north Italy besides Ticinum, one of whichwas Concordia. Other cemeteries may await discovery. That ofConcordia is an epigraphic document of the co-existence of soldiersand civilians in the last century of the western Empire comparablewith Eugippius' Life of Severinus.

Appendix iii: Epigraphic evidence of regiments with the supple-mentary title seniores or iunioresTen such regiments are known from Concordia (Appendix ii).This appendix collects others from the Corpus Inscriptionuml.atinarum; Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae; and Annee 2pi-graphique. A few titles have been restored or brought into con-formity with Notitia usage. Selections may be found in I.L.S., III,pp. 471-4, and in Diehl, Inscriptiones Latinae Christianae Veteres,

nos. 436 ff.scola Armeniorum primaV, 6726 (Vercellae)equitis seniorumequites Armigeri iun. VIII, 9255 (Rusgunia, Algeria)Balistarii sen. A.E., 1908, 178 (the Crimea)equites Batavi sen. ConcordiaBatavi sen. Concordiaequites Bracchiati sen. Concordiaequites Catafractarii sen. Concordia; XIII,1848 (Lyon)Comites sagittarii sen. ConcordiaCornuti sen. VI, 32963 (Rome)milites Cornuti iun. I.L.S., 9216 (Constantinople)Hemeseni iun. Syria, VI (1925), p. 129 (Algeria)

9A. von Domaszewski, Die Rangordnung des r6mischen Heeres (2nded., B. Dobson, 1967), pp. 185-7, the career of Traianus Mucianus.

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" SENIOR-IUNORESIORES."Heruli sen. ConcordiaIoviani sen. XIII, 3687 (Trier); I.L.S.,2789 (Milan)

(unspecified) III, 10232 (Sirmium);I.L.S., 2788 (Arles);A.E., 1940, 214 (Antioch)Iovii iun. ConcordiaLanciarii sen. I.L.S., 2788 (Arles)Lanciarii iun. A.E., 1927, 169 (Ladik, N. E. Turkey)milites Lanciarii iun. A.E., 1922, 71 (Ulmetum, in theDobrudja)Leones sen. Concordiamilites felices Leones sen.A.E., 1937, 254 (tskeles, Turkey)milites primo sagittarii I.L.S., 9216 (Constantinople)Leones iun.IMattiacisen. Concordia; I.L.S., 9215 (Bordeaux);I.L.S., 9481a (Nicopolis, E. Turkey)Mattiaci iun. Concordia

equites itemque pedites I.L.S., 1356 (Caesarea, Algeria)iuniores MauriOsdroeni iun. VIII,9829 (Algeria), Syria, VI (1925),p. 134Tungrecani sen. XIII, 5190 (N. W. Switzerland)Appendix iv: Some peculiar iuniores without complementaryseniores: their possible origins'a) iuniores with regional suffixi. iuniores BritannicianiExculcatores (Occ. 5), cf. E. seniores (Italy); E. iuniores (Spain)Invicti (Spain), cf. I. seniores (Spain); I. iuniores (E. Illyricum)Victores (Britain, Occ. 7), cf. V. seniores (Italy, Occ. 7); V. iun-iores (Spain); Honoriani V. iuniores (W. Illyricum)ii. iuniores GallicaniAtecotti (Gaul), cf. Honoriani A. seniores (Gaul); Honoriani A.iuniores (Italy)Felices (Occ. 5), cf. F. seniores (Spain); F. iuniores (Italy)Iovii (Gaul), cf. I. seniores (Italy); I. iuniores (W. Illyricum)Mattiaci (Gaul), cf. M. seniores (Italy); M. iuniores (Gaul); M.Honoriani Gallicani (W. Illyricum)Salii (Spain, Occ. 7), cf. S. seniores (Gaul); S. Gallicani (Occ. 5)2

1Western regiments are attested in both Occ. 5 and Occ. 7 (occa-sionally with slight differences in title) unless stated; appearance inone list only implies a late addition.2The Salii Gallicani are probably the Salii iuniores Gallicani, anexample of a iuniores gaining a regional suffix.

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ROGER TOMLIN.iii. In the eastern praesental armies:Sagittarii iuniores/seniores GallicaniSagittarii iuniores/seniores OrientalesEq. armigeri seniores Gallicani, cf. eq. armigeri seniores Orientales(Or. 7)b) iuniores from the limitaneiequites Catafractarii iuniores (Britain, Occ. 7), cf. eq. Catafractarii,Morbio (Occ. 40, 21)Cursarienses iuniores (Gaul, Occ. 7), cf. milites Ursarienses, Roto-mago (Occ. 37,21)8Defensores seniores (Gaul) and iuniores (Gaul, Occ. 7), cf. numerusDefensorum, Braboniaco (Occ. 40,27) and milites Defensores,Confluentibus (Occ. 41, 24)Secundani iuniores (Britain, Occ. 7), cf. legio secunda Augusta,Rutupis (Occ. 28,19); secundani Britones (Oce. 7) = secundaBritannica (Occ. 5) (Gaul)Septimani iuniores4 (Gaul), cf. legio septima Gemina, Legione(Occ. 42, 26)Superventores iuniores (Gaul), cf. milites Superventores, Mannatias

(Occ. 37,18)The units in (b) are pseudocomitatenses, with the exception of theCatafractarii, and thus typical of many drafted from Britain andthe Rhine frontier into the field armies after 406. This rare use ofiuniores may indicate that the parent-unit remained in being (aswould certainly be true of Leg. II Augusta and VII Gemina). Bycontrast, the legionary detachments which had been in the fieldarmies since Gallienus, the secundani Italiciani, Octavani, Decimagemina, etc., never carry a supplementary iuniores.5Appendix v: Movements and divisions of some palatine regimentsin Ammianus Marcellinus

Several times during 364-378, Ammianus records what is appar-ently the same regiment in both east and west. This never happensin 353-363, with the natural exception of the imperial bodyguardsand the regiments which Julian took from Gaul to the east. Afterthe division of 364, no further interchange of regiments betweeneast and west seems to have occurred in 364-378. In the crisis of3Not from the Cursarienses (leg. corn. in Gaul). The identificationis guaranteed by the bloc of regiments from Occ. 37 drafted to Occ. 7.'There is another Septimani iuniores in Tingitania (Occ. 7), rankuncertain, but also distinct from the leg. corn.seniores-iuniores.6Numismatic evidence of Gallienus' field army: M. Alfoldi, inLimes-Studien: Vortrdge des 3. internationalen Limes-Kongress inRheinfelden/Basel 1957 (1959), pp. 13-18.

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" SENIORES-IUNIORES.1"Procopius' usurpation, Valens received no direct military assistancefrom Valentinian (XXVI, 5,13; cf. Symmachus, Or., 1,17 ff.); nordid Valentinian draw on the east for his great invasion of Germany(XXVII, 10, 6). When military assistance was requested by Valens,Ammianus notes it (XXXI, 7,3; 10,3). The western empire wasreluctant to spare troops (XXXI, 7, 4, cf. 10, 6 dispositio prudens),and in the event, Valens was able (indeed willing) to proceed alone(XXXI, 12,1; 7). So when Ammianus seems to record the sameregiment in both east and west (the Divitenses - Tungrecani simul-taneously), he is in fact describing two homonyms.No further division of the field army seems to have taken place,though small adjustments may have been made (in Illyricum, andin drafting Valens' lovii - Victores to the west). The combinedfield army left by Theodosius in 395 was simply re-separated byStilico into its western and eastern components (Claudian, In Ruf.,II, 6: geminae exercitus aulae, cf. 104: utraque castra; 217: redeatiam miles Eous; cf. 161-2, 389 [with B. Gild., I, 430-1]).1. loviani - Herculiani

Premier infantry regiments in both Ammianus and the Notitia,they were raised by Diocletian and Maximian (Zos., III, 30, 2), andjointly commanded by Magnentius in Gaul in 350 (II, 4, 2). Theirofficers attended the trials of Chalcedon (Dec. 361), and they servedtogether in the Persian expedition (summer 363), undivided as yet,the signifer of the Ioviani deserting to the enemy. The lovianicampaigned in Germany in 368.The Notitia pairs seniores in Italy, iuniores in Or. 5.2. Divitenses-- Tungrecani

The iuniores proclaimed Proeopius at Constantinople (Sept. 365),and cannot be the pair stationed in Gaul in Jan. 365, defeated bythe Alamanni later in the year.The seniores are paired in Italy; the iuniores are absent.3. Celtae - Petulantes

Served with Julian in Gaul. Constantius' demand for them by namefor the east (winter 359/60) made them proclaim Julian. Theyfollowed him to Antioch (362), where their indiscipline was notori-ous. Since the army combined units from Gaul and Illyricum withConstantius' field army, they must then have been the only regimentsof the name. (This argument applies to other regiments mentionedby Ammianus in the Persian expedition.) They presumably servedwith Julian in Mesopotamia (363). They defeated the Lentienses inRaetia in Feb. 378 (where they seem to have been cantoned beforein winter 360/61).The Notitia pairs the seniores in Italy; the Celtae iuniores are inAfrica, and the Petulantes iuniores in eastern Illyricum.

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ROGER TOMLIN.4. Eruli - Batavi

The Batavi distinguished themselves at Strasbourg (autumn 357),and both regiments campaigned in Britain (winter 359/60). Con-stantius demanded them by name for the east at this time. TheEruli served on the Persian expedition (363), and the Batavi wereperhaps the 500 Gauls and Germans, men used to swimming theRhine from childhood, who swam the Tigris in spate (XXV, 6,13-14with 7, 3). They formed half an army defeated in Gaul in 365,before Valentinian arrived. (Ammianus does not say whether theyhad returned from the east, travelling ahead of Valentinian [whomoved slowly, and wintered 364/5 in Milan], or were a detachmentleft behind by Julian.) They served in Britain in 367/68. TheBatavi were held in reserve at Adrianople (Aug. 378).Zosimus says that Valentinian was nearly killed in a mutiny ofthe Batavi at Sirmium (III, 35, 2, i. e. 363), and that for cowardicein Gaul (365?) he nearly sold them into slavery. He seems to havemuddled his source, and what he says conflicts what is known ofValentinian's movements from the C.Th., so his statements should berejected.The seniores are paired in Italy. The Batavi iuniores are in Gaul;the Eruli iuniores are absent. A second Batavi seniores is in Or. 5.5. lovii - Victores

First appear on the Persian expedition (363), fighting bravelyalongside the loviani -Herculiani, and like them, apparently theonly regiments of the name. Valens sent them against Procopius(Oct. 365) to whom they defected. They campaigned in Britain in367/68 with the Eruli - Batavi, surely a second pair.The seniores are paired in Italy; the iuniores had been paired(Occ. 5), but now (Occ. 7), the Iovii iuniores are in westernIllyricum, the Iovii iuniores Gallicani in Gaul, and the Victoresiuniores in Spain. They may have been transferred to Britain as theVictores iuniores Britanniciani.Lancearii - Mattiarii

The spearhead of Constantius' advance against Julian (361), andscreen of Julian's advance down the Euphrates (Malalas, ed.Dindorf, p. 330, 2 iff.). Malalas, who drew on accounts by membersof the Persian expedition, refers to them jointly as an aptOGAs.When the Roman army collapsed at Adrianople (378), they stoodtheir ground.The Notitia divides the palatine seniores and iuniores betweenOr. 5 and Or. 6. To judge by Ammianus and Malalas, they werenot so divided in 363.Gentiles - Scutarii

Palatine scolae regularly associated together by Ammianus. Con-

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" SENIORES-IUNIORES."stantius shared them with his junior colleagues Gallus and Julian,and the Scutarii at least were shared by Valentinian with Valens.Until his accession (364), there were only two scolae of Scutariiattached to a sole Emperor, the First and the Second.The Notitia attaches a First and Second scola of Scutarii to eachcomitatus. The Gentiles are divided into seniores and iuniores inthe east; the west has iuniores only.Six more regiments found as seniores-iuniores appear in Ammi-anus, but without evidence for (or against) division. They are (withdates of appearance in parenthesis) the Armaturae (354, 366),Ascarii (366), Brachiati (355, 357), Cornuti (355, 357, 377),Primani (357), and Promoti (355, 378).

Appendix vi: Regiments divided by seniores and iuniores1. Between WEST and EASTsen. iun. (9)Armaturae Herculiani Ioviani Pannoniciani PetulantesDivitenses Tungrecani Iovii Victores 2sen. Jun. sun. (4)Eq. Batavi Eq. Brachiati Brachiati Invictisen. iun. sen. iun. (3)Ascarii Mattiaci Eq. Promotisen. sen. iun. (3)Batavi Cornuti Gentilesiun. sen. (2)Germaniciani Primaniiun. sen. iun. (1)Mattiarii2. Within the WEST3 (21)Eq. Armigeri Armigeri propugnatores Atecotti HonorianiBrisigavi Celtae Eq. Cetrati Eq. Cornuti DefensoresExculcatores Felices Gratianenses Eq. Honoriani LeonesHonoriani Marcomanni Mauri Honoriani Mauri TonantesPropugnatores Eq. sagittarii Parthi Salii Eq. ScutariiSeptimani

1Each regiment is named only once, although some would qualifyfor inclusion under more than one rubric.2These four regiments (Divitenses ... Viotores) on the authorityof Ammianus.'Usually, but not always, in simple seniores-iuniores pairs. The"lone" seniores and iuniores are mostly survivors of such pairs.



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ROGER TOMLIN.Lone seniores (7)Armigeri defensores Eq. constantes Valentinianenses HeruliMenapii Moesiaci Eq. sagittarii Eq. StablesianiLone iuniores (cf. Appendix iv) (5)Eq. Catafractarii Cursarienses Superventores ValentinianensesSecundani3. Within the EAST3 (7)Arcadiani Balistarii Felices Honoriani Lanciariisagittarii Gallicani sagittarii Orientales Eq. TheodosiaeiLone seniores (7)Eq. Armigeri sen. Gallicani Eq. Amigeri sen. OrientalesBritones Constantini Martenses Solenses Eq. GermanicianiLone iuniores (4)balistarii Theodosiani felices Theodosianicomites Catafractarii Bucellarii Eq. comites Sagittarii

NOTE: This paper was planned and written before I could studythe ?monumental survey by D. Hoffmann, Das spiitrmischeBewegungsheer und die Notitia Dignitatum (EpigraphischeStudien, VII: I [1969] and II [1970]). Fuller and sometimesdifferent treatment of much that is discussed here, and in particu-lar of the chronology of the Notitia's eastern field armies, willbe found in its more than 800 pages.

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Seniores-Iuniores in the Late-Roman Field Army

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