Chapter 8

Segregation and Discrimination

Voting Restrictions Imposed new voting restrictions. Limited the vote to people who could

read. Administered a literacy test Officials could fail or pass them.

Poll Tax Annual tax they had to pay before

qualifying to vote. Often too poor to pay. Added Grandfather Clause to reinstate

white voters. Still entitled whites to vote. Only eligible if father, or grandfather

had been eligible before Jan 1. January 1

Important Date Before that time freed slaves did

not have the right to vote

African Americans Fight Legal

Discrimination

1870’s-1880’s Supreme Court failed to overturn these

restrictions. Southern States passed

segregation laws. Public and Private Facilities

These laws became the JIM CROW LAWS! Named after a minstrel song. Allowed as long as they provided the

same service.

Jim Crow Laws

1896 Supreme Court

Ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment.

Established the Doctrine of: SEPARATE BUT EQUAL! Permitted legalized racial

segregation for almost 60 years.

Plessy vs. Ferguson

African Americans Were belittled Humiliated Second-Class Citizens Blacks/Whites never shook hands Black men always had to remove their

hats. Yield to them while walking.

Booker T. Washington Work together to achieve social reform.

Violence Those who did not follow

Faced severe punishments Lynching

Peaked in the 1880-1890 Continued into the 20th century

Discrimination in the North 1900- black began to move north Forced into segregated neighborhoods

Turn of the Century Race

Relations

Mexican Workers Worked the Railroads for less money Debt Peonage

Work off debt to the employer Excluding the Chinese

100,000 immigrants in 1880 Were in segregated schools Neighborhoods

Strong opposition to Chinese immigration developed, not only in the West.

Discrimination In the West

Mass Culture

Amusement parks Started in Chicago and New York Ready for new forms of entertainment Many cities built small playgrounds Boosted picnic grounds Variety of rides.

Bicycling and Tennis Began as a male only sport Eventually dropped the crossbar

Women now could ride bikes. 1890- 10 million bikes were sold in one

year. Took up tennis as well

1874- Americans will see their first tennis match.

American Leisure

Spectator Sports Participated in new sports Boxing and Baseball Fans could attend 20th century became profitable businesses

Baseball Alexander Cartwright

Set down regulations on an English sport Rounder's.

Five years later 50 groups 12 in New York alone.

1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings

Led to the formation of the National League.

Had two Negro Leagues Mark Twain: “The very symbol…and visible

expression of the drive and push and rush and struggle on the raging, tearing, booming 19th century”.

Spectator Sportsand Baseball

Mass Circulation of Newspapers Joseph Pulitzer

Bought the New York World in 1883. Did a large Sunday section

Comics Sports coverage Women’s news

William Randolph Hearst Purchased New York Morning Journal Sought to outdo Pulitzer

Pulitzer Used exaggerated tales Personal scandals Cruelty Hypnotism Imaginary conquest of Mars?????

By 1898, circulation of both papers reached more than one million a day.

Spread of Mass Culture

1900 One art gallery graced every large

city. Thomas Eakins

Embraced realism Portray life as it was. Studied anatomy Used painstaking geometric skills in his

work. Ashcan School

American Art School Led by Student Robert Henri.

Were soon challenged by European Schools. Used abstract art Most found difficult to understand

Called the poor man’s university. 1900’s free circulating libraries in

America in the thousands.

Promoting Fine Arts

Literacy Rates Rose Scholars debated the role of literature. Most preferred to read light fiction. Dime novels

Glorified adventure tales Some readers wanted a more realistic

portrayal of life. Mark Twain

American classics of literature. Huckleberry Finn

Art galleries and libraries to raise cultural standards.

Popular Fiction

Urban Shopping Gazing in window displays

The Department Store Less expensive but reliable

The Chain Store Woolworths

Advertising Billboards, houses, rocks, barns

Catalogs and RFD RFD- system that brought packages to

your home, Sears

New Ways to Sell Goods