School Age
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Transcript of School Age
The School Age ChildBegins w/loss of 1st tooth & ends
w/pubertyAverage gains:
Weight: 5 lbs/yr.Height: 1-2”/yr
Avg 6yr: 116cm (45”) – 21kg (46#) 12yr: 150cm (59”) – 40kg (88#)Slimmer, steadier, lower center of gravityLinear growth: will outgrow shoes first,
then pants & shirtsMales & females differ little in size
Prepubescence
Prepubescence – end of mid childhood; 2-year period that precedes pubertyGirls begin puberty & reach maturity ~ 1.5-2 yrs
earlier than boys Time of rapid growth; development of secondary
sex char.; wt gainGirls: breast development; pubic hairBoys: penis and scrotum enlarge; ↑ muscle
mass
Growth & MaturationSequence is progressive and predictableGirls
Thelarche (breast development) 8-12.75 yrs (caucasian); 7-11 yrs (African American)
Pubarche (growth of pubic hair) ~2-6 mos laterMenarche ~ 2yrs after breast buds appear
Boy changes occur between 9.5 & 14 yrsInitially pubic hair appears, then penile and
testicular enlargementOther: voice changes, facial hair, axillary hair Gynecomastia common but temporary (~2yrs)
Physical GrowthGirls: PHV (peak height velocity) ~ age 126-12 mos before menarche; grow ~ 2” after menarchePWV ~ 6 months after PHVPubertal delay if no breast development by age 13 or no
menarche within 2-2.5 yrs of breast developmentBoys: PHV ~ age14Boys ht & wt occur simultaneously; ceases ~ 18-20 yrsPubertal delay if no enlargement of testes or scrotal
changes by ages 13.5-14 or genital growth not complete 4 yrs. after testicles begin to enlarge
Tanner stages used during physical exams (pp 742-743)
Psychosocial DevelopmentFreud: latency period; tranquility timeErikson: Sense of industry, stage of
accomplishment; failure results in an inferiority complex
Peer approval motivating powerReinforcements and recognition provide
encouragement
Psychosocial DevelopmentSense of accomplishment involves ability to
cooperate, compete, & cope w/othersLearn value of doing things w/others to
accomplish goalsTemperament: easy; slow to warm up;
difficult may need practice sessions & role play to prepare for events/transitions
Cognitive Development (This is BIG!)Piaget – Concrete operations
use their thought processes to experience events and actions
Concrete-operational period (7-11 yrs): develop an understanding of relationships between things and ideas
Able to make judgments based on reason; “conceptual thinking”
Can use their memory stores to evaluate and interpret the present
Cognitive Development (cont)Begin to see things from another’s point
of viewMajor cognitive tasks: conservationNumbers 1st, then substance, vol lastClassification skills are BIG – love
collections of anythingLearn to tell time and manipulate
numbers (add, subtract, divide, multiply)Biggest skill: Ability to READ
Moral Development (Kohlberg)Moral Development
Development of conscience & moral standards
Age 6-7: reward & punishment still rulesOlder: moves to judging an act by
intentions that prompted it rather than just consequences
Begin to see other’s pt of view so are able to understand concept of treating others as they would like to be treated
Language DevelopmentLanguage Development: complex
Improved grammar & word usageEnjoy jokes, riddles, puns Begin to understand metaphors &
figurative statementsBegin to evaluate and clarify messages
Social DevelopmentIdentify with peers as gain independence
from familyMore sensitive to social norms and pressures
of the peer groupSex-role learning becomes more important
with same sex peersHaving “best friends” a very big dealBelonging to a group very imp.; group rules
can be very rigid
Social DevelopmentParents still primary influence in shaping
their personalities, setting standards for behavior and setting value systems
Still need and want parental control and feel secure knowing there is an authority to implement controls and restrictions
Need firm, secure parental interest and concern, not just a “pal”
Body Image Acutely aware of their own bodies compared
to others Body integrity important
Concern re: threat or injury to it Need reassurance about both the
uniqueness and sameness of their body If different, may be excluded from groups When teased or criticized abt. being
different, effect can be life long & lead to feeling inferior
Perceptions of DeathMost realize death is final, universal &
inevitable by age 9-10Believe they may die but only in distant
future; if faced w/death feel loss of controlFear pain associated with deathMay feel guilt and responsibility about
someone’s death – need logical, factual explanations
Chronic IllnessIf can’t develop sense of achievement as a
result → feel inadequateInvolve in own care and decision makingIf feel different – may try to hide itGive factual info in simple termsHelp with school transitionsNeed alternative activitiesCamps for children w/similar challenges
Self EsteemHow they view their worth in both pos &
neg qualities is based on feedback they receive
Adults can make them feel special & successful – shaping self conceptEmphasize strengths & positive aspects of
behaviorTeachers, parents, coaches, etc – big influence
Positive self concept leads to feelings of self-respect, self-confidence, happiness
SexualityMany experience some sort of sex play out of
curiosity prior to adolescenceUsually transitory; this should be taken as an
opportunity to talk about sexuality; to provide info; use correct terminology; be concrete
Ideal time for sex ed presented as normal part of growth and development
Provide info on AIDS and dispel myths
PlayBelonging to a club or team is importantRules can be extreme and made upConformity and ritual are part of the playTeam play to attain a goalLearn about nature of competitionLearn rules, make judgments, plan
strategies, learn interdependenceComplex board, card, & computer gamesCollections
DisciplineNow able to understand the effects of their
actions on othersReasoning is an effective techniqueProblem solving is best and children can be
included in the processOthers: withholding privileges, requiring
recompense, imposing penalties, contracting
Dishonest BehaviorLying: all lie sometimes; often d/t role
modeled behaviorCheating: most common 5-6 yr; usually
disappear as matures; role model imp.Stealing: bet. 5-8 yrs sense of property rights
is limited; may steal and lie about it or may steal to make up for love or something else they may be lacking
StressOther concerns: stress (more than previous
generations); exposure to violence; school environment; pressures to excel; being over programed by parents; worries about home problems (more divorce), expected to be more mature, Latchkey Children (see p. 665)Box 17-1; p. 663 excellent summary re:
common stresses for different ages
Health PromotionIdeal time to take responsibility for their
health by end of middle childhoodSelf-care in hygiene, nutrition, exercise,
recreation, sleep, and safetyHealth education can help them learn abt
their bodies; how their beh affects their health; helps them make good decisions
Teach them to take active role in relationships with health care providers
NutritionJunk food more available – fill up on empty
caloriesSchool lunch – parents don’t know what child
really eats even if send own lunchSchool lunch and breakfast program help
meet needs of kids but often are high in fatIncrease in obesity; increase in sedentary
activitiesFast food – major contributor to obesity
Sleep and RestAmt. is individualized; ~ 9 ½ hrsNeed routine and firm bedtime; should not be
used as punishmentSleepwalking: 1st 3-4 hrs of sleep – no
memory; not purposeful; leave alone unless in danger; self limiting
Sleep talking- non purposeful; no harmNightmares: less common; chronic-refer
Physical ActivityFewer resources for PE, playgrounds and
after school programs at schoolsOnly IL requires requires daily PE from K-12 TV: kids have become less active; 26%
4hrs/day; 67% 2hr/dayViolent TV – increase in aggression, feel
desensitizedVideo games: critics violence, tension,
sleeplessness, others improve eye-hand coord.
Dental HealthFirst permanent teeth by 6yrs 3rd permanent molars (wisdom) 18-25 yrsUp until 2nd grade dexterity to properly
brush isn’t there so need supervisionBedtime brushing esp. importantFlossing done by parents til ~ 8-9Malocclusion – may need orthodontic txDental evulsion: replacement or
reattachment
Evulsed ToothHold by crown – do NOT touch root areaRinse if dirty under running water or salineReinsert and hold in place – TransportReplace within 10” if possible
If within 30”, 70% chance of successIf transport tooth, use saliva, milk, or saline
(contact lens solution) – NOT WATER!
InjuriesReflect their developmental stage p. 744Risk Taking: Peer pressure begins so risk-
taking injuries increaseMVA: most common cause of accidental
injury and deathPedestrian deaths 2.5x more freq w/ peak
incidence 5-9yrsATV’s responsible for significant # injuries
for children under 16
Injuries (cont)
Bike: 500,000 ER visits, 900 deaths annually; deaths caused by head injuries
Skateboards, rollerblades, Ride-on mowers, trampolines, flipping, horseback riding, sledding
School: most injuries on the way to & fro Guns: firearm deaths <15 yrs, ~12x
greater than 25 other industrialized countries