Self-organising maps for integrating data across

multiple scales

S Shanmuganathana, P Sallisa and J Buckeridgeb b Environmental and Oceanic Sciences Centre

a Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand subana.shanmuganathan@aut.ac.nz

Summary of slides Global environmental issues Need for improved human-environment relationship

Challenges in ecosystem understanding Need for new tools

Conventional data analysis methods drawbacks digital data

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) Self-organising maps (SOMs)

SOMs in integrated analysis local global scales across scales

Global environmental issues

“We also know that 15 per cent of the world’s population accounts for 56 per cent of consumption and if everybody lived like they do we would need 2.6 additional planets to support us all…Our assessments of the state of the environment suggest we will need to innovate a transformation to sustainable production and consumption patterns in the space of just one generation”.

(Shrestha 2003)

Global environmental issues THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT:

PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE - Hard Facts

biodiversity loss overexploitation of natural resources deforestation …

http://www.unep.org/Geo/press.htm

Deforestation

Biodiversity can be managed “We know enough about the

distribution of species and ecosystems to ensure that the world's biodiversity is managed effectively….Give nature half a chance, and it will take care of itself”

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2166306.stm

Grand challenges of this eraareas of ‘highest priority’ for focus within environmental

sciences Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Hydraulic Forecasting: Infectious Disease and the Environment: Land-Use Dynamics:

interdisciplinary research involving ecologists, ethnologists, psychologists, engineers, economists,

planners, landscape architects, and others. data needs, collection and synthesis of data requiring cooperation among

physical, biological, and social scientists; engineers and planners; and other associated funding agencies.

to protect biodiversity: Need for coordinated effort hydraulic modelling human management institutions on ecosystems. climate change in ecosystem urban long-term ecological research sites.

- Graedel et al. (2001)

Need for new tools humans ---> extensive damage to the environment

sustainable environmental development - remote lack of proper ecosystem understanding

ecosystem functioning and biodiversity ecosystems are complex diverse major challenge (Graedel et al. 2001)

new tools integrated approaches cross scale using dissimilar data sets

Conventional methods CM are complex rigorous, still unable to distinguish

human induced from natural environmental variations Research of the 20th century

significantly contributing --- current environmental problems the research became focused in gaining in-depth knowledge with highly specialised scientific fields. encouraged a fragmented image of nature - Bowler (1992).

responsible for altering the Earth’s natural flows and cycles Digital data - experimentation of novel approaches

ANNs AI

Artificial neural networks

Source: http://hem.hj.se/~de96klda/NeuralNetworks.htm

Conventional Vs ANNs needs step by step

details of the problem and solution

Solves laborious repetitive tasks

applications Mathematical

calculations payroll, cannot solve real world

problems i.e. image/ voice recognition

stores information as patterns- based on animal brain /nerve cell structure and functioning

Neurons, architecture, training and recall algorithm

Train - input/ output Heuristics -> computing applications

image/ voice recognition character recognition

Kohonen’s SOM (1982) A feed forward neural network with unsupervised training al. Displays the input vectors on a two D grid Preserves the topology of the input vectors Visual analysers, enables the detection of hidden patterns Ideal data mining tool for knowledge extraction Teuvo Kohonen - 1st modelled the human brain’s cortex

cells

Figure : Simplified diagrams of the human brain and a self-organising map (SOM)

Output layer

Input layer

SOMs in integrated analysis New Zealand's annual gross domestic product

(GDP) composition, with household consumption and housing patterns, from 1988 to 2001.

World Bank's rural development, GDP and biodiversity for year 1980 and 2000

Ozone hole with green houses from 1979-2001

SOMs in national data analysis Annual GDP composition household composition housing patters

separate house Vs flat/ apartments cause indirect pressure on the

environment

Annual GDP composition1. Agriculture2. forestry and logging3. fishing4. mining5. manufacturing,6. electricity7. gas and water supply8. construction9. transport and storage other services10. Unallocated

household composition food and beverages clothing and footwear housing household goods and services health and medical goods and services transport leisure and education hotels and restaurants and other goods and

services

GDP, Household & housing1996 1995 1994

1993 1992

1997

1998 1989 1991

1990

1999

2000 1988

2001

Minimum Ozone (dobson units)199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

88 118 149 179 209

Area (million sq. km)199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

0 5 11 16 21 26

Carbon_dioxide199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

339 346 353 360 367

Methane199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

1600 1631 1662 1693

Nitrous199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

299 302 305 308 311

Carbon_tetrachloride199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

89 92 95 98 101

Methyl199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

64 77 90 102 115

CFC-11199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

158 184 210 235 261

CFC-12199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

293 352 412 471 530

CFC-113199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

26 37 49 60 72 83

Total199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

1624 2006 2387 2769

Figure 1 a & b: SOM created with New Zealand's national GDP, household consumption and housing pattern data.

SOM results - national data cluster 1 (1988-1991), cluster 2

(1992-1996) and cluster 3 (1997-2001).

GDP from Agriculture, mining and other services increase

manufacturing and unallocated categories decrease; unless measures to preserve habitat biodiversity is taken this is not a good trend

household goods and services, and leisure and education increase.

GDP through fishing, forestry and logging, education decrease.

flat/ apartment dwelling and occupancy have increased.

C 1: 1989, 1991, 1990,

1988

C 2: 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993, 1992

C 3: 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001

Agriculture 5.222771 5.259909 5.694109

Fores & Log 1.101665 1.341325 1.259064

Fishing 0.308207 0.31355 0.266168

Mining 1.298866 1.331572 1.330472

Manuf 18.01848 17.28686 16.37737

Ele, G & Water Supp 2.570233 2.584055 2.154615

Construction 4.846069 3.776741 3.969373

Trans & Stor 3.965869 4.505566 4.912953

Other Service 58.96777 59.57524 60.1027

Unallocated 4.428326 4.146841 3.977442

F&Beverages 16.36897 17.34357 16.75825

Cloth&Footw 4.978258 4.754966 4.823911

Housing 21.89897 22.18611 20.0704

Household G &Ser 10.78759 11.22431 11.63696

H& Med Goods&Ser 2.607985 3.393614 2.938322

Transport 16.20295 15.11398 16.27534

Leisure &Edu 9.067035 10.10612 11.89916

Hotels &Res 7.481782 7.188151 7.633473

Other Goods&Ser 11.86159 11.14292 11.15649

Housing Flats /Apart 0.8 0.8 0.9

S Houses 3.5 3.8 3.7

Total P Dwell 4.2 4.6 4.9

O rates Flats/ Apart 1.9 2 2.1

S Houses 3 2.9 2.8

Total P Dwel 2.8 2.8 2.7

SOM clusters

0

5

10

15

20

25

C 2:1991,1989,1990,1988

C 3:1993,1994,1992

C 1:1995,1996,2000,1998,1999,1997

C 4:2001

Agriculture

Forestry and Logging

Fishing

Mining

Manufacturing(2)

Electricity, Gas and Water Supply

Construction

Transport and Storage

Unallocated(4)

Food and Beverages

Clothing and Footwear

Housing

Household Goods and Services

Health and Medical Goods andServicesTransport

Leisure and Education

Hotels and Restaurants

Other Goods and Services

SOMs in global data analysisGrowth of development variables

agriculture, industry, manufacturing and services

development

Biodiversity Threatened mammals T. birds T. plants Forests area (sqk)

SOM clusters & components

RussianFederation

Brazil ArgentinaIranIslamicRepIraq

SaudiKuw aitUruguay

IrelandIsrael

AzerbaijanKyrgyz

TurkmenistanKazakhstan

Tajikistan

United States

Canada JordanUnited

ArabEmiratesNetherlandsArmenia

MoldovaaUkraine

AustraliaColombiaEcuador

VenezuelaNew

ZealandChile Algeria Libya UnitedKingdom

CroatiaMacedoniaFYR

Latvia

MexicoSouthAfric

Peru Singapore Belgium EstoniaBelarusBulgaria Lithuania Romania

Panama Japan Sw edenHongKongChina

Norw ayGermany

CongoDemRepLiberia

Bolivia Gabon FinlandSw itzerlandAustriaGeorgiaCzechRep

France

Denmark Hungary

West BankAndGaza Sierra

SomaliaParaguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUzbekistan

CentralAfricaRepZambia

BosniaAndHerw govirKoreaDemRep Nicaragua YugoslaviaFedRep Turkey

MauritaniaNigeria

Guinea-BissauCameroon GuatemalaAlbania CubaPortugalSpain

MadagascarNamibia Zimbabw e HondurasCostaRicaNigeriaTogo

DominicanRepublic

ItalyLebanonTrinidad

AndTobago

Ethiopia MaliAfghanistanMalaw iGambiaTheSenegal Benin Ghana Tunisia Greece

MyanmarPapuaNew Guinea

SudanBurkinaFaco Guinea Morocco SyrianAranRepublicCôted'lvoire Jamaica

MozambiqueCambodiaLaoPDR

LesothoYemenRep

Pakistan UgandaMalaysia Philippines

KenyaNepal

EritreaEgypt

WrabRepThailand SriLanka

ElHaiti

ChinaIndonesia

Sw azilandTanzania

ChadMongolia

Botsw anaOmanKoreaRepPuertoRico

VietnamMauritiusBangladesh

IndiaRw andaBurundi

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

GDP%80-90Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

-2.5 8.7

GDP%90-00Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

-11 -2 7

Ag%80-90Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

-4 5 13

Ag%90-00Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

-9.3 6.5

Industry%80-90Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

-2.7 9.7

Industry%90-00Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

-14 -1 12

Manu%80-90Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

-8 4 16

Manu90-00Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

-18 -2 13

Ser%80-90Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

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Cl uster 3

-1 4 10

Ser%90-00Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

-14 0 14

R-pop-%1980Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

6 50 93

R-pop-%2000Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

4 48 92

Ave-Ann-growth1980-00%Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

-3.4 2.4

people-land-thousand-sqk1999Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

16 2102

Land-thous_sq_km1999Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

25 14595

Arable-land%LandArea1980Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

1 31 61

Arable-land%LandArea1999Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

1 29 58

Per_cropLand%land1980Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

0 7 15

Per_cropLand%land2000Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

0 8 16

otherLand%1980Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

37 68 99

otherLand%2000Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

40 69 99

ForestA(sqk)Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

1 7021

%total_landRuss ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

1 39 78

ave_ann_def90/00Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

-2890 17377

%decline_fo90/00Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

-4.8 7.8

threat_ma/2000Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

3 108

t_birds2000Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

2 48 94

t_plants97Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

4 3584

prot_area99(sqk)Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

1 1065

%totalarea99Russ ian

Feder at ionBr az il Ar gent inaI r anI s lam ic RepI r aqSaudi KuwaitUr uguayI r eland

I s r ael Az er baijanKy r gyzTur km enis t an

Kazakhs t anTajik is t an

Unit ed St at esCanada Jor danUnit ed

Ar abEm ir at es Net her landsAr m enia M oldov aaUk r aine

Aus t r aliaColom biaEc uadorVenezuela

NewZealand Chile Alger ia Libya Unit edKingdom Cr oat ia

M acedoniaFYR Lat v ia

M ex icoSout hAf r icPer u Singapor e Belgium Es t oniaBelar us

Bulgar ia Lit huania Rom ania

Panam a JapanSweden HongKongChinaNor way G er m any

CongoDem RepLiber ia Boliv ia G abonFinlandSwit zer landAus t r iaG eor gia Cz echRep

Fr anceDenm ar k

Hungar y W es t

BankAndG aza

Sier r aSom alia Par aguayCongoRep Slovenia Slovak Poland

AngolaUz bek is t an

Cent r alAf r ic aRepZam bia BosniaAndHer wgov irKor eaDem Rep Nic ar aguaYugos lav iaFedRep Tur key

M aur it aniaNiger ia G uinea- Biss auCam er oon G uat em alaAlbania CubaPor t ugal

Spain

M adagascarNam ibia Zim babwe Hondur asCos t aRica Niger iaTogo

Dom inic anRepublic I t aly

LebanonTr inidad

AndTobago

Et hiopia M aliAf ghanis t anM alawiG am biaTheSenegalBenin G hana Tunis iaG r eec e

M yanm arPapuaNew G uinea

SudanBur k inaFaco G uinea M or oc coSy r ianAr anRepublicCôt ed'lv oir e Jam aic a

M ozam biqueCam bodiaLaoPDR

Lesot hoYem enRep Pak is t an UgandaM alays ia Philippines

KenyaNepal Er it r eaEgypt

W r abRep Thailand Sr iLank a ElHait i

ChinaI ndones ia

Swaz ilandTanzania

ChadM ongoliaBot swanaO m anKor eaRep

Puer t oRicoViet namM aur it iusBangladeshI ndia RwandaBur undi

Cl uster 1

Cl uster 2

Cl uster 3

0 19 37

SOM clusters - WB&WRI data

Component C 1 C 2 C 3 C4GDP%80-00 1.93 2.16 5.84 3.12GDP%90-00 2.79 0.83 4.62 1.68Ag%80-90 2.93 0.79 3.33 2.67Ag%90-00 2.35 0.34 2.61 0.12Industry%80-90 1.9 2.55 7.33 2.56Industry%90-00 2.27 0.18 5.79 0.14Manu%80-90 2.17 2.3 9.56 2.29Manu90-00 2.06 -0.43 6.12 2.67Ser%80-90 2.1 2.85 6.26 3.31Ser%90-00 2.27 2.57 4.9 2.27R-pop-%1980 53.53 48.78 75.18 27.15R-pop-%2000 43.72 41.68 63.31 22.35AAG’80-00% 0.809 0.206 1.167 0.215People/land-1000sqk’99

271 268 737 51

Land 1000sqkm’99

687 214 944 9761

%Aland/ tot l’80 6.88 28.16 15.08 9.08%A land/tot l’99 7.39 26.47 15.24 8.74%cropL/totl’80 0.92 4.93 1.28 0.43%cropL/totl’00 1.02 5.41 1.75 0.43%otherLand’80 92.1 66.9 84 90.5%otherLand’00 91.5 68.1 83.3 90.8ForestA(sqk) 194 40 210 3895%total_land 31.78 23.57 23.82 37.86aa_def90/00 1081 93 123 3471%decl for90/00 0.228 0.483 0.236 0.075threat_ma/2000 17.7 11.8 28.8 46.1t_birds2000 15.4 8 25.6 51.1t_plants97 195 175 178 1677prot_area99(sqk)

44 13 73 674

%totalarea99 8.11 8.63 7.02 7.47

people-land-thousand-sqk1999

t_plants97

ave_ann_def90/00ForestA(sqk)

Land-thous_sq_km1999

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

GD

P%

80-9

0

GD

P%

90-0

0

Ag%

80-9

0

Ag%

90-0

0

Indu

stry

%80

-90

Indu

stry

%90

-00

Man

u%80

-90

Man

u90-

00

Ser

%80

-90

Ser

%90

-00

R-p

op-%

1980

R-p

op-%

2000

Ave

-Ann

-gro

wth

1980

-

peop

le-la

nd-t

hous

and-

Land

-tho

us_s

q_km

1999

Ara

ble-

Ara

ble-

Per

_cro

pLan

d%la

nd19

80

Per

_cro

pLan

d%la

nd20

00

othe

rLan

d%19

80

othe

rLan

d%20

00

For

estA

(sqk

)

%to

tal_

land

ave_

ann_

def9

0/00

%de

clin

e_fo

90/0

0

thre

at_m

a/20

00

t_bi

rds2

000

t_pl

ants

97

prot

_are

a99(

sqk)

%to

tala

rea9

9

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

SOM clusters

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4

Ag%80-90

Ag%90-00

Industry%80-90

Industry%90-00

Manu%80-90

Manu90-00

Ser%80-90

Ser%90-00

SOM - GD analysis

• In cluster 1, China and Indonesia

• highest threatened species rates -mammals and birds 2000.

• highest GDP both periods with high industry & manufacturing

• % of average annual deforestation for (1990/2000) - their GDP growth / the expense of biodiversity

loss.

SOMs-ozone depletion gases

      

19931992 1991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

Minimum Ozone (dobson units)199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

88 118 149 179 209

Area (million sq. km)199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

0 5 11 16 21 26

Carbon_dioxide199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

339 346 353 360 367

Methane199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

1600 1631 1662 1693

Nitrous199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

299 302 305 308 311

Carbon_tetrachloride199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

89 92 95 98 101

Methyl199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

64 77 90 102 115

CFC-11199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

158 184 210 235 261

CFC-12199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

293 352 412 471 530

CFC-113199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

26 37 49 60 72 83

Total199319921991 1990 1988 1984

1994 1986 1985

1999 2001 1987 1983

1995 1989

2000 1982 1980

1997 1981

1998 1996 1979

1624 2006 2387 2769

c 1 (1981-84), c 2 (1985-88), c 3 (1989-95 and 1999) and c4 (1996-98 and 2000-01).ozone hole area/ minimum ozone - not proportionate to the total gases

CFC 12 and 113 - contribute more

Methane gas - remarkable increase since 1985.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

C 1:1984,1983,1982,1980,1981,1979

C 2:1988,1986,1985,1987

C 3:1993,1992,1991,1990,1994,1999,

C 4:2001,2000,1997,1998,1996

Min Ozone (dobson units)

Area (million sq. km)

Carbon_dioxide

Nitrous

Carbon_tetrachloride

Methyl

CFC-11

CFC-12

CFC-113

1995,

1989,

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

C 1:1984,1983,1982,1980,1981,1979

C 2:1988,1986,1985,1987

C 3:1993,1992,1991,1990,1994,1999,1995,1989

C 4:2001,2000,1997,1998,1996

Min Ozone (dobson units)

Area (million sq. km)

Carbon_dioxide

Methane

Nitrous

Carbon_tetrachloride

Methyl

CFC-11

CFC-12

CFC-113

SOMs in prediction1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985

1994 1991

2001 1989 1987 1984

2000 1999 1983

1995 1998 1996 1982

high 1980

min 1997 1981 1979 Minimum Ozone (dobson units)

1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985

1994 1991

2001 1989 1987 1984

2000 1999 1983

1995 1998 1996 1982

high 1980

min 1997 1981 1979

30 90 149 209

Area (million sq. km)1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985

1994 1991

2001 1989 1987 1984

2000 1999 1983

1995 1998 1996 1982

high 1980

min 1997 1981 1979

0 8 15 23 30

Carbon_dioxide1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985

1994 1991

2001 1989 1987 1984

2000 1999 1983

1995 1998 1996 1982

high 1980

min 1997 1981 1979

339 348 358 367

Methane1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985

1994 1991

2001 1989 1987 1984

2000 1999 1983

1995 1998 1996 1982

high 1980

min 1997 1981 1979

1600 1647 1693

Nitrous1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985

1994 1991

2001 1989 1987 1984

2000 1999 1983

1995 1998 1996 1982

high 1980

min 1997 1981 1979

299 303 307 311

Carbon_tetrachloride1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985

1994 1991

2001 1989 1987 1984

2000 1999 1983

1995 1998 1996 1982

high 1980

min 1997 1981 1979

89 93 97 101

Methyl1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985

1994 1991

2001 1989 1987 1984

2000 1999 1983

1995 1998 1996 1982

high 1980

min 1997 1981 1979

64 81 98 116

CFC-111993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985

1994 1991

2001 1989 1987 1984

2000 1999 1983

1995 1998 1996 1982

high 1980

min 1997 1981 1979

158 192 227 261

CFC-121993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985

1994 1991

2001 1989 1987 1984

2000 1999 1983

1995 1998 1996 1982

high 1980

min 1997 1981 1979

293 372 451 530

CFC-1131993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985

1994 1991

2001 1989 1987 1984

2000 1999 1983

1995 1998 1996 1982

high 1980

min 1997 1981 1979

26 40 55 69 83

Total1993 1992 1990 1988 1986 1985

1994 1991

2001 1989 1987 1984

2000 1999 1983

1995 1998 1996 1982

high 1980

min 1997 1981 1979

1624 2197 2769

1. Reduction in CFC12 & CFC 113 (512.9, 80.88 total 2750) for 2000-2001

2. CFC12 & CFC113 for 1996-1999 (525.7 and 82.06 total 2689)

3. All donot contribute the same towards O3 depletion

4. The high 2000-2001 total release might have caused from increased methane.

Acknowledgements

For details please contact

subana.shanmuganathan@aut.ac.nz