Satellite and Space Station

8/9/2019 Satellite and Space Station

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Space StationsPresented to: Sir Atta-ur-

Rehman

Presented By:

09-ME-02 Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti

09-ME-74 Muhammad Saad Siddique

09-ME-98 Sikander Waqas

09-ME-110 Sarmad Mukhtar

09-ME-112 Muhammad Usman

09-ME-118 Hassan Raza

09-ME-130 Muhammad Hassan Zafar

09-ME-132 Muhammad Hasan Iqbal


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Definition

A spacecraft or satellite designed to

be occupied by a crew and used as abase for the exploration, observation,and research of space.


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Types of Satellites

Communications Satellites

Navigation Satellites

Weather Satellites

Military Satellites

Scientific Satellites


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Communications Satellites

It is an earth-orbiting spacecraft

that provides communication over long

distances and receive and transmit radio,

telephone and television signal around theworld.

The Syncom 4 communications satellite was launched

from the space shuttle Discovery.


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Communications Satellite

Echo Satellite

Echo and Echo II were earlycommunications satelliteslaunched by the United States in

the early 1960s. The large,mylar-coated balloons bouncedradio signals back to Earth. TheEcho satellites paved the way for

later, more sophisticatedcommunications satellites.


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Navigation Satellite

An artificial satellite, used as an aidto navigation, that follows a fixed orbitmade known to navigators on ships andaircraft.

A navigation satellite sends continuous radio signalsto Earth. These signals contain data that a specialradio receiver on Earth translates into informationabout the satellites position. The receiver furtheranalyzes the signal to find out how fast and in whatdirection the satellite is moving and how long the

signal took to reach the receiver. From this data, thereceiver can calculate its own location.


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Navigation Satellites

Global Positioning System (GPS) The Navstar Global Positioning System

(GPS) is a U.S. network of 24 satellites inorbit around the earth that providesusers with information about their

position and movement. A GPS receivercomputes position information bycomparing the time it takes for signalsfrom three or four different GPS satellitesto reach the receiver.

Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System

(GLONASS) The Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite

System (GLONASS) of the RussianFederation consists of 24 satellites andprovides accuracy similar to GPS.


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Weather Satellite

A satellite that records cloud distributionand temperature to help in predicting weatherpatterns i.e. Weather forecasting.

Weather satellites carry cameras and other instruments

pointed toward Earths atmosphere. They can provideadvance warning of severe weather and are a great aid toweather forecasting. NASA launched the first weathersatellite, Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) 1,in 1960. TIROS 1 transmitted almost 23,000 photographs ofEarth and its atmosphere. The National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operates three satellitesthat collect data for long-term weather forecasting.


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Weather Satellites

GOES Weather Satellite

Broadcasters use data from meteorological satellites to predict weatherand to broadcast storm warnings when necessary. Satellites such as theGeostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) collectmeteorological and infrared information about the atmosphere and theocean. A camera on the GOES is continuously pointed at Earth,

broadcasting satellite images of cloud patterns both day and night.Here, the GOES-C satellite is being encapsulated inside its payloadfairing aboard a Delta rocket.


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Weather Satellites

Satellite Image of Earth

Meteorologists find it useful to look at weatheron a very large scale. Because geostationaryweather satellites can only make images ofrelatively small portions of the Earth's surface,

several images were combined to form thispicture of North and South America.


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Military Satellites

It is an artificial satellite usedfor military communication,surveillance and controllingweapons.

The Defense Satellite CommunicationsSystem (DSCS) of U.S. military consists offive spacecraft in geostationary orbit thattransmit voice, data, and television signalsbetween military sites. The DefenseSupport Program (DSP) uses satellites that

are intended to give early warning ofmissile launches. DSP was used during thePersian Gulf War (1991) to warn of IraqiScud missile launches.


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Earth-orbiting satellites can provide data to mapEarth, determine the size and shape of Earth,and study the dynamics of the oceans and theatmosphere. Scientists also use satellites toobserve the Sun, the Moon, other planets and

their moons, comets, stars, and galaxies. TheHubble Space Telescope is a general-purposeobservatory launched in 1990. Some scientificsatellites orbit bodies other than Earth. The MarsGlobal Surveyor, for example, orbits the planet

Mars.


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Solar Maximum MissionThe Solar Maximum Mission Satellite was a scientific satellite designed to studysolar radiation. Launched in early 1980, the craft failed later in the year. It wasrepaired and relaunched by the space shuttle in 1984, collecting informationuntil 1989, when it was destroyed by a solar flare. Information collected by thesatellite indicated that the suns corona experiences an unexpectedly high

amount of violent activity related to sunspot cycling. Data also showed thatsunspots reduce the amount of solar energy reaching the earths atmosphere.


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Parts of a Space Station


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Space

ExplorationsThe quest to discover the universe beyond Earth


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History

Yuri Gagarin (1934-1968), Soviet cosmonaut andfirst human to fly in space. Gagarin flew intospace aboard Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, andmade one orbit of the earth.


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History

In space, the motions of satellites andinterplanetary spacecraft are described by thelaws of motion formulated by Germanastronomer Johannes Kepler, in the 17th century.For example, one of Keplers laws states that the

closer a satellite is to Earth, the faster it orbits.


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History

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky envisioned how to userockets to voyage into space.


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First Artificial Satellite

The first artificial satellite to orbit Earth wasSputnik 1. Built by the Soviet Union andlaunched on October 4, 1957, Sputnik had anelliptical orbit, ranging in altitude from 225 to950 km (140 to 590 mi). Sputnik broadcast a

steady signal of beeps for 21 days and burnedup in Earths atmosphere upon reentry onJanuary 4, 1958.


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Unpiloted Lunar Missions

Luna Lander

Missions 9 and 13 of the Soviet Luna program landedon the Moon, then released a small capsule. Thecapsule had a weighted base, so it rolled upright. Itthen opened its flaps, exposing a television camera

and communications antennas.


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Lunokhod Rover

In 1970 and 1973 the Soviet Luna program deliveredtwo rovers to the moon. These eight-wheeled roboticexplorers rolled down ramps to leave their parentspacecraft (Luna 17 and Luna 21). The Lunokhods

carried cameras, soil analyzers, and solar panels forpower.


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Lunar Orbiter

Lunar Orbiter, series of United States spacecraftthat orbited the moon between August 1966 andJanuary 1968. The primary mission of the LunarOrbiters was to provide detailed photographs of

the Apollo Zone, the region of the moon wherethe Apollo astronauts planned to land.


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Soyuz Mission

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)flew the first piloted Soyuz mission in 1967. Overthe next three decades more than 70 Soyuzspacecraft were used to send cosmonauts into

space. One of these spacecraft is shown here,along with some of the cosmonauts who haveflown on Soyuz missions.


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Earth-Observing Satellites Beginning in 1960 with the launch of U.S. Tiros I,

weather satellites have sent back television images ofparts of the planet. The first satellite that couldobserve most of Earth, NASAs Earth Resources

Technology Satellite 1 (ERTS 1, later renamed Landsat1), was launched in 1972.


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Satellite Meteorology Earth-observing satellites can provide images of large

weather systems, such as Hurricane Gloria, shownhere. These pictures reveal patterns and movementthat provide clues about what the storm might do

next.


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Astronomical Satellites

Hubble Space Telescope The Hubble Space Telescope, free of the distorting effects of the earths

atmosphere, has an unprecedented view of distant galaxies. Placed inorbit in 1990, scientists discovered soon after the telescope becameoperational that its 240-cm (94.5-in) primary mirror was flawed. However,a repair mission completed by space shuttle astronauts in December 1993

successfully installed corrective optics which compensated for the flawedmirror.


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Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Astronauts aboard the space shuttle Atlantis launched this

huge gamma-ray telescope into orbit in 1991. The ComptonGamma Ray Observatory (GRO) helps astronomers detectand measure gamma rays, radiation with wavelengths evenshorter than X rays.


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Planetary Studies

Name Country Launch Date Target

Luna 2 USSR Sept. 12, 1959 Moon

Luna 3 USSR Oct. 4, 1959 Moon

Ranger 6 US Jan. 28, 1964 Moon

Luna 9 USSR Jan. 31, 1966 Moon

Surveyor 1Surveyor 3Surveyor 5

US

US

US

May 30, 1966Apr. 17, 1967Nov. 8, 1967

Moon

Moon

Moon

Luna 16 USSR Sept. 12, 1970 Moon

Luna 17 USSR Nov. 10, 1970 Moon

Mars 2Mars 3

USSR

USSR

May 19, 1971May 28, 1971

Mars

Mars

Mariner 9 US May 30, 1971 Mars

Pioneer 10Pioneer 11

US

US

Mar. 2, 1972Apr. 5, 1973

JupiterJupiterSaturn

Mariner 10 US Nov. 3, 1973 Mercury

Important Space Probes


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Planetary Studies


Venera 9Venera 10

USSRUSSR

June 8, 1975June 14, 1975

VenusVenus

Viking 1Viking 2

USUS

Aug. 20, 1975Sept. 9, 1975

MarsMars

Voyager 1

Voyager 2

US

US

Sept. 5, 1977

Aug. 20, 1977

Jupiter

SaturnJupiterSaturnUranusNeptune

Venera 11Venera 12

USSRUSSR

Sept. 9, 1978Sept. 14, 1978

VenusVenus

Pioneer Venus 1(Pioneer 12)Pioneer Venus 2(Pioneer 13)

US

US

May 20, 1978

Aug. 8, 1978

Venus

Venus

Magellan US May 4, 1989 Venus

Galileo US Oct. 18, 1989 Jupiter


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Planetary Studies


Mars GlobalSurveyor

US Nov. 7, 1996 Mars

MarsPathfinder

US Dec. 4, 1996 Mars

Cassini US Oct. 15, 1997 Saturn


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Planetary Studies

Magellan Spacecraft In 1989 the Magellan probe became the first interplanetary

spacecraft to be launched from the space shuttle. Magellan isshown here in the cargo bay of the space shuttle Atlantis inpreparation for mission launch. The dish-shaped top of the

spacecraft is a high-gain antenna, which Magellan used tosend information about Venus back to Earth.


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Planetary Studies

Mars Landing Site Two U.S. Viking landers landed on the surface of Mars in

1976. The spacecraft collected and analyzed samples of theMartian soil, rock, and atmosphere, and took pictures of thesurface of Mars.


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Planetary Studies

Mars Climate Orbiter United States spacecraft launched Mars Climate Orbiter in

1998 to explore the planet Mars.


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Planetary Studies

Sojourner on Mars The Sojourner rover explores the surface of Mars near the

Mars Pathfinder lander on July 9, 1997. The rover wasequipped with several cameras, an Alpha Proton X-raySpectrometer to analyze the chemical composition of rockssuch as those nicknamed Barnacle Bill and Yogi, and asolar panel to provide power. Its springless suspensionsystem allowed it to travel over obstacles 13 cm (5 in) tall, orabout the diameter of one of its wheels.


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Planetary Studies

Galileo Orbiter and ProbeThe Galileo spacecraft, launched in 1989 with the ultimatedestination of Jupiter, carried a number of scientificinstruments on board to study the solar system while onroute to Jupiter, including a radiometer and ultraviolet,extreme ultraviolet, and near-infrared spectrometers, which

take pictures of light outside the visible range. Upon arrival atJupiter in 1995, Galileo released a probe that plunged into theplanets fiery atmosphere, transmitting vital scientific databefore it was destroyed.


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Planetary Studies

Cassini-Huygens Mission The Cassini-Huygens mission, shown here in an artist's

depiction, was launched in 1997 and arrived at the planetSaturn in 2004. Cassini, the orbiter part of the spacecraft, willcircle Saturn for several years while studying the planet and

its moons. Huygens is a probe that plunged into theatmosphere of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, and returnedphotographs from its surface in 2005.


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Solar System Missions

Solar Maximum Mission Satellite The Solar Maximum Mission Satellite was a scientific satellite

designed to study solar radiation. Launched in early 1980,the craft failed later in the year. It was repaired andrelaunched by the space shuttle in 1984, collectinginformation until 1989, when it was destroyed by a solar

flare. Information collected by the satellite indicated that thecorona displays an unexpectedly high amount of violentactivity related to sunspot cycling. Data also showed thatsunspots reduce the amount of solar energy reaching theearths atmosphere.


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First Woman In Space

The Soviet Union sent a dark-eyed young blondnamed Valentina Tereshkova into space SundayJune 16, 1963 as the world's first womancosmonaut.


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Crewed Spacecraft Accidents

Date Mission

March 16, 1966 Gemini 8

January 27, 1967 Apollo 1

April 24, 1967 Soyuz 1

April 11-17, 1970 Apollo 13

June 30, 1971 Soyuz 11

January 28, 1986 Space shuttle Challenger, STS-51L

February 1, 2003 Space shuttle Columbia, STS-107


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Piloted Spaceflight

Vostok and MercuryThe Soviets achieved that milestone on April 12, 1961, when

a 27-year-old pilot named Yuri Gagarin made a single orbit ofEarth in a spacecraft called Vostok(East).


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Piloted Spaceflight

Voskhod and Gemini Ten piloted Gemini spacecraft were launched between March

1965 and November 1966. Unlike earlier Americanspacecraft, Gemini capsules were designed to carry twoastronauts. Before returning to the earth, the crew jettisonedthe resource compartment and the deorbiting system. The

reentry module floated to a watery splashdown on earthusing a parachute.


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Piloted Spaceflight

Soyuz and Early Apollo By 1967 the United States and the USSR were each preparing to test

the spacecraft they planned to use for lunar missions. The Soviets hadcreated Soyuz(Union), an Earth-orbiting version of the craft theyhoped would fly cosmonauts to and from the Moon.

Astronauts used the command and service modules of the Apollospacecraft to orbit the earth, travel to the moon, and return to theearth. The command module housed the astronauts during take-offand reentry into the earth's atmosphere. The service module carriedconsumable supplies such as fuel, food, and water, and was detachedfrom the command module before the astronauts reentered theatmosphere.


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Apollo Program

Apollo Program, American manned lunar-space programdesigned to land an astronaut on the Moon and return himsafely to Earth, as well as to overtake the former SovietUnion in the race to dominate space exploration. Conductedbetween May 1961 and December 1972 by the NationalAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the programsuccessfully landed Neil Armstrongthe first person to walk

on the Moonand 11 other astronauts on the Moon.


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Piloted Spaceflight

Humans On the Moon To achieve Kennedys challenge for a Moon landing before

the end of the 1960s, Apollo 9 in March 1969 tested theentire Apollo spacecraft, including the lunar module, in Earthorbit. On July 16, 1969, the crew of Apollo 11NeilArmstrong, Mike Collins, and Buzz Aldrinheaded for the

Moon to attempt the lunar landing. Millions of people aroundthe world watched as first Neil A. Armstrong and then EdwinE. Aldrin, Jr., stepped onto the surface of the moon on July 20,1969.


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Piloted Spaceflight

Working on the Moon At the Taurus-Littrow landing site, astronaut Harrison H.

Schmitt stopped his lunar-roving vehicle to work. He andfellow astronaut Eugene A. Cernan collected 116 kilograms(255 pounds) of lunar samples during the Apollo 17 mission.Launched on December 6, 1972, Apollo 17 was the final

mission of the Apollo space program.


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Piloted Spaceflight

Salyut Space Stations Launched into orbit in 1982, the Soviet space station Salyut 7

was plagued by electrical and propulsion problems. Despitethese problems, cosmonauts stayed aboard the space stationfor as long as eight months at a time. Salyut 7 wasabandoned in 1986, but cosmonauts were able to salvage

some supplies and equipment from it for the Mir spacestation, launched later that year. In 1991 Salyut 7 fell back toEarth.


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Piloted Spaceflight

Skylab An overhead view of Skylab shows the space station above a

cloud-covered earth. Launched by the United States in 1973,Skylab orbited the earth continuously for six years andprovided scientific data about both the sun and the earth.During three separate missions, astronauts lived aboardSkylab and performed scientific experiments as well asmonitoring their own health in space. This photograph wastaken by the crew of the Skylab Command Service Module(CSM) during a final fly-by before the return home.


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Piloted Spaceflight

Soviet Space Station Mir The Soviet space station complex Mir, seen here from an

approaching spacecraft, was put into orbit on February 19,1986. Two cosmonauts spent a record 366 days in spaceaboard the Mir.


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Piloted Spaceflight

Space Shuttle Discovery Poised prior to launch, the space shuttle Discovery awaits

takeoff. The orbiter (the airplane-shaped craft) is strapped totwo tall solid-fueled booster rockets and a giant tank of liquidfuel for the orbiters three rocket engines. The boosters andtank are used up and fall away from the orbiter as it reaches

orbit.


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Piloted Spaceflight

Space-Shuttle Orbiter The space shuttle is the first reusable space vehicle, designed to

perform up to 100 missions with only minor maintenance. The shuttleorbiter resembles an airplane in appearance, but it actually performsquite differently. The shuttle leaves the earth vertically, strapped to alaunch rocket for the first stages of liftoff. The shuttles main enginesprovide part of the thrust needed to lift the shuttle into orbit while the

rest of the power is provided by the launch rocket. After the mission iscompleted, the shuttle orbiter returns to the earth in a horizontalposition similar to an airplane, but it glides back to earth to land on aconventional runway using no engine power.


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Piloted Spaceflight

Chinas Space Program In 2003 China became the third nation to send a piloted spacecraft

into an Earth orbit. Astronaut Yang Liwei was launched into space onOctober 15 aboard the spacecraft Shenzhou 5 (Divine Vessel 5). Thespacecraft orbited the Earth 14 times in 21 hours before landing. Thesuccessful mission signaled that China, with a budget for its space

program comparable to Russias, had become a significant player inspace exploration. China also announced plans to send an unpilotedspacecraft to the Moon.


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Piloted Spaceflight

SpaceShipOne (Private Spaceflight) SpaceShipOne sits on its landing gear at Mojave,

California, before its historic flight. On June 21, 2004,SpaceShipOne became the first privately fundedpiloted craft to fly in space.


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Piloted Spaceflight

Spacewalker and MannedManeuvering Unit

Astronaut Bruce McCandless floats freeabove the earth in a mannedmaneuvering unit (MMU) during a shuttle

mission. McCandless helped design andwas the first to fly the MMU, which ispropelled by small nitrogen thrusterscontrolled by the astronauts hands.Because no umbilical cord attaches theastronaut to the spacecraft, it givesmuch greater mobility than was available

to earlier spacewalkers.


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Space station Design Concerns

Flight Paths Navigation and Guidance

Propulsion (Usually use rockets)

Power Supply (Usually use Solar Panels)

Crew Support

Work in Space

Cost


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Politics And Space Race Cold War

On May 25, 1961, US President Kennedy said,I believe that this nation should commit

itself to achieving the goal, before this decade isout, of landing a man on the Moon and returninghim safely to the Earth.

This was the genesis of the Apollo program.Although there were other motivations for goingto the Moonscientific exploration among themCold War geopolitics was the main push behindthe Moon race. Cold War competition also

affected the unpiloted space programs of theUnited States and USSR.


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The High Cost of Space Exploration

Cost has always been a central factor in thepolitical standing of space programs. Theenormous expense of the Apollo Moon program(roughly $100 billion in 1990s dollars)prompted critics to say that the program could

have been carried out far more cheaply byrobotic missions. While that claim isoversimplifiedno robot has yet equaled theperformance of a skilled observerit revealshow vulnerable space programs are to budgetcuts.


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Satellite Orbits

Path or trajectory of a satellitethrough space is called orbit.

Geostationary Equatorial Orbit (GEO)

Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

Polar Orbits

Sun-Synchronous Orbits


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Geostationary Equatorial Orbit

Satellites in geostationary equatorial orbit (GEO)orbit Earth around the equator at a very specificaltitude that allows them to complete one orbitin the same amount of time that it takes Earth torotate once. As a result, these satellites stayabove one point on Earths equator at all times.Direct-broadcast television satellites are in GEO.


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Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

A satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO) orbits at an altitudeof 2,000 km (1,200 mi) or less. Almost every satelliteenters a LEO after it is launched. If a satellitesmission requires an orbit other than LEO, it usesrockets to move into its final orbit.

A low Earth orbit minimizes the amount of fuel

needed. In addition, a satellite in LEO can obtainclearer surveillance images and can avoid the VanAllen radiation belts, which contain harmful high-energy particles. It needs less powerful signals tocommunicate with Earth than satellites with higherorbits. A signal to or from a low Earth orbit alsoreaches its destination more quickly, making LEOsatellites especially good for transmitting data.



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Medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites orbit at an altitudeabout 10,000 km (about 6,000 mi) and balance thebenefits and problems between LEO and GEO. Themost common uses of MEO are by navigation andcommunication satellites. The U.S. navigation systemNAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS), the

Russian Global Navigation Satellite System(GLONASS), and Odyssey, a private U.S.communications satellite program, all use MEO.

Polar Orbits


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Polar Orbits

Satellites in polar orbits orbit around Earth at rightangles to the equator over both the North and Southpoles. Polar orbits can occur at any altitude, but mostsatellites in polar orbits use LEOs. Two polar satellitesbelonging to the U.S. National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration provide weatherinformation for all areas of the world every six hours.

The satellites also map ozone levels (see Ozone Layer)in the atmosphere, including the level over the poles.Landsat is a U.S. government remote-sensing satellitesystem that operates in polar orbit. Scientists oftenuse Landsat to view agricultural phenomena such asdeforestation and crop blight. Transit, the first

satellite-based navigation system, used polar orbits inorder to support navigation around the world,especially for submarines in the polar regions.

Sun Synchronous Orbits


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Sun-Synchronous Orbits

A satellite in a Sun-synchronous orbit always passesover a certain point of Earth when the Sun is at thesame position in Earths sky. A Sun-synchronoussatellite has a retrograde orbit (it moves clockwisearound Earth), orbits in a low Earth orbit, and orbits ata specific angle with respect to Earths equator (about

98). The satellite crosses each latitude about 1 eastof where it crossed the latitude the previous day.Thus, the satellite stays synchronized with the locationof the Sun relative to Earth. Sun-synchronous orbitsare useful for satellites photographing Earth, becausethe Sun will be at the same angle each time the

satellite passes over a point on Earth.


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First Experimental Space Station

On January 16, 1969, two Russiancosmonauts were transferred fromSoyuz 5 into Soyuz 4.


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First Space Station

On April 19, 1971, the Soviet Union launchedSalyut 1, the first space station. On April 24th,Soyuz 10, carrying three cosmonauts, becomesthe first craft to dock with the station.


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First Living Creature In Space

The Soviet Union also launched the first livingcreature, a dog named Laika, into space onNovember 3, 1957. Laika flew inside apressurized chamber aboard the satellite Sputnik2. She died from overheating and panic after afew hours in orbit. Sputnik 2 reentered Earthsatmosphere and burned up on April 14, 1958.


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First Retrieved Object From Space

On August 10, 1960, the UnitedStates launched a surveillance satellite,Discoverer 13, that carried the firstartificial object ever retrieved from

space. While Discoverer 13 remained inorbit it ejected a capsule earthward,which was then recovered by a teamfrom the U.S. Navy. Later satellitescarried cameras that photographed

parts of Earth and then ejectedrecoverable containers of the exposedfilm toward Earth.


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First U.S. Satellite

The United States launched its first satellite, Explorer 1, onJanuary 31, 1958. Explorer 1 had a highly elliptical orbit, rangingin altitude from 360 to 2,500 km (220 to 1,600 mi). Scientistsdiscovered the Van Allen radiation belts using data transmittedback to Earth from Explorer1.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Explorer1.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Explorer1.jpg


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First U.S. Space Station

Skylab, first American space station. In 1973 theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) launched the 100-ton Skylab module intoorbit around the earth from the Kennedy SpaceCenter in Cape Canaveral, Florida.


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Mir

Mir, Russian space station designed to providelong-term accommodations for crew memberswhile in orbit around Earth. Launched into orbiton February 19, 1986, Mir was deliberatelydiscarded in the Pacific Ocean on March 23,2001.


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Global Positioning System

Launching the GPS Satellite A Navstar global positioning system

(GPS) satellite is launched into orbitby a Delta rocket. GPS satellitescontinuously transmit data about the

satellites position and the currenttime. Military and civilian navigatorsuse the information gathered fromseveral satellites to compute theirown position.


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GPS Receiver with Map A Global Positioning System (GPS)

receiver links with an array ofsatellites to give users theirlocation. Many GPS units have

enough memory capacity to storemaps so that users can pinpointtheir map location and use it to plotroutes to their next destination.


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Finding Location with GPS Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites orbit high above the surface of Earth at

precise locations. They allow a user with a GPS receiver to determine latitude,longitude, and altitude. The receiver measures the time it takes for signals sent fromthe different satellites (A, B, and C) to reach the receiver. From this data, the receivertriangulates an exact position. At any given time there are multiple satellites within therange of any location on Earth. Three satellites are needed to determine latitude and

longitude, while a fourth satellite (D) is necessary to determine altitude.


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FUTURE OF

SPACESTATIONS


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International Space Station

A cooperative effort of 16 nations, theInternational Space Station (ISS) is the largest space

station ever constructed. It serves as an orbiting

research platform. This photograph was taken from

the space shuttle Atlantis.


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Completed ISS (Yet Incomplete)

Artist's Impression of the Completed International Space Station This drawing of the International Space Station (ISS) shows how it

will look when it is finally completed. The finished ISS will be 88.4 m(290 ft) long, with solar panels that span 108.5 m (356 ft) andcover a greater area than a football field. There will be sixlaboratories housing research facilities.

Incomplete Complete


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Single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) Vehicle

A single-stage-to-orbit (or SSTO) vehicle reaches orbitfrom the surface of a body without jettisoning hardware,expending only propellants and fluids. The term usually, butnot exclusively, refers to reusable vehicles.

NASA plans to operate the space shuttle fleet at least throughthe year 2012 before phasing in a replacementpossibly asingle-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle. However, some experts

predict that the SSTO is too difficult a goal to be achievedthat soon, and that a different kind of second-generationshuttle would be necessaryperhaps a two-stage, reusablevehicle much like the current shuttle.


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The Best Targets for Future

The Sun

Upcoming missions will investigate the sun and the powerful solarwind that it hurls toward the planets

Venus and Mercury

The inner planets are full of intriguing mysteries. Studying theatmosphere of Venus may teach scientists about global warming. Andthe surface of Mercury may hold secrets about the early history of thesolar system. NASA is considering missions to both planets

EuropaThe possible presence of an ocean under Europas ice is spurringplans for further explorations of the Jovian moon

Pluto and the Kuiper Belt

Neither Pluto nor any of the bodies in the Knieper belt have ever beenvisited by a spacecraft

Earth-like Planets in Other Solar Systems

A squadron of space observatories may help scientists identify a life-bearing planet orbiting another star

The First Galaxies

With the help of an enormous space telescope, astronomers hope toobserve the very first galaxies

Robots v Humans :


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Robots v. Humans :Who Should Explore Space

Robots Should Explore Space

Unmanned spacecraft are exploring the solarsystem more cheaply and effectively thanastronauts are.

Humans Should Explore Space

Astronaut explorers can perform science inspace that robots cannot

Robots and Humans as Partners


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Travel to Other Stars

Small self-replicating probes could be launchedon interstellar journeys

Creating a galactic internet may yield evengreater benefits

The Interstellar Internet


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Where Are the Aliens

Our celestial neighborhood is probably not home to amultitude of technologically advanced civilizations that spendtheir time boldly venturing to other star systems on board big,imposing spacecraft. If that were the case, they would haveshown up here already, as they evidently have not. (I am, ofcourse, discounting reports of UFO [Unidentified Flying Object]sightings and alien abductions, the evidence for which isunpersuasive.) By similar reasoning we can reach the tentative

conclusion that wormholes, stargates and the other faster-than-light transit systems favored by science fiction writers are notwidely in use, at least out here in the galactic suburbs.


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ReviewYEAR EVENT

1957 Launch of the first Sputnik: The era of space conquest opens.

1959 The Soviet probe Luna 3 takes the first pictures of the hidden side of theMoon.

1961 Gagarin takes the first piloted space flight.

1962 The first planetary mission succeeds: The United States probe Mariner 2flies past Venus.

1963 The first quasar is discovered by Schmidt at Mount Palomar.

1965 Discovery of radio radiation in deep space at 3 K by Penzias and Wilson.

1967 Bell Burnell discovers pulsars at Cambridge (Great Britain).V. Komarov (USSR) is the first human victim of a space flight.

1969 The mission Apollo 11 (Armstrong and Aldrin) puts the first human on theMoon.

1971-72 The U.S. probe Mariner 9 orbits Mars and gathers the first images.


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ReviewYEAR EVENT

1973 First flight past Jupiter by Pioneer 10.A telescope 4 m in diameter is put into service at Kitt Peak (Arizona).

1974 The probe Mariner 10 registers the first surface details of Mercury and of theatmosphere of Venus.

1975 Soviet space probes Verena 9 and 10 take the first photographs of the Sun from

Venus.U.S.-Soviet space docking of Apollo-Soyuz.

1976 U.S. probes Viking 1 and 2 land on Mars (first measurements of the atmosphereand surface).

1977 Kowal discovers the asteroid Chiron within the solar system.

Discovery of Uranus's rings.1978 Christy discovers Charon, Pluto's satellite.

1979 Launch of two U.S. probes, Voyager 1 and 2, which fly past Jupiter.Pioneer 11 achieves the first flyby of Saturn.

1980 Long baseline interferometer is put into service in New Mexico.


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ReviewYEAR EVENT

1980-81 First detailed study of Saturn and its rings by U.S. probes Voyager 1 and 2.

1981 First flight of the U.S. space shuttle.Second flyby of Saturn by Voyager 2.

1983 First infrared scanning of space, by the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS), starts.

1984 First in-space repair of an artificial satellite.1985-86 Observation of Halley's Comet by different Soviet, European, and Japanese probes.

1986 Flyby of Uranus by Voyager 2.U.S. space shuttle Challenger explodes in flight.

1987 Supernova 1987A appears in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

1988 Record human stay in space: V. Titov and M. Manarov return to Earth after aone-year-long space flight.

1989 Voyager 2 flies by Neptune.Discovery of dense 'walls' and empty spaces in the spatial distribution of galaxies,by Geller and Uchra.

Two U.S. probes are launched: Magellan towards Venus, and Galileo towards Jupiter.


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ReviewYEAR EVENT

1990 Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope; defectiveness of mirror is discovered.First radar cartography of Venus made by Magellan.

1992 Two signals almost as old as the universe itself are registered by the satelliteCOBE.

Service of the telescope Keck, 10 m in diameter, begins.1993 In-space repair of the Hubble Space Telescope.

1994 Fragmented comet Shoemaker-Levy collides with Jupiter.

1995 European Solar and Heliophysical Observatory (SOHO) launched to study theSun.

1996 Mars Pathfinder and Sojourner rover explore the surface of Mars.1998 Voyager 1 becomes most distant human-made object from Earth.

Construction of the International Space Stattion begins.

1999 Mars Global Surveyor begins systematic mapping of Mars.


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Satellite and Space Station

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Transcript of Satellite and Space Station