AHSGE Remediation Standards I-III

STANDARD I: OBJECTIVE 1. Identify and evaluate America’s exploration, development,and divergence.

I-1

Question:What European movement resulted in exposure to Middle Eastern and Asian goods (after a failed attempt to take away the Holy Lands from Muslims? 

Crusades(AHSGE): Holy Wars between European Christians and Middle East Muslims to regain the Holy Lands.

Crusade map

This exposed Europe to Eastern foods, spices, and clothing.

SOME MAIN CAUSES•PROTECTION OF PILGRIMS

•HOLY LAND RELIEF…

•TO INCREASE POWER/WEALTH…

•TO INCREASE LAND HOLDINGS…

•RELIGIOUS RIGHTEOUSNESS…

•POWER OF PAPACY…

RESULTS OF 1ST CRUSADE

VICTORY FOR CHRISTENDOMJERUSALEM TAKEN…

4 CHRISTIANSTATES

ESTABLISHED

SARACENSMASSACRED

INJERUSALEM

ALL ENDED IN FAILURE

Question:What European movement resulted in new art, technology, and a return to classical thought? 

Renaissance (AHSGE): “rebirth;” Spread of intellectual ideas and literature.

The Renaissance sailor first took to the seas to supply Europeans with the many Asian spices they demanded. Peppercorns, nutmeg, mace, and cinnamon all came from lands to the east. Also from the East came precious gems and fine silk, a fabric especially sought after for women's clothing. These trading voyages were often paid for by investors.

When?Some scholars say the 12th century“Early” 1417-1494“High” 1495-1527“Late” 1527-1600

Florence, first.Italian states: Milan, Naples, and Rome.Spread to Northern Europe: Netherlands and Flanders

Reformation (AHSGE): The Reformation officially began in 1517, with Martin Luther pinning 95 Thesis on the Wittenburg

Cathedral's church door. It started as attempts to reform the Catholic Church from within.  The critique, however, soon

developed its own momentum, and led to the founding of many of new religious denominations.

What European movement resulted in the rise of the protestant religion? 

Causes of the Reformation

Immediate Causes

• Merchant wealth challenged the church’s view of usury.• German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.• The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.• Church corruption and the sale of the indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

The Reformers

Martin Luther• Believed in salvation by faith alone• Posted the 95 theses• Led the movement that gave birth to the Protestant Church

John Calvin• Believed in predestination • Expanded Protestant movement

King Henry VIII• Dismissed authority of the popes in Rome• Divorced, broke with the Catholic Church • Formed the Church of England

What term is used to describe the exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas after Columbus's discovery? Columbian Exchange (AHSGE): Exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas, including agricultural products and diseases.

Latin America to Europe pumpkins beans (lima, kidney, string,) potatoesmaizetobaccochocolate guinea pigs turkeys rubberpeanutsavocadospineapples tomatoeschiggers measles

Europe to Latin Americawheatmelonsonionsgrapes (wine)sugarcaneappleslettucebananasdandelions, daisieshorsespigscattlesheepgoats

Destabilization of the Native American Societies (AHSGE): Native American cultures were seriously impacted by disease (killing millions) and conflicts with Europeans, especially the Conquistadors.

Northeast American Indians: because of political and linguistics differences, they were never able to successfully organize or unite against the Europeans.

What were the Spanish explorers called who searched for "God, gold, and glory"? 

Their purpose and some examples follow the next few slides:

Conquistadors (AHSGE) European explorers who explored the New World for the following reasons (God, Gold, Glory): A. Sea route to the Far East for trade goods B. Quest for new lands C. Desire for wealth (gold and silver) D. Spread of Christianity

II. Explorers A. Christopher Columbus, an Italian employed by Spain 1. Believed the world was a sphere, but was wrong with distances 2. Planned to reach the East Indies (hence, "Indians") by sailing west 3. Made four voyages to America a. 1492 landed on San Salvador b. Other include 1493, 1497, 1502 c. Died convinced that he had found new passage to East Indies SEE notes

B. Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi river (1 5 3 9)

C. Amerigo Vespucci 1. Sailed down coast of Brazil and new world (1499) 2. Helped give America its name

D. Vasco de Balboa--discovered Pacific Ocean (1513)

E. Ponce de Leon --- explored Florida peninsula (1 513)

F. Ferdinand Magellan-first to sail around the world (1519-1522)

G. Hernando Cortez--conquered Mexico (1521)

H. John Cabot --- first to claim North America for British (1497) I. Francis Drake---explored west coast of Americas (1577-1580) J. Henry Hudson-Hudson river (1609)

What was the name of the first American settlement in 1565 by Europeans? 

St. Augustine (AHSGE): Founded in 1565, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the United States.

Forty-two years before the English colonized Jamestown and fifty-five years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, the Spanish established at St. Augustine this nation's first enduring settlement.

What was the first successful English settlement in the New World (1607)? 

Jamestown (AHSGE): 1st successful permanent British colony in North America seal of the

Virginia Company

  A.  London Company granted a charter by King James, after peace treaty with Spain B.  Jamestown barely survives 1. John Smith organizes work gangs 2. J.S. establishes rules of sanitation 3. J.S. imposes military discipline.

See notes

What was the legislature of the Virginia colony called (the first representative government in the New World)? 

House of Burgesses (AHSGE) First representative government group in the American colonies.

Famous delegates include Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington. The House met for the first time at Jamestown. It was July 30, 1619.

What was the main reason for the American colonies protestation against British rule? Taxation (AHSGE): the issue of “taxation

without representation” led to colonial separation from England.Representation vs. Virtual Representation— a. the argument centered over the question of whether Parliament’s decisions reflected colonial interests b. Many American colonists felt that Parliament could regulate trade but could not tax colonists

What war put the English into debt and forced them to tax and closely monitor the troops in Boston? French and Indian War (AHSGE): Would end “salutary neglect” of the British colonies and lead to demand by Britain for the colonists to pay taxes to support the military costs (see slide “taxation” below).

French & Indian War A. Reasons: Long term tensions between French and British; previous wars see notes

B. William Pitt: promised the colonies that if they provided the men, Parliament would provide the funding; extremely popular with the colonies C. Iroquis: their attempts to play the French and the British against each other would no longer work at the end of the war; they would lose land and influence 

Treaty of Paris 1763—Ended the War 1. Britain gained Florida (from Spain for Cuba) and Canada and became supreme in eastern North America 2. Spain gained Louisiana territory and New Orleans

Results of the war 1. France lost her Empire in North America 2. Colonies learned to fight a common foe 3. Proclamation of 1763 which set a boundary along the crest of the Appalachians for which the English could not cross 4. End of salutary neglect which the colonies had previously used to acquire needed products from other countries.

Lack of Free Trade (AHSGE): Factor that would lead to the colonies separating from England; Britain would try to maintain the policy of mercantilism by controlling colonial trade through the Navigation Acts.

What occurred in 1770 that resulted in 5 colonists being shot and killed by British troops in Boston?   

Paul Revere color print

Boston Massacre (AHSGE): British soldiers shoot into a crowd of colonists because of tensions between the two groups; help lead to the American Revolution.

In 1773 Bostonians protested the Tea Act by staging what famous event?

What act of colonial protestation resulted in the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts being passed by the British parliament?   

Boston Tea Party (AHSGE): Colonist dumped tea in response to the tea act. Parliament respond by passing the punitive Intolerable Acts.Coercive or Intolerable Acts—designed to punish Boston and Massachusetts A. Mass. Govt. Act: Restructured the Massachusetts government, restricted town meetings B. Boston Port Act: Closed Boston Harbor until damages paid and order restored C.   Administration of Justice Act: Permitted officials who killed Americans to be put on trial in England

IV. Tea Act A. Lowered price of tea by eliminating all import duties for tea into England and letting the company sell directly to consumers B. Discontent because it was still a tax on tea and custom duties collected on it would be used to pay the salaries of royal governors C. Boston Tea Party (read notes)

The first skirmishes of the Revolutionary War occurred in what two towns?Lexington and Concord (April 1775)(AHSGE): First skirmishes between colonial forces and the British occurred in these two towns. The colonists had been warned the night

before by Paul Revere.

See notes

The "shot heard 'round the world"

II-1 Recognize and comprehend the impact of the influences of intellectual and religious thought on political systems (6 questions).

II-1

Question:What famous English document (signed in 1215 by King John I) was the beginning point for representative government and protection of individual rights? 

Magna Carta: (AHSGE) document later used by the colonists as a basis for the future U.S. government. Such as . . .

•Signed by King John in 1215

•Was signed at Runnymede

•It had been forced on him by the Barons

•Promised freedoms to all people

•Protected the rights of ordinary people

•It prevented the King from doing as he pleased

Question:Who was the English philosopher who greatly influenced Jefferson as he wrote the Declaration of Independence? 

"The natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but only have the law of nature for his rule."

John Locke (AHSGE): He influenced the early colonists and the U.S. Constitution with his ideas of natural rights (life, liberty, and property).

John Locke believed there were laws of natural rights to make the human world run smoothly. Life, liberty, and property are the three rights Locke declared. These inalienable rights became basic beliefs in the “American mind.” They became part of our Declaration of Independence. Locke also believed in the beginning there was no government at all and the people made a social contract. They formed governments to protect their natural rights. If the government abused these rights instead of protecting them, then the >>>

people had the right to rebel and form a new government. This is also stated in the Declaration of Independence. Locke did not believe that God had chosen a group or family of people to rule countries. Instead, he argued that governments should only operate with the consent of the people they are governing. In this way, Locke supported democracy as a form of government. Locke wrote, “. . .we have reason to conclude that all peaceful beginnings of government have been laid in the consent of the people." Locke also believed that government power should be divided equally into three branches of government so that politicians will not face the "temptation... to grasp at [absolute] power.“ Many of Locke’s principals are part of the American government.

Question:Jefferson used this idea (for the Dec. of Ind.), which allows for a people to overthrow its rulers if their natural rights are no longer being protected. 

Rousseau: (AHSGE) Social Contract theory (an implicit agreement within a state regarding the rights and responsibilities of the state and its citizens).

Rousseau claimed that the state of nature eventually degenerates into a brutish condition without law or morality, at which point the human race must adopt institutions of law or perish. In the degenerate phase of the state of nature, man is prone to be in frequent competition with his fellow men while at the same time becoming increasingly dependent on them. This double pressure threatens both his survival and his freedom. According to Rousseau, by joining together through the social contract and abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free. This is because submission to the authority of the general will of the people as a whole guarantees individuals against being subordinated to the wills of others and also ensures that they obey themselves because they are, collectively, the authors of the law.

Montesquieu (AHSGE): Known for his idea of separation of powers.

Madison borrowed the concept of separation of powers from Montesquieu, a French political philosopher.

Powers of Government

Montequieu identified three types of political power:

Legislative power = the power to make lawsExecutive power = the power to enforce lawsJudicial power = the power to interpret laws

•Awakening is an old word that means essentially the same thing that “revival” does today

•A refreshening of spiritual fervor and devotion•An outreach to the unconverted

What religious movement occurred in the 1730s and 1740s in the colonies? 

Great Awakening (AHSGE): religious revival that swept across this country in the 1730s and 1740s.

Loss of Spiritual Devotion•Population boom of the Americas and abundant natural resources generated a production explosion•Colonists entered a period of unknown prosperity—became mobile•Half way Covenant allowed non-church goers to retain their membership without voting rights—views dimly by leaders.

National Movements•George Whitefield•English evangelist who preached with the Wesleys—founders of Methodism•Preached in the open air—out of need•Spoke to an average of 8000 people daily for a sold month in 1740•Estimates are that he spoke directly to 80% of the entire colonial population

Division and Discord

•GA divided people into the “old” believers and church members and the “new” converts who joined after the revivals•In New England, they were known as “old lights” and “new lights”•Old lights considered it all “much ado about nothing” and the new lights often became extreme

Aftermath of the GA•Sharp increase in church membership—especially among the previously unchurched•Increases were not sustained and the effect of the GA on church membership leveled off within five years•Churches reached out to the “weaker” members of society (slaved and NAs)

New Organizations

•Great Awakening spurred the creation of new divinity schools—were shut out of Harvard and Yale•Princeton, Brown and Dartmouth were all a result of the GA

•(AHSGE)New denominations were established, particularly Methodist and Baptist

Bill of Rights: (AHSGE) Came after the Constitution was ratified; First 10 amendments guaranteed personal liberties

Bill of Rights quiz

What addition was made to the Constitution giving further protection for individual rights? 

What was the first meeting called when 12 colonies sent delegates to Philadelphia to discuss British tyranny (and take action)? 

1st Continental Congress (AHSGE)- Met in 1774 in response to the Intolerable Acts A. Members-Samuel Adams, John Adams (Mass.), John Jay (NY), Patrick Henry, George Washington (VA.) B. Resolved that no colony over obedience to the Intolerable ActsC. Suffolk Resolve endorsed- 1. No obedience to Coercive Acts 2. Provisional govt. until charter restored

Patrick Henry said: "I am not a Virginian, but an American."

What document was sent to King George III as a final attempt at peace by the colonists in 1775? 

Olive Branch Petition: The 2nd Continental Congress made one last attempt with King George III to find a peaceful end to the revolution.

On July 5, 1775, Congress drafted the Olive Branch Petition. It outlined their issues and asked the British government to respond and deal with them. King George III of England refused to accept the petition. He believed the Americans to be in rebellion, and believed he could quickly end it with his military force.

Copy of Olive Branch Petition

What group sent the Olive Branch Petition and wrote the Declaration of Independence? 

2nd Continental Congress: (AHSGE) to meet again in May 1775 if King George does not repeal Intolerable Acts; Issues (AHSGE)This Congress would send the Olive Branch petition and write the Declaration of Independence.This Congress would run the war until the Article of Confederation.

When King George III heard of the colonists' demands, he answered: "The die is now cast. The colonies must either submit or triumph."

Political parties/Federalists (AHGSE): Those in favor of ratifying the Constitution; later a political party that favored a strong central government. Usually associated with Alexander Hamilton (see next slide)

What two political parties emerged after the debate over ratification of the Constitution? 

Political parties/Anti- Federalists (AHGSE): Those not in favor of ratifying the Constitution, a;t least not without a Bill of Rights. Later called Democratic-Republicans, a political party that favor strong states’ rights.

What document was sent to the British informing them of colonial independence? 

Declaration of Independence (AHSGE)(July 4, 1776) colonists declared independence from Great Britain.

A. Declaration ignores Parliament B. Criticized the king C. Jefferson argued that English had violated its contract

with the colonies.D. Appealed to the sympathies of the American colonists

E. Criticized the Quebec Act of 1774

Articles of Confederation: “firm league of friendship;” 1st government Weakness of the A. of C. (AHSGE): A. No executive branch B.  Judiciary left to the states C.  Weak legislative 1. Each state had one vote regardless of population 2.  Important bills require 2/3 vote 3. Amendments require unanimous vote

What was the first set of laws governing the U.S.? 

Growing domestic problem for ConfederationA.     Economic problems of 1780s1.  Money request from states isn’t working2.  Debt increasing; credit decreasing3.  States arguing over borders, duties on goods, and different currencies B. Shays’ Rebellion causes1.      Economic recession2.      Farm foreclosures3.      Huge tax increases

Strengths of the Articles of Confederation (AHSGE) A. Clearly outlined the general powers to be exercised by the central government B. Kept alive the idea of a union and held the state together (intermediary to Const.) C. Landmark Land Laws—Greatest achievement 1. Land Ordinance of 1785—methodical method of selling land for govt. debt2.Northwest Ordinance of 1787—established the basic unit of settlement in the territory north of the Ohio; no slavery allowed

Land Ordinance of 1785 (AHSGE) law passed by Congress that allowed for sales of land in the Northwest Territory and set up standards for land sale that became precedents.

What ordinance was passed in 1785 that divided territory in the old northwest into townships? 

Northwest Ordinance (AHSGE): The Ordinance provided the means by which new states would be created out of the western lands and then admitted into the Union. Aside from providing for orderly westerly settlement, it made clear that the new states would be equal to the old. One of the few positive achievements under the Articles of Confederation.

What ordinance passed in 1787 disallowed slavery in the old northwest? 

What famous convention was held to replace the Articles of Confederation with a more centralized government? 

Constitutional Convention of 1787 (AHSGE): Met to revise the Article of Confederation but would lead to Constitution. A.  Assumptions about government: 1.Legislatures should have two houses (common/nobility) 2. Voters could think and act independently only if they owned property 3. Elected representatives should exercise independent judgment in leading people rather than simply carrying out popular will.

"GEORGE WASHINGTON ADDRESSING THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION"Oil, by Junius Stearns, c 1856. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.

4. For American Whigs, “democracy” implied either mob rule or concentration of power in the hands of the uneducated multitude.

see notes

Independence Hall

George Washington -- Virginia

James Madison -- VirginiaBenjamin Franklin – Penn.

Alexander Hamilton -- New YorkJames Wilson—Penn.Elbridge Gerry--Mass.George Mason—Va.Gouverneur Morris—Penn.Robert Morris--Penn.Edmund Randolph--Va.Roger Sherman—Conn.

Thomas Jefferson, in describing the 55 men sent to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, called the convention "an assembly of demigods." Indeed, the world had never seen such a collection of minds before in one location. Though they may not all have been equally qualified to attend the convention, in general the delegates were a snapshot of the 18th century upper crust. Statistics prove this; All were white men, mostly protestant with one or two Catholics and Quakers. Professionally, lawyers composed over a half of the group (34 out of the 55 delegates), while another quarter were planters owning 1,000 acres or more. Political life was also common to the delegates; all had held public office of some variety. Eight had been judges, three were governors of their respective states (four were former governors), 42 had served in Congress, and a handful were speakers of their state legislatures. These men had the history to back up their reputations as well: Eight had signed the Declaration of Independence, 30 had served in the Continental Army, 15 had survived true combat situations, and four had been on Washington's staff.

F. Influences 1. Rome’s Democratic Republic

a. English Heritage & Law b. Magna Carta (1215)

c. Petition of Right (1628) d. Habeus Corpus Act (1678) e. English Bill of Rights (1689)

See notes

2. English

State v. national power (AHSGE): With the apparent failure of the Articles of Confederation (see previous slides; in which states have more power than the central government), there began a movement and debate over putting more power in the hands of the central government

Great Compromise. What was the Great Compromise?

The problem:The founding fathers argued about how many representatives each state should be allowed. The larger states favored the Virginia Plan. According to the Virginia Plan, each state would have a different number of representatives based on the state's population. The smaller states favored the New Jersey Plan. According to the New Jersey Plan, the number of representatives would be the same for each state.

What was the solution to the problem of representation at the convention called? 

The Solution:

A delegate from Connecticut, Roger Sherman, proposed a two-house legislature, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate would have an equal number of representatives from each state. This would satisfy the states with smaller populations. The House of Representatives would include one representative for each 30,000 individuals in a state. This pleased states with larger populations.

This two-house legislature plan worked for all states and became known as the Great Compromise (AHSGE).

Great Compromise quiz

What was the solution to the problem of how to count slaves for representation purposes? 

3/5 Compromise (AHSGE): 3/5 of all slaves would be counted for congressional representation

Also:• Individuals could not prevent the return of runaway slaves to another state.• Congress could ban the importation of slaves after 1808.

Northern States--The economy was more diverse than that of the South and generally relied on free labor. In a free labor system the employer hires a worker and they agree how much the worker will be paid. In the North people worked as farmers, fishermen, merchants, bankers, manufacturers, ship-building, shipping trade, and laborers. The northern states were in direct competition with Great Britain for manufacturing and trade with other countries. The delegates from the northern states were generally for protective tariffs and against the importation of slaves. Southern States--The economy was almost completely agricultural. People who owned plantations (large farms) in these states depended on slave labor. Slaves were considered property and could be bought or sold. They were not considered citizens and did not have the rights of citizens. The southern states produced agricultural products (cotton, tobacco, indigo). They sold some of these products to the northern states, but their primary market was Great Britain and other European nations. Because Great Britain was such an important trading partner the southern states bought more of their manufactured items from Britain than from their northern neighbor-states.The delegates from the southern states were generally for slavery and against protective tariffs.

What papers were written by Jay, Hamilton, and Madison encouraging the passage of the Constitution? 

Federalist papers (AHSGE) A series of essays designed to convince the public to support passage of the U.S. Constitution.

The Federalist Papers were written and published during the years 1787 and 1788 in several New York State newspapers to persuade New York voters to ratify the proposed constitution. In total, the Federalist Papers consist of 85 essays outlining how this new government would operate and why this type of government was the best choice for the United States of America. All of the essays were signed "PUBLIUS" and the actual authors of some are under dispute, but the general consensus is that Alexander Hamilton wrote 52, James Madison wrote 28, and John Jay contributed the remaining five.

Who developed the economic plan for the U.S. during the 1790's? 

Alexander Hamilton (see slides below under “Economic Differences”

II. Hamilton v. Jefferson

Jefferson v. Hamilton (AHGSE): The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, represented the urban mercantile interests of the seaports. the Antifederalists, led by Thomas Jefferson, spoke for the rural and southern interests. The debate between the two concerned the power of the central government versus that of the states, with the Federalists favoring the former and the Antifederalists advocating states' rights. Economic Differences (AHSGE) Hamilton favored having a national debt, taking over states’ debts, and having a national bank; Jefferson favored no debt, strong state power, and state banks.

Who warned Americans about competing political parties in his farewell address? 

George Washington’s Farewell Address (AHSGE): Washington tells why he will not run for a third term, warns against a too-powerful military, warns against foreign entanglements, and warns against the party system.

  Who served as chief justice of the Supreme Court for 34 years and helped shape a powerful national government? 

John Marshall (AHSGE): One of the most influential Supreme Court Chief Justices in U.S. History. (See next few slides.)

Marbury v. Madison: (AHSGE) establishment of the U.S. Supreme Court right to determine the constitutionality of congressional enactments; judicial reviewMarbury v. Madison (1803)"It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each." — Chief Justice John Marshall

What famous Supreme Court ruling established judicial review? 

Standard II, Objective 2. Identify and comprehend the provisions of essentialdocuments of the United States government.

II-2

What document was sent to the British informing them of colonial independence? 

Declaration of Independence (AHSGE)(July 4, 1776) colonists declared independence from Great Britain.

A. Declaration ignores Parliament B. Criticized the king C. Jefferson argued that English had violated its contract

with the colonies.D. Appealed to the sympathies of the American colonists

E. Criticized the Quebec Act of 1774

Philosophical background of the Declaration of Independence (AHSGE): Thomas Jefferson used the ideas of natural rights (see slide on John Locke)to justify declaring independence from England.“that they (“all men”) are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”—D. of I.

Concept of equality in the Declaration of Independence (AHSGE):“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,”—D. of I.

Social Contract theory and the Declaration of Independence (AHSGE): D. of I. essentially states the government is expected and required to protect “natural rights” of citizens. If not, then the people have a right to break away. (See “Social Contract Theory”)

“When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, ….” D. of I.

Constitution (AHSGE): Basic framework of our government that replaced the articles of Confederation; includes philosophical background of the ideas of Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu; and concepts such as equality, checks and balances and federalism.

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

preamble song

Preamble: (AHSGE) Explains the purpose of the Constitution

  The opening paragraph of the Constitution ("We the people...") is called what?

The Constitution calls for a three-branch government creating a separation of what? Separation of powers (AHSGE): Both the federal (central) and state governments are divided into three branches: Executive (carries out the law; President/Governor), Legislative (Makes the laws; Congress/state legislatures), and Judicial (judges the laws; Supreme Court/lower courts).

The Constitution allows for power to be shared between the national government and the states.  What kind of system is this? Federal system (AHSGE): In which power is shared by three levels in the U.S.: Federal (Central), state, and local (including city and county govts.) Some powers are shared and some are exclusive to each level (like protecting the border).

Elastic Clause  -  Article I, Section VIII of the Constitution states that Congress shall have the power "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution...powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States."

Elastic Clause (AHSGE): Gives the federal government powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

What is the clause called which gives Congress broad powers? 

Bill of Rights: (AHSGE) Came after the Constitution was ratified; First 10 amendments guaranteed personal liberties

Bill of Rights quiz

What addition was made to the Constitution giving further protection for individual rights? 

What amendment abolished slavery? 

13th Amendment (AHSGE): Abolished slavery.

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

14th Amendment (June 1866) (AHSGE):Gave citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.

1. Passed by Congress and required southern 2. Johnson opposed it because it denied states the right to manage their own affairs

What amendment guarantees protection of the laws for all citizens? 

Weakened by the Slaughterhouse cases of 1873 a. Federal government obliged to protect only basic rights of NATIONAL citizenship b. Federal government did not have to protect such rights against state violations

SEE NOTES

What amendment gave the vote to African American males? 

Fifteenth Amendment (AHSGE): Right of Citizens to Vote   Section. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

However, African Americans would be kept from voting using the Grandfather Clauses   •The White Primary   •Literacy Tests   •Racial Gerrymandering

19th Amendment: Gave women the right to vote (AHSGE) 

What were the laws called passed by southern states attempting to control freedmen and keeping them in a subservient position? 

Black codes (AHSGE): state laws (varied state to state) to control freed black and restrict their legal and civil rights.In South Carolina persons of color contracting for service were to be known as "servants," and those with whom they contracted, as "masters." On farms the hours of labor would be from sunrise to sunset daily, except on Sunday. The negroes were to get out of bed at dawn. Time lost would be deducted from their wages, as would be the cost of food, nursing, etc., during absence from sickness. Absentees on Sunday must return to the plantation by sunset. House servants were to be at call at all hours of the day and night on all days of the week. They must be "especially civil and polite to their masters, their masters' families and guests," and they in return would receive "gentle and kind treatment." Corporal and other punishment was to be administered only upon order of the district judge or other civil magistrate. A vagrant law of some severity was enacted to keep the negroes from roaming the roads and living the lives of beggars and thieves."

What were the laws called passed in southern states after Reconstruction that stripped African Americans of basic rights like voting? Jim Crow laws (AHSGE): enforced segregation

examples of Jim Crow laws

Relate Separation of Powers, Federal System, and the Bill of Rights tocolonial experiences (AHSGE): When writing the Constitution, our Founding Fathers remembered their past experiences. Separation of Powers idea came from their concern about too much power in the hands of one person (such as the king) or group (such as parliament). The writers of the Constitution were also influenced by the writings of Montesquieu. The Federal System also came about from fear of too much central power, but this fear was tempered by the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation. Finally, the Bill of Rights (added almost immediately after ratification of the Constitution) came from their fear of a too powerful government and the writers’ past experiences of liberty denied by Great Britain while a colony.

STANDARD III, OBJECTIVE 1. Identify and evaluate the impact of the AmericanRevolution.

III-1

Causes of the Revolutionary War

Lack of Free Trade (AHSGE): Factor that would lead to the colonies separating from England; Britain would try to maintain the policy of mercantilism by controlling colonial trade through the Navigation Acts.

In 1773 Bostonians protested the Tea Act by staging what famous event?

What act of colonial protestation resulted in the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts being passed by the British parliament? 

One of the Causes of the Revolutionary War  

Boston Tea Party (AHSGE): Colonist dumped tea in response to the tea act. Parliament respond by passing the punitive Intolerable Acts.Coercive or Intolerable Acts—designed to punish Boston and Massachusetts A. Mass. Govt. Act: Restructured the Massachusetts government, restricted town meetings B. Boston Port Act: Closed Boston Harbor until damages paid and order restored C.   Administration of Justice Act: Permitted officials who killed Americans to be put on trial in England

IV. Tea Act A. Lowered price of tea by eliminating all import duties for tea into England and letting the company sell directly to consumers B. Discontent because it was still a tax on tea and custom duties collected on it would be used to pay the salaries of royal governors C. Boston Tea Party (read notes)

What group sent the Olive Branch Petition and wrote the Declaration of Independence? 

2nd Continental Congress: (AHSGE) to meet again in May 1775 if King George does not repeal Intolerable Acts; Issues (AHSGE)This Congress would send the Olive Branch petition and write the Declaration of Independence.This Congress would run the war until the Article of Confederation.

When King George III heard of the colonists' demands, he answered: "The die is now cast. The colonies must either submit or triumph."

What occurred in 1770 that resulted in 5 colonists being shot and killed by British troops in Boston?   

Paul Revere color print

Boston Massacre (AHSGE): British soldiers shoot into a crowd of colonists because of tensions between the two groups; help lead to the American Revolution.

Patrick Henry (AHSGE) went to the Virginia Convention in Richmond, he made a speech. It was from this speech that his famous quote comes:"I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!"March 23, 1775 at St. John's Church in Richmond.

What American colonist gave the famous speech stating, "give me liberty or give me death?" 

George Washington: (AHSGE) military and statesman whose leadership as Commander of the Continental Army made it possible for the young Republic to survive; later President.

Who served as the commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War? 

Course of the American Revolution

Who was the leader of the Sons of Liberty?  Samuel Adams (AHSGE):political leader in the American Revolution, writer, founder of the Sons of Liberty, and signer of the Declaration of Independence.

He drafted a protest against the Stamp Act in 1765 and was one of the organizers of the non-importation agreement (1767) against Great Britain to force repeal of the Townshend Acts. He drew up the Circular Letter to the other colonies, denouncing the acts as taxation without representation. More important, he used his able pen in colonial newspapers and pamphlets to stir up sentiment against the British. His polemics helped to bring about the Boston Massacre. With the help of such men as John Hancock he organized the revolutionary Sons of Liberty and helped to foment revolt through the Committees of Correspondence. He was the moving spirit in the Boston Tea Party. Gen. Gage issued (1775) a warrant for the arrest of Adams and Hancock, but they escaped punishment and continued to stir up lethargic patriots.

  Who made the famous ride warning colonists that the "Redcoats were coming"? Paul Revere (AHSGE): was sent for by Dr. Joseph Warren and instructed to ride to Lexington, Massachusetts, to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that British troops were marching to arrest them

Boston’s Old North Church

Listen my children and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five; Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year.

Paul Revere's ride flash program

Regulars

Virtual Paul Revere's Ride

Where were Washington's troops encamped during the harsh winter of 1777-1778? 

Valley Forge (AHSGE): six month encampment of the Continental Army under the command of General George Washington, a few miles from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Though no battle was fought here from December 19, 1777 to June 19, 1778, a struggle against the elements and low morale was overcome on this sacred ground.

"Naked and starving as they are we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery." -General George Washington at Valley Forge, February 16, 1778

Bloody footprints in the snow left by bootless men. Near naked soldiers wrapped in thin blankets huddled around a smoky fire of green wood. The plaintive chant from the starving: "We want meat! We want meat!"These are the indelible images of suffering and endurance associated with Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-78."An army of skeletons appeared before our eyes naked, starved, sick and discouraged," wrote New York's Gouverneur Morris of the Continental Congress.The Marquis de Lafayette wrote: "The unfortunate soldiers were in want of everything; they had neither coats nor hats, nor shirts, nor shoes. Their feet and their legs froze until they were black, and it was often necessary to amputate them."A bitter George Washington — whose first concern was always his soldiers — would accuse the Congress of "little feeling for the naked and distressed soldiers. I feel superabundantly for them, and from my soul pity those miseries, which it is neither in my power to relieve or prevent."

Three months of shortage and hardship were followed by three months of relative abundance that led to wonderful changes in the morale and fighting capabilities of the Continental Army.France would enter the war on the side of the new nation. Valuable foreign volunteers and fresh replacements would trickle into camp.Most important, it was at Valley Forge that a vigorous, systematic training regime transformed ragged amateur troops into a confident 18th century military organization capable of beating the Red Coats in the open field of battle.Who served at Valley Forge? Benedict Arnold, Nathanael Greene, Alexander Hamilton, Lafayette, James Monroe, Baron Von Steuben, Martha Washington, "Mad" Anthony Wayne, and others.

What battle was the turning point in the Revolutionary War (resulting in France becoming our ally)? 

Battle of Saratoga (AHSGE): American victory and turning point of the war, Oct 17, 1777. This victory convinced the French to recognize the U.S. and go to war with Britain.

1.  General Burgoyne surrenders 5,800 troops to General Gates

2.  French military and financial assistance would contribute the most to an American victory.

SEE NOTES

What was the last major battle of the Revolutionary War (Cornwallis surrendered to Washington)?

Battle of Yorktown: American victory and last major battle of the American Revolution (1781)(AHSGE). 1. General Nathaniel Greene forced

Cornwallis to retreat to Yorktown

2. Forced the British government to start

peace negotiations

French soldiers join Americans at the British base at

Yorktown in October 1781.

SEE NOTES

--Consequences of the American Revolution

What was the treaty called which gave the U.S. its independence from Great Britain? 

Treaty of Paris (1783)(AHSGE): Ended the American Revolution, and included Britain’s recognition of independence (AHSGE) of the U.S.

Territorial acquisition (AHSGE): Generous boundaries from the Mississippi to Great Lakes to

Spanish Florida

Benjamin West;shows the American negotiators of the Peace of

Paris; incomplete because British chose not to sit for their half

See notes

Unfinished business (from the American Revolution) (AHSGE): relations between the U.S and Great Britain would remain poor in part due to British continual military occupation of U.S. lands, disputes over fishing territories, assorted embargos (click for slide), impressment, and other issues

Would lead to the War of 1812 (click for slides).

War of 1812 (AHSGE): War between the U.S. and Great Britain from June 1812 to the spring of 1815.

The U.S. fought the British again in what war? 

embargo act (AHSGE) In 1807, Congress passed this in retaliation, prohibiting U.S. vessels from trading with European nations, and later the Non-Intercourse Acts, aimed solely at France and Britain. The embargo and non-intercourse act proved ineffective and in 1810 the United States reopened trade with France and Great Britain provided they ceased their blockades against neutral trading. Great Britain continued to stop American merchant ships to search for Royal Navy deserters, to impress American seamen on the high seas into the Royal Navy, and to enforce its blockade of neutral commerce.

What law was passed by Jefferson that disallowed trade with other nations (including Britain) and led to the War of 1812? 

  Causes A.  Impressments—principal issue which the U.S. wanted to settle B. American belief in a British conspiracy (Tecumseh) C. American belief that British policies were damaging the U.S. economy

What term was used to describe the British navy forcing Americans into service? 

Impressment (AHSGE): one cause of the War of 1812; British ships would stop U.S. ships and seize U.S. sailors, claiming them as escaped British sailors.

STANDARD III, OBJECTIVE 2. Identify and evaluate the Era of Expansion.Note: Use map on territorial expansion.

III-2

--Territorial expansion

Treaty of Paris (1783)(AHSGE): Ended the American Revolution, and included Britain’s recognition of independence (AHSGE) of the U.S.

Territorial acquisition (AHSGE): Generous boundaries from the Mississippi to Great Lakes to

Spanish Florida

Benjamin West;shows the American negotiators of the Peace of

Paris; incomplete because British chose not to sit for their half

See notes

Treaty of Paris, 1783 (Remember, “Note: Use map on territorial expansion.”)

Land Ordinance of 1785 (AHSGE) law passed by Congress that allowed for sales of land in the Northwest Territory and set up standards for land sale that became precedents.

What ordinance was passed in 1785 that divided territory in the old northwest into townships? 

Original Northwest/Land Ordinance territory

(Remember, “Note: Use map on territorial expansion.”)

Northwest Ordinance (AHSGE): The Ordinance provided the means by which new states would be created out of the western lands and then admitted into the Union. Aside from providing for orderly westerly settlement, it made clear that the new states would be equal to the old. One of the few positive achievements under the Articles of Confederation.

What ordinance passed in 1787 disallowed slavery in the old northwest? 

Louisiana Purchase (AHSGE): In 1803 the United States negotiated the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. The sale included over 600 million acres at a cost of less than 3 cents an acre in what today is the better part of 13 states between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.

What action allowed Jefferson to double the size of the U.S. in 1803? 

Louisiana Purchase notes

Lewis and Clark Expedition (AHSGE): an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States; led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark; traveled from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River from 1803 to 1806

Who did Jefferson hire to explore the west? 

AN ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS (AHSGE):A period of history where there was only one political party, Democrat-Republican. The Federalist party faded away after the War of 1812.

The post-War of 1812 years were called what (because of prosperity, one political party, etc.)? 

Growth of nationalism (tariff protection) (AHSGE): To protect American business, the Tariff of 1816 raised the prices of British imports to encourage Americans to buy local goods.

Era of Good Feeling: national mood of the United States from 1815 to 1825, as first described by the Boston Columbian Centinel on July 12, 1817. Although the “era” generally is considered coextensive with President James Monroe's two terms (1817–25), it really began in 1815, when for the first time American citizens could afford to pay less attention to European political and military affairs. The predominant attitude was what in the 20th century became known as isolationism. The good feelings, perhaps better termed complacency, were stimulated by two events of 1816, during the presidency of James Madison: the enactment of the first U.S. protective tariff and the establishment of the second National Bank. With the decline of the Federalists the United States was, in practice if not in theory, a one-party state on the national level; heading the Democratic-Republicans, Monroe secured all but one electoral vote in 1820. Sectionalism was in comparative abeyance, replaced by a rather unassertive nationalism. But by 1820 a longer era of conflict might have been foretold; varying sectional interests, particularly regarding slavery and political personality conflicts, developed during Monroe's second term

Economic nationalism during the “Era of Good Feeling” (AHSGE): (1817–1824) Economic policies based on a national perspective, including a National Bank, protective tariff, and approved further construction on the National (Cumberland) Road. Internal improvements during the “Era of Good Feeling”(AHSGE): Included national roads and canals; however, many states and individuals did not feel it was the federal govts. role to fund these improvements. Some examples are listed on the next page.

Return to slide 235

VI. Transportation systems—necessary if products are going to move from the West to the rest of the world A. National Road--primarily to promote trade and communication with the Old Northwest

B. Steamboats C. CanalsD. Railroads

Henry Clay’s American System (AHSGE): A plan to strengthen and unify the nation; a new form of federalism•Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government •Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue •Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks •Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales revenues. In Clay’s view, the South (which opposed high tariffs) should support this because of the ready market for cotton in northern mills. This last argument was the weak link. The South was never really on board with the American System and had access to plenty of markets for its cotton exports.

What year did Alabama become a state? 

Alabama statehood: (AHSGE) Alabama became the 22nd state on December 14, 1819.

•Alabama Capitals:  1817-1819. . . . . . . . . St. Stephens—territorial capital  1819. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Huntsville  1820-1825. . . . . . . . . Cahaba  1826-1846. . . . . . . . . Tuscaloosa  1847-present. . . . . . . .Montgomery

State Seal

STA FT LE O W E R

Camellia

•Alabama became a part of the Mississippi Territory in 1798 and more settlers began to enter the area that would become Alabama after Indian cessions in north Alabama and the opening of the federal road in south Alabama in the early 1800s. Migration increased after the end of the Creek War in 1814. •The Alabama Territory was created in 1817 and Alabama's population increased sufficiently that U.S. President Monroe signed the enabling act for statehood on March 2, 1819. •Alabama's constitutional convention met in Huntsville in July 1819 and produced the state's first constitution, a liberal document for its time that included universal white manhood suffrage and direct election of the governor by the people.

ALABAMA STATEHOOD: How did it happen?

What congressional agreement allowed Missouri to become a slave state and Maine to become a free state? 

Missouri Compromise (AHSGE) In 1820 and 1821, a series of congressional agreements that temporarily resolved the sectional conflict.

•The Missouri Compromise was viewed as a Southern Victory. It also reinforced the principle set down by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 test which stated Congress had the right to prohibit slavery in some territories.

•The first of these agreements involved the balance between slave states and free states. •Maine wanted to be admitted as free.

What famous speech outlined American foreign policy in 1823? 

A. Background 1. The Americans wanted to expand the U.S. to Texas and take Mexico. 2. The Spanish a. They were not really worried about American encroachment b. They were worried about a revolution against Spanish rule in South America.

Monroe Doctrine (AHSGE):1823, proclaimed the United States' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize America or interfere with the affairs of sovereign nations located in America

3. Holy Alliance a. Spanish sought support of European monarchs b. Britain refused to join c. George Canning, Britain's Foreign Minister, proposed that they issue a joint statement opposing any European interference in South America and that neither would annex any part of Spain's old empire in the New World. d. The Holy Alliance aimed to squash revolutions everywhere in the name of Christians’ principles. SEE NOTES

Monroe's Doctrine Four Key Principles: a. Unless American interests were involved, the United States' policy was to abstain from European Wars. b. The "American Continents" were not "subjects" for future colonization by any European power. c. Any attempt at European colonization in the New World would be construed by the United States as an unfriendly act.d. It stressed that Europe and the Western Hemisphere had different political systems.

--Westward Expansion

What law forced the five civilized tribes of the southeast to evacuate? 

Indian Removal Act: It gave the president power to negotiate removal treaties with Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi. Under these treaties, the Indians were to give up their lands east of the Mississippi in exchange for lands to the west. Those wishing to remain in the east would become citizens of their home state. This act affected not only the southeastern nations, but many others further north. The removal was supposed to be voluntary and peaceful, but the southeastern nations resisted, and Jackson forced them to leave.

Cherokees—one of the 5 Civilized Tribes 1. Published newspapers 2. Engaged in agriculture SEE NOTES 3. Resisted removal a. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia—Marshall said that Cherokees were neither a state nor a foreign nation and therefore could not bring a suit against the government b. Worchester v. Georgia---Marshall said that Native Americans had a right to their land because of prolonged occupancy and were entitled to federal protection.

Cherokee home

•When the Supreme Court ruled for Indians, Jackson said “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.”

Trail of Tears (AHSGE): forced relocation of Indian tribes to the West.

•An estimated 4000 Cherokees died on the trail•Other tribes were forced to leave as well

What event resulted in the Cherokees marching at gunpoint from GA to OK (1838)? 

Manifest destiny (AHSGE): phrase coined in the 1840s that referred of the movement of U.S. settlers westward.

Pre-Civil War expansion west of the Mississippi includes:Santa Fe, Oregon, Mormon, and California trails; Gold Rush

Oregon trail (AHSGE): Between 1841 and 1869, route used by settlers to new lands of the western United States.

List four major trails used by settlers in the western part of the U.S.:

Santa Fe Trail (AHSGE): New Mexico to St. Louis for silver

Mormon trail (AHSGE): From 1846 to 1869, more than 70,000 Mormons traveled along an integral part of the road west, the Mormon Pioneer Trail. The trail started in Nauvoo, Illinois, traveled across Iowa, connected with the Great Platte River Road at the Missouri River, and ended near the Great Salt Lake in Utah

California trail: (AHSGE) established a passable wagon road over the two main obstacles: the Great Salt Lake Desert in Utah, and the Sierra Nevada mountains in California. The result was a journey of 2,000 miles in a single summer and fall, by oxen or horses at 15 miles a day, which meant a voyage of about five months.

sutter's mill and gold

weird facts

California Gold Rush (AHSGE): 1849 discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill would lead to rapid population growth in California and increased movement from the eastern United States to the western United States.

Texas Independence (AHSGE):was fought from October 2, 1835 to April 21, 1836 between American settlers in Texas and the Mexican government.The conclusion of the war resulted in the creation of the Republic of Texas.

The Republic was never recognized by the government of Mexico, and during its brief existence, it teetered between collapse and invasion from Mexico. Texas was annexed by the United States of America in 1845, and it was not until the Mexican-American War that the "Texan Question" was resolved.

Why did the U.S. fight Mexico (Mexican War)  in 1846-1848? 

Mexican War A. Origins 1. Failure of Mexico to pay $2 million\ in debts to American citizens 2. Bitter memories of the Alamo 3. Texas issue of whether it should be part of Mexico, the US, or independent

Mexican War: (AHSGE)War with Mexico over the issue of Texas, California and New Mexico. It resulted in Mexico ceded Texas, New Mexico, and California.

B. Polk's desired Mexico of California as well as New Mexico by extending the Rio Grande as the border of Texas

C. Negotiations/provocations 1. U.S. annexed Texas 2. Mexico agrees to meet with U.S. negotiators 3. Because of possible revolt, Mexico would not meet U.S. diplomats 4. Polk orders Taylor's troops to north bank of the Rio Grande to provoke 5. Mexicans respond by attacking U.S. troops 6. Polk declares war without Congresses approval, but Congress subsequently back him to avoid looking unpatriotic.

D. Mexican success--they fought bravely and stubbornly, but unsuccessfullyE. U.S. success causes 1. Santa Anna had a series of military miscalculations 2. U.S. had superior weapons and supplies 3. American government able to organize massive military movements

F. Campaigns 1. Zachary Taylor--Monterey in Northern Mexico 2. Col Stephen Kearny--Santa Fe, New Mexico 3. Commodore John D. Sloat/John C. Fremont--conquer California ports and Sonoma; Fremont declares the "Bear Flag Republic 4. Winfield Scott/Robert E. Lee/Ulysses Grant--Veracruz, Mexico

G. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1. U.S. agreed to pay American citizens' claims against Mexico 2. Paid Mexico $15 million 3. Mexico ceded Texas with the Rio Grande border, New Mexico, and California

Manifest destiny (AHSGE): phrase coined in the 1840s that referred of the movement of U.S. settlers westward.

STANDARD III, OBJECTIVE 3. Identify and evaluate the impact of American social and political reform and the emergence of a distinct American culture.

III, 3

Women and Women’s rights

What famous meeting in 1848 called for women to demand greater equality and opportunity in the U.S.? 

Seneca Falls (AHSGE): Meeting in 1848 calling for women’s right to vote and other major rights for women.The convention at Seneca Falls, New York, in July 1848, was organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, whose concern for women's rights was aroused when Mott, as a woman, was denied a seat at an international antislavery meeting in London. The Seneca Falls meeting attracted 240 sympathizers, including forty men, among them the famed former slave and abolitionist leader, Frederick Douglass. The delegates adopted a statement, deliberately modeled on the Declaration of Inde-pendence, as well as a series of resolutions calling for women's suffrage and the reform of marital and property laws that kept women in an inferior status. It would serve for the next seventy years as the goal for which the suffrage movement strove. Women did not receive the right to vote until the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1920.

THE SENECA FALLS DECLARATION (1848)Elizabeth Cady Stanton1. Declaration of SentimentsWhen, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume among the people of the earth a position different from that which they have hitherto occupied, but one to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankindrequires that they should declare the causes that impel them to such a course.We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer. while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their duty to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of the women under this government, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to demand the equal station to which they are entitled. The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice.He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men_both natives and foreigners.Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise. thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides.He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead. He has taken from her all right in property. even to the wages she earns.He has made her, morally. an irresponsible being. as she can commit many crimes with impunity, provided they be done in the presence of her husband.In the covenant of marriage, she is compelled to promise obedience to her husband, he becoming, to all intents and purposes, her master_the law giving him power to deprive her of her liberty. and to administer chastisement.He has so framed the laws of divorce, as to what shall be the proper causes, and in case of separation, to whom the guardianship of the children shall be given, as to be wholly regardless of the happiness of women_the law, in all cases, going upon a false supposition of the supremacy of man, and giving all power into his hands.After depriving her of all rights as a married woman, if single, and the owner of property, he has taxed her to support a government which recognizes her only when her property can be made profitable to it.He has monopolized nearly all the profitable employments, and from those she is permitted to follow, she receives but a scanty remuneration. He closes against her all the avenues to wealth and distinction which he considers most honorable to himself. As a teacher of theology, medicine, or law, she is not known.He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education, all colleges being closed against her.He allows her in Church, as well as State, but a subordinate position, claiming Apostolic authority for her exclusion from the ministry, and. with some exceptions, from any public participation in the affairs of the Church.He has created a false public sentiment by giving to the world a different code of morals for men and women, by which moral delinquencies which exclude women from society, are not only tolerated, but deemed of little account in man.He has usurped the prerogative of Jehovah himself, claiming it as his right to assign for her a sphere of action, when that belongs to her conscience and to her God.He has endeavored, in every way that he could, to destroy her confidence in her own powers, to lessen her self-respect and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject life.Now, in view of this entire disfranchisement of one-half the people of this country, their social and religious degradation_in view of the unjust laws above mentioned, and because women do feel themselves aggrieved, oppressed, and fraudulently deprived of their most sacred rights, we insist that they have immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of the United States.In entering upon the great work before us. we anticipate no small amount of misconception, misrepresentation, and ridicule; but we shall use every instrumentality within our power to effect our object. We shall employ agents, circulate tracts, petition the State and National legislatures, and endeavor to enlist the pulpit and the press in our behalf. We hope this Convention will be followed by a series of Conventions embracing every part of the country.2. resolutionsWHEREAS, The great precept of nature is conceded to be, that ' man shall pursue his own true and substantial happiness." Blackstone in his Commentaries remarks, that this law of Nature being coeval with mankind, and dictated by God himself, is of course superior in obligation to any other. It is binding over all the globe, in all countries and at all times; no human laws are of any validity if contrary to this. and such of them as are valid, derive all their force. and all their validity, and all their authority, mediately and immediately, from this original; therefore,Resolved, That such laws as conflict, in any way with the true and substantial happiness of woman, are contrary to the great precept of nature and of no validity, for this is "superior in obligation to any other."Resolved, That all laws which prevent woman from occupying such a station in society as her conscience shall dictate, or which place her in a position inferior to that of man, are contrary to the great precept of nature, and therefore of no force or authority.Resolved, That woman is man's equal_was intended to be so by the Creator, and the highest good of the race demands that she should be recognized as such.Resolved, That the women of this country ought to be enlightened in regard to the laws under which they live, that they may no longer publish their degradation by declaring themselves satisfied with their present position, nor their ignorance. by asserting that they have all the rights they want.Resolved. That inasmuch as man, while claiming for himself intellectual superiority. does accord to woman moral superionty. it is pre-eminently his duty to encourage her to speak and teach. as she has an opportunity, in all religious assemblies.Resolved, That the same amount of virtue, delicacy, and refinement of behavior that is required of woman in the social state, should also be required of man, and the same transgressions should be visited with equal severity on both man and woman.Resolved, That the objection of indelicacy and impropriety, which is so often brought against woman when she addresses a public audience, comes with a very ill-grace from those who encourage, by their attendance, her appearance on the stage, in the concert. Or in feats of the circus.Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs and a perverted application of the Scriptures have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere which her great Creator has assigned her.Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise.Resolved, That the equality of human rights results necessarily from the fact of the identity of the race in capabilities and responsibilities.Resolved, therefore. That. being invested by the creator with the same capabilities. and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause by every righteous means; and especially in regard to the great subjects of morals and religion, it is self-evidently her right to participate with her brother in teaching them, both in private and in public, by writing and by speaking. by any instrumentalities proper to be used. and in any assemblies proper to be held; and this being a self evident truth growing out of the divinely implanted principles of human nature, any custom or authority adverse to it. whether modern or wearing the hoary sanction of antiquity, is to be regarded as a self- evident falsehood, and at war with mankind.Resolved, That the speedy success of our cause depends upon the zealous and untiring efforts of both men and women, for the overthrow of the monopoly of the pulpit. and for the securing to women an equal participation with men in the various trades. professions. and commerce.

Who hosted this convention, Seneca Falls? 

Elizabeth Cady Stanton: (AHSGE) Helped set up the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, the first women’s right convention in U.S. history.

1815-1902

SUSAN B. ANTHONY (AHSGE): Crusader for prohibition, anti-slavery and women’s rights.

See http://www.pbs.org/stantonanthony/

What black abolitionist from Maryland produced The North Star? 

Frederick Douglass: (AHSGE) Black abolitionist, lecturer, and writer who produced the North Star and The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881) One of the foremost leaders of the abolitionist movement. A brilliant speaker, Douglass became recognized as one of America's first great black speakers. He won world fame when his autobiography was publicized in 1845. Two years later he began publishing an antislavery paper called the North Star. Douglass served as an adviser to President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War and fought for the adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights and other civil liberties for blacks.

Sojourner Truth (AHSGE): Escaped slave, abolitionist speaker, lecturer.

http://www.sojournertruth.org/

Sojourner Truth (c. 1797–1883) was the self-given name, from 1843, of an American abolitionist born into slavery from Hurley, New York. (Her original name was Isabella Baumfree, but some sources list her name as Isabella Van Wagener.)

What white abolitionist from Massachusetts produced The Liberator? 

William Lloyd Garrison (AHSGE): white abolitionist and editor of the anti-slavery newspaper, the Liberator

Garrison soon gained a reputation for being the most radical of abolitionists. Still, his approach to emancipation stressed nonviolence and passive resistance. After the end of the Civil War in 1865, Garrison published his last issue of the Liberator. After thirty five years and 1,820 issues, Garrison did not fail to publish a single issue.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (AHSGE): author of Uncle Tom's Cabin which provoked a more aggressive anti-slavery position in those who were uncertain about slavery

When President Lincoln went to meet her he said, ”So you're the little lady that started this big war.”

The story follows the fortunes of a slave, the dutiful Uncle Tom, who is sold by his owner in Kentucky to pay off debts to Augustine St Clair in New Orleans. In the idealistic St Clair's household, young daughter Eva becomes fond of Tom and life is relatively happy. However, following the deaths of both the decent St Clair and the kindly Eva, Tom is sold again but now to Simon Legree. Legree is a cotton plantation owner and treats Tom terribly, leading to his demise just before rescue belatedly arrives in the form of his original owner's son. There is also a parallel tale of another slave, Eliza, who escapes to freedom in extraordinary circumstances to lighten the tone somewhat. The contrast between the attitudes in the different states is intriguing on its own and the only real downsides to be found are Beecher Stowe's tendency to overstate the case (the survivors become African missionaries) such that 'Uncle Tom' has become a term of abuse for a black man siding with the oppressor.

What was the purpose of the Underground Railroad? 

What black woman used the Underground Railroad to help liberate hundreds of slaves? 

Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad (AHSGE): led runaway slaves through a secret network of safe houses where runaway slaves could stay on their journey north to freedom.

Harriet Tubman was a runaway slave from Maryland who became known as the "Moses of her people." Over the course of 10 years, and at great personal risk, she led hundreds of slaves to freedom along the Underground Railroad, a secret network of safe houses where runaway slaves could stay on their journey north to freedom. She later became a leader in the abolitionist movement, and during the Civil War she was a spy for the federal forces in South Carolina as well as a nurse.

  What woman led reform in insane asylums/prisons in the U.S.? 

Dorothea Dix (AHSGE): Leader in the effort to improve conditions in insane asylums.It wasn't a good idea to be insane in New Jersey 150 years ago. The state had no mental hospitals. People who went mad were just locked up in poor houses and jails, or farmed out to who ever would care for them cheapest. But in 1844 the Yankee reformer Dorothea Dix came to New Jersey to agitate for the construction of a modern state asylum. To prove her point, she traveled around the state to document the horrible conditions facing the mentally ill. She found people living in filth, chained up, and beaten. At the Morris County Poor House she found that the violently insane were kept in the cellar, where, said Dix, one would not want to keep a dog. In Essex County, men, women, children, sane, and insane were thrown together in the jail. In Shrewsbury, an inmate had wandered off into the woods and no body much cared about it.At the Salem County Poor House, the keeper told the story how one madman jumped at him: I knew I must master him now or never: I ...caught a stick of wood...and laid upon him until he cried for quarters: I beat him long enough to make him know I was his master, and now he is too much afraid of a thrashing to attack me; but you had better stand off ma'am, for he won't fear you.Dix sent her report to the State Legislature where it touched off a hot debate. Some lawmakers thought an asylum would be too expensive; it would be cheaper, they said to transport Dorothea Dix across the state line. One assemblyman said the proposed asylum was too extravagant an an Egyptian Coliseum.But in the end, Dix won, and the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum was built in Ewing Township.It still stands there, a monument to what one courageous woman could do

During the reform period of the 1830s and 1840s much of the public calling for abstinence of alcohol consumption was called what? 

Temperance: (AHSGE) movement to eliminate or moderate alcohol consumption. A. Women—leading advocates B. Religion—also advocated, such as the American Temperance Union (1826) C. Manufacturers—against drinking because it interfered with the orderly and steady habits required by the new factory system D. Results— 1. Movement moves from focusing on individual behavior to getting laws passed to control behavior 2. By 1840s, consumption is half of 1820s

The Moral Thermometer from Benjamin Rush's An Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors on the Human Body and the Mind. Boston: Thomas and Andrews, 1790.

The Opposer of Temperance. Hand-colored woodcut. Philadelphia, circa 1855.

You uphold the rum-traders madlyWhen you cannot hold up yourselfYou swallow their poison, and gladlyYou aid them in robbing yourself.

"The Drunkards" from Emblems of Mortality. Charleston: Babcock & Co., 1846.

See notes

What were the communities called which tried to make a "perfect society"? 

Utopian communities (AHSGE):Communities trying to create a perfect society; if social arrangements could be perfected, the ills of society could be eliminated Common features 1. Founders were intellectuals 2. Designed as alternatives to market economy 3. Designed as models 4. No claims of “visions of God”

War of 1812 (AHSGE): War between the U.S. and Great Britain from June 1812 to the spring of 1815.

The U.S. fought the British again in what war? 

embargo act (AHSGE) In 1807, Congress passed this in retaliation, prohibiting U.S. vessels from trading with European nations, and later the Non-Intercourse Acts, aimed solely at France and Britain. The embargo and non-intercourse act proved ineffective and in 1810 the United States reopened trade with France and Great Britain provided they ceased their blockades against neutral trading. Great Britain continued to stop American merchant ships to search for Royal Navy deserters, to impress American seamen on the high seas into the Royal Navy, and to enforce its blockade of neutral commerce.

What law was passed by Jefferson that disallowed trade with other nations (including Britain) and led to the War of 1812? 

  Causes A.  Impressments—principal issue which the U.S. wanted to settle B. American belief in a British conspiracy (Tecumseh) C. American belief that British policies were damaging the U.S. economy

What term was used to describe the British navy forcing Americans into service? 

Impressment (AHSGE): one cause of the War of 1812; British ships would stop U.S. ships and seize U.S. sailors, claiming them as escaped British sailors.

II. Notable battles (you are responsible for reading about these battles) A.  Put-In-Bay C. New Orleans B.  Burning of Washington

III.Treaty of Ghent—ended the War of 1812 A.  Restoration of the status quo B.  No territorial gains or loss for the U.S. C. Referral of boundary issue to a joint commission

What War of 1812 battle did Jackson defeat the Creek Indians in AL? 

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (AHSGE) destroyed the strength of the Creek Nation. General Jackson forced the Creeks to sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson, ceding some forty thousand square miles of land to the United States.

The War of 1812 took place while Alabama was part of the Mississippi Territory. Alabama was involved primarily because of a civil war between the Creek Indians. Causes:•The Federal Road divided the traditional Upper Creeks from more assimilated Lower Creeks. •Creek ownership of traditional lands was endangered as land-hungry whites moved across it or settled illegally on it. •The British sent Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, from the Great Lakes to unite all Indians against white Americans and form an alliance with England and Spain. •England and Spain incited the Creeks against American settlers and supplied Creeks with guns and ammunition. Battles raged on the frontier between Creek "Red Sticks" and American militia led by General Andrew Jackson

Consequences:•Foreign influence among Indians was destroyed. •United States took Mobile from Spain, the only additional land acquired in War of 1812. •The Fort Jackson Treaty, acquiring Creek lands, began a series of forced land-cession treaties by the United States with other southern tribes until all were removed west.

General Andrew Jackson became a national hero for defeating the Creeks, a victory that helped pave his way to become President of the United States

Fort McHenry: (AHSGE) Baltimore fort and location of a battle that inspired Francis Scott Keyes to write the “Star Spangled Banner.”

What War of 1812 battle resulted in the protection of Baltimore and Francis Scott Key's inspiring "Star Spangled Banner"? 

The British bombardment of Fort McHenry began at 5:00 a.m. on the morning of September 13th 1814, a young lawyer named Francis Scott Key watched the red glare of the British rockets, the bombs bursting in air over the Fort and wrote a poem about the "Star Spangled Banner" that was still flying over the fort after a siege of three days and nights.

Battle of New Orleans: (AHSGE) On January 8, 1815, American forces, under General Jackson, decisively defeat the British forces trying to capture New Orleans. The battle, which takes place after the Treaty of Ghent has been signed, is the most decisive American victory of the war.

Battle of New Orleans song Next slide for lyrics

What War of 1812 battle did Jackson defeat the British after a truce was called? 

Well, in eighteen and fourteen we took a little tripalong with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip.We took a little bacon and we took a little beans,And we caught the bloody British near the town of New Orleans.

We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin.There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago.We fired once more and they began to runnin'down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.

Well, I see'd Mars Jackson walkin down the streettalkin' to a pirate by the name of Jean Lafayette [pronounced La-feet]He gave Jean a drink that he brung from Tennesseeand the pirate said he'd help us drive the British in the sea.

The French said Andrew, you'd better run,for Packingham's a comin' with a bullet in his gun.Old Hickory said he didn't give a dang,he's gonna whip the britches off of Colonel Packingham.

We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin.There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago.We fired once more and they began to runnin'down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.

Well, we looked down the river and we see'd the British come,and there must have been a hundred of 'em beatin' on the drum.They stepped so high and they made their bugles ringwhile we stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing.

Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surpriseif we didn't fire a musket til we looked 'em in the eyes.We held our fire til we see'd their faces well,then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave a yell.

We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin.There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago.We fired once more and they began to runnin'down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.

Well, we fired our cannon til the barrel melted down,so we grabbed an alligator and we fought another round.We filled his head with cannon balls and powdered his behind,and when they tetched the powder off, the gator lost his mind.

We'll march back home but we'll never be contenttill we make Old Hickory the people's President.And every time we think about the bacon and the beans,we'll think about the fun we had way down in New Orleans.

We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin,But there wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago.We fired once more and they began to runnin'down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.

Well, they ran through the briars and they ran through the bramblesAnd they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go.They ran so fast the hounds couldn't catch 'emdown the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.

 Consequences of the War (AHSGE): First major war after the Revolution (Americans demonstrated they could fight on even terms with major powers and without turning into despotisms), produced symbols of nationalism (“White House, Star Spangled Banner”), and Andrew Jackson becomes a national figure.

Growth of Nationalism (AHSGE): The War of 1812 sparked increased feelings of nationalism, in part, due to the war with Britain, and, in part, due to apparent weaknesses of our nation that needed to be addressed at the national level: weak national currency, poor transportation, and an infant economy

Example: tariff protection (AHSGE): The War of 1812 created protective tariffs to help protect domestic industry from foreign competition, and the tax money was used to help fund internal improvements.

See “- Economic nationalism during the ‘Era of Good Feeling’ Economic Issues”

John Marshall’s Supreme Court: Confident that nobody would tell him not to, Marshall took clear and firm steps to define the role and powers of both the Supreme Court and the judiciary system. During his time on the bench, Marshall succeeded in molding the federal judicial system

SEE MARBURY V. MADISON

Marbury v. Madison: (AHSGE) establishment of the U.S. Supreme Court right to determine the constitutionality of congressional enactments; judicial reviewMarbury v. Madison (1803)"It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each." — Chief Justice John Marshall

What famous Supreme Court ruling established judicial review? 

Gibbons v. Ogden (AHSGE): was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate navigation was reserved to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the Constitution.

Which Supreme Court case (under Marshall) insured that the national government controlled interstate commerce? 

Jacksonian Democracy (AHSGE): Includes the rise of the new Democratic party, the increase in the power of the presidency, and the extension of voting rights, and the spoils system (or patronage system).

Common Man Ideal (AHSGE): Jackson represented this to the American people by not presenting himself as an aristocrat (like Adams) but rather as a frontiersman. He also embraced democracy (“The majority is to govern“) rather than being suspicious of it

the extension of voting rights (AHSGE):all eligible white males, rather than just the propertied class

Creation of the Spoil’s System (AHSGE): Starting with Jackson, the removing officeholders of the rival political party system and replacing them with members of one's own party. It was argued that it would lead to increased public participation in politics.

What president gets credit for establishing the spoils system? 

nullification crisis (AHSGE):The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson centered around the question of whether a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress. It was precipitated by the Tariff of 1828 (also called the "Tariff of Abominations"). The issue incited a debate over states’ rights that ultimately threatened violent hostilities between South Carolina and the federal government. When Jackson responded with the threat of force and the rest of the South did not support South Carolina, both sides came to a compromise with the help of Henry Clay’s Compromise Tariff or Tariff of 1833

Emergence of a distinct American culture (AHSGE): In the early nineteenth century, a number of American authors began to create literature emphasizing native scenes and characters. During the 1830s and 1840s, the modern mass-circulation newspaper emerged. Along with the modern newspaper came magazines. From just 5 American magazines in 1794, the number rose to nearly 100 in 1825 and 600 in 1850. By 1850, there were magazines for almost every imaginable audience.

The next few slides are noted authors from this time period:

Noah Webster (AHSGE):In 1806 Webster published A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, the first truly American dictionary. He believed in helping create a distinctive American language with its own idiom, pronunciation, and style.

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was a major American poet, philosopher and center of the American Transcendental movement. Emerson emphasized individualism and rejected traditional authority. He also believed that people should try to live a simple life in harmony with nature and with others.

Henry David Thoreau (AHSGE):American writer, poet, and transcendentalist, as recorded in his masterwork, Walden (1854), and an advocate of civil liberties, as evidenced in the essay “Civil Disobedience” (1849).

Walt Whitman (AHSGE): American poet, journalist and essayist, best known for LEAVES OF GRASS (1855 and the poems 'I Sing the Body Electric' and 'Song of Myself.'

Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) (AHSGE): American poet, critic, short story writer, and author of such macabre works as “The Fall of the House of Usher” (1840);

Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) (AHSGE): American author wrote the Gothic Romance The Scarlet Letter (1850)Washington Irving, (1783-1859)(AHSGE) American author, short story writer, essayist, poet, travel book writer, biographer, and columnist, best known for the short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle".

James Fenimore Cooper (AHSGE) (1789 - 1851), American author, best known for his stories of frontier life and pioneer adventure. His most popular work is The Last of the Mohicans(1832)

Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) (AHSGE): ‘The Belle of Amherst’, American poet, wrote hundreds of poems including “Because I Could Not Stop for Death”, “Heart, we will forget him!”, “I'm Nobody! Who are You?”, and “Wild Nights! Wild Nights!”;

The information herein this slide show is from a collection of sources including, but not limited to, Enduring Vision, third ed., Charles Boyer (especially material from US HY I, tenth grade); America: Pathways to the Present 2000 edition, Andrew Cayton; American Vision Volume 2, 2005 edition, Joyce Appleby. Particular web-sites used are listed in the notes section. The questions are courtesy of Montevallo High School.