Sayre's Materia Medica Free (3)

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SAYRES MATERIA MEDICA - Part IV

RHAMNACE.-Buckthorn Family

Shrubs or small trees with simple leaves; branches somewhat spinescent. Flowers

somewhat dioecious. Fru i t an indehiscent, fleshy, winged drupe, with a hard, woodyendoca rp, or a pod not a rilled.

333. FRANGULA.FRANGULA

BUCKTHORN

The dried bark of Rham'nus fran'gula Linn, collected at least one year beforeusing.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.An elegant arborescent shrub, known as the

berry-bearing a lder. L eavesentire, w ith a bout 7 pa irs of near ly opposite par a llel veins.Flowersperfect, st yle simple; the fleshy berry is round, red, a nd on ripening becomesblack a nd juicy.

H AB ITAT.E urope a nd North ern Asia.

DE SC RIP TION OF D RU G .Quilled, a bout 1 mm. (1/25in.) thick; out er

surface grayish-brown, or blackish-brown, with numerous small,whitish, transversely-elongated lenticels and occasional patches offoliaceous lichens; inner surface smooth, pale brownish-yellow; fracture

in th e out er layer short, of a purplish t int; in t he inner layer fibrous a ndpale yellow; when masticated, coloring the saliva yellow; odor distinct;ta ste sweetish an d bitt erish.

Medullary rays not converging at the outer ends (distinction fromRhamnus Purshiana); stone cells absent (distinction from RhamnusPurshianaand Rhamn us Cal i for n ica).

Powder.Cha ra cter istic elements: See P a rt iv , Chap. I , B .

CONSTITUENTS.Frangulin, or rhamno-xanthin, C 20H 20O10, is a

crystalline, lemon-yellow, odorless, tasteless glucoside; and emodin, areddish principle, exists in the old bark; these develop by age. Twoproducts a re obt a ined from fra ngulin by hydr olysisemodin, C 15H 10O5,

and rhamnose, C6H 12O5, Frangula-emodin differs from the rhubarb-

emodin in melting-point, and in some color reactions. Senna and aloes

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also contain an isomeric emodin. (See Rhamnus Pur shi ana.) Ash, notexceeding 6 per cent .

Preparat i on of Fr angul in.Macerate the bark for four days in carbon disulphide.Evaporate; exhaust residue with alcohol; evaporate alcoholic solution to dryness;cryst a llize from etherea l solution. Forms sublima ble yellow crys. ta ls; becomes purple

wh en tr eat ed wit h a lkalies. Dyes cott on, silk, wool, etc., yellow .

ACTION AND USES.A mild laxative or cathartic, acting like sennaa nd often used in its st ead. D ose: 1/2t o 2 dr . (2 to 8 G m.).

OFFI CI AL P RE P ARATION.Fluidextractum Frangulae Dose: 1/3 to 2 fl. dr. (1.3 t o 8 mils).



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334. CASCARA SAGRADA.CASC ARA SAG RADA

CH ITTEM DARK

The dried bar k of th e trun k a nd bra nches of Rham'nus purshian'aDe Ca ndolle.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Plants of this species of Rhamnus attain aheight of 10 to 20 feet. The leaves are ovoid, 3 to 5 in. in length, and about 1/2in. in

their greatest width, serrate except at base (? MM ). Flowers a re sma l l and whi te ,appearing af ter the leaves have matured. The f r u i t is a plain, round, black berryabout 1/4 in. in diameter, and contains three seeds. This species differs from other

species of Rha mnus in th a t it is a larger tree and bea rs a larger fruit.

SOURCE.Several allied species growing in the cascara district inCalifornia seem to contribute the cascara sagrada bark of the market .The official species grows abundantly in Northern California, Oregon,

and Washington. If the bark comes and is actually collected fromNorthern California, it is presumptive evidence that it is genuine. Theprobabilit ies of adulteration increase with its southward sources, and ifcollected in, or south of Central California, it is to be looked upon withgrea t est suspicion (Rusby).



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DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Whitish, cylindrical, or conical piecesdeprived of the outer corkylayer, from 75 to 150 mm. (3 to6 in.) long, and about 10 mm.(2/5 in.) or m ore in dia met er;

longitudinally wrinkled, andmarked with numerousbrownish scars; somewhathairy externally fromloosened bast fibers; it

breaks with a short mealy fracture, with projecting fiber-ends near theouter edge; odor faint, but characteristic, stronger in infusion; tastesweetish a nd mucilaginous. A cross-section sh ows sma ll w ood-bun dlesof scalariform and pitted vessels scattered throughout the prevailingparenchyma tous t issue, butwith an indistinctly radiate arrangement near the edge. The cells of the

parenchyma contain starch and mucilage, with a few stellaterhaphides. Most of this drug now appears cut into fine pieces orgra nules. This often looks beaut ifully w hite, but on scrut iny it is foundcoa ted w ith lime. (Rusby.)

Powder.Cha ra cteristic elements: Microscopica l elements of: See P a rt iv, Cha p. I, B .



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CONSTITUENTS.Asparagin, C 4H 8N2O3H 2O, 1 per cent . (a colorless,

nearly tasteless, crystalline principle), bassorin, C12H 20O10, 25 per

cent. (altha mucilage, a turbid, slimy, non-adhesive mucilage, whichwhen dried forms a very coherent mass), sugar 8 per cent. , pectin 10

per cent., ash 5 per cent., starch 35 per cent., a fixed oil, and a trace oft a nn in. Ash, n ot t o exceed 8 per cent .

ACTION AND USES.Used as a demulcent application to inflamedmucous tissues, as in bronchitis. Powdered marshmallow root beingexceedingly absorbent, is used advantageously to impart consistency tosoft pill-ma sses. (In Ma ss. Hy dra rg., 15 per cent. I n B lau d's P ills a nd P il.Phosphorus.)

ALTH E A FOL IArecognized by t he N.F .

342. ALTH'A RO'SEA Cevanilles.HOLLYHOCK. (Petals.) Indigenous toWestern Asia, but cultivated in gardens for its large, purple, ornamental flowers.Petals broadly obovate, notched above and with a c law at base; odor sl ight; tastesw eetish, mucilaginous, and a str ingent. They cont a in ta nnin, mucila ge, and a coloringma tt er. An infusion is occa siona lly used as a demulcent .

343. MALVA.MALLOW. The flowers of Mal'va sylves'trisLinn, an herbaceousplant growing abundantly in Europe. When fresh, of a rose-red or purple color,becoming blue wh en dried; odor slight; t a ste sw eetish a nd mu cilaginous. Emollient a nddemulcent.

MALV F OLI Arecogn ized by t he N.F .

344. DERIVATIVES OF THE COTTON PLANT

Bark, Hairs of Seed, and the Oil of Gossyp'ium herba'ceum Linn, and otherspecies of Gossypium .

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM.Largeherbs with a l ternat e leaves, w hich a re more or less pa lma tely-lobed. Flowersar e la rge,showy, m ore or less yellow or red; pistils 5, united a t th eir base. Stamensnum erous,

united below a nd a dhering t o the peta ls . Capsuleroundish, 3- to 9-celled, opening atthe top by as many valves. The numerous seedsa re glossy, covered w ith long, w oollyha irs, wh ich constit ute t he cott on.

HAB ITAT.Asia a nd Africa ; cultiva ted in t he Un ited St a tes.



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344a. ROOT BARK.Gossypii Cortex, N.F . COTTON-ROOT B ARK .Long ba nd sor curved pieces, sometim es in q uills. The out er sur fa ce is of a yellow ish-brown color,dotted w ith a few sma ll black spots, a nd, from t he a bra sion of th e thin cork, numbersof ora nge-brown pa tches; th e inner surfa ce is wh itish a nd ha s a silky luster; the bastfibers a re long a nd tough, a nd ma y easily be separa ted into pa pery la yers; inodorous;ta ste very slightly a crid and a stringent.



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Powder.Light brown. The microscopical elements are: The simple and compoundstarch grains, the aggregate calc ium oxalate crystals , colored resin, and tanninmasses; the numerous long, slender, and thick-walled bast fibers (8 to 15 thick),la rge cork cells, etc.

CONS TITU ENTS.A yellow resin, fixed oil, ta nnin (sma ll qua nt ity), sugar , st a rch,

and, in the fresh bark, a yellow chromogen, which becomes red and resinous onexposure to the air. To this change is due the red color of old specimens, and oldprepara tions, of th e bark.

ACTION AND USES.Emmenagogue and oxytocic, stimulating uterinecont ra ctions proba bly by direct a ction on t he ut erine center in t he spinal cord; sa id tobe a s efficient a nd m ore safe t ha n ergot. D ose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4 G m.).

344b. HAIRS OF SEED.Gossypium Purificatum. PURIFIED COTTON, Fine,white, soft filaments, which, under the microscope, appear as hollow, flattened, andtwisted bands; unacted upon by ordinary solvents . Ordinary raw cotton containsamong other impurities fatty substances, which, when removed by chemical means,such as alkaline or ethereal solvents, changes its character so that the fiber, whichformerly was almost impenetrable by aqueous liquids. now becomes so absorbenttha t i t no longer f loa ts on w a ter , but w hen placed on t he surface of tha t l iquid w illreadily a bsorb it an d sink.

CONSTITUENTS.Almost pure cellulose; by the action of nitric acid this isconvert ed int o soluble gun -cot t on.

ACTION AND USES.Employed as a dressing for burns, scalds, and excoriatedsurfaces, and for making antiseptic cottons, such as salicylated cotton, benzoinatedcotton., iodoform cotton, etc.

Pyroxylinum(S oluble G un-cott on), t he ba sis of th e va rious officia l collodions.

344c. OIL .OLE U M G OSS YP II S EMI NIS A fixed oil expressed from th e seeds. Pa leyellowish, odorless, with a bland, nut-like taste; specific gravity 0.920 to 0.930 at15C (59F.), solidify ing a t a bout 0 t o 5C . (32 t o 23F.); very spa rin gly soluble inalcohol. Brought into contact with concentrated sulphuric acid, the oil at onceassumes a dark reddish-brown Color. Color reactions with nitric acid and silvernitra te (see U.S .P . test s) distinguish t his oil from other similar oils. The oil is used a s aba sis for Liniment um Amm onia e, Liniment um C a mphor, etc. P rocesses ha ve beeninvented for purifying the crude oil to a bstra ct it s a crid resin, and so leave it blan d a nda s pala ta ble a s th e olive oil, for w hich i t is of tentimes substi tut ed as a ta ble or sa lad

oil.

CONSTITUENTS.Palmitin, olein, and a pale-yellow coloring-matter that is non-saponifiable.



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STERCULIACE

Trees or shrubs with soft wood; sometimes climbing. F ru i t dry, rarely fleshy(Theobroma, 346); seeds globose or ovoid, with coriaceous or crustaceous testa. Thetw o plant s of interest of the order a re the one ment ioned a nd C ola, 70.

345. COLAN.F .COL A (KO LA). The dr ied kern el of t he seed of Cola acuminataR .B rown (Fa m. Sterculiace), yielding by a ssa y 1 per cent . of tota l a lkaloids. Occurringin irregula r somew ha t pla no-convex P ieces; cotyledons from 15 to 30 mm . long a nd 5to 10 mm. thick; dark brown or reddish-brown; fracture short, tough; odor faintlyaromatic , taste astr ingent and somewhat aromatic , The drug contains alkaloidsconsisting mostly of caffeine and theobromine, about 40 per cent. of starch, a littlevola tile oil, fa t, a nd t a nnin. The kola nin of Knebel is simply a kolat a nna te of ca ffeine.Kolatannic acid differs from caffeotannic acid in being free from sugar. Tonic,stimu lan t, a nd nervine; used a s a bevera ge by the na tives of Africa a s is coca by th ena tives of S outh America. Dose: 10 to 30 gr. (0.6 to 2 G m.).

Bissey nuts a re the seed of the Cola na tura lized and cultivat ed in the West Indies.I t should be said w ith regard to the ma ny prepa ra tions of Cola tha t t hey seem to la cka certain degree of permanence: the fluidextract of the Cola, for example, is anunsa tisfa ctory prepara tion, beca use of the imm ense precipita tion wh ich goes on for along t ime after t he prepara tion is ma de.



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346. THEOBROMA.CACAO. CHOCOLATE NUT. The seed of Theobro'macaca'oLinn. Habi ta t: Mexico; cultivated in the West Indies. About the size of ana lmond, f la t t ened, invested with a thin, longitudinally wr inkled testa , varying fromreddish to gra yish-brow n in color; somew ha t ovat e in sha pe, th e hilum being situa tedon t he broader end. The coty ledons a re brown, oily, somewha t ridged. Odor a greeablewhen bruised; taste bitterish, oily. Contains 45 to 53 per cent. of fixed oil (CacaoB utt er), a nd 1.5 per cent. of theobromine, a n a lkaloid simila r t o ca ffeine. Chocolateis



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ma de by roa sting t he seed, removing the test a , then pow dering the kernels, formingthe powder into ca kes wit h w a ter, a nd flavoring w ith va nilla or other substa nces.

THEOBROMINE AND ITS COMPOUNDS.THEOBROMINA, C 7H 7-N4O2.3,7dimeth yl-xa nt hine, occurs a lso in K ola (C ola , 345), et c., a lso

ma de synthet ica lly, a ction and uses sam e as ca ffeine.

THEOBROMINE SODIUM SALICYLATE (Diuretin).A whitepow der, odorless, soluble in w a t er. Dose: 15 gr. (1 Gm.).

Theobromine Sodium Acetate (Agurin), has great solubility and is welltolerat ed by t he st oma ch. D ose: 15 gr. (1 G m.).

Prepar ati ons of Th eobromi ne.Obtained from an infusion of cacao, precipitating itwith lead acetate, removing excess of lead by H 2S, evapora ting, and exhaust ing the

residue w ith boiling a lcohol. The a lkaloid separ a tes on cooling. S pa ringly soluble in coldwa ter, a lcohol, an d ether.

346a. OLEUM THEOBROMATIS, U. S.CACAO BUTTER. A fixedoil expressed from the seed. A yellowish-white, brittle, fatty solid, oft a llow-like cons ist ence, melt ing a t 30 t o 33C . (86 t o 91.4F.), a bout t hetemperature of the body; has a faint, chocolate-like taste and agreeableodor. S hould r espond t o the va rious importa nt official t ests (see U.S .P .).Contains palmitin, stearin, laurin, olein (small quantity), theobromine,and glycerides of formic, acetic, and butyric acids. Employed largely in

making suppositories.

TERNSTRMIACE.Tea or Camellia Family

Trees or shr ubs w ith simple, usua lly a lterna te, leaves, often fascicled at th e tops ofthe branches.

347. THEA.TEA. The leaves of Camel'lia the'a Link. Habi ta t: Southern Asia;cultivated. From 25 to 75 mm. (1 to 3 in.) long, petiolate, acute at both ends,irregular ly serrate except at base, and with anastomoslng veins near the margin;bluish-green or blackish. The green color of tea is not infrequently intensified by amixture of Prussian-blue and gypsum. Odor peculiar , taste bit ter and astr ingent.Conta ins volat ile oil and a n a lkaloid, theine, which is a na logous t o, if not identical w ith,caffeine. Much of the caffeine of commerce is made from tea siftings. Astringent,tonic, s t imulant , a nd nervine; one of the m ost va luable stimulating a nd restorativeagents.



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GUTTIFER

Trees or shrubs with opposite or whorled coriaceous leaves; stamens indefinite;stigmassessile, ra dia nt . Ma ny species, like the ga mboge, yield a yellow juice; the seedsof oth ers a re oily. Among t he edible f ru i tsof the order is the ma ngosteen, rega rded a s

th e most delicious fruit in th e world.

348. CAMB OG IA.GAMBOGE

GAMBOGE



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A gum-resin from Garcinia hanbu'riiH ooker filius.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.The gamboge tree has dicious flowers and afoliage resembling tha t of laurel. Flowersyellow ; mal e flower sin a xillar yclust ers, onshort , one-flow ered pedicels. Fema le flow ers sessile. Fr uit a berry, a bout th e size of a

large cherry, reddish-brow n, cont a ining a sweet pulp.

HABITAT.Anam, Camboja, Siam, and Cochin-China.

DE SCRIP TION OF DRU G .Lumps, or cylindrical sticks (pipes), 25to 50 mm. (1 to 2 in.) in diameter, and 100 to 200 mm. (4 to 8 in.) inlengt h, str iat ed lengt hw ise by impressions from th e bamboo in w hich itis collected. Externally, grayish-brown. It has a smooth, conchoidalfracture of a waxy luster and orange-red in color. The powder isbright yellow and sometimes adheres to the drug, giving it a yellow

appearance. Taste at f irst mild, afterward very acrid; odor irr i ta t ing,sternu ta tory. The ca ke or lump ga mboge is sold in ma sses weighing t w oor t hree pounds. I t is less uniform, less britt le, and is sometimes calledcoarse gamboge. Adulterated specimens are easily recognizcd by theirgeneral inferior appearance, by the grayish or bronze appearance of abroken surface, and by giving a blue or green color with iodine whenstarch is one of the impurities. Pure gamboge is completely soluble bysuccessive tr eat ment w ith ether or alcohol a nd t hen w a ter.

CONSTITUENTS.A bright yellow resin (gambogic acid) 73 per cent.,

soluble in alcohol and ether, turned to a red color by alkalies, andblackbrown by ferric chloride; gum 16 to 26 per cent., which, with theresin a nd hot w a ter , forms a yellow emulsion; w a x 4 per cent . a nd a shnot more tha n 2 per cent .

AC TION AND U S E S .A dra st ic hydragogue cathartic, but so liableto produce vomiting and griping that its action is usually modified bycombining it with other milder purgatives. Dose: 1/2 to 5 gr. (0.0324 to

0.3 G m.), genera lly in pill form.

OFFIC IAL P REP ARATION.Pilul Catharticae Composit D ose: 2 to 5 pills.

349. MANGOSTANA.MANG O FRU IT. MANG OSTE E N. The perica rp of t he fruitof Garcin'iamangosta'naLinn, of India . Astr ingent; used in va rious diseases of themucous m embra ne, in injections, etc. Mangostin ha s been isolat ed from t he perica rp.It is golden-yellow in color, cryst a llizes in sca les, soluble in a lcohol a nd et her. The fruityields a fatty oil, concrete oil of mangosteen, called kokum butter, used in soap-



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ma king. I t is well ada pted for pha rma ceutica l prepara tions a nd ca ndle-ma king. D ose:

15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4 Gm.).

HYPERICINE.-St. J ohn's-wort Family

350. HYPERICUM.ST. J OH N'S-WORT. The h erb of Hype'ricum perfora'tumLinn.Habi ta t: Europe, Asia, a nd North America . The drug a s it a ppea rs in ma rket iscomposed of a mixture of oblong-ovate, pellucid-punctate leaves, thread-likebra nches, and less slender, britt le stems, wit h occa siona lly blackdott ed flower peta ls,the w hole having a greenish-brown a ppeara nce. Consti tuents : Resin, ta nnin, a nd ared coloring ma tt er. Used a s a st imula nt , diuretic, an d a string ent. Dose: 30 to 60 gr.(2 to 4 Gm.).

DIPTEROCARPE

Trees often g iga nt ic, exuding a resinous juice; ra rely shr ubs.

351. GURJ UN.G U RJ U N B ALS AM. WOOD-OIL . An oleoresin exuding fromDipterocar'pus turbina'tusG a ertner , an d other species of Dipteroca rpus. Ha bitat :India and the Eas t Indies . A thick, viscid balsam with uses and propertiessimilar to copaiba. Opaque, and grayish, greenish or brownish in reflected light;tra nspa rent a nd reddish-brown or brown in t ra nsmit ted light; odor copa iba-like; ta stebitt er. It cont a ins a volat ile oil, 40 to 70 per cent ., wh ich is similar t o oil of copa iba incomposition, a nd pr oduces a red or violet color w ith a drop of H2S O4and H NO3mixed;

also gurjunic acid (crystalline), resin, and a bitter principle. Owing to its closeresemblance to copa iba it h a s been used in considera ble qua nt ities for t he purpose ofadulterating the latter.

352. BORNEO CAMPHOR.SUMATRA CAMPHOR AND BORNEOL. Astea ropten, or ca mphor, C10H 18O, obta ined in solid cryst a lline form from fissures a nd

cavities in a gigantic forest tree, Dryoba'lanops aroma'ticaC olebrook, growin g inth e Mala y Archipela go. It occurs in m a sses some pounds in w eight. D iffers from t heordinary camphor in having a higher specif ic gravity (heavier than water) and in

being less volat ile, With nitric acid it yields th e J a pan (lau rel) ca mphor, C10H 16O.

FRANKENIACE

353. FRANKENIA.YERB'A REUM'A. (Herb.) A California plant, Franken'iagrandiflo'raCha misso et Schlecht enda l. A va lua ble topica l applica tion in cat a rrha la ffections, a nd in diseases of the mucous membra nes genera lly. Dose of fluidextra ct:10 to 30 dr ops (0.6 to 2 mils), dilut ed.



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CISTINE.Rock-rose Family

354, HELIANTHEMUM, N.F.FROSTWORT. The herb of Helian'themumcanaden'seMicha ux. Habi ta t: North America. As found in commerce it consists of

broken branches or stems not longer than 1 to 11/2inches, mixed with a few brokenroots, crushed, woolly leaves, and, occasionally, yellow petals; the stems are red-brown, thread-like, s l ightly pubescent, internally whitish, with a large pith; tasteastringent and bitter. It contains a bitter glucoside, soluble in water, alcohol, andbenzol, and 11 per cent. of tannin, with sugar and gum. Tonic, astringent, anda ltera tive, in t he t rea tm ent of scrofulous disea ses. Dose: 5 to 20 gr. (0.3 to 1.3 Gm .).

BIXINE

Trees a nd shru bs wit h a lterna te simple leaves an d regular , symmet rica l flow ers. The

fruits of some species are edible, a nd gum s a re obta ined from a few others.

355. GYNOCARDIA.CHAULMOO'GRA. The seed of Gynocar'dia odora'ta R.Brown. Habi ta t: Ma laya n P eninsula. Conta ins a n acr id, whit ish fat , known in ma rketa s chaulmoogra oil, separa ted from th e kernels by expression or by boiling w a ter,th en ta ken up by ether or chloroform, w hich, w hen eva pora ted, leaves t he oil almostpure. G ynocar dic acid, a const itu ent , is somet imes employed in medicine. The oil is avery successful remedy in eczema of the third stage. The oil is esteemed in India forthe treatment of all manner of skin diseases. Its unctuous smoothness has beencompared to that of goose-grease. Dose (Of Oil): 10 to 20 drops (0.6 to 1.3 mils), ingelat in ca psules or in emulsion.

356. ANNATO.A coloring su bst a nce obt a ined from a t ropica l America n t ree, Bix'aorella'na. The seeds steeped in water and allowed to ferment, and this liquidevaporated to a paste, becomes the anna'to of commerce, used as a cheese andbutter color. By the natives the fragrant reddish pulp of the seeds is used as ana stringent in diar rhea. It is also used as a dyestuff for silks a nd other fabrics.

CANELLACE

An order furnishing mostly a roma tic trees.

357. CANELLA.CANEL LA, N.F. The ba rk of Canel'la al'baMurra y. A na tive ofFlorida , West I ndies, et c. In qu ills or broken pieces deprived of th e corky la yer; outersurfa ce ora nge-red, ma rked with sm a ll sca rs a nd depressions; inner surfa ce whit ish;odor sl ight, a roma tic; ta ste bit ter a nd very pungent a nd bit ing. I t conta ins a reddishvola t ile oil (a bout 2 per cent.), a port ion of w hich is closely rela ted to eugenol of oil ofcloves, with resin, ash, mannite, a bitter principle, cellulose, albumen, and starch.Aroma tic and st imulant , used as a n a djuvan t. The powder is used in ma king hierapicra , P ulv. aloes et ca nellae, a t one time recognized a s a n official prepar a tion.



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358. CINNAMODENDRON.The b a rk of Cinnamoden'dron cortico'sumMiers.An a roma tic bark from J a ma ica , coming in curved or quilled pieces. Odor cinna mon-like; ta ste bitt er, biting, giving a suggestion of ca nella, but t his bark cont a ins ta nnin,w hich ca nella does not. U sed as a n a romat ic stimu lan t. E nt ers commerce solely fromthe B a ha ma s, where it is known a s cinna mon ba rk, or a s white wood bark.

VIOLARIEAE.Violet Family

Herbs w ith a lterna te or ra dica l lea ves; corolla of 5 unequa l peta ls, one being spurred;sta mens 5, connivent, a lterna te w ith t he peta ls; fruit a 3-va lved capsule.

359. VIOLA TRICOLOR.PANSY. HEART'S-EASE. The herb of Viola tricolorLinn. Habi ta t: Europe, North America, and Northern Asia; cultivated. The drugconsists of th e herba ceous upper port ion of the pla nt , including gr een lea ves, stra w -colored, broken stems, and the variegated flowers. Odor slight, pleasant; taste

somewhat bitter. It contains salicylic acid 1 per cent., sugar, mucilage, a bitterprinciple, resin, a nd violin (in sm a ll qua nt ity). Mucilaginous, emollient; much used inEu rope as a n a ltera tive in skin disea ses, especially eczema . Dose: 1/2 to 2 dr. (2 to 8

Gm.).

TURNERACE

360. TURNERA.DAMIANA, N.F. The leaves of a Mexican plant, Turneraaphrodisiaca(T. diffu'saWillden ow). About 8 to 16 mm . (1/3t o 2/3in.) long, obova te

or lanceolate, with a few-toothed margin; surface smooth or with a few hairs on theunder side a long t he ribs. They genera lly ha ve mixed w ith th em pieces of th e slender,woody stem, which is reddish-brown and hairy, the branches being terminated byha irs; odor somewh a t a romat ic, due t o the presence of a bout 0.5 per cent. of volat ileoil. Damiana leaves form the basis of a number of the quack aphrodisiacs. It is notknow n a s a drug in Mexico, but a s a general t ea-like beverag e. Dose: about 1 dr. (4Gm.), in infusion.

PASSIFLORE.Passion-flower Family

361. CARICA PAPAYA.MEL ON-TRE E. TRU E P AP AW (w holly different from t hecommon papaw, Asim'ina trilo'ba, of our Southern States). Habi ta t: Tropics;cultiva ted. Alth ough th e inspissat ed juice (papa in) of th e unripe fruit h a s been for a

long t ime known a s a medicinal a gent, having a reputa tion in i ts na tive country a s aremedy for hmoptysis, bleeding piles, and ulcers of urinary passages, and forr ingworm, etc . , it ha s only compara tively recently a tt ra cted a tt ention a s a digestivea gent. Dy mock, in his trea tise on th e drugs of Brit ish India , says: It s digestive actionon mea t w a s probably known in the West Indies at a very ear ly da te. * * * I t ha s longbeen t he pra ctice to render meat tender by r ubbing it w ith t he juice of the un ripe fruitor by rubbing it with the leaves. Its therapeutic value, in the form of papain, is



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specially commended in aggravated symptoms of dyspepsia. Its constituents arema inly globulin, a lbumin , a nd a lbumoses. Dose: 1 to 3 gr. (0.065 t o 0.2 G m.).

362. PASSIFLORA, N.F.PASSION FLOWER. The herb of Passiflo'raincarna'taLinn; indigenous. Sa id by eclectic a nd h omoeopat hic pra ctitioners t o be asomnifacient, useful in neuralgia, sleeplessness, dysmenorrha, etc. Dose of asa tu ra ted tin cture: 15 to 30 drops (1 to 2 Mils).

CACTE.Cactus Family

363. CACTUS GRANDIFLORUS, N.F. Linn.NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS.

Habi ta t: Tropica l America ; cultiva ted a s a n orna ment a l herb. The fleshy, h exagona lflowering branches are used in the fresh state. Sedative and diuretic; useful indiseases of the heart when there is an irregularity of action. The tincture andfluidextract have of recent years been growing in popularity, but the supply of thedrug seems difficult t o obta in, a nd for th is reason, par tly, t he drug is n ot official. D ose:5 gr. (0.3 G m.) .



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364. ANHALONIUM LEWINI, Henn ing.A Mexica n cactus, a cting pow erfully a s aca rdiac an d respirat ory st imulant ; i t ha s been used to a sl ight extent in medicine inangina pectoris and asthmatic dyspnea. A source of mescal buttons. A powerfulha bit-forming n a rcotic and int oxica nt .

THYMELEACEAE.Mezereum FamilyShr ubby pla nts, w ith th e ba rk cont a ining strong ba st fibers, and very bitter.

365. MEZER E U M.MEZEREUM



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MEZEREON B ARK

The dried bark of Daph'ne meze'reum Linn, or Daphne guidium Linn or ofDaphne Laureola.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A small shrub with smooth, evergreen,

lanceolate leaves. Flowersspica te, a ppear ing before t he lea ves, rose-colored, 4-lobed.Berrybrigh t red, fleshy, 1-seeded.

H AB ITAT.Mount a inous r egions of E urope, Siberia, C a na da , a nd NewEngland.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.This bark comes to us in tough, pliablestrips, from 2 t o 4 feet long, 25 MM. (I in.) or less br oad, a lw a ys r olledinto bundles or balls; the very thin periderm is of a greenish-orangeor purple color, ma rked w ith t ra nsverse sca rs a nd minute black dots;

beneat h i t is a soft, greenish parenchymatous layer, from w hich itseparates easily. The inner surface is whitish, covered with irregularlayers of white silky bast fibers, tangentially arranged. Fracturetough. Odorless; taste exceedingly acrid.


CONSTITUENTS.It contains a crystalline glucoside, daphnin,C15H 16O9, which is not the active principle, however, the medical

virtues depending upon an a crid resin termed mezerein.

ACTION AND USES.Sialagogue, st imulant , and alterat ive.Externally vesicant, in ointment or applied in the form of a smallsq ua re, moist ened. D ose: 1 t o 8 gr. (0.065 to 0.6 G m.).

OFFI CI AL P RE P ARATION.Fluidextractum Sarsaparill Compositum,

(3 per cent .) D ose: 1/2 t o 1 1/2 fl. dr . (2 t o 6 mils).

PUNICACE.Pomegranate Family

366. G RANATU MPOMEGRANATE

POMEGRANATE

The st em-ba rk a nd r oot-ba rk of Pu'nica grana'tumLinn, with out m ore th a n 2 percent. of a dhering w ood a nd other foreign ma tt er.



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BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Tree shrubby, 20 feet in height; brancheserous, sometimes bea ring t horns. Lea ves opposite, entire, oblong, point ed a t each end.Flowers large, rich scarlet, terminal. Fruit a berry about the size of an orange; rindth ick, ha ving a reddish-yellow exterior; pulp ma ny-seeded, acidulous.

HABITAT.Mediterranean Basin and various portions of Asia;cultivat ed in a ll w a rm clima tes for its ornam enta l flow ers.

DE SC RIP TION OF D RU G .The stem ba rk comes occa siona lly in quills,more frequently in curved pieces 20 to 80 mm. long, 5 to 20 mm. indiam eter; bar k 0.5 to 2 mm. th ick, out er surfa ce yellow ish-brow n, w ithgrayish patches; longitudinally wrinkled; small lenticels. Inner surfacelight yellow or brownish-yellow, finely striate, smooth. Fracture short,smooth, inner layer of bark (phelloderm) dark green, inner bark lightbrow n, odor slight ; ta ste ast ringent, somewh a t bitt er.

The root bark has a rough, yellowish-gray to brown outer surface,ma rked w ith more or less longitu dina l pat ches of cork, green inner lay erof bark absent. Medullary rays extending nearly to the outer layer;inner surfa ce smooth a nd yellow ish w ith irr egula r brownish blotches.



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Assay of the drug consists in the extraction and separation of thealkaloid from the drug by acidulated water, washing out the aqueoussolution of the salt (after neutralization) with chloroform, againwashing the lat ter solut ion with N/10 hydrochloric acid and titrating

final solut ion in the usual way. No authoritat ive standard has been

fixed.

STRUCTURE.The tissue consists chiefly of large-celled parenchyma,traversed by one-rowed medullary rays of quadratic cells, each rayaccompanied by a single row of crystal cells. The inner bark steeped inwa ter and then rubbed on paper produces a yellow stain, w hich is



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rendered blue by ferrous sulphate, and rose-red by nitric acid,soon va nish ing. These properties dist inguish it from t he ba rk of t he box-root a nd th e ba rberry, with w hich it is sometimes adult erat ed.


CONSTITUENTS.Mannite, punico-tannic acid, 22 per cent. (resolvedby hydrolysis into sugar and ellagic acid), and the active constituent,pelletierine, C 8H 13NO, with its three allied alkaloids, methyl-

pelletierine, C9H 17NO, pseudo-pelletierine, C 9H 15NO, and iso-

pelletierine. Pelletierine is a liquid alkaloid, readily soluble in water,alcohol, and ether. Several salts of it are made, but the tannate is theofficial one. This is yellowish, hygroscopic, and pulverescent, with apungent astringent taste, soluble in 700 parts of water and 80 parts ofa lcohol. Ash , not exceeding 16 per cent .

Prepar ati on of Pel l et i er in e.Displace powder with water mixed with lime, exhaustpercolate with chloroform, etc. It is claimed by Tanret to be the anthelminticconstituent. Is probably a mixture of several alkaloids.

ACTION AND U SE S.Astr ingent, tniafuge. D ose: 1/2t o 11/2dr . (2 to

6 Gm.). The alkaloid pelletierine is a tniafuge in extensive use; it isgiven in t he form of t a nn a t e in doses of a bout 5 gr. (0.3 Gm .).



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P RE P ARATION. OF FIC IALFluidextractum Granati Dose: 1 to 2 fl. dr . (4 to 8 mils ).

367. GRANATI FRUCTUS CORTEX.POMEGRANATE RIND. Irregular

fragments, of a yellowish or reddish-brown color; outer surface rough from tubercles;inner surface marked with small depressions; hard; br i t t le. I t contains a greaterproportion of ta nnin t ha n t he bark, but ha s th e sam e medica l properties.

MYRTACE

Trees an d shru bs, wit hout st ipules. L eavesopposit e, entire, pellucid-puncta te, usu a llywith a vein running close to the ma rgin; they are usua lly fra gra nt a nd pungent, due tovolat ile oil residing chiefly in th e pellucid dots or gla nds .

368. EUCALYPTUS.EUCALYPTUS

EUCALYPTUS

The dried leaves of Eucalyp'tus glob'ulus Labillardierre, collected from the olderparts of the tree with not more than 3 per cent. of the stems and fruit of the tree orother foreign m a tt er.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Rapid-growing trees, attaining the height Of200 to 300 feet. Flowers solitary, or in clusters of 2 or 3, axillary; peduncles broad,somew ha t hemispherica l in shape, prolonged into a cone, an d united w ith t he peta lsa nd 4- or 5-celled ova ry, m a king a peculia r ha rd, brit t le, flora l envelope, which is quit ea romat ic. Wood exceedingly ha rd, rema rka ble for t oughness a nd du ra bility.

SOURCE.This is an Australian tree, but is cultivated extensively,especially in malarial districts in various subtropical portions of thew orld. In C a lifornia t he tree is abunda nt . At t he Sta te Forestry St a t ionat San Monica forty-four species are cultivated. Among these, theGlobulus is the most valuable. The Amygdalina possesses the bestemollient properties. E. rostrata Schlecht (red gum) furnishes an



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inspissat ed juice, wh ich is u sed for t he sa me purpose as kino.



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I t has been stated that the anti-malarial property at tr ibuted to thesetrees is probably due to their power of absorbing moisture rather thanfrom ema na tions from t hem. They probably a ct in a dua l ca pacity.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Petiolate, scythe-shaped, from 150 to300 mm. (6 to 12 in.) long, 20 to 40 mm. (4/5 t o 13/5 in.) broa d, t a pering

from near the base to the apex; pale grayish-green, smooth, and of aleathery texture; margin entire, with a parallel vein a short distancefrom it, running from base to apex of the leaf; odor camphoraceous;ta ste cooling, bitt er, astr ingent , an d a romat ic.


CON S TITU E NTS .The virt ues of t he lea ves depend u pon a vola t ile oil

(which contains the valuable antiseptic, Eucalyptol) existing to theextent of 2 to 6 per cent.; the freshly-dried leaves yield the greatestproportion.

ACTION AND U SE S.U sed a s a febrifuge, st imulan t , a nd a stringent .It s principa l a ction, how ever, is th a t of th e volat ile oil, or ra th er its chiefconstituent, eucalyptol, C 10H 18O, antiseptic. Dose: 1/2 to 2 dr. (2 to 8

G m.). Dose of euca lypt ol cineol: 5 drops (0.3 mil)

OFFI CI AL P RE P ARATION.

Fluidextractum Eucalypti D ose: 5 t o 60 dr ops (0.3 t o 4 mil s)-

368a. OLEUM EUCALYPTI .A colorless or yellowish volatile oil,distilled from the fresh leaves. It has a spicy, cooling taste, andsomewhat camphoraceous odor. Consists of two hydrocarbons (cymene,C10H 14, and eucalyptene, C10H 16), a terpene, and Eucalyptol,

C10H 18O, upon which its value depends; it is obtained as one of the

fra ctions in t he dist illa t ion of th e oil, coming over bet w een 170 t o 178C .It should cont a in not less th a n 70 per cent . of Euca lyptol w hen a ssa yedby t he officia l process. S hould be kept prot ect ed from light in cool pla ce.It is a nearly colorless liquid, with a strong, aromatic, camphoraceousodor ; slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol, carbondisulphide, and glacial acetic acid. Dose: 5 to 10 drops (0.3 to 0.6 mil).Ant iseptic. Used frequent ly as a n inha lan t in respira tory disea ses eith erw ith a t omizer or w ith st eam . D ose of t he oil: 5 to 10 drops (0.3 to 1 Mil)



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368b. EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATAS chlecht .RE D G um. The resin or inspissat edjuice. Synonyms: CREEK GUM, MURRAY RED Gum, RED GUM KINO,EUCALYPTI GUMMI. Habi ta t: Aust ra lia. S ma ll, a ngula r, ruby-red, shining pieces; inthin la yers tra nsparent. Resembles kino, but ha s a br ighter appea ra nce and is lessa str ingent. The t a ste is bitt er. Almost ent irely d issolved by a lcohol. Properties: A gooda str ingent, similar to kino. Preparations: Fluid a nd lozenges. U ses: Checks the purging

of mercurial pills administered for syphilis. Has been recommended for seasickness.Dose: 5 to 20 Minims of the fluid.

369. MYRCIA.BAY LEAVES. WAX MYRTLE. WILD CLOVE LEAVES. Theleaves of Myr'cia ac'risDe Ca ndolle, a West In dia n t ree. These leaves a re ar oma tica nd spicy, cont a ining a volat ile oil, which, when dist illed, forms t he Oleum My rci ,

a nd w hen distilled over with rum , forms ba y rum.

369a. OLEUM MYRCI(1890).OIL OF B AY. A vola t ile oil dist illedfrom bay leaves. It is a brownish-yellow, slightly acid liquid, having anagreeable, somewhat clove-like odor, and a warm, spicy taste; sp. gr.0.96 to 0.98. It consists of a light and a heavy oilthe light a



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hydrocarbon identical with that of cloves and allspice, the heavycomposed chiefly of eugenol.

PREPARATION.Spiritus Myrci(U .S .P . 1890) (8 per cent ., w ith t he oils of ora nge-peel

a nd pimenta ). Artificial B a y Rum.

370. CHEKAN.CHEKEN. The leaves of a Chilian evergreen shrub, Euge'niache'kan Molina. Tonic, expectorant, with some diuretic action. Dose of thefluidextr a ct: 30 to 60 drops (2 t o 4 mils) .

371. CARYOP H YLLU S.CLOVES

CLOVES

The dried flower buds of Euge'nia aroma'tica O. Kuntze (Iambosa caryophyllus

(Sprengel) Niedenzu) with not m ore t ha n 5 per cent . of peduncles, st ems a nd oth erforeign ma tt er.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A shrubby evergreen, with hard wood,covered with a smooth, gray bark. L eaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous.Petals4 , globular in bud, af t erwa rd spreading, whitish, a roma tic. Ovary2-celled; f r u i t a large, elliptica l berry.

SOURCE.The original habitat of the clove tree was the MoluccaIslands, but t hey ha ve been intr oduced into other E a st I ndian Islands,into Zanzibar (which now forms the principal source), and into

Cayenne. They are picked singly while green and are dried in the sun.Commercial: There are several varieties, as Molucco, Sumatra, andSouth America n, th e la tt er being ra th er inferior.

DE SC RIP TION OF DR U G .Cloves a re about 15 mm. (3/5 in.) long, of a

da rk brown or reddish-brow n a ppear a nce; the calyx t ube is long, nea rlycylindrical, crowned with the four stiff teeth (clasping the unexpandedcorolla); corollaof four lighter colored, unexpanded petals, forminga hollow ball on the top of the calyx-tube, inclosing the numerouscurved stamens and the single style; the ovary is inferior, situated nearthe top of the calyx-tube, and consists of two cells, each containingma ny ovules. A cross-sectionof the low er par t of th e ca lyx-tu be underth e microscope shows a th in out er layer sur rounding a da rker zone; thisouter layer contains a double ring of oil cells; the inner darker zonecontains an outside circle of about thirty fibrovascular bundles, with alarger bundle running through the center. Odor highly aromatic,



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especially when scratched; taste pungent and aromatic, followed byslight numbness.

P owd er.Cha ra cteristic elements: See P a rt iv, Cha p. 1, B .

CONSTITUENTS.About 18 per cent. of volatile oil, 17 per cent . oftannin, a little fixed oil, gum, resin, etc. Two crystalline principles havebeen separated, caryophyllin, C 10H 16O, white, odorless, and tasteless,

resinous, and eugenin, C10H 12O2, isomeric with eugenol of the volatile

oil, soluble in boiling alcohol and ether, as is also caryophyllin, butdiffering from the latter in turning red with nitric acid. Water extracts



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the volatile oil with scarcely any of the pungency of taste. Ash, notexceeding 8 per cent .

Prepar ati on of Caryophyl l i n.Treat ethereal extract of cloves with water, collectprecipita te, an d purify w ith a mmonia.

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant and carminat ive, used mostly as asynergist. D ose: 5 to 10 gr . (0.3 to 0.6 G m.).

OFFIC IAL P REP ARATION.Tinctura Lavandul Composita

(0.5 per cent .) D ose: 1/2 to 2 fl. dr . (2 to 8 mils).Tinctura Rhei Aromatica.

371a. CAROPHILLI FRUCTUS.-The ripe fru it , or Mot her C loves, resem bles clovesin appearance, but is thicker and somewhat lighter in color and less aromatic; the

corolla is a bsent, but th e ca lyx-teeth still a dhere.

371b. OLEUM CARYOPHYLLI .OIL OF CL OVE S . A pa le yellow ish-brown, thin liquid, becoming reddish-brown on exposure. It has aspecific gravity of 1.060 and boils at about 250C.; slightly acid; tastearomatic and hot; odor characteristic, aromatic. Oil of cloves consists oftwo oils-one lighter than water, the other heavier; the light oil,caryophyllene, C 15H 24, sp. gr. 0.91, is a pure hydrocarbon, and is

thought to be inactive; the heavy oil is a phenol-like liquid termedeugenol, or eug enic a cid, C 10H 12O2, sp. gr. 1.064 to 1.070

ACTION AND USES.Used for the same purposes as cloves, morecommonly, however, for introduction into an aching, carious tooth.D ose: 1 t o 5 drops (0.065 t o 0.3 mil)

372. P IME NTA, N.F .PIMENTA

A L L S P I C E

The nea rly r ipe dried fruit of Pimen'ta officina'lisLindley, including not more tha n 5per cent . of stems a nd foreign ma tt er.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.An elegant tree about 30 feet high, evergreen.Leavespellucid-puncta te, petiolat e. Flowersin ra cemes, white. Calyxand petals4-fold ,the latter greenish-white. F ru i t a berry, covered by the roundish, persistent base ofthe calyx. After r ipening, they lose their a roma tic wa rmth a nd a cquire a somewha tjuniper-like ta ste; hence th ey a re ga th ered in t he unripe sta te.



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SOURCE.West Indies, Mexico, and South America, the principal source beingJ a ma ica -from w hich it ha s received the na me of J a ma ica pepper.

DE SC RIP TION OF D RU G .G lobular , a bout the size of a large pea ; picked w hile yetgreen, becoming w rinkled and brown ish on drying , wit h t he four calyx-teeth a nd t heshort style still adherent to the apex, or a raised ring marking the position of thecalyx-teeth; it is divided into two cells, each of which contains a single, brownish,pla no-convex seed. The perica rp is finely t uber. cula t ed w ith num erous oil tuber cles.



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Odorspicy a nd a greea bly pungent; tasteclove-like.

Powder.Reddish-brown. Characteristic elements: Parenchyma of endosperm, withsta rch a nd resin; parenchyma of perica rp, with sta rch, resin, a nd calcium oxa lat e ina ggrega te crysta ls about 10, in diam .; sclerenchyma w ith st one cells, ha ving simple,bra nching pores; t richomes, short , one-celled; la rge oil a nd resin ducts; st a rch gra ins,

spherica l, 10 simple or compoun d. S ee Fig. 301

CONSTITUENTS.The properties depend upon a volatile oil and a green, acridfixed oil, existing to the extent of 10 per cent. and 8 per cent. respectively in thepericarp, and in considerably less quantities in the embryo. The yield of total ashshould not exceed: 6 per cent. of w hich th e a mount soluble in dilut e HC l should notexceed 0.5 per cent.

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant and carminative, as an adjuvant to tonic andpurg a t ive mixtu res. D ose: 5 to 30 gr. (0.3 t o 2 Gm .).

372a. OLEUM PIMENT (U.S.P. IX).A colorless, or pale yellow,volatile oil, becoming thick and reddish-brown by age. Specific gravity1.02 to 1.05, It closely resembles oil of cloves (q.v.), but has a morepleasant and less pungent odor; taste aromatic. Consists, like oil ofcloves, of a light and a heavy oil, the heavy oil being identical witheugenol.

ACTION AND U SE S.Sa me a s the ot her stimula nt a roma tic oils. Dose:1 to 5 drops (0.065 to 0.3 mil).

OFFIC IAL P REP ARATION.Spiritus Myrciae(U.S .P . 1890) (0.05 per cent .).

373.J AMBUL .J AVA P LU M. A la rge t ree, Eugen'ia jambola'na, grow ing in theEa st In dies, where its fruit is eaten a s a food. All pa r ts a re ast r ingent, but t he bark,a nd especially t he seeds, possess, in ad dition, the peculiar property of arr esting t heformation of sugar in diabetes, and hence are " likely to prove a valuable remedy int his d isea se." Dose: 5 to 10 gr. (0.3 to 0.6 G m.).

374. OLEU M CAJ U P U TI.OIL OF CAJ UP UT

OIL OF CAJ UP UT

A vola tile oil distilled from t he lea ves of Melaleu'ca leucaden'dronLinn.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A tree with crooked stem and scatteredbranches, the branchlets drooping like those of the weeping willow; bark whitish.Leaves lanceolate, deep green, entire, from 3 to 4 inches long. Flowerssma ll, white,inodorous, in a xillar y spikes.



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H AB ITAT.E a st In dies.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.A light bluish-green (probably due tocopper), limpid liquid having a penetrating, agreeable odor, and aw a rm, cam phora ceous, bitter, a fterw a rd sa line or cooling, ta ste. Specificgra vity 0.912 t o 0.925. It ha s a slight ly a cid rea ction.

CONSTITUENTS.The principal constituent is the hydrate of thehydrocarbon, cajuputene, C10H 16 (Cajuputol, C10H 16H 2O said to be

ident ica l w ith eucalypt ol, or cineol, from eucalypt us. The comm ercia l oiloften contains a trace of copper, not in large enough quantities to beda ngerous, however.



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ACTION AND USES.Highly st imulant , carminat ive, and acoun t erirr it a nt in rheum a t ism. D ose: 1 to 10 drops (0.065 t o 0.65 mil).

COMBRETACE

375. MYROBOLANUS.MYROB OLANS. The fru it of Termina'lia chebu'la, andof other species of Terminalia growing in the East Indies. Oblong, pyriform, orroundish-oval, from 30 to 50 mm. (11/5to 2 in.) in lengt h, da rk brow n or ora nge color.

Severa l var ieties of the fruit a re used occa siona lly a s a mild la xat ive a nd a str ingent,but now principally in the a rt s for ta nning, etc.

ONAGRACE.Evening Primrose Family

376. EPILOBIUM.WILLOW-HERB. The herb of Epilo'bium angustifo'liumLinn. Habi ta t: Northern Hemisphere. I t has a smooth, reddish stem, branching

a bove, a rising from a long, y ellowish-wh ite root, a nd bearing th e purplish-pink flow ersin a ra ceme resembling th ose of th e willow ; hence th e na me w illow -herb. Demulcenta nd a str ingent. Dose: 30 to 60 gr. (2 to 4 Gm .).

377. NOTHERA BIENNIS Linn.EVENING PRIMROSE. Habi ta t: NorthAmerica . Astringent , a lterat ive.

ARALIACE.-Ginseng -Family

378. PANAX.GINSENG. (Official, 1840-1880). The root of Pa'naxquinquefo'liumWilldenow. Cult ivat ed in Ohio, West Virginia, Minnesota , a nd q uiteextensively an d profita bly in Michiga n, a nd exported t o Ch ina , wh ere, from its fan ciedresemblance to the human figure, it is supposed to possess miraculous powers inpreventing and curing diseases, a nd w here a t one t ime i t w a s valued at i ts weight ingold. It h a s, however, little medicina l properties except a s a demulcent a nd a romat icstimu lan t; n ot used extensively in medicine. It is a soft, y ellow ish-w hite, fusiform root,a bout th e thickness of th e finger, w ith t w o or t hree equa l bra nches below . A cross-sectionshows a ha rd cent ra l port ion, surrounded by a th ick, soft, w hite inner corticallay er; wit h t hin ba rk, conta ining num erous reddish resin-cells; w ood-w edges na rrow;medullar y ra ys broad; odor feeble; ta ste sw eet, slight ly a romat ic. The sw eet principleis panaquilon, C12H 25O9.

Prepar ati on of Panaqui l on.Concent ra te t he cold infusion t o a syrup, precipita te byconcentrated solution of sodium sulphate, wash the precipitate thoroughly with thesaline solution, then treat with alcohol, which dissolves the principle; evaporate todryness.



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379. ARALIA NUDICAULISL inn.FALSE SARSAP ARILL A. WILD LIC ORICE .Habi ta t: North America . (Rh izome.) H orizont a l, often 300 mm. (12 in.) in lengt h, a ndabout the thickness of the little finger; it has a yellowish-brown, wrinkled, anda nnulat e bark, inclosing a yellow wood a nd spongy pith; somewha t a roma tic; ta stewarm, aromatic, and sweetish. The rhizome of Ara'lia racemo'sa, N.F. Linn(America n S pikena rd) is short a nd fr om 25 to 50 mm. (1 to 2 in.) th ick, ma rked a bove

by prominent stem-scars and beset below with long, branching rootlets; externallypale brown, internally whitish; more aromatic and spicy than A. nud icau' l is. Bo thrhizomes are used extensively in domestic practice as stimulant, diaphoretic, anda ltera t ive. Dose: 30 to 60 gr. (2 to 4 G m.), in infusion.

380. ARALIA HISPIDA Ventenat .DWARF ELDER. Habitat : United States.(Rh izome.) Diuret ic; used in d ropsy, etc. D ose of fluidextr a ct: 1 t o 2 fl. dr . (4 to 8 mils).

UMBELLIFER.-Parsley Family

Herbs w ith hollow stems. The um bella te inflorescenceth e genera l chara cter of t he

order-gives rise t o its n a me. The f r u i t , called a cremocarp (from cremao, to support,and karpos, fruit), is perhaps the most marked characteristic of the order; itorigina tes from one ova ry sur mounted by 2 sty les and often crow ned by t he limb ofth e ca lyx, and ha s 2 cells a nd 2 seeds. The entire fruit is usu a lly ellipsoida l, but in t hecase of the coriander it is spherical; it divides itself into two mericarps (half-fruits)suspended by t heir sum mit s from a slend er a xis (car pophore) , usua lly 2 -forked; ea chmericarp has 5 to 10 more or less prominent ridges (juga), in the furrows or groovesbetw een w hich a re severa l oil-t ubes (vitt ), usua lly -visible in cross-section; in a nisethere are usually 15, in coriander 2. The roots contain an abundance of aromaticresin.



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CONSTITUENTS.It contains a slight quantity of a light hydrocarbonoil, but principally anethol, C 10H 12O, which is present in both liquid

(liquid anethol) and solid form (anise camphor); by oxidation thisanethol is converted into anisic acid; anethol is the principalconstituent also of fennel and star anise, the most of the commercialanise oil being derived from the last-named fruit. Anethol is recognizedin the Nat iona l Formulary .

Pr epar ati on of Aneth ol.Obta ined by fractional distillat ion; by oxidat ion is convertedinto anisic acid.

OFFI CI AL P RE P ARATIONS.Aqua Anisi(0.2 per cent .) D ose: 4 fl. dr. (16 mils).Spiritus Anisi(10 per cent .) 90 dr ops (6 mils ).Spiritus Aurantii Compositus(0.5 per cent.),Tinctura Opii Camphorata(0.4 per cent .), 2 fl. dr. (8 mils).

382. FNICULUM.F E N N E L

F E N N E L

The dried nea rly ripe fruit of Fnic'ulum vulga'reMiller wit h not more tha n 4 percent. of foreign ma tt er.

B OTANIC AL C HARACTER IS TIC S.Stem somew ha t furrowed, 3 feet high. L eavesmuch compounded, cut into fringe-like segments. U mbels wit h 6 t o 8 ra ys, w ithout

involucre or in volucel.

HABITAT.Chiefly imported from Germany, although the cultivatedpla nt s in the gar dens of this count ry* pa rt ially supply the ma rket.

DE SC RIP TION OF D RU G .Va rying in size, th e longest often being 12mm. (1/2 in.) in length; oblong, terete, a cross-section showing a nearly

circular surface; the mericarps are usually separated, however, andslightly curved, their surface dark brown and smooth, with theexception of the five prominent, filiform, lighter colored ribs, the two

lateral ones rather broader; in each depression is one oil tube, and onthe flat side or commissure there are two. There are two prominentvariet ies: Saxon, or German, about 4 mm. (1/6 in.) long, dark brown,

usua lly in ha lf-fruit s w ith out foot -st a lks. The other (Roma n) is a bout 12mm. (1/2 in.) in length, lighter brown, with more prominent ribs, and

often in the whole state and furnished with footstalk. Both, however,Sayres Materia Medica part IV - Page 39


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are about the same in aromatic propert ies, and have a warm, sweet ,a roma tic ta ste. Bit ter fennel, from a w ild pla nt of Southern Fra nce, is asma ll fruit, bitt er a nd spicy. India n fennel (6.7 mm. in length ), a nise-likeodor used in the preparation of compound infusion of senna (2 percent.).

P owd er.Cha ra cteristic elements: See P a rt iv, Cha p. I, B .



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ca lcium oxala te (1 to 2 in dia m.); oth er parenchyma w ith st a rch a nd chloroplast ids;sclerenchyma, from fruit and stalk with bast f ibers, long and thin-walled, withnumerous pores; collenchymatous cells from mericarp, yellowish, nearlyisodiametrical, irregularly thickened.

CONS TITU E NTS .The liquid a lka loid, coniine, C8H 17N (the active constituent),

methyl coniine, C 8H 16(CH 3)N (also liquid), conhydrine, and its isomer,

pseudoconiine. Coniine is a yellow ish, oily, vola t ile liqu id (sp. gr. 0.88), very a crid, a ndof a strong, mouse-like odor; it is strongly basic, and is combined in the fruit withconhy dric acid, from w hich it ma y inst a nt ly be freed a nd it s odor developed in th e fruitby rubbing with potassa, as noted above; i ts action is that of a paralyzant to themotor nervous system. Methyl coniine resembles it inaction. Conhydrine is iniridescent scales, melt ing a t 120.6C.

Prepar ati on of Coni in e.Liberated from drug by distilling it with alkali. Methyl

coniine a nd conhydr ine is likely t o come over w ith it.

Separ ati on of Conh ydr in e fr om Coni in e.Reduce the t emperat ure of the oily liquidcontaining the two by a freezing mixture. Recrystallize from ether. Occurs iniridescent scales, less poisonous than coniine.

ACTION AND USES.Conium is narcotic and sedative; its principal action is as aparalyzant to the motor nerves. Dose: 3 to 5 gr. (0.2 to 0.3 Gm.). The alkaloidconiine is a n a ctive poison, th e dose being from 1/4 t o 1/2drops (0.0164 to 0.0324 mil);

dose of th e hydrochlorat e is probably a bout 1/6gr . (0.01 G m.).

384. CONII FOLIA.HE MLOCK LE AVES. G ra yish-green, thin, sm ooth , from 100to 300 mm. (4 to 12 in.) long, twice or thrice decompound, with oblonglanceolate,acute, sharply serrate divisions; petiolate, the petiole hollow; odor mouse-like; tastedisagreeable. They contain coniine in very small quantity, and are less active thanthe fruit, but used for the same purposes -as an anodyne and antispasmodic forcont rolling ma nia ca l excitement a nd spasm odic affections, such a s w hooping-cough,etc. Dose: a bout 5 gr. (0.3 Gm .).



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385. CARU M.CARAWAY

CARAWAY

The dried fruit of Car'um car'vi Linn prevented from attacks of insects bychloroform or carbon tetrachloride.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A biennial 2 feet in height, with bipinnateleaves. The umbel rarely involucrate, flowersconsisting of 5 obcorda te, sm a ll, wh itepetals; carpels with 5 filiform ridges; stylopodium (the disk-like expansion of thereceptacle) depressed. Fru i t brown ish, oblong, slightly curved.

HABITAT.Asia ; int roduced int o America .

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.The mericarps,

w hich a re usually sepa ra ted, are a bout 4 to 5mm. (1/6 t o 1/5 in.) in length, tapering

somewhat at the ends. Surface dark brown,smooth, with the exception of the fivelighter colored, filiform ribs, betweenwhich are the six large, easily visible oil-tubes. A cross-section shows the pentangularseed a nd oilt ubes. Odor and tastea roma tic,agreeable. "Drawn fruits : This name hasbeen applied to a form of adulterated

carawaya part ially exhausted fruit ,whereby they have been deprived of aportion of the volatile oil. It is said thatDutch seed of fair quality should give over5 per cent. of volatile oil. Exhausted fruits

have been found to contain but 1.5 to 1.9 per cent. of oil. They are ofmuch darker color than the genuine. The American seed is slightlysma ller tha n t he G erman . The seed cult ivat ed in Northern G erman y istoo deficient in essential oil for profitable distillation, but it has a fineappearance.


CONSTITUENTS.Volatile Oil 4 to 5 per cent., consisting of carvoneand carvene, see 385a; readily soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble inw a ter. Ash, not more tha n 8 per cent .



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ACTION AND USES.Stimulant , stomachic, and carminat ive, and ana djuva nt . Dose: 15 t o 30 gr. (1 to 2 G m.).

OFFI CI AL P RE P ARATION.Tinctura Cardamomi Composita(1.2

per cent .) Dose: 1 to 4 fl. dr . (4 t o 15 mils ).

385a. OLEUM CARI , U.S.A limpid, colorless or pale yellow volatileoil, specific gravity 0.92, with an aromatic odor and taste, becomingacrid and of a higher specific gravity when exposed. It consists of twoport ions, a light hydr oca rbon, carvene, identical with limonene, and ahea vy oil, carvone, isomeric with th ymol.

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant , stomachic, carminat ive, andadjuvant. Dose: 1 to 10 drops (0.065 to 0.6 mil).

OFFI CI AL P RE P ARATION.Spiritus J uniperi Compositus

(0.05 per cent .) D ose: 2 t o 4 fl. dr . (8 to 15 mils ).

386. CORIANDRUM.CORIANDER

CORIANDER

The dr ied ripe fruit of Corian'drum sati'vumLinn with out a dmixture of more tha n5 per cent. of oth er fruit, s eeds or other foreign m a tt er.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.An annual herb about two feet high, with anoffensive, bedbug-like odor, w ith smooth stem a nd bipinna te leaves. Calyx5-t oot hed ;petalsobcorda te (the exterior ones bifid), w hite, often w ith a pink tinge. Capsulesw i thprimary ridges obsolete, the four secondary ones prominently keeled. Fru i t globose;seed covered w ith a loose membra ne.

HABI TAT.It a ly; cultivat ed in a ll pa rt s of E urope an d U nited S ta tes.

DE SCRIP TION OF DRU G .Almost globular, about 3 mm. (1/8in.) in

diameter, slightly pointed at the apex (style) and with the persistentcalyx-teeth around the pedicel-scar at the base. The two concave,hemispherical mericarps are closely united at the edge by thewoody pericarp; their outer surface is pale yellowish-brown, sometimespurplish-tinted, with five primary ribs merely indicated by wavy,slightly raised lines, and four more prominent secondary ribs. Theinterior of the fruit is a lent icula r cavit y. Odor fra gra nt (th e odor of the



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fresh plant and fruit is ftid,resembling bedbugs); tastearomatic.

Powder.Characteristic elements:

See P a rt iv , Cha p. I , B.

CONSTITUENTS.Volatileoil, 1/2 to 1 per cent.,

containing coriandrol,C 10H 18O. also dextropinene,

fat , mucilage. Ash, notexceeding 7 per cent. Soluble

ether extra ct, 0.5 per cent .

ACTION AND USES.Feeble aromatic and stimulant; mostly used asan aromatic addit ion to, or a corrective of, purgative preparations.D ose: 8 to 30 gr . (0.5 t o 2 G m.).

386a. OLEUM CORIANDRI .An a lmost colorless or yellow ish vola t ileoil with the characteristic aromatic odor and taste of the fruit ; specificgra vity 0.863 t o 0.875; neut ra l in rea ction. It is one of t he most st a ble ofthe volatile oils in its power of resisting oxidation when exposed. Itconsists mainly of d-linalool or coriandrol, C 10H 18O. St imulant and

car mina t ive, like th e other a roma t ic oils. Dose: 1 to 5 drops (0.065 to 0.3mil).

OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS.Spiritus AurantiiCompositus(2.0 per cent.)

Dose: 1 t o 4 fl. dr. (4 t o 15 mils) lina lool.Syrupus Senn (0.5 per cent .) 1 fl. dr . (4 mils ) .

387. ANETHUM.DILL FRUIT OR DILL SEED. The fruit of Ane'thumgraveo'lens Linn, an herb of Levant and Southern Europe. Oval-oblong, usuallysepa ra ted into the t wo thin merica rps; these have a smooth brown surface, wit h f iveribs, the two lateral ones expanded into a lighter colored, membranous wing

surrounding the fruit; oil-tubes six, two on the concave inner face and one in eachinterva l between t he ribs; odor an d ta ste cara wa y-like, depending upon t he volat ile oil,the heavy portion of which is doubtless carvol. Stimulant, carminative, andst oma chic. Dose: 8 t o 30 gr. (0.5 t o 2 G m.).

387a. OLEUM ANETHI .P a le yellow , with th e cha ra cteristic odor of the fruit, a nda pungent, sw eetish, a cr id ta ste. I t is of f icial in t he B rit ish P ha rma copia, w here it is



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sometimes u sed t o prepar e dill-w a ter.

388. APIUM.CELERY FRUIT. From A'pium. graveo'lens Linn, N.F., thecommon celery of our gardens, native to Levant and Southern Europe. Roundish-ovate, very small, brown cremocarps, generally separated into the two mericarps,w hich h a ve five ribs a nd a bout six oil-tubes. They cont a in a volat ile oil an d a yellow ish

liquid principle, apiol, an oleoresinous substance, but somewhat analogous to thefixed oils; th is a piol is chiefly extra cted for medicina l use from pa rsley, how ever; it isused a s a n emm ena gogue in doses of to to 12 drops (0.6 t o 1 mil).

Prepar ati on of Api ol.The simplest process for it s separ a tion is t o exha ust th e fruitwith petroleum-benzene, evaporate the solvent, and treat the residue with strongalcohol. On evaporation, the apiol remains. A process resulting in a pure, almostcolorless a piol is published in P ha rm . Archiv, Feb., 1899. Dose: 71/2t o 23 gr . (0.5 t o

1.5 G m.).

Celery is st imula nt , a nt ispasm odic, a nd ca rmina tive. Dose of fl 'ext.: 5 to 15 drops (0.3

to 1 mil)

389. AJ OWAN.The fruit of Ca'rum ajow'an Bentham and Hooker . Habi ta t:Southern Asia and Egypt. Ovate, somewhat compressed laterally, about 2 mm- (1/12

in.) long, with a rough, gravish-brown surface; mericarps usually separated,cont a ining six oil-t ubes. The la rge fruit s much resemble t hose of common pa rsley, butare readily distinguished from them and other small umbellifer by their odor andvery rough surfa ce. Odor thyme-like; taste pungent and aromatic, due to a volatileoil, 5 to 6 per cent., w hich consists of a t erpene, cymene, a nd th e stea ropten, thymol.Ajowan is one of the commercial sources of this stearopten. Oil of ajowan, whenfreshly distilled, is color. less, but soon a cquires a slight ly yellow t inge. It h a s a n a crid,burning ta ste. Ca rmina tive, s toma chic, ha ving the sam e properties a s t hymol (see

below). D ose: 10 t o 30 gr. (0.6 to 0.2 G m.).

390. THYMOL

THYMOL

A phenol, C 10H 13OH, obtained by fractional distillation of oils from Thymus

vulgaris, Carum ajowan, and Monarda punctata. That portion coming over at392F. (260C.) is separately collected and subjected to freezing, when thymolcryst a llizes out ; or by distilling off a gr eat er part of the light oils or hyd roca rbons a ndobta ining the th ymol from the rema ining heavier liquid by the use of ca ustic soda a nd

HCl.

DESCRIPTION.Sm a ll, colorless sca les or la rge, tr a nslucent cryst a ls ofthe hexagonal system having a thyme-like odor arid pungent taste,somewhat caustic to the lips. It melts at about 50C. (122F.), but doesnot crystallize again until a much lower temperature is reached.Sparingly soluble in water (1:1200), but dissolves in less than its own



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weight of alcohol, ether, or chloroform. The crystals have a specificgra vity of 1.069, but t he melt ed liquid is lighter t ha n w a ter. Ch emica lly,t hy mol is cons idered a s isopropyl-met a -cresol (C6H 3.C H3.OH.C3H 7), and

is closely related to carvacrol, which is regarded as isopropyl-ortho-cresol. the two differing in the relative position of the hydroxyl group.When 2 Gm. are volatilized on waterbath not more than 0.05 per cent.of residue should r ema in. I t should m elt fr om 48 t o 51C .

As a solid it is hea vier t ha n w a ter but w hen liquefied by fusion is light erthan w a t er .

ACTION AND U SE S.St imula nt a nd powerful antiseptic, generallya pplied externa lly in oint ment or lotion, or in a spra y, considered almostas a specific in Hookworm disease. Aristol.A name applied to thymoliodide (q .v.). In t ern a l dose: 1 to 2 gr. (0.065 to 0.13 G m.).

391. PETROSELINI RADIX, N.F.PARSLEY. The root of Petroseli'numsati'vum Hoffman, native to Southern Europe, but cultivated extensively as a comion ga rden pla nt . A t a pering root from 100 to 200 mm . (4 to 8 in.) long, a nd a bout 12mm. (1/2in.) th ick externa lly yellow ish or light brown , ma rked with close an nula r rings

a bove and longitudinal w rinkles at the lower end; fra cture short , showing a thick ba rkdotted with resin cells, and a porous, pale yellow wood, with very irregular, whitemedulla ry ra ys. When fresh, it h a s a strong, aroma tic odor, but is only faint ly so whendry; taste sweetish, slightly aromatic. It is the chief source of apiol (also found incelery), a yellowish liquid somewhat analogous to the fixed oils, given as anemmen a gogue in d oses of 10 to 15 drops (0. 6 to 1 mil). The r oot is given in in fusion a s

a ca rmina tive, and a s a laxa tive and diuretic in nephrit ic a nd dropsica l a f fections.Dose: 30 to 60 gr. (2 to 4 G m.).

391a. PETROSELINUM, U .S.P . IX, applies th is term t o the fruit wh ich is ova te,about 2 mm. (1/12in.) long, w ith a greenish or brownish-gra y surfa ce, the merica rps

usually sepa ra ted. I t conta ins the sa me principa l ingredients , a nd is used for a boutt he sa me pur poses a s t he root. D ose: 8 t o 30 gr. (0.5 t o 2 G m.). See Apiol 391b.

Powder.Microscopica l element s of: See P a rt iv, Cha p. I, B .

Official Preparati on.Oleoresina P etroselini.

391b. APIOL(L. apinum, parsley, + ol), an oleoresinous liquid, heavier th a n w a ter, ofa persistent odor , distinct from the plant , a nd a n a cr id, pungent t a ste; from certa inumb elliferous fruits , chiefly pa rsley " seed" (fruit). A cryst a lline compound , C12H 14O4,

a purified apiol(pa rsley cam phor) is obta ina ble. Dill oil yields a liq uid apiolwhich ha sth e sam e composition a s th e cryst a lliza ble apiolfrom t he pa rsley. (See a lso 388.)



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392. PHELLANDRIUM.WATER DROPWORT. FIVE-LEAVED WATERHEMLOCK. The fruit of a European aquatic plant, nan'the phellan'driumLamarck. From 2 to 3 mm. (1/12 t o 1/8in.) in length , terete, oblong, na rrowed a t one

end, a nd crowned w ith th e sty lopodium; y ellow ish-brown or bla ckishbrown in color;ta ste a roma tic, s l ightly a cr id; odor st rong, somewha t ca ra wa ylike, but disagreeable.Its aromatic properties depend upon a volatile oil, but there are indications of anarcotic alkaloid, possibly coniine, as the characteristic mouse-like odor isdeveloped when the powdered seeds are rubbed with a solution of potassa. Slightlynarcotic, stimulant, but more particularly used in chronic affections of the air-passages, as bronchitis, etc. Dose of powder about 5 gr. (0.3 Gm.), cautiouslyincreased.

393. CUMINUMCUMIN SEED. The fruit of Cumi'num cym'inum Linn.Habi ta t: Egypt; cult ivated in Southern Europe. Resembles caraway, but may bedistinguished by it s entirely different , peculiar , hea vy odor, a nd in being w hole fruitsa nd not ha lf-fruits, a s in the la tt er; surface brow n, rough, an d ha iry; ribs 18, oil-tu bes6; taste aromatic, bitterish, disagreeable. It contains a volatile oil, often used as a

ca rmina tive, w hich consists of three different oils (tw o hydroca rbons a nd cuminol).Cum in is much str onger a s a st imula nt th a n th e oth er umbelliferous fruits. D ose: 8 to30 gr. (0.5 to 2 G m.).

394. CAROTA.CARROT FRUIT. From wild plants of Dau'cus caro'ta Linn.Habi ta t: United States and Europe. Light, oval-oblong fruits, dorsally compressed;merica rps usua lly united, brownish, each with five hairy prima ry ribs an d four moreprominent secondary ones beset with long, white bristles; odor aromatic; tastew a rm, bit terish. Aroma tic stimula nt , diuretic. Dose: 8 to 30 gr. (0.5 to 2 G m.).

395. ANGELICA ATROPURPUREA.AMERICAN ANGELICA. (Root.) Thishighly a roma tic root wa s officia l in the U .S.P ., 1860-70. It is similar t o

396. ANGELICA, A.OFFICINALIS.EUROPEAN ORGARDEN ANGELICA. (Root.) Thea roma is due to a fra gra nt volat i le oil.Also contains angelic acid(a lso foundin sumbul), which ha s a n a ction on t henerves. Description: Rootstock 5 to 10cm. (2 to 4 in.) long , 2.5 to 5 cm. (1/2in .)

thick, crowned with remnants of leaf-bases, rather thick bark, curved

yellowish, porous wood-wedges, aw hitish pith, spongy, especia lly in root-bra nches, ra dia ting lines of la rge resin-ducts in t he bark, bast ra ys destitut e ofbast fibers. Aromatic stimulant,stomachic, and carminative. Dose: 30t o 60 gr. (2 to 4 G m.).



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Angelica Fructus, th e ripe fruits of Angelica Archan gelica , Linn , a nd Angelica Ra dix,th e rhizome a nd r oots of Angelica Atropurpurea, L inn, a re recognized in t he Na tiona lFormulary.

397. ASAFTIDA.ASAFETIDAASAFETIDA

A gum -resin obta ined by incisingth e rhizomes a nd roots of Ferulaasafoetida, Linn, of Feru'lafoe'tida Regel, and some otherspecies of Ferula.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A

gigantic herbaceous plant, 10feet high, with radical leaves 18inches long, bipinnate; calyxnearly obsolete, consisting of 5minute points. Fruit broadlyelliptical, thin, foliaceous, withdilated border; vitt incons-picuous.

SOURCE.This plant , andother species from which

commercial asafetida isprocured, grows in WesternThibet, Kashmir, Persia,Turkestan, and Afghan-ista n. The pla nt is cut off att he root , an d th e milky juiceexuding is allowed toharden, the sun being

excluded by branches and leaves thrown over the cut surface; when ithas solidified it is scraped off, and another slice of the root is cut off to

expose a fresh surface, this operation being continued until the root isexhausted.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Masses composed of white tears of variousshapes and sizes, imbedded in a brown, sticky mass, along withvegeta ble tr a sh a nd eart hy impurities. These ma sses a re at first soft , butharden on exposure, the tears breaking with a conchoidal fracture, at



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f irst milk-white, but gradually turning pink, and at last brown. I tresembles galbanum very much in appearance, but is easily.distinguished by its strong, disagreeable, alliaceous odor, due to asulphuretted volatile oil present to the extent Of 3 to 9 per cent. Onadding ammonia to a decoction of the sublimated resin, a blue

fluorescence is exhibited. Taste acrid, bitter, and alliaceous.

When a ssa yed by t he official process a sa ftida should cont a in not lesst ha n 60 per cent. of a lcohol soluble const itu ents .

VARIETIES.Besides the above-described variety, the amygdaloid,w hich is th e most comm on, th ere are oth er forms in w hich it ent ers themarket :

- Liquid asa foet ida is a perma nent , syrupy liquid, white, turn ing

brown on exposur e.

- Asa foetida in tea rs is th e purest va riety .

- St ony a sa ftida , never used m edicina lly, consists of pieces of gypsumor oth er ea rt hy ma teria l coa ted w ith a th in layer of th e milkjuice.

CON S TITU E NTS .The grea t er pa rt of a sa foetida consist s of a gum (20t o 30 per cent .) a nd r esin (50 t o 70 per cent .). These, w it h t he vola t ile oil(3 to 9 per cent.), form with water a milky emulsion. The resin is

regarded by Tschirch as the ferulic ester of asaresino-tannol, C 24H 35O5,which, by sublimation, yields umbelliferone. There is also contained inthe drug vanillin 0.06 per cent., ferulic acid, C10H 10O4, 1.28 per cent.

The resin, when fused with KOH, yields resorcin and protocatechuica cid. The min era l impurit ies often a mount t o 40%, especia lly in th a timported from Herat, where it is adulterated with red clay. Ash (ofResin ), not t o exceed 15 per cent .; (P owd er), not t o exceed 30 per cent .

For an exha ustive trea tise on G um Resins, etc., the student is referred to Ana l ysisof Resins, B a lsams a nd G um Resins, Their Ch emistry a nd P ha rma cognosis , by Ca rl

Diet rich (Scott , G reenw ood & Co., London).

ACTION AND USES.Asafoetida combines the properties of ast imulat ing antispasmodic with those of an efficient expectorant,making it a valuable remedy in spasmodic affections of the respiratorytract, as whooping-cough, asthma, etc. It is also a laxative, especiallyuseful in cases of flat ulence. Dose: 5 to 8 gr . (0.3 t o 0.5 G m.).



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OFFI CI AL P RE P ARATIONS.

Emulsum Asaftid (4 per cent .), D ose: 2 t o 4 fl. dr. (8 to 15 mils).Tinctura Asaftid(20 per cent .), 10 t o 40 drops (0.6 t o 2.6 mils).Pilul Asaftid(ea ch pill conta ining

a bout 3 gr. of a sa foetida , with soa p as a n excipient ) 2 to 5 pills.

398. GALBANUM.GALBANUM. A gum-resin imported from Persia, but thebota nical source of w hich is not d efinitely decided; it is genera lly considered, however,

as a spontaneous exudation fromFeru'la galbani'flua Boissier etBuhse, and other species of Ferula,large plants growing in t ha t region.I t is usually met w ith in pa le yellowor brownish tears, ranging in sizefrom a pea to a hazelnut,

occasionally separate and with ashining, va rnished surfa ce, but moregenera lly a gglutinat ed into a more orless hard mass by means of ada rker, yellowish-brow n, sometimesgreenish, substance. In winter thismass has the consistence of firmwax, but in the heat of summer i tbecomes soft and sticky; odorbalsam ic; ta ste a cr id and bit t er .

CONSTITUENTS.Besides gum

a nd resin, it conta ins the interestingprinciple, umbelliferone (commonto many umbelliferous plants),acicular crystals, producing abrilliant blue fluorescence on thea ddition of an a lka li.

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant,expectorant, and antispasmodic.D ose: 5 to 8 gr. (0 . 3 to 0 . 5 Gm .).

399. AMMONIACUM.GUM AMMONIAC. A gum-resin exuding from Dore'maammoni'acumD on. Off. U .S.P ., 1890. Roundish t ears va rying in size from 1.5 to 12mm. (1/16t o 1/2in.) in dia meter, externa lly yellow or pale yellow ish-brow n. When w a rm

it is of the consistence of w a x, but it becomes britt le when cold, breaking w ith a milk-wh ite, wa xy fracture, tra nslucent a t the edges; odor ba lsamic, s tronger on heat ing;



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ta ste acr id, bi t ter , and na useous. Lump amm oniac is a ninfer ior qua lity in w hich th e tears a re agglutina ted. Ca kea mm onia c is a very impure, da rk-colored, resinous m a ssexuding from the roots; imbedded in it are a few tearsand much vegetable and ear thy trash; i t is not usedinternally . Constituents.Volatile oil, gum resembling

acacia, resin (about 70 per cent. composed of two, oneacrid resin and one indifferent resin); it yields noumbelliferone. By fusing with KOH, yieldsprotocatechuic acid and resorcin, C 6H 6O2, Among the

derivatives of the acid resin are salicylic acid,ammoresinotannol, etc. Similar toa saftidastimulat ing expectorant , a ntispasmodic andlaxative-but less powerful. Dose: 10 to 30 gr. (0. 6 to 2Gm.).

Emulsum Ammoniaci4 per cent.),

U .S .P . 1890 D ose: 1/2 to 1 fl. oz. (1.5 to 30 mils).Emplastrum Ammomaci cum Hydrargyro (72 percent., w ith mercury,

oleate of mercury, dilute acetic acid, and leadplast er), U .S.P . 1890.

400. SU MB U L.S U M B U L

MUS K ROOT

The rhizomes and roots of Feru'la sum'bul (Kauffma nn ) Hooker filius.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Root fusiform;perennial stem 8 to 10 feet high. F ru i t oblong-ovate,monocarpous. When punctured, the branches yield an

angelica-flavored milk-juice.

H AB ITAT.Regions nort h a nd ea st of B rit ish In dia .

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Transverse segments about 10 to 50

mm.2

/5 to 2 in.) long, and 25 mm- (1 in.) thick. They have a dusky-brown, wrinkled bark, just beneath which is a whitish, spongy,parenchymatous layer, under the microscope dotted with brown,translucent, resinous exudations from large resin-ducts. Thebrownish-yellow interior is a spongy mass consisting of coarsefibers, easily separa ble, and indiscrimina tely mixed a nd t w isted with th emedullary rays; fracture short and fibrous. Odor musk-like; t as te



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sweetish a t f irst , becoming bit ter a nd ba lsamic, a nd leaving a sensa t ion,of wa rmt h in the mouth a nd th roa t . E . M. Holmes recommends tha t t hetrue root be cultivated, which he thinks possible in temperate andmounta inous distr icts in t he colonies or in ordina ry ga rdens a nd fields ofEn glan d. The tr ue root ha s a str ong, persistent , musky odor.

Powder.Cha ra cteristic elements: See Pa rt iv, Cha p. 1, B .

CONSTITUENTS.Sumbulic or angelic acid, C 5H 8O2, a small

quantity of valerianic acid, C 5H 10O2, and a small percentage of

bluish volatile oil, to which, however, its odor is not due, but to twobalsamic resins, or probably to some principle connected with them notyet isolat ed. The oil conta ins um belliferone, C9H 6O3

ACTION AND USES.Antispasmodic (due to the angelic andva lerian ic a cids cont a ined), st imula nt , a nd t onic. Dose: 15 to 30 gr- (1 to2 G m.).

OFFI CI AL P RE P ARATIONS.

Fluidextractum Sumbul Dose: 30 dr ops (2 Mils ).Extractum Sumbul 5 to 15 gr . (0.3 t o 1 G m.).

401. IMPERATORIA.MASTERWORT. The root of Imperato'ria ostru'thiumLinn. Habi ta t: Southern Europe. A conical root with a dark brownish-gray,annulated and tuberculated bark, inclosing a whitish wood-circle and a resin-dottedcentra l pith; odor a ngelica -l ike; ta ste pungent a nd bit ter . I t is a st imulant a roma tic,but is ra rely used in this count ry,

402. LASERPITIUM.WHITE GENTIAN. The root of Laserpi'tium latifo'liumLinn. Habi ta t: Centra l Europe. Somewha t conica l , wrinkled an d a nnulat ed above,bra nched below ; w ood w hitish, porous, deprived of th e brow n, corky la yer; a romat ica nd bitt er. Used a s a t onic a nd st imula nt . Dose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4 G m.).

403. LEVISTICUM.LOVAGE. The root of an aromatic European herb,Ligus'ticum levis'ticumLinn. This is thick, sparingly beset w ith fibers, and h a s a na nnula te, reddish-brown ba rk, inclosing a porous yellow wood; it ha s a n a roma tic odor

resembling tha t of a ngelica , and a sweetish, a roma tic, and pungent ta ste, somewha tbitter. Its medicinal properties are similar to those of angelica, being used as ana roma tic st imulan t a nd carmina tive, a nd a s a n a djuvan t t o tonic mixtures. Dose: 8 to30 gr. (0.5 to 2 G m.), in infu sion.

The root of Ligus'ticum filici'num, Osha or Colorad o Cough R oot, h a s enjoyed somenotoriety a s an expectora nt .



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404. PIMPINELLA.N.F. PIMPERNEL. The root of Pimpinel'la saxifra'gaLinn. Habi ta t: Europe. Diaphoretic, diuretic, and stomachic. It has also beenemployed in chronic ca ta rrh, a sthma , dropsy, amenorrhea, etc ., a nd a s a ma stica toryin t ooth a che. Dose: 15 to 30 gr. (1 t o 2 G m.), in infusion or powder.

405. THAPSIA GARGANICA Linn.(Root.) Used chiefly as a counter-irritant inrheuma tism, gout, bruises, etc.

406. CICUTA MACULATA.AMERICAN WATER-HEMLOCK. WILD PARSNIP.The root and leaves of Cicu'ta macula'ta Linn. Poisonous, sedative, narcotic;resembles conium in a ction an d ha s been used in its st ead, but th e tw o drugs shouldnot be confounded when conium is prescribed, as it sometimes is, by its old name,cicuta . Dose: 3 to 5 gr. (0. 2 to 0 . 3 Gm .). Ch ildren ha ve been poisoned by ea tin g t hefresh root, w hich resembles par snip in ta ste a nd smell.

407. ERYNGIUM AQUATICUM Linn.WATER ERYNGO. RATTLESNAKE'SMASTER.

Habi ta t: Un ited St a tes. (Root.) Dia phoretic a nd expectora nt , and h a s been

used a s a subst itut e for senega . Dose of fluidextra ct: 20 to 40 drops (1.3 to 2.6 mils).

408. OSMORRHIZA LONGISTYLIS De Candolle.SWEET CICELY. Habi ta t:United States and Canada. (Root.) Aromatic , s tomachic , carminative, andexpectora nt . It cont a ins a volat ile oil ident ica l wit h oil of a nise. Dose: 1 to 2 dr. (4 t o 8Gm.).

CORNACE.Dogwood Family

409. CORNUS FLORIDA.DOGWOOD. Cornus, N.F. The root-bark of Cor'nusflori'daLinn. Habi ta t: North America. Appea rs in pieces of var ious sizes, genera llybroken up a nd m ore or less curved; about 2 mm . (1/12in.) in t hickness wh en deprived

of its brownish-gra y cork, a s it genera lly is, with a faw ncolored outer su rfa ce; innersurface red, due to the tannin contained, plainly radial ly str iate; fracture short,whitish, showing numerous stri of brownish-yellow stone cells. Inodorous; tasteastringent and bitter, the bitter principle being termed cornin. I t y ields a grayishpowder , t inged wit h red. Tonic a nd a str ingent, a nd a lmost equa l to cinchona a s a nantiperiodic in intermittent fevers. Dose: 10 to 30 gr. (0.6 to 2 Gm.). The barks oftwo other dogwoods, Cor' nus ci rc ina' ta (green osier bark or round-leaved dogwoodbark) a nd Cor' nu s ser i ce'a, a re often used.

410. GARRYA FREMONTII Torrey.CALIFORNIA FEVER BUSH. (Leaves.)U sed a s a tonic a nd a nt iperiodic in chills a nd fevers. They cont a in a bitter principlesimila r t o qu inine in t hera peutic act ion. D ose: 15 to 30 gr. (1 to 2 Gm .).



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ERICACE.Heath Family

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs; leaves generally foliaceous; flowers regular ,gamopetalous, usually bell-shaped or urn-shaped; anthers two-celled, with porous

dehiscence. A la rge order, w ith leavesa str ingent a nd bitt er, beca use of th e presence ofglucosides. S ome species conta in a poisonous prin ciple, an dromedotoxin.

411. U VA U RS I.UVA U RSI

B E A R B E R R Y

The dr ied lea ves of Arctostaph'ylos u'va ur'si(Linn) Sprengel, wit h not more tha n5 per cent. of stems or oth er foreign ma tt er.



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BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Shrubs with trailing stems. L eavesa l ternat e ,coriaceous, evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire. Flowers in terminal racemes,nearly w hite; corollaurn-shaped. F ru i t a red drupe.

SOURCE.In dry, sandy, or rocky soil from Hudson's Bay to New

J ersey, in some part s of wh ich it grows in a bunda nce.

RELATED SP EC IES .Arctostaphylos glauca, indigenous to California(412).

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Short-stalked, rather thick,coriaceous, obovate leaves, a bout 20 mm. (4/5in.) in lengt h, r ounded

at the apex and narrowed at the base; margin entire; surface smooth,glossy, grayishgreen above, lighter colored and reticulated below; tastea st ringent , bitt er; odor slight . (The pow der ha s a ha y-like odor.)

They a re sometimes a dultera ted w ith t he lea ves of Vacci ni um vit i s id e(European uva ursi), distinguished from the genuine by their roundershape, their revolute margin, which is sometimes toothed, and thedotted appeara

Sayre's Materia Medica Free (3)

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