SEMESTER 1Final Review

Before attempting this review, please make sure you have followed all the steps on “1.0 Preparing for the First Semester Exam”

This should be your final study session before the test.

When using this review, keep track of the questions you struggle with.

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Unit Target: Develop a common language that can be applied to human anatomy and physiology.

Which of the following is the best definition for anatomy?

a. The study of body structures and their functionsb. The study of body structuresc. The study of body shapesd. The interaction of body parts with each other

Answer: b

1

The study of how the body functions is known as _____________________.

Physiology

2

Which of the following is not a characteristic of humans:

a. Made of cellsb. Require energyc. Maintain homeostasisd. Are autotrophs

Answer: d

Make sure you know the characteristics of humans not listed.

3

Which of the following is not a requirement of humans?

A. Nutrients

B. Carbon dioxide

C. Water

D. Proper Pressure levels

B.Carbon dioxide

Make sure you know the requirements of humans not listed.

4

5-10. Identify each level of organization.

chemicalcellular

tissue

organorgan system

organism

Which statement best explains how form and function are related?

A.The cell is elongated

B.Cells carry out cellular respiration

C.Tendrils on cells send messages

D.Human cells all have a cell membrane

C. Tendrils (form) send messages (function)

11

Label the directional terms

Is this person in the correct anatomical position?

Yes- Why?

1

1

2

3

17-19

Label the body planes.

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

20-27

41. Which of the following is not true about homeostasis?

A.Humans can not survive without it

B.Body parts function only when the concentrations of water, nutrients and oxygen remain within certain limits

C.Defined as a condition of a stable external environment

D.Controlled by negative and positive feedback

C. Stable internal environment

Maintaining homeostasis

What is the set point for sugar?

A. 102

B. 190

A.

What stimulus caused a change away from the set point?

Eating a Snickers bar

The pancreas is a gland that secretes insulin to maintain blood glucose levels. What is the name given to the muscle or gland that responds to the stimulus?A.Effector C. ResponderB.The brain D. The control center

A.

BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELLS

• Unit Target: Apply chemistry and cellular biology concepts to human anatomy and physiology.

1-3. Match each inorganic substance with the reason it is important to humans.

H2O

(pick 2)

O2

Ca

Required for cellular respiration

Transports heat throughout the body

Bone strength and muscle contractions

As a solvent provides an environment for metabolic reactions

Ca is a (an)

a.Ion

b.Nucleic acid

c.Carbohydrate

d.Lipid

a. Ion

4. True or False:

The 4 organic molecules that make up a cell are salt, nitrogen, carbohydrates and proteins.

False: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

5- 10. Identify each organic molecule.(Carbohydrate, Protein, Lipid, Nucleic Acid)

1. Carbohydrate (glucose)

2. Nucleic acid (DNA) 3. Protein (muscle)

4. Lipid (ear wax) 5. Protein (enzyme)

6. Lipid (cell membrane)

Analyze information regarding the chemical requirements of humans

Most of the calories from this food come from

a.Carbs

b.Proteins

c. Lipids

Is this a heart healthy food?

No- Saturated fats clog arteries

11-12

1

2

3 4 56

7 8

9

10

1112

13-24

Cytosol contains the chromatin

Lysosome selectively permeable to control

what enters and leaves the cell

Mitochondria jelly-like, contains organelles

Nucleus RNA containing structure

Ribosome contains digestive enzymes

Cell membrane produces energy for the cell

25-30

31. Which of the following best explains why a cell is the structural and functional

unit of all living things?

a. A cell has all the structures of a living thing but it cannot function on its own

b. A cell is the smallest living thing that can function on its own

c. A cell’s function is to make non-living structures

b.

32-34. How do the various cell shapes allow for their functions?

Flat and layered for protection

Tendrils transmit messages

Biconcave increases surface area for transporting oxygen

35-38. Match the ways substances move across a cell membrane with the correct definition

Diffusion

Osmosis

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Movement of water across a cell membrane

Energy is used when a particle is engulfed by the cell membrane

Movement of substances from high to low concentrations

Cellular secretion

Truth or Baloney?

Passive transport requires energy.

Baloney. Active transport requires energy.

An example of active transport is diffusion.

Baloney. Diffusion is the passive transport of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

39-40

In the picture, which type of transport across the cell membrane requires energy?

Active transport.

Which type of transport moves molecules across their concentration gradient? (from low to high concentrations)

Active transport

Which of the following is NOT an example of facilitated diffusion?a.Carrier molecules in the cell membrane move large glucose molecules from outside the cell where there is a high concentration to inside the cell where there is a low concentration.b.Channel proteins in the cell membrane open and let smaller molecules such as Na, K, and Ca to cross the cell membrane.c.Water molecules move freely across the cell membrane.

c. This is an example of osmosis

If you eat salty foods, what would be the condition of your intercellular solution?

Hypertonic

What would happen to your cells?

Water would move out. Dehydration.

41-42

43. Truth or Baloney?

Metabolism is defined as: The chemical process that take place within a cell in order to maintain life.

Truth

44-46. Place the phrase in the correct box.

ANABOLISM CATABOLISM

1. Breaking down of large molecules Into smaller molecules

2. Requires energy

3. A muscle cell generating new protein fibers from amino acids

Interpret the diagrams of cellular respiration on the next 3 pages.

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

What reactant is entering glycolysis?Glucose

What is the product of glycolysis?Pyruvic acid

How many molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis?2

47-49

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?In the mitochondria of the cell

What waste product is produced during this step?CO2

50-51

Is oxygen required by the electron transport chain?Yes

Is carbon dioxide a product of the ETC?No- ATP and water are products.

52-53

54. True or false:

During anaerobic respiration in humans the muscle cells produce amino acid which may cause muscle cramps.

False: Lactic acid

Interphase nuclear division

Mitosis death

Cytokinesis growth

Cell differentiation Cytoplasmic division

Apoptosis specialization

55 – 59. Describe the cell cycle.

65. Could this situation injure human cells?

Taking more than the recommended amount of aspirin in a day.

Yes

66. What type of injury would this be classified as?

a.insufficient quantities of nutrients

b.Exposure to toxins

c.Trauma

Exposure to toxins

67. What is the definition of cancer?

a. Uncontrolled cell division

b. Death of a cell

c. Metastasis into other tissue

d. The series of changes a cell undergoes

a.

68- 72. Match the stage of cancer with its description

Hyperplasia

Dedifferentiation

Invasiveness

Angiogenesis

Metastasis

Cells lose specialized functions

Cancer cells spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body

Uncontrolled cell division

Cancer cells break through regional tissue boundaries

Blood vessels generated around cancer cells, depriving healthy cells of nutrients

73.There are 2 types of stem cells: embryonic and adult (somatic). Which type is being described?

Can become any type of cell in the body

Embryonic

True or False: Embryonic stem cells arise when the sperm and egg unite.

True

True or False: Adult stem cells replace injured and worn out cells.

True

An example of adult stem cells at work would be

a.Repair of skin tissue after a cut

b.Replacement of cells lining the stomach wall

c.Regeneration of blood vessels

d.All of the above

TISSUE

Unit Target: Identify and state the function of the various types of tissue that make up the human body.

1. True or False?

Each type of tissue is composed of similar cells specialized to carry on a particular function.

True

2-5. Name each type of tissue being described

Contractile, elongated _____________MuscleTendrils transmit messages ___________NervousDensely packed cells _______________EpithelialAbundance of intercellular matrix ________Connective

Functions of tissue

Truth or Baloney?

6. Stratified epithelial tissue is good for protecting underlying layers of tissue.

True

7. Some epithelial tissue is specialized to secrete substances such as sebum.

True

8. Which type of connective tissue can store energy?

A.Blood

B.Adipose

C.Dense Irregular

D.Cartilage

B.

Name that tissue

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle or Nervous?Specific type?

Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

9-10

Connective

Blood

11-12

Nervous

13-14

Connective

Hyaline cartilage

15-16

Epithelial

Simple cuboidal

17-18

Epithelial

Simple Columnar

19-20

ConnectiveBone

21-22

Muscle

Smooth

23-24

Connective

Adipose

25-26

Epithelial

Stratified Squamous Keratinized

27-28

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Unit Target: Explain how the structures of the integumentary system serve as a barrier between the outside environment and our internal environment.

Skin warmth and protection

Hair secretion of water and oil

Glands prevents dehydration

Nails picking up small objects

1-4.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1011

5-15

16. Name the layer of the integumentary system being described.

The layer below the skin consisting of adipose tissue which serves to insulate the body.

Subcutaneous layer

17-18. Choose the best answer.

Skin color is determined by the pigment

( melanin / chlorophyll )

Melanin protects the cells in the

(epidermis / dermis )

19. Which diagram represents feeling hot?

Feeling HotFeeling Cold

20. Which of the following will keep your skin healthy?

• Extreme tanning

• Eating healthy

• Taking lots of vitamins

• Exercise

Truth or Baloney:

21. The type of cell that forms a clot at the site of a cut is called a white blood cell.

Baloney: Platelet

22. The cell that engulfs bacteria at the site of a cut is called a macrophage.

True

Which of the following is an example of how the skin acts as a barrier to the outside environment?

A.On a hot day I sweat to keep cool.

B.On a cold day, I shiver.

C.The salt in my sweat creates an inhospitable environment for bacteria.

D.Some people have overactive sweat glands.

C.

What is the set point for core body temperature?

37 C or 98.6 F

What happens to core body temperature when the surrounding air temperature increases?

It increases.

What is the purpose of vasodilation?A . Conserve heatB.Release heat

B.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Unit Target: Describe the living and non-living components of bone and the role bones play in carrying out life’s functions.

1. Which letter is pointing to the lacuna?A

2. What is in the lacuna?An osteocyte

3. What is letter B pointing to?The matrix

4. What type of bone cell makes this matrix?An osteoblast

5. Bone tissue actually serves as the site of blood cell formation.

True

6. The cells of bone tissue that help break down old or unnecessary matrix are called osteocytes.

False: osteoclasts

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

7-15

Before you are born, much of your bone is made or

( adipose / cartilage ).

As you grow, the bone lengthens and

( decreases in diameter / increases in diameter).

The structure where growth occurs in a long bone is called the ( epiphyseal plate / spongy bone ).

Bone growth is complete ( during / after ) puberty.

18-21

Is the bone axial or appendicular?

22. Femur

Appendicular- it is an appendage (limb) bone

23. Vertebra

Axial- It makes up the vertebral column which is considered the axis of the body

Match each skeletal section with its function.

Skull

Vertebral column

Thoracic cage

Pectoral and Pelvic girdles

Protects spinal cord

Supports the limbs

Protects the lungs and heart

Protects the brain

24- 27

Joint, Cavity, Depression or Process?

1

2

3

28-30

Name that bone

Femur Humerus

31-32

1

2

3

33-35

1

2

3

4

55

6

7

8

36-43

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8 9

10

44-53

12

3

4

5

54-58

Truth or Baloney?

Articulations are places on a skeleton where bones meet.

Truth

59-60

Name the type of joint.

A type of joint such as a suture in which the bones are joined together by fibers

Fibrous

A joint in which the bones are joined by cartilage as seen between the vertebrae

Cartilagenous

Joints with a great amount of mobilitySynovial

61-63

Identify the joint movements.

1 2

3 4

56

7

8

9 10

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Unit Target: Discuss the contractile nature of muscle tissue and its role in moving body parts and body fluids.

After reading the description, name the type of tissue.

Contracts slowly, has no striations and shortSmooth

Long, branching, beats in rhythmCardiac

Long, multinucleated and attached to boneSkeletal

1-3

Label the picture

Match each structure with its description.

Tendon

Fascia

Muscle

Fasicle

Axon

Muscle cell

Sarcolemma

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Myofibril

Filaments

• Contain the filaments• Covers the muscle• The organ of movement• Connects muscle to bone• The contractile proteins• A bundle of muscle cells• Stores calcium for contractions• Covers the muscle cell• Sends signal to contract• The basic unit of muscle tissue

Focus on the protein filaments

Name filament 1 and 2.

The distance from one z line to the next is called a …

sarcomere

Study the picture of the neuromuscular junction. Match the words with the correct number.

Mitochondria 11

Axon of neuron 7

Myofibril 12

Synaptic vesicles 8

Synaptic cleft 9

Site of receptors 10

The chemical that is released at a neuromuscular junction and results in a muscle contraction is called epinephrine.

False: acetylcholine

Study this diagram and then answer the question.

If calcium is present, actin and myosin filaments will bind.

True

Once cross bridges bind to the actin filament, the myosin filament slides. This is known as the power stroke.

False: actin

An ADP molecule releases the cross bridge from the binding site.

False: ATP

During a contraction, the muscle increases in ___________ and ____________ but decreases in ______________.

Increases in hardness and circumference

Decreases in length

20

Prime mover non-movable bone

Synergist the main muscle associated with a muscle movement

Antagonist movable bone

Origin muscles that work together

Insertion muscle that result in opposing

actions

21-25

1 Frontalis

2 Temporalis3

Orbicularis Oculi

4 Zygomaticus

5 Masseter6

Orbicularis oris7 Platysma

29-35

1 Deltoid2 Pectoralis major

3

Biceps brachii4 Serratus anterior

5 Rectus abdominis6 External oblique

7 Sartorius

36-42

1 Trapezius

2 Latissimus dorsi

3 Gluteus maximus

43-45

46-52

58-64

53-57

67-71

Do the muscles on the back of the hand result in flexion or extension?

Extension

Carpi refers the attachment of the tendon to…….

Carpal bones

A muscle on the thumb side often has the name ____________ in it.

Radialis

What muscle is a synergist to the masseter?

Temporalis

What is the action of the masseter and temporalis?

Elevation (jaw)

How did the sternocleidomastoid get its name?It’s attachment points are the sternum, clavicle and mastoid process

What is the origin of the occipitalis?

Occipital bone

Tips for success

Eat nutritious foods.

Get a good nights sleep- at least 6 hours.

Reduce stress by being prepared.