Science

AHSGE Numbered Flash Cards

Created by Lauderdale County School District

By Stephen Phillips, Paul Crawford, and Pam Tanner

1. SI Units of Volume

Liters, millileters, and cubic centimeters

2. SI units of distance

Kilometers, meters, centimeters, and millimeters

3. SI units of mass

Kilograms, grams milligrams

4. Lab safety review When combining an acid or base with water, always pour the acid

or base into the water. When lighting a Bunsen burner, hold a lighted match next to the

barrel and turn on gas Never smell a chemical directly from a container. Always use

your hand to wave (waft) some of the odors toward your nose. Never pour any unused chemical back into its original container. In case of an accident in a lab, always tell the teacher first. Always point a heated test tube or bottle away from yourself and

others.

5. Steps of the scientific methoda. Observe/state the problem/ask a questionb. Form a hypothesisc. Test the hypothesis (perform an

experiment)d. Analyze and record datae. Form a conclusion

6. Phrases that describe a hypothesisA preliminary conclusion, a

suggested answer, a possible solution

7. Compare control (control setup) and variables:Control: part of the experiment

that does not change during the experiment (no change)

Variables : part of the experiment that changes during the experiment

8. Compare autotrophs and heterotrophs: Autotrophs: organisms that have the

ability to produce their own food Heterotrophs: organisms that depend on

other organisms for a source of food; they can not make their own food

9. Producers

Autotrophs that are eaten by heterotrophs

10. Consumers

Heterotrophs that eat other organisms such as Herbivores – plant eaters Carnivores – animal eaters Omnivores – eat both plants and animals Parasites – live in or on other organisms and

do harm

11. Decomposers

Heterotrophs that decompose organic material; can be called saprophytes; best examples – fungi and bacteria

12. Water cycle

Evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

13. Nitrogen cycle

a. Aided by decomposersb. Animals and humans get nitrogen

from eating proteinc. Nitrogen from atmosphere fixed

by lightning, bacteria, or the roots of plants.

14. Transpiration

Evaporation of water out of plants; when water is pulled out of plants into the environment; 90% of evaporation from terrestrial environments is caused by transpiration

15. Compare aerobic and anerobic.

Aerobic processes require oxygen while anerobic processes do not require oxygen

16. Photosynthesis

Sunlight + CO2 + H2O C6H2O6 +O2

17. Cellular respiration (anerobic respiration)C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP

18. Define food chain and list an example that includes at least 5 organisms.

A food chain is a simple or single line feeding relationship; example – grass->grasshopper->small bird->snake->hawk

19. Define food web and diagram an example. A food web is a series of

complex interconnecting food chains

20. Draw and label an ecological (energy) pyramid.

Autotrophs/Producers

AAAAA

Ecological pyramid (also called an energy pyramid)

1st order consumer

2nd order consumer

3rd order consumer

4th

het

erot

roph

s

Number of organisms and Amount of energy decreases from the bottom to the top

Each level receives approximately 10% of the energy that the previous level used

21. Define and draw an example of the molecules in a solid.Particles are packed together tightly; has a

definite shape and volume

22. Define liquid and draw an example of the molecules in a liquid.Particles are not held together as tightly as a solid;

has a definite volume but not a definite shape

23. Define gas and draw an example of the molecules in a gas.

Particles in a gas move around; has no definite shape nor volume

24. Factors that affect the rates of change.

a. Increasing the surface or contact area (breaking materials down into smaller pieces)

b. Increasing concentrationc. Stirringd. Adding a catalyst (increases the reaction rate by lowering the

amount of activation energy which is the energy needed to start a chemical reaction)

e. Adding biological catalyst (enzymes) – which are usually proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living things

f. Increasing temperature

25. Kinetic energy

Energy of a moving object

26. List the seven order system of classification in order from the largest (most inclusive; least specific) to the smallest (least inclusive; most specific).Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

27. Define binomial nomenclature and correctly write 3 scientific names using the rules for binomial nomenclature.

A two part scientific nameScientific name examples –

Homo sapiens, Acer rubrum, Panthera leo

28. Kingdom Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)Only prokaryotic kingdomAll unicellularExample – bacteria and

cyanobacteria (also called blue-green algae)

29. Kingdom Protista

EukaryotesMostly unicellularExamples include amoeba,

paramecium, and euglena

30. Kingdom Fungi

Multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls that contain a tough carbohydrate called chitin

31. Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls that contain a tough carbohydrate called chitin

32. Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs that have no cell walls

33. Amoeba

34. Paramecium

35. Euglena

36. Compare the following structures used in locomotion (movement).a. Pseudopods – “false foot” used by amoebas

for movement; produced by changing shapes of the cell membrane and cytoplasm

b. Cilia – short hair-like or thread-like structure; found on paramecium

c. Flagella – long whip-like, hair-like, or thread-like structure; found on euglenas

37. Saprophytes

Organisms that feed on dead organic material; includes species of fungi and bacteria

38. Draw and label the parts of a typical flower.

39. Define stamen and its parts (anther, filament, and pollen).

a. stamen – the entire male part of a flowerb. anther – the topmost part of the flower

that produces pollenc. filament – the stalk of the stamen that

supports the antherd. pollen – contains the sperm cells of plants

40. Define pistil and its parts (stigma, style, ovary, and ovule).a. Pistil – the entire female part of a flowerb. Stigma – the topmost sticky surface of the pistil that

receives the pollenc. Style – the tube through which pollen descend from

the stigma to the ovaryd. Ovary – the bulb shaped structure at the bottom of

the pistil that contains the ovulese. Ovules – egg cells of plants

41. Compare sepals and petals.

Sepals – leaves under the petals; outermost whorl of leaves on the flower that protect the bud

Petals – the leaves of the flower that are typically brightly colored to attract pollinators

42. Nonvascular plants

Simple plants that lack vascular tissues

Are considered to have no true roots, stems, or leaves

Example – Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts)

43. Vascular plants

Complex plants that have vascular tissues

Have true roots, stems, and leavesExamples – ferns and fern like

plant, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

44. Compare xylem and phloem.

Xylem – vascular tissue that carries water and minerals upward in plants

Phloem – vascular tissue that carries sugars made by the plant during photosynthesis either upward or downward in the plant

45. Gymnosperms

Vascular plants that produce seeds that are not covered by a fruit

Sometimes called the “naked – seed” plants Mainly pollinated by the wind Mainly cone-bearing evergreens that have

needlelike leaves Examples – pines, cedars, spruce, fir

46. Angiosperms

Vascular plants that produce seeds that are protected by a fruit (ripened ovary that surrounds and protects the seeds)

Produce reproductive structures called flowers

Largest group in the plant kingdom

47. Ferns

Vascular, spore-producing plantsSpores are typically found on the

underside of the leaves fronds – leaves of a fern

Have creeping underground stems called rhizomes

48. Prop plants

Plants that have root systems that are at least partly exposed to the air such as some types of plants that live in swamps and corn

49. Tropical rainforest plants

Have wide leaves to help them absorb as much sunlight as possible because of thick vegetation growth

Upper layers of the trees in the rainforests are called canopy

50. Tundra plants

Small plants that grow rapidly during their short growing seasons

Have to be able to reproduce quickly because of short growing seasons

Able to survive extreme cold during winter because of blankets of snow on them

51. Desert plants

Have leaves that are modified into spines in order to help them to reduce water loss

Have shallow root systems that branch out in order to absorb as much water as possible

Have stomata that open only at night in order to slow water loss

52. Stomata and guard cells

Stomata are tiny openings typically on the underside of leaves that allow for gas exchange

Guard cells are the cells that surround the stomata that cause the stomata to open and close

53. Mimicry

A harmless animal resembles one that is harmful such as a scarlet kingsnake (harmless) resembling the poisonous coral snake

54. Protective coloration

A form of camouflage that helps an animal to blend in with their surroundings in order to make it more difficult for predators to get them

55. Warning Coloration

Coloration on animals that “warns” other animals to stay away

56. Compare radial and bilateral symmetry.Radial symmetry – animals with

central point with structures that radiate out from the center

Bilateral symmetry – animals that can be divided into two basically equal sides

57. Compare vertebrates and invertebratesInvertebrates are animals that

lack a backbone (they make up 95-99% of all animal species)

Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone

58. Phylum Porifera

Sponges Simplest Animal group Cells and tissus – No organs or organ systems Filter feeders – means that they get food by filtering

water Sessile as adults – means that they move very little if

any at all Asymmetrical – means that they have no particular

shape

59. Phylum Cnidaria

Animals with stinging cells on tentacles that surround their mouths

Includes jellyfish, corals and sea anemones

Considered to have radial symmetry

60. Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms No true body segmentsMostly parasites

61. Phylum Nematoda

RoundwormsMany are parasitesUnsegmented

62. Phylum Annelida

Segmented wormsInclude earthworms, leeches

and marine wormsClosed circulation – blood is

contained within vessels

63. Phylum Mollusca

Described as soft-bodies animals with a shell

64. Gastropods

Mollusks that include slugs and snails

65. Bivalves

Mollusks that include clams, oysters, and mussels

Bivalves are important as biological indicators because they are filter feeders

66. Cephalopods

Mollusks that include squid and octopi

Considered to be the smartest invertebrates

67. Phylum Arthropoda

Jointed appendages animals with segmentation and exoskeletons

Largest animal phylum

68. Arachnida

Arthropods that include spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions

Eight legsBody regions – cephalothorax

and abdomen

69. Crustaceans

Arthropods that include shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, barnacles

Mostly aquatic with many of them livng in marine (ocean) environments

Two pairs of antennae

70. Millipedes and centipedes (types of arthropods)Millipedes – two pairs of legs per

body segment• Herbivores

Centipedes – one pair of legs per body segment • Carnivores with poison claws

71. Class Insecta (Types of arthropods) The largest class in the animal kingdom 6 legs Many with two pairs of wings 3 body regions – head, thorax, and abdomen Many use pheromones which are chemicals

used to attract other insects in order to mate of find food

72. Phylum Echinodermata

Spiny-skinned animalsRadial symmetryIncludes starfish, sea urchins, sand

dollarsHave a water vascular system with

tube feet

73. Phylum Chordata and Subphylum VertebrataIncludes all of the animals with

a backbone – fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

74. Class Agnatha

Jawless fishesInclude hagfish and lampreys

(many of which are parasites)

75. Class Chondichthyes

Cartilage fishes Includes sharks, rays, and skatesEctotherms2 chambered hearts – an atrium and a

ventricle Most use external fertilization

76. Class Osteichthyes

Bony fishes Largest vertebrate animal group Ectotherms 2 chambered hearts – an atrium and a

ventricle Most use external fertilization Have a gill covering called an operculum

77. Class Amphibia

Frogs, toads, and salamanders Amphibian refers to double life – begin life as a

larva in water and are able to move on land as adults

Ecotherms 3 chambered hearts – two atria and one ventricle External fertilization

78. Class Reptilia

Snakes, lizards, and turtles Lay eggs on land Most have 3 chambered hearts except for

crocidilians which have 4 heart chambers Ectotherms Internal fertilization

79. Class Aves

Birds 4 chambered hearts – two atria and two

ventricles Endotherms – basically means warm-blooded Many have hhollow bones that help them to fly Have air sacs associated with lungs Internal fertilization

80. Class Mammalia)Vertebrates that have hair or

fur and give their young mileInclude monotremes,

marsupials, and placentals

81. Monotremes

Egg-laying mammalsIncludes the duck-billed

platypus and the spiny anteater (also known as the echidna)

82. Marsupials

Pouched mammalsIncludes kangaroos, koalas,

Virginia opossum (only native North American marsupial)

83. Placentals

Females in this group have a placenta (which is an organ of exchange between the mother and the unborn offspring)

Most mammals are included in this category such as bats, dogs, rodents, marine mammals, humans

84. Compare chromosomes, DNA, and genes. Chromosomes – rod-shaped structures that

contain DNA that is tightly wrapped around proteins

DNA – stands for deoxyribonucleic acid; contains the genetic code that is responsible for controlling cell functions

Genes – segments of DNA that code for proteins

85. Compare germ and somatic mutations.Germ mutations – mutations that

affect reproductive cells that can be passed on from parent to offspring

Somatic mutations – mutations that affect somatic (body) cells that are not passed on to offspring

86. Chromosomal mutations

Mutations that affect chromosomes such as Inversions – reversal of chromosome parts Duplications – chromosome parts are duplicated Deletions – chromosome parts are deleted Translocation – nonhomologous chromosomes exchange

parts Polyploidy – extra sets of chromosomes; almost always

fatal in humans and animals but usually beneficial in plants

87. Nondisjunction

Type of chromosal mutationFailure of chromosomes to

separate during meiosisCauses Down Syndrome

(Trisomy 21)

88. Gene mutations

Gene mutations are mutations that affect segments of DNA

Point mutations – mutations that affect specific nucleotides on chromosomes; sickle cell anemia is a disorder caused by a point mutation

Frameshift mutations – misreading of the genetic code during translation

89. Define pedigree and draw an example.A family record that shows how

traits are inherited over generations

90. Compare genotype and phenotype.Genotype – the genetic

makeup of an organismPhenotype – the physical

appearance of an organism based upon the genotype

91. Compare homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive. Homozygous dominant – 2 dominant

forms of a gene are paired Heterozygous – 2 different forms of a

gene are paired Homozygous recessive – 2 recessive

forms of a gene are paired

92. Use a Punnett square to show a cross between heterozygous organisms. List the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for the cross.

93. Use a Punnett square to show a cross between a heterozygous and homozygous recessive organism. List the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for the cross.

94. Mutagens

An agent of mutation (causes mutations) such as chemicals, ultraviolet radiation

95. Describe the structure and function of DNA

Contains the genetic code that controls cell function Made up of repeating units of nucleotides; each

nucleotide consists of a sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing bases

In DNA there are 4 nitrogen containing bases – adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine

DNA’s shape is called a double helix which can also be described as a twisted ladder

96. Compare dominance and recessive genetic characteristics.Dominant characteristics can

cover up or mask out other forms of the same trait

Recessive characteristics are traits that are covered up or masked out by dominant traits

97. Compare Codominance and Incomplete Dominance.Codominance – traits are

expressed at the same time such as AB blood types

Incomplete dominance – there is a blend of traits because neither trait is dominant like in 4 o’clock flowers

98. Compare diploid and haploid. Diploid – a complete set of

chromosomes; abbreviated (2n); somatic cells (body cells) are diploid

Haploid – half of the complete set of chromosomes; abbreviated (n); germ cells (reproductive cells ) are haploid

99. Terms used to describe reproductive cellsSex cells, germ cells, gamete cells

meiotic cells In animals and humans these cells

are the egg and sperm cells In plants these cells are pollen

(sperm) and ovules (egg)

100. Compare a zygote and an embryo.Zygote – an egg cell that has been

fertilized by a sperm cellEmbryo – a ball of cells that is

produced when a zygote begins to grow by producing more cells through cell division called mitosis

101. Compare prokaryote and eukaryote.Prokaryote – unicellular organisms that

do not have a well-defined nucleus; include bacteria and cyanobacteria

Eukaryote – organisms that possess a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

102. Compare passive and active transport.a. Passive transport – cell transport that

involves little or no energy (moves materials from a high to low concentration)

b. Active transport – cell transport that requires energy use (moves materials from a low to a high concentration)

103. Types of passive transport

a. Diffusion – movement of materials from a higher to a lower concentration; attempt to move toward equilibrium

b. Osmosis – diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane

c. Facilitated diffusion – involves movement of materials that uses a carrier molecule which is usually a protein carrier

104. Define hypotonic and draw an example Higher concentration of a solute on the

inside of a cell Water will enter cell

105. Define hypertonic and draw an example. Higher concentration of a solute outside

of the cell membrane Water will leave cell

106. Define isotonic and draw an example.Equal amounts of solute on either side

of the cell membrane

107. Define turgor pressure and draw an example.Osmotic pressure on the inside of a plant

cell due to the water inside the plant cell’s vacuoles

108. Types of active transport

a. Endocytosis – movement of materials into a cell that requires energy; can be described as transporting into, cell eating, engulfing

b. Exocytosis – movement of materials out of a cell that requires energy; can be described as transported out of, discharged, gotten rid of , expelled

109. Compare the multicellular levels of organization from the simplest to the most complex.

a. Cell –simplest level of organizationb. Tissue – made of cells working togetherc. Organ – made of tissues working togetherd. Organ system– organs working togethere. Multicellular organism – many celled

living thing

110. Nucleus (of a cell)

Control center of the cellDNA is located in the nucleus

111. Golgi apparatus

Cell organelle that distributes, packages, and modifies materials needed by the cell

112. Lysosome

Cell organelle that distributes, packages and modifies materials needed by the cell

113. Vacuole

Area of the cell where materials such as water, proteins, and salts are stored

114. Mitochondrion

Cell organelle that obtains energy from food by combining (typically sugars) with oxygen

“Powerhouse of the cell”Particularly active cells have a lot

of mitochondrion

115. Plastid

Cell organelles in plant and plant-like cells that are used to help obtain energy (chloroplasts) plus store food and pigment

116. Chloroplast

Green disk-shaped cell organells found in plant and plant-like cells that absorb energy from sunlight to jump start the process of photosynthesis

117. Endoplasmic reticulum

Cell organelle responsible for cell transportation

118. Ribosomes

Cell organelles where proteins are made

119. In what ways are plant cells different from animal cells?

a. Plant cells have cell walls containing cellulose; animal cells have no cell walls

b. Plant cells have plastids such as chloroplasts; animal cells have no chloroplasts

c. Plant cells have vacuoles that tend to be larger than the vacuoles of animal cells

d. Plant cells tend to be more squared in shape while animal cells tend to be more rounded in shape

120. Exotic species (also called introduced or non-native)Species that are introduced

into an area where they were not present before

121. Dynamic equilibrium

Organisms must deal with changing environments

Also can be described as organisms remaining fairly balanced in their habits even though the environment around them is constantly changing

122. Compare abiotic and biotic factors.

Abiotic factors are nonliving factors in ecosystems such as rocks, dirt, and water

Biotic factors are living factors which include any living organism in the ecosystem

123. Describe symbiosis and the main types of symbiosis.Symbiosis – a relationship between 2

different species• Parasitism – one organism lives in or on another and does

harm

• Mutualism – 2 different species live together and both benefit

• Commensalism – 2 different species live together; one benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed

• Competition – the struggle between more than one species to obtain materials needed for survival

124. Compare density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors.a. Density-dependent limiting factors – factors

that affect a population that are caused by the population size such as disease being spread, lack of water and food, not enough shelter

b. Density-independent limiting factors – factors that affect a population that are caused by nature such as hurricanes, wild fires, tornadoes

125. Question

Answer

126. Question

Answer

127. Question

Answer