Age for Grade: Examining the Effect of School Entry Age on ... for Grade_Examining...Age for Grade:...
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Age for Grade: Examining the Effect of School Entry Age on Learner Achievement among Primary School
Pupils in East Africa
Education Evidence for Action (EE4A 2017)Theme: Quality of Learning
Tuesday 5th – 7th December, 2017
Ochi Boaz & Dr. Emmanuel Manyasa
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Background Information & Context
Background Information: Twaweza ‐ “we can make it happen” in Swahili.
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The Questions;
•Are our children enrolling and learning at the right age across East Africa?•Does age affect learner achievement at any level of grade?
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Justification of the study - Why Age For Grade?
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Age For GradeSchool entry age Age at which a child optimally achieves competences once enrolled in school • Kenya – Start pre‐school at 4 years• Uganda – Start pre‐school at 3 years• Tanzania – Start pre‐school at 5 years
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Policy on Age for Grade?
Basic Education Act 2013…Article 33 “… for the purpose of admission to a basic education institution, the age of a child shall be determined on the basis of the birth certificate … or at the attainment of the school going age of four years on the basis of such other document, as may be prescribed under regulations”
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Entry age of learners to school - a big factor!Influences learner achievement in:
Cognitive Development
The child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning and other aspects of brain development
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Entry age of learners to school - a big factor!Influences learner achievement in:
Cognitive Development
Social Development
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Entry age of learners to school - a big factor!*Influences learner achievement in – how?
Cognitive Development
Social Development
Classrooms Interactions
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Policy Gap - Age for Grade•Operationalizing the law – Involve Stakeholders
• Parents • Teachers
•Other regulations? – Traditional, Peers, Lifestyle• Overage• Underage• Placement
•Enforcement – How?
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METHODOLOGY
Beyond the Basics Assessment• Uwezo Beyond Basics Assessment ‐ conducted by Uwezo in 2016; • Assessed Grade 4 and 5 using Grade 4 level tests• How does children’s learning progress beyond Grade 2 level?• Aspects beyond literacy and numeracy assessed included,
i. Self expression (through written work), ii. Critical thinking and iii. Problem solving
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Beyond the Basics Assessment
Tests developed by Country test specific specialists from KICD, KNEC, TSC
NO OF DISTRICTS
TZ‐10 KE‐10 UG‐10
NO OF SCHOOLS
198 200 195
TARGETGRADES
5 & 6 5 & 6 5 & 6
CHILDRENASSESSED
7,532 7,154 6,981
“The assessment was school based and was administered both orally and by use of pen and paper"
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FindingsUnder/Over-age Schooling in East Africa:
3.9 1.8 0.8
68.4
45.7
21.027.7
52.5
78.2
TANZANIA KENYA UGANDA
%
UNDER/OVER ‐ AGE BY COUNTRY
Under Age Right Age Over Age
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Findings
Under/Over-age Schooling in Kenya (%)
School Type Under Age Right Age Over Age
Public 1.5 41.7 56.7
Private 2.8 63.9 33.3
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Age – grade learning Outcome - Literacy
76%
40%
9%
51%
61%54%
36%
87%
51%
30%
66%62%
72%
45%
60%
25%
13%
42%
47% 49%
24%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Spelling Vocabulary Writing Reading Comprehension_1 Comprehension_2 Comprehension_3
Learning Outcomes for English (%)
Under age Right Age Over age
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Age – grade learning Outcome - Numeracy
39%
76%
59%
26%
17%
21%19%
33%
55%
82%
68%
39%
23%27%
18%
38%
46%
79%
60%
30%
18%19%
12%
32%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Writing No. Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Word question Everyday math Critical Thinking
Learning Outcomes in Math %
Under age Right Age Over age
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Policy Implications
Policy to redefine two aspects of quality at different levels of grade;
Aspect 1:The entry age and behaviour of pupils;
• Delayed schooling (Parents, Local leaders) with Proper Justification• Underage admission – Schools – Adherence to the laws and regulations
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Policy Implications Contd’
Policy to redefine two aspects of quality at different levels of grade;
Aspect 2: The learning competencies to be attained or achieved at specific level(s) by age•Aligning the competencies to not only grade, but also age (??) – New 2‐6‐6‐3 Education Curriculum framework
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Thank You