Semester 1 Review

Chapter 2, 3, 4, 6 & 7

Symbiotic Relationships

• Mutualism– When both benefit

• Commensalism– When one benefits, other is not helped or harmed

• Parasitism– When on benefits, other is harmed

Habitat vs. Niche

• Habitat – is where an organism lives• Niche – is an organisms role in the environment

• Example: catfish feed on dead and decomposing matter at the bottom of a lake, this describes the catfishes niche in the environment.

Food Chain

• Water plant – primary producer • Small fish – primary (1st level) consumer• Large fish – secondary (2nd level) consumer• Bird – tertiary (3rd level) consumer

• Length – varies with the ecosystem.

Biological Hierarchy

• Organism• Population• Community• Ecosystem• Biome• Biosphere

• Example – A population of bears.

Energy Pyramid

• Snakes are at the top of the pyramid– Thus, there are the least amount of them

Abiotic vs. Biotic

• Abiotic – Nonliving factors– Rain, temperature, wind, soil

• Biotic – Living factors– Availability of food, predators

Biochemical Cycles

• Nitrogen, Phosphorous & Carbon– They are all dependent on biotic factors

• Water Cycle– Least dependent on biotic factors.

Biochemical Cycles

• Nitrogen & Phosphorous Cycle– Nitrogen and Phosphorous are added into the soil

by decomposing matter (dead plants/Manure)

Range of Tolerance

• Organisms prefer the center of the graph– Correct pH (not too alkaline or too acidic)– The center has the greatest diversity (best conditions)

Primary Succession

• Starts from nothing (rock)• Pioneer Species – Lichens (moss like species)

Secondary Succession• Happens after a natural disaster– Forrest fire, hurricane…– Soil is already in place

Growth Rate

• Growth of a plant only increases with watering to a certain point.

• Too much water can be damaging

Biodiversity

• Lake shore – most biodiversity

• Lake bottom – least biodiversity (decomposers)

Variation of Climate

• The angle that the sunlight hits the Earth is the primary reason for differences in climates around the World.

Temperature Decrease

• When Altitude Increases – Temp ↓

• When Latitude Increases – Temp ↓

Population Characteristics

• Density• Distribution• Growth Rate

• Populations are classified by the above characteristics.

Population Spatial Distribution

• Is not affected by the populations carrying capacity.

• Where is an organism going to live?– Resources (food/shelter)– Abiotic (rain)– Predators/Parasites

Population Density

• On 500,000 acres of forest area lives– 50 bison– 3,000 fox– 20,000 moles

– Moles have the highest population density because there are the most of them per area of land.

Dispersion Patters

• Random – wind blowing seeds• Clumped – grove of trees• Uniform – farm crops

Immigration vs. Emigration

• Immigrations in when an organism moves into a population

• Emigration is when an organism moves out of a population.

– A female chimp is taken into a new population by a male, her original population experiences emigration.

Population Growth Rate

• How many are born (birthrate = natality)• How many die (deathrate – mortality)• How many move away (emigrate)• How many move into (immigrate)

r-strategist vs. k-strategist

• r-strategist– Small organisms, have many offspring– Short lifespan– Live in fluctuating environments

• k-strategist– Larger organisms, few offspring– Longer lifespan– Spend more time caring for offspring

Human Growth Rate

• Exponential Growth correlates with the start of the Industrial Revolution.

Recourses• Populations that use the most resources are

also the most industrial developed countries.– Example the United States, Western Europe, Australia

Elements vs. Compounds

• Element – Carbon C

• Compound – Carbon dioxide CO2

Atoms• In the Nucleus– Protons – Positively Charged Particles– Neutron – Neutral Charged Particles

• Outside the Nucleus– Electrons – Negatively Charged Particles

Isotopes

• An Isotope is a version on an element with more or less neutron– THUS, the mass is higher or lower than the original

version of the element.

Ionic vs. Covalent

• Ionic – Metal & Nonmetal– Gaining & losing Electrons– NaCl, CaOH

• Covalent – Nonmetal & Nonmetal– Sharing Electrons– HCL, H2O

Chemical Reaction

• Chemical Rxn – Example – Iron rusting

• Physical Property Change– Ice melting– Water evaporating– Sugar dissolving in water

Enzymes

• An Enzyme will decreases the activation energy necessary to initiate the chemical change.

Solution• A Homogenous mixture with uniform

composition throughout.– Solute– Solvent– Example - Seawater

Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates – Energy Storage

• Proteins

• Lipids

• Nucleic Acids – DNA / Genetic Information

Phospholipid Bilayer

• Polar (head) likes water• Nonpolar (tail) dislikes water

Early Microscopes

• Were able to view tiny things– Tiny organisms– Cells (not their parts)

Scanning Electron Microscope

• 3 – D Images

Fundamental Cell Theory

• All Living organisms are made up of Cells

Bacteria Cells

• Are Prokaryotic • Have No Nucleus• Are usually smaller

All Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• All Cells Have:– Cell membrane– DNA (DNA like material –

chromosomes)

• Eukaryotic Cells Have:– Membrane bound Organelles• NUCLEUS

Plasma Membrane

• Carbohydrate Chain helps identify chemical signals outside the cell.

Organelles

• Mitochondria – Converts sugars in the body/cell into usable energy

• This is why muscle cells need more of them than skin cells.

Plant Cells

• Chloroplasts• Vacuoles• Cell Wall

Animal Cells

• Lysosomes – “clean-up crew”