Chapter 10: The Union in PerilERA 5: Civil War & Reconstruction 1850-1877

Section 1: The Devise Politics of SlaverySection 2:Protest, Resistance, and ViolenceSection 4: Slavery & Secession

I Will Gain an Understanding of:

5.1: The causes of the Civil War 5.2: The course and character of the

Civil War and its effects on the American people 

5.3: How various reconstruction plans succeeded or failed

5 Causes of the Civil War (1861-1865)

***

1. Economic & Social Differences North vs. South

South- “plantation” economy depends on slave labor.

Agrarian society North – “Industrial

“ economy Urban society https://www.youtu

be.com/watch?v=cUKA8jQQlkk

2. State Rights vs. Federal Rights

Does the federal government have the right to tell states how to govern themselves?

Slavery – “is a states rights issue, not a moral issue”

South = federal government has no right to intervene

3. Slave States vs. Non Slave States

Missouri Compromise (1820) – maintains balance of free vs. slave states. Prohibits spread of slavery north of latitude 36 30”

Wilmot Proviso (1846) – bans slavery in all lands acquired From Mexico

3. Slave States vs. Non Slave States

Compromise of 1850: 1. California a free state 2. Utah & New Mexico : people’s vote

will decide free or slave 3.Slave trade abolished in

Washington, D.C. 4. Fugitive Slave Act –any official

who does not arrest runaway slaves has to pay fine.

3.Slave States vs. Non Slave States

Kansas – Nebraska Act 1854

“Popular Sovereignty” People’s vote to decide if admitted as slave or free

Missouri Compromise overturned!

3. Slave States vs. Non Slave States (cont’d)

Pro slavery farmers from Missouri moved to Kansas and voted!

Abolitionists/anti slavery residents fought back

Violence erupted “Bleeding

Kansas”

4. Growth of Abolition Movement

Northerners support abolition movement

John Brown & Harper’s Ferry – (1859)

Wanted to:

Arm slaves seized arsenal in

Virginia was captured, &

hanged for treason

4. Growth of Abolition Movement (CONT’D)

Harriet Beecher Stowe writes “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”

“the book that made this great war”, A. Lincoln

humanizes slaves Brought evils of slavery

to attention of Americans

strong emotional appeal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFfMPCfKqGg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijFy4RjYGbQ

4. Growth of Abolition Movement (Cnt’d)

Dred Scott Case 1857:

a slave lived in Missouri (slave state)

Master moved to free state (Illinois)

Scott sued for freedom after master’s death

4. Growth of Abolition Movement (Cnt’d)

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

If a master moves to a free state, are his slaves now free?

Court decision: all African Americans are not citizens, making them ineligible to sue in federal court

5. Abraham Lincoln

5. Abraham Lincoln

1860 Presidential Election

Lincoln (Rep) vs. John Breckinridge (Dem)

Lincoln earned 40% of popular vote

180 electoral votes vs. Breckinridge’s 72

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L80_q2tPveo

5. Abraham Lincoln (Cnt’d)

Lincoln’s Presidential Platform:

1. Non extension of slavery

2. Rights for immigrants

3. Transcontinental Railroad

4. Federally financed infrastructure in the west

5. Free homesteads for citizens

5. Abraham Lincoln (Cnt’d)

Southern States threatened to leave if Lincoln won…

Dec 20th, 1860 – 4 days after election-

South Carolina seceded (broke away)…

Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas followed

5. Abraham Lincoln (Cnt’d)

Feb. 1861 the “rebel” south formed Confederate States of America

Named Jefferson Davis as their President

Slavery & Southern Society

***

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793)

Machine removed seeds from cotton faster

“King Cotton” became #1 cash crop south

Demand for slaves increased : from 1 million to 4 million in 50 yrs.

“King Cotton”

The American south produced more than ½ of the world’s entire supply of cotton!

Northern mills converted cotton into fabric

Slave Life

Slaveholders: Statistics

By 1860… 12% owned twenty

or more slaves 1% owned 100

or more slaves “Large

slaveholders a minority within a majority”

Southern Social Pyramid

1. Planter Aristocracy –

over 100 slaves & 1,000 acres of land (1% of population)

2. Farmers –less than 20 slaves, hundred acres of land

3. Yeoman – Small farmers did not own slaves

4. “White Trash” – owned no land. Poor whites.

5. African Slaves

The Abolitionists - PBS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcYivpmTYBM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMd5G4RpFLk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MILN_17KH6M

CHAPTER 11: Civil War 1861-1865

Section 1: the Civil War BeginsSection 2: the Politics of WarSection 3: Life During WartimeSection 4: The North Takes Charge

Taking Sides…

North Union Army President Lincoln Includes Border

states: Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky (slave states)

South Confederate Army President Jefferson

Davis

First shots fired April, 1861

at Fort Sumter Charleston, South

Carolina

Southern Advantages

“defensive war” 1. Fought on their

territory 2. Highly trained

generals 3.Acess to

Waterways

Southern Disadvantages

1. Less population 2. Less Resources 3. Limited means

of transportation & Infrastructure

4. Lack of Money

Northern Advantages

1. Bigger Population

2. Controlled Banks, railroads, factories,

3. More $

Northern Disadvantages

“offensive war” 1. Required

movement of troops, supplies

2. Required more men

3. Military schools in the South

Civil War Letters

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMzSibpHPfQ

African American Soldiers

Joined Union army Received less pay,

supplies, uniforms African American

Soldiers received $7

White Soldiers received $13

54th Massachusetts

54th Massachusetts African American Regiment

Recognized for courage

Depicted in film “Glory”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmo_PhSftuc

54th Massachusetts

Colonel Robert Shaw

Led African American regiment

Fought for equal pay for African American troops

Famous Battle: Battery Wagner, SC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Nbbi16tvYA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7qwqVbZSqE

Latinos in the Civil War

Between 10,000-20,000 Latinos participated in the Civil War

Some fought for the North, some for the South

Spanish, Mexican, Cuban

Latinos in the Civil War

New Civil War Technology

1. Repeating Rifle 2. Multi-barreled

Gatling gun (early machine gun)

3. photography 4. “Ironclad” ships

CIVIL WAR BATTLES…**

1. 1st Battle of Bull Run

July, 1861 1st major battle Confederacy led

by General

“Stonewall” Jackson

South Won

2. Battle of the Ironclads

March, 1862 “Ironclads” -

Armored warships Merrimac

(Confederacy) vs. Monitor (Union)

3. Antietam Creek

Sept., 1862 Bloodiest Battle 24,000 men dead

Or wounded North won

(turning point)

3. Antietam Creek

Turning Point…North finally won an important

“victory”

Emancipation Proclamation

“…all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free."

Jan. 1863

Limitations to Emancipation Proclamation

1. Applied only to states that seceded, not to loyal border states

2. Did not immediately free slaves 3. Freedom depended on military

victory

4. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

Most important battle

July, 1863 53,000 men

wounded / killed North won Confederates

did not win any battles after this.

Gettysburg Address

Nov. 1863 Cemetery

dedication At Gettysburg

Lincoln delivered memorable speech

“Gettysburg Address”

Gettysburg Address

"Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation: conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war. . .testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated. . . can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war.

We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

Gettysburg Address

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate. . .we cannot consecrate. . . we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.

It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us. . .that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion. . . that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. . . that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom. . . and that government of the people. . .by the people. . .for the people. . . shall not perish from the earth. "

Gettysburg Today

Sherman Burns Atlanta

William Tecumseh Sherman

Led Union Troops to the South

Captured Atlanta, Georgia 1864

Sherman Burns Atlanta

Sherman’s “Scorched Earth” policy-

Ordered troops to Burn homes, & destroy crops as they marched through Georgia

“the burning of Atlanta”

Sherman’s Burning of Atlanta on film

Gone With The Wind (1939) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P

nEZrV_WT44

The WAR ENDED…

On April 9, 1865 Confederate Army

surrendered @ Appomattox Courthouse (n. Virginia)

Aftermath…

1 out every 12 adult males served

Over 620,000 dead

50,000 survived with amputated limbs

13th Amendment:

Abolition of slavery President Lincoln assassinated prior

to its passing Mississippi refused to “ratify” or

approve

Women & Civil War

1. Nurses 20,000 Women in

the North served as nurses

Ages 35-50 “self sacrificing,

good self control, steadfast in duty”

Women & Civil War

Clara Barton Civil war nurse Established Red

Cross To provide

“humane services to all war time victims”

Women & Civil War

2. Female Soldiers ?

Sarah Emma Edmunds

aka“ Frank Thomson” Evaded suspicion for

a year! Loretta Janeta

Velasquez Aka “Harry Buford”

fought for Confederacy

Video: Female Soldiers During the Civil War

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xSYh8xXJPM

Women & Civil War

3. Female Spies Rose O’Neil “Wild

Rose” Most famous

confederate spy/messenger

April 14, 18655 Days after war ended

President Lincoln attended the play Our American Cousin

@ Ford Theatre

John Wilkes Booth

Shot President Lincoln during the Play

Jumped off the balcony, broke his ankle, and fled

Booth’s Escape…

John Wilkes Booth

Planned the assassination with a group of “conspirators”

Original plan: abduct, then kill the President

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBLsOQPu23U

http://www.fordstheatre.org/home/plan-your-visit/daytime-visits-fords-theatre/museum

10 Conspirators

Mary Surrat (1823-1865)

Her son, John Surrat Confederate secret agent

Rented rooms to men who planned Lincoln’s assassination

Did she conspire to kill the President? Or was she innocent?

Mary Surratt’s Boardinghouse

Guilty? Innocent? Mary Surratt

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0_3IdFT4LY

Mary Surratt

Was convicted of planning Lincoln’s assassination, along with other men

Given death penalty

died: July, 1865 1st woman

executed Son fled to

Canada, died 1916

Lincoln’s Funeral Procession

Lincoln’s body taken From Washington D.C. To by train to Springfield Illinois

Andrew Johnson became President

Reconstruction – End of War 1864 to 1877

Issues…. 1. Readmission of Southern States

into the Union 2. Treatment of Ex- Confederates 3. Economic & Physical destruction

of South 4. Assimilation of 4 million former

slaves 4. The power of Federal government

still an issue

Chapter 12: Reconstruction and its Effects ( After the War)

Section 1: the Politics of ReconstructionSection 2: Reconstructing Society

1. Lincoln’s Presidential Reconstruction Plan (1863)

10% of Southern voters must take loyalty oath

agree to eliminate slavery

Full Pardon for ex- confederates

2. Congressional Reconstruction (1864)

Wade –Davis Bill 1864 : passed by both houses

50% Southern Voters take loyalty oath

Pocket vetoed by Lincoln (before death)

3. President Andrew Johnson’s Plan (1865)

Similar to 10% Plan

Pardoned former confederates

Special “Presidential pardon” for wealthy southerners

Military Reconstruction Act (1867)

Divided south Into 5 districts Managed by military forces “martial law” Tried to restore order in South

End of Reconstruction

“ Compromise 1877” The end of martial law = end of

Reconstruction period Removal of troops in south

African American ExperienceAfter the war…

Freedmen’s Bureau 1865:

distributed food, clothing, shelter , to former slaves

Served as employment agency Established schools 1866 Congress passed bill to

continue program Johnson vetoed bill

In the South…

“Black Codes” – discriminatory laws restrict freedoms of African Americans

In place until Civil Rights Movement 1960’s!!!!!

(White) Sharecroppers…

Leased land & supplies to former slaves

Allowed African Americans to work the land & keep portion of harvest

Creates a dependency

Only option for African Americans

Racism & Discrimination

Opposition to education of former slaves

Some southerners refused to grant freedom

Ku Kux Klan (1866) Terrorizes and intimidates African

Americans in the South

14th Amendment - 1868

Citizenship, due process and equal protection

Protects rights of all U.S. citizens

15th Amendment

Citizen’s right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous servitude.

Lacks wording that allows for enforcement of law!

Excludes women Law ignored by most states

“Grandfather Clauses”

“a man can vote only if his grandfather voted in an election prior to 1865”

Harassment of voters

Literacy tests Poll taxes

Southern Segregation Laws

Jim Crow Laws (1881)

Segregated public facilities

“separate but equal”

Adopted across the South

Future Reference…

African American will endure offenses, humiliations, and overt racism until the Civil Rights movement of the 1960’s!!!

The struggle for Civil Rights Movement will impact ALL people of color, ALL minorities

The West ----1865-1890

The transformation of the WestTopics: 1. The building of the Trans-

continental Railroad (completed , 1869)

2. The obstacles & Hardship pioneers/ homesteaders had to endure

3. The Plight of Native Americans 4. The impact the construction of

railroads had on people, places, and the economy.

Why did people move west after 1865?

1. The Homestead Act , 1862

160 acres of land Live & work land

for 5 years For $10 filing fee Myth-

“abundance of free land for anyone willing to cultivate it”

2. Pacific Railway Act, 1862

Authorized the construction of a railroad that connected the country East to West

People developed settlements along railways

Westward Settlement

1865-1890’s Families moved to the Great Plains

West of Mississippi From: Illinois,

Iowa, Missouri Also, European

Immigrants moved west

Lincoln’s Legacy

1. Homestead Act 1862- granted 160 acres to any family that would agree to farm it for 5 years

2. Morrill Land Grant 1862- gave federal lands to states for purpose of building trade schools (agriculture, technical trades)

3. Pacific Railway Act 1862 – approved building of Transcontinental railroad