Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

Terms

• Scientific Revolution

• Scientific Method

• Nicolaus Copernicus

• Johannes Kepler

• Galileo Galilei

• William Harvey

• Sir Francis Bacon

• Sir Isaac Newton

• The Enlightenment

• John Locke

• Deism

• David Hume

• Voltaire

Scientific Revolution

• Scientific Method

– Combination of experimental observation and mathematical deduction

• 1. Construct hypothesis,

• 2. Test and observe

• 3. Deduction

Nicolaus Copernicus

• Nicolaus Copernicus – 1473-1543 – Observed planets do

not move at same speed

– Earth rotates and one rotation = a day

– Celestial bodies revolve around sun, and Earth takes 365 to rotate around sun

– Published Rotations of the Celestial Spheres while on deathbed

Johannes Kepler

• Johannes Kepler

– 1571-1630

– German Mathematician

– Planets various differences from Earth

– Trajectory in form of oval or ellipses

Galileo Galilei

• Galileo Galilei – 1564-1642

– 1609 – new telescope – could see Jupiter and Saturn

– Physical attributes of Moon – Starry Messenger (1610)

– Earth not center of universe, but part of a greater universe

– Mistake – published ideas during lifetime

– Forced to retract beliefs by Inquisition in 1633

http://www.crystalinks.com/galileo.jpg

Medicine: Andreas Vesalius

• Andreas Vesalius – 1514-1564 – 1543 published findings

on human anatomy – Reconstruction of

skeleton and public dissections

– Goes against teachings of Galen (121-169 CE) whose teachings on anatomy based on dissection of pigs and monkeys

http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/7-andreas-vesalius-flemish-anatomist-science-source.jpg

Medicine: William Harvey

• William Harvey

– 1578-1657

– Dissection to examine the circulation of blood within the body

– Demonstrated how the heart worked as a pump

– Heart works like the mechanics of a machine

Medicine: Parecelsus

• Parecelsus

– 1493-1541

– Pharmacology

Scientific Inquiry: Sir Francis Bacon

• Sir Francis Bacon

– 1561-1621

– Advocate for Scientific Method

– Use of the principles of Scientific Method would lead to social progress

Scientific Inquiry: René Descartes

• René Descartes – 1596-1650

– French Catholic mathematician and philosopher

– Stressed mathematical and mechanical principles over blind experimentation

– “I think, therefore I am.” – Doubt proves the certain existence of someone is there thinking

Natural Philosopher: Sir Isaac Newton

• Sir Isaac Newton

– 1642 – 1727

– Gravity

– Laws of physics

The Unknown

• Mystery, superstition, and witch trials

• Malleus Maleficarum (1487)

http://salem.lib.virginia.edu/images/craftscourt.jpg

The Enlightenment • “Enlightenment thinkers were optimists who believed

human innovation could create a new kind of government more connected to people’s basic needs and more representative of the human spirit.” – Our Western World vol. 2

• Sir Isaac Newton – World capable of being understood, and there are laws of

nature governing it

• John Locke – Application of “reason,” No such thing as divine right

monarchy

• Deism – Belief in an omnipotent being, but does not believe that

miracles exist or there will be divine intervention

• David Hume – Use of reason and logic to dismantle or question

Christianity

Voltaire

• 1694-1778 (France)

• Francois-Marie Arouet

• 1720s – in England

• 1733 – Letters Concerning the English Nation

• 1759 – Candide – Critique of fashionable

optimism