Seismic risk mitigation in the RomaniaSeismic risk mitigation in the Romania--

Synergy from international projectsSynergy from international projects

Prof. Dr. Dan Lungu

National Institute for Building Research, INCERC and

Technical University of Civil Engineering,UTCB

Bucharest, Romania

Contents

(i) Recurrence of subcustral seismic hazard in Romania and the experience of the 1977 seismic disaster

(ii) Fragility of existing building stock and evolution of codes for earthquake resistance of buildings

(iii) International and national programmes for seismic risk mitigation in Romania

"Nowhere else in the world is a center of population so exposed to earthquakes originating repeatedly from the same source"

Charles Richter. 15 March 1977, Letter to the Romanian government

World Map of Natural Hazards prepared by the Münich Re, 1998 indicates for Bucharest: “Large city with Mexico-city effect”

(i) Recurrence of subcustral seismic hazard in Romania and experience of the 1977 seismic

disaster

1000 yr catalogue of subcrustral Vranceaearthquakes

• Major historical events and major 20 century earthquakes

Event

Epicentral intensity Io

Focus depth.

km

Moment

magnitude Mw

Obs

1802, October 26 1829, November 20 1838, June 23

> 9 8 8

7.9 Largest Vrancea event ever occurred

1940, November 10 1977, March 4 1986, August 30

9 8/9 7/8

150 109 133

7.7 7.5 7.2

Largest seismic losses ever experienced

≥≥

Collapse of the Carlton building–the tallest RC building in Bucharest:

- 11 storey, - h = 47 m,- 130 death

November 10th, 1940 earthquakeMw = 7.7 h=150 km~

• Destroyed or seriously damaged 33,000 housing units and caused lesser damage to 182,000 other dwellings

• Destroyed 11 hospitals and damaged 448 others hospitals, etc.

March 4, 1977 earthquake

Mw = 7.5 ; h = 109 km

Killed 1,578 people (1424 in Bucharest)

Injured 11,221 people (7598 in Bucharest)

The World Bank estimation of losses (Report 16.P-2240-RO, 1978):

• Total losses in Romania : 2.05 billion USD (100%)Construction losses : 1.42 (70%)Building and housing losses : 1.02 (50%)

Nor

mal

ized

SA

Period, s

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

32 tall buildings completely collapsed.

High dynamic amplification at high periods.Dangerous for high-rise buildings.

-2,50-2,00-1,50-1,00-0,500,000,501,001,502,002,50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time, s

Acc

eler

atio

n, c

m/s

2

INCERC Stations in Bucharest March 4, 1977 - NS component SMAC-B, Japanese instr.

1.6 s

1977 earthquake in Bucharest

1977 earthquake in Bucharest

1977 earthquake in Bucharest

1944, W W II

Probabilistic zonation of peak ground acceleration for design P100-2004 code proposal: MRI =100 yr

BucharestMRI = 475 yrPGA ≥ 0,35 gTp = 1.6

Fragility of existing building stock in Romania

1“A systematic evaluation should be made of all buildings in Bucharest erected

prior to the adoption of earthquake design requirements and a hazard abatement plan should be developed.”

From:

“Observation on the behaviour of buildings in the Romanian earthquake of March 4, 1977” by G. Fattal, E. Simiu and Ch. Cluver. Edited as the NBS Special Publication 490, US Dept of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Sept 1977.

2“Tentative provisions for consolidation solutions would preferably be

developed urgently”.From:

“The Romanian earthquake. Survey report by Survey group of experts and specialists dispatched by the Government of Japan (K. Nakano). Edited by JICA, Japan International Cooperation Agency, June 1977.

Two international lessons unlearnt from the 1977 disaster:

Ductile structuresNon-ductile buildings

0.10.4

0.7

1

1.3

1.6

1.9

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Seismicdesign

coefficient Cs , %

8-10

6-8

4-6

2-4

Year of code issue

Building period T , s

10 %8%

12.5 %10%

5 %

2.2%1.8%2%

Shear wallsFrames

0.3 s

1.5 s

Tc=1.5 s

19411945

199019921978

19811970

1963

7.5%7.5% 7.2%

6.8%

Tc=0.4 s

RIGID buildings

FLEXIBLE buildings

Non-ductile structures Ductile structures

Seismic design coefficient in Bucharest, 1940-2004

Evolution of codes for earthquake resistance of building

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

###

#

#

#

#

# ##

#

#

##

#

##

#

##

#

#

#

#

###

#

##

##

#

#

#

#

#

# #

##

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

# #

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

##

##

#

#

#

#

DACIA

MOSIL

O

VICTORIEI

BASARAB MATEI

LABIRINT

ICOANEI

H.BOTEV

KOGALNICEANU MIHAIL

BATISTEI

BRAT IANU I.C

.

POPA SOARE

SEL

ARI

ARDELENILEMNEA

SILVESTR

U

PLANTELOR

SMIRDAN

NATIUNILOR

CORBENI

AMMAN

DOAMNEI

OLARI

PREOT-VASILE-LUCACI

ARME

NEAS

CA

NEGUSTORI

PERI

LATINA

ARGHEZI TUDOR

ROSETTI C.A.

SCHITU MAGUREANU

PALEOLOGU

STU

PINE

I

COLTEI

LASC

AR V

ASILE

(FOS

TA G

ALAT

I )

ACAD

EMIEI

UMOASA

EFORIEI

SPAT

ARUL

UI

LUPU D IONI SI E

VASELO

ARHI TECTU RI I DI ANEI

PITAR

MOS

VISA

RIO

N

ITALI ANA

RASURI

DRA

GOS

VOD

A

BISERICA AMZEI

SLAN

IC

POPA PETREPO

AUR

ORA

ARGE S

POPA RUSU

COVACI

PRECUPETII VECHI

REM

US

LEONIDA

VENEREI

MAGHERU GH

EORG

HE - Gen.

ROM

ULU S

DUMBRAVA ROSIE

SFI

NTU

L ST

EFAN

ILFO

V

CAIMATEI

BARA

ZZAVILLAN LUIGI

IAN

C UC

LICURG

SPERA

NTEI

SALCIMILOR

ONC

IUL

DIM

ITR I

E

ZBORULUI

PIATA-AMZEI

MIN

TULE

ASA

ARC

UL U

I

LUTE

RAN

A

ZECE MESE

ROBESCU F.C.BLANARI

RADU - Episc

opul

MOXA MIHAIL

BROSTENI

ENESCU GEORGE

ROSETTI MARIA

ARM

ONIEI

OLTARULUI

ZEFIRULUI

RAM

ULUS

GABROVENI

GRIGORESCU

BANULUI

LUNI I

AD EREA BA STI LIE I

MECHELET

SAHIA A LE X.(CALDERON JEAN L.)

LIPSCANI

FI LI PESCU NICO

LAE

STELEA SPATARUL

MEN

D ELEE V D

. I.

DRO

BET A

SFINTILOR

POST

EI

RACOVITA DIMITRIE

MIHAI VODA

RUSSO ALECU

GOLES CU N IC OLA E

IULIU

CO

N TA

VAS I

LE

POL IT IE

MIH

AIL E

ANU

STEF

AN

RIGORE -Prof.

LOG.STRO

ICI

BURGHEL EA - D

o cto r

IERNII

DOBRESCU ION

URALI

RADU-IL IE

SP IRU HARET

ROMANO - Pic tor

DOMNITA ANASTASIA

VERII

CERCUL

UI

CAVAFII VECH

I

SF. MI NA

BOT

EANU

VALORII

LUMINEI

MILLE CONSTANTIN

FRANZELARILOR

CARAGIALE ION LUCA

FETITELOR

SAGET

II

ACELARI

MALNAS

OCOLULUI

DA

STAVROPOLEOS

VIGILENTEI

PESTERI I

CR IS TIA N

TE LL -General

SUVENIR

BAC

ANI

GHICA ION

EPISCOPIEI

ORBESCU DIMITRIE

SAPIENTEI

BREZOIANU ION

M INTULESA

DR.

V.SI

MIO

N

MO V

IL A I ON

ENERGIEI

UDRISTE LOGOFAT

GUTEMBERG

MANDINESTI

FILIPIDE ALEXANDRU

FRANKLIN BENJANIM

DON IC I ALE XANDRU

URSU ION-Prof.

SERGHIESCU MARIN

PATRASCU VODA

COMANITA

XENOP

OL A

LEXA

NDRU

PREPELITEI

PASULUI

DON

A N I

C OL A

E - G

ener

al

CULM

EA VECHE

PUTIUL-C U-PLOPI

CAVNIC

IORGA NICOLAE

SALIGN

Y ANG

HEL - Inginer

CA R

A DA

EUGE

N IU

COLUMBELOR

LUCHIAN STEFAN - Pic tor

G-R AL-G

H.MAG

HER U

CA L

OTES

TI

BA LCESCU

NICOLAE

SCH

ITU

DAR

VAR

I

TIBANA

SLAVESTI

FILITTI C. IO

BIJUTERIEI

SFI

NTU

L SP

IRI D

ON

BLANDUZIEI

BAIA D

E FIER

MAVROGHENI NICOLAE

BANIEI

BRUTUS MI

XANDRA

MON UME NTULUI

ION-Erou

QUINET EDGAR

BOBE ICAPRISTOLU

LUI

VIROAGEI

ZALOMIT ION

COBILITEI

C-TIN-EXARCU

DOMNESTI

ARON FLORIAN

General

VRAC

A GEO

RGE

TOPL

ICEN

I

GRADIN

A CU C

AI

RUMEOARA

BOTEZ CORNELIU

SECUREI

SEVCENCO TARAS

CON

S TANT INES C

U MI TRITA - Pro f.

COMEDIABALABAN EM IL - Ing iner

IPATES CU GR

IGO

RE - Gen e ra l

VICTORIA

PACIUREA DIMITRIE

SIPOTUL FINTINILOR

LUCA STROICI - Logofat

MAJESTIC

PICTOR-VERONASFINTU L SAV A

PROGRESULUIIO

N NIS

T OR

RIUREANU - Doctor

IANCU CA VA

VERMO

NT - Pi ctor

CRET ULE

S CU N

ICOL AE

URSEANU VASILE - Ami ral

GIURESCU DIMITRIE - Maior

BACALO

GU EM

ANO

IL -doct o r

UNI

VERS

ITAT

I I

MARCOVICI ALEXANDRU - Doctor

BELDIMAN

A LEXAND

RU

SSIMA - Profe

sor

TOMESCU TOMA - Doctor

IOANID GHE.-pictor

NIC

OLAE- IORG

A

SCOALEI

POLO

N A

MIHAI BRAVU

DONICI ALEXANDRU

30 DECE

ORIZONTUL

13-DECEMBRIE

PAL EOLOGU

ITALIANA

SAH

I A A

LEX.

(CAL

DER

ON

JEAN

L.)

TREI SCAUNE

EMINESCU MIHAI

TR AIA N

ROSETTI C.A .

DO

ROBANTI

TOAM

NEI

IORGA NICOLAE

CERNICA

MIHAI-VODA

INDEPENDENTEI

REPUBLICII

REPUBLICII

BREZOIANU ION

IONESCU CRISTEA

AVRA

M IANC

U

ROSETTI C.A.

ROSETTI MARIA

LIPSCANI

BI SERICA AM

ZE ISF. VINER

MATEI MILLO

ARM

ENEA

SCA

LIPSCANI

LIPSCANI

CALARASI

VIITORU

LUI

ICO

A NEI

3

5

4

1

6

8

9 2

7

12

91

92

16

20

30

959461

11

19

13

1417

15

1865

63

3133

28

73

40

54

4748

49

43

35

68

7269

51

36

52

96

97 98

42

56

71

25 32

55

24

23

60

39

70

3446

38

87

64

50

80

78

90

88

99 57

76

59

6753

83 45

74

5893

7579

4422

1086

62

85

26

104100

105

109110

107

103

108

106

101

102

0.5 0 0.5 1 Kilometers

N

EW

S

ArcView GIS 3.2 - ESRI CaliforniaLungu & Arion, 2000

Central Bucharest: 123 buildings built prior to 1945 and identified as having seismic risk of class 1 in case of a

strong earthquake, Mw≥7.5

Number of vulnerable schools

City Requiring technical

assessment

Having a technical

report

Having technical

documents

Total

Bacau 1 - - 1 Barlad 11 - - 11 Brasov 7 2 - 9 Bucharest 13 7 2 22 Constanta - - 1 1 Craiova 2 - 5 7 Galati 1 2 - 3 Giurgiu 2 - - 2 Iasi 3 5 - 8 Pitesti - 1 1 2 Ploiesti 1 5 - 6 Sibiu 3 1 - 4 Vaslui 10 - - 10 Total 54 23 9 86

Vulnerable school buildings -from Ministry of Education and Research of Romania-

Vulnerable hospital buildings-from Ministry of Health and Family of Romania-

Number of vulnerable hospitals

CITY Severely damaged. Requiring immediate technical assessment

Having a technical report

Approved project for retrofitting

Retrofitting in work

Total

Bacau 3 3 Barlad 2 2 Bucharest 13 16 6 10 45 Buzau 9 9 Constanta 7 7 Craiova 4 4 Focsani 2 2 Galati 6 2 1 9 Giurgiu 1 1 Iasi 21 17 2 5 45 Pitesti 2 7 9 Ploiesti 2 2 Sibiu 1 1 Targu-Mures 2 2 Vaslui 4 1 5 Total 68 47 12 19 146

Objectives:

1. Strengthening of “seismic risk class 1” buildings:Legislation + Construction work;

2. Upgrading of the code for seismic design of buildings and

structures;

3. Seismic instrumentation

International and national programmes for seismic risk mitigation on Romania

Strengthening of 9 storey residential building in central Bucharest, 2003

December 2004:

4 buildings are fully retrofitted8 buildings are under retrofitting

16 buildings have retrofitting projects ready8 buildings are on the waiting list for retrofitting

Upgrading the code for seismic design of buildings and structures

The draft of the New code for earthquake resistance of new structures,

P100-2004, following EUROCODE 8 format, was just issued (Jan 2004)

The draft of the New code for earthquake resistance of existing buildings and structures: to be prepared !

RISK U.E. Project

An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with applications to

different European towns

Classification of buildings occupancyImportance & exposure

categoryCode Occupancy category

1 2 3B GENERAL BUILDING STOCKB1

1.11.21.31.41.51.6

Residential Single family dwelling (house) Multi family dwelling (apartment bldg.) Low-rise (1-2) Mid-rise (3-7) High-rise (8+) Institutional dormitory

x1)

x1)

x

xxxx

B22.12.22.32.42.52.62.7

Commercial Supermarkets, Malls Offices Services Hotels, Motels Restaurants, Bars Parking Warehouse

x2)

x2)

x2)

xxxxxxx

B33.13.23.33.4

Cultural Museums Theatres, Cinemas Public event buildings Stadiums

x3)

x2)

x2)

x2)

xxxx

1) Buildings with capacity greater than 150 people2) Buildings with capacity greater than 300 people or where more than 300 people

congregate in one area

Europe inventory database and typology

Europe building typology matrix, BTMLabel Building type description Height description Code level*

Name No. ofstories

Height h,m

N L M H

RC Reinforced concrete structures

RC1 Concrete moment frames Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h ≤ 99 < h ≤ 21

h > 21RC2 Concrete shear walls Low-rise

Mid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h ≤ 99 < h ≤ 21

h > 21RC3

3.1

3.2

Concrete frames with unreinforced masonryinfill walls

Regularly infilled frames

Irregularly frames (i.e., irregular structuralsystem, irregular infills, soft/weak story)

Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

1 - 34 - 78+

h ≤ 99 < h ≤ 21

h > 21

h ≤ 99 < h ≤ 21

h > 21RC4 RC Dual systems (RC frames and walls) Low-rise

Mid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h ≤ 99 < h ≤ 21

h > 21RC5 Precast Concrete Tilt-Up Walls Low-rise

Mid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h ≤ 99 < h ≤ 21

h > 21RC6 Precast Concrete Frames with Concrete

shear wallsLow-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h ≤ 99 < h ≤ 21

h > 21

*Code level N - no code;L - low-code (designed with unique arbitrary base shear seismic coefficient);M - moderate-code; H - high-code (code comparable with Eurocode 8)

Town Inhabitants Population density,persons/km2

Population growth,20th century*

GDP/person(approx.)

EuroBarcelona 1,503,451 15,176 1970↓ 22,000Bitola 79,456 12,600 1990→ 1,620Bucharest 2,011,305 10,806 1989→ 1,980Catania 333,075 6,125 1971-1991 ↓ 9,000-15,000Nice 342,738 4,766 1980→ 20,000Sofia 1,133,183 4,680 1985↓ 1,630Thessaloniki 1,048,151 21,600 1991→ 15,290

Population and yearly GDP of seven towns

Seismic codes inter-benchmark periodsTown

Pre-code Low-code M oderate code

Barcelona 79% 21% --

Bitola 48% 29% 23%

Bucharest 30% 30% 40%

Catania 92% - 8%

Nice 75% 25%

Sofia Data not available

Thessaloniki 20% 50% 30%

Seismic codes inter-benchmark periods

Vulnerability and typology of European buildings stock

versus

JICA technical cooperation project (2002-2007)“Reduction of seismic risk for buildings and structures

in Romania”

• Project signed in 2002, when 100 years of diplomatic relations between Japan and Romania were celebrated

Partnership of 3 institutions:

NCSRR, National Center for Seismic Risk Reduction

UTCB, Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest

INCERC, National Institute for Building Research, Bucharest

under the authority of: MTCT, Ministry of Transports, Constructions and Tourism

Total cost of the project 5.27 mill. USD (equipment cost 2.7 mill. USD)

• 24 Romanian young students/engineer to be trained in Japan• 34 Japanese short term and long term experts in Romania

Structure testing equipment - Reaction frame

Maximum weight of tested specimens - 7t

Maximum dimensions of the tested specimens - 2.5m by 3 m

Reaction frame 9.7m x 7.6m

Equipments for soil testing and investigation

Triaxial testing equipment

Drilling equipment

SPT/CPT testing equipment

Bucharest - Location of borehole instrumented sites

JICA Seismic networkJICA Seismic network

Free field,outside Bucharest

6 ETNAaccelerometers

Free field,outside Bucharest

6 ETNAaccelerometers

7 Boreholes in Bucharest:K2 station+3 sensors/station

(1surface +2 in borehole/station)

7 Boreholes in Bucharest:K2 station+3 sensors/station

(1surface +2 in borehole/station)

Buildings inBucharest

4 K2stations

Buildings inBucharest

4 K2stations

SFB 461, German Science Foundation Project (1996-2007): Strong Earthquakes - Challenge for Geosciences and Civil

Engineering

• Collaborative research work of 7 Romanian institutions and 6

Departments of Karlsruhe University

•Strong impact on seismic instrumentation of Romania

• Two International Earthquake Conferences in Bucharest

• Synergetic effects on major international earthquake projects in

Romania: JICA, World Bank, etc.

• Extension of bilateral cooperation at regional level: Turkey , Republic

of Moldavia, Bulgaria, FYROM etc.

Romania seismic instruments: More then 100 digital instruments

BucharestSeismic networks:

More then 40 digital instruments

Two International Earthquake Conferences in Bucharest

1PROCEEDINGS

Editors: D. Lungu F. Wenzel P. Mouroux I. Tojo

G of the

•More than 60 foreign participants in 2002 in Bucharest•2 vol. Proceedings, 786 pages

Partners institutions:

• Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

• Institute for Geophysics and Geology, Moldavian Academy of Science,

Kishinev, Republic of Moldova

• National Building Research Institute, INCERC, Bucharest, Romania

• Central Lab. for Seismic Mechanics & Earthquake Eng., Sofia, Bulgaria

NATO project in Romania (2005-2008)

Lungu, Zaicenco, 1999

PGA/g

MSK Intensity ROMANIA P100-92&

SR 11100/1-93

Rep. of MOLDOVA, UKRAINE

SNIP II-7-81

BULGARIA 1987 code

IX 0.32 0.40 0.27

VIII 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.15

VII 0.16 0.10 0.10

V 0.12 0.08 - 0.05

Deterministic seismic zonation maps for countries affected by Vrancea earthquakes

MRI - mean recurrence interval of earthquake

magnitude is:

Romania: 50 yr, 1992100 yr, 2004

Republic of Moldova: 50 yr

Bulgaria: 1000 yr

World Bank project in Romania (2005-2009)

Component B:

Earthquake Risk Reduction ~35%

Subcomponents:

•Strengthening of high priority buildings and lifelines

•Design & supervision

•Building code review and study of code enforcement

•Professional training in cost effective retrofitting

Component A:

Strengthening of Disaster management capacity ~5%

Components C D& E: Flood, Pollution & Project Management 60%

Emergency facilities

30%

Public12%

Educational18%

Hospitals40%

Bucharest

Communication26% Emergency

facilities39%

Public4%Educational

11%Hospitals

20%

Other cities

Distribution of buildings with occupancy

Other cities62%

Bucharest38%

Other cities33%

Bucharest67%

Distribution of number of buildings to be retrofitted

Distribution of cost for buildings to be retrofitted

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

<190

0

1940

1963

: P13

-6319

78: P

100-7

819

92: P

100-9

2

Num

ber o

f bui

ldin

gs

Year of constr. 1900 1940 1963 1978 1992

P13-63 P100-78

...

P100-92Building code No code

59%

41%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

<190

0

1940

1963

: P13

-6319

78: P

100-7

819

92: P

100-9

2

Num

ber o

f bui

ldin

gsYear of constr. 1900 1940 1963 1978 1992

P13-63 P100-78

...

P100-92Building code No code

40%

56%

4%

Distribution of buildings with year of construction

World Bank report

“Preventable Losses: Saving Lives and Property through Hazard Risk Management”

Strategic Framework for reducing the Social and Economic Impact of Earthquake, Flood and Landslide Hazards in the Europe and Central Asia

RegionDraft, May 2004

• Romania is regarded as one the most seismically active countries in

Europe

• Bucharest is one of the 10 most vulnerable cities in the world.

Recommendations for Romania:

• Upgrade the legal framework for hazard specific management;

• Review the existing buildings code for the retrofitting of vulnerable

buildings;• Conduct a comprehensive public awareness campaign for the

earthquake risk;• Invest in hazard mitigation activities in order to reduce the risks

caused by earthquakes;• Develop financing strategy for catastrophic events.