SPACE STATION

SPACE STATION Is a spacecraft capable of supporting a

crew which is designed to remain in space for an extended period of time, and to which other spacecraft can dock.

Are used to study the effects of long-term space flight on the human body as well as to provide platforms for greater number and length of scientific studies than available on other space vehicles.

A large artificial satellite designed to be occupied for long periods and to serve as a base (as for scientific observation).

SALYUT 1/SALUTE 1It was the first space station of

any kind, launched by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971.

At launch, the announced purpose of Salyut was to test the elements of the systems of a space station and to conduct scientific research and experiments.

SALYUT 1/SALUTE 1Structure:

20m in length, 4m in maximum diameter, 99m³ in interior space with an on-orbit dry mass of 18,425 kg. Of its several compartments, three were pressurized and two could be entered by the crew.Buffer chemical batteries Reserve supplies of oxygen and water, and regeneration systems. Externally mounted were two double sets of solar cell panels that extended like wings from the smaller compartments at each end.The heat regulation system's radiatorsOrientation and control devicesEquipped with the Orion Space I Observatory.

COMPARTMENTSTransfer Compartment

It was equipped with the only docking port of Salyut 1, which allowed one Soyuz 7K-OKS spacecraft to dock.

Main Compartment The second, and main, compartment was about

4m in diameter. Televised views showed enough space for eight big chairs, several control panels, and 20 portholes.

AUXILIARY COMPARTMENTS

The third pressurized compartment contained the control and communications equipment, the power supply, the life support system, and other auxiliary equipment.

The fourth, and final, unpressurized compartment was about 2 m in diameter and contained the engine installations and associated control equipment.

SOYUZ 10

Soyuz 10 was launched 22 April 1971 with the plan to dock to Salyut 1.

The spacecraft was the first of the upgraded Soyuz 7K-OKS, featuring the new "probe and drogue" docking mechanism with internal crew transfer, intended for visits of space stations.

Position Cosmonaut

Commander Vladimir Shatalov

Flight Engineer Aleksei Yeliseyev

Test Engineer Nikolai Rukanishkov

SOYUZ 10

The cosmonauts were able to navigate their Soyuz 10 spacecraft to the Salyut 1 station, yet during docking they ran into problems. While the Soyuz crew was able to achieve "soft dock" with Salyut though the "probe and drogue" docking mechanism, it failed to achieve "hard dock" by securing the docking collar – it was not possible for the crew to enter the station safely.

SOYUZ 11 Soyuz 11 required 3 h 19 min on June 7 to

complete docking.

The crew transferred to Salyut and their mission was announced as:

Checking the design, units, onboard systems, and equipment of the orbital piloted station.

Testing the station's manual and autonomous procedures for orientation and navigation, as well as the control systems for maneuvering the space complex in orbit.

Studying Earth's surface geology and geography, meteorology, and snow and ice cover.

Studying physical characteristics, processes, and phenomena in the atmosphere and outer space in various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Conducting medico-biological studies to determine the feasibility of having cosmonauts in the station perform various tasks, and studying the influence of space flight on the human organism.

Soyuz 11 crew: Georgi Dobrovolski Viktor Patsayev Vladislav Volkov

ALMAZ STATIONS

Two types:Military Stations Salyut 2 Salyut 3 Salyut 5

Civilian Stations Salyut 6 Salyut 7

ALMAZ STATIONS

Salyut 2 was a Soviet space station which was launched in 1973 as part of the Salyut programme.

Salyut 2 was an Almaz military space station. It was the first Almaz military space station to fly. It was designated part of the Salyut programme

in order to conceal the existence of the two separate space station programmes.

Within two weeks of launch the station had lost attitude control and depressurised, leaving it unusable.

It decayed from orbit by 28 May 1973, without any crews having visited it.

SALYUT 2 Structure:

Salyut 2 was 14.55 meters (47.7 ft with a diameter of 4.15 meters (13.6 ft)

an internal habitable volume of 90 cubic meters (3,200 cu ft).

At launch it had a mass of 18,950 kilograms (41,800 lb).

A single aft-mounted docking port was intended for use by Soyuz spacecraft carrying cosmonauts to work aboard the station.

Two solar arrays mounted at the aft end of the station near the docking port provided power to the station, generating a total of 3,120 watts of electricity.

The station was equipped with 32 attitude control thrusters, as well as two RD-0225 engines, each capable of generating 3.9 kilonewtons (880 lbf) of thrust, for orbital maneuvers.

SALYUT 3

Salyut 3 was a Soviet space station launched on June 25, 1974.

It was the second Almaz military space station and the first such station to be launched successfully.

It was included in the Salyut program to disguise its true military nature.

Due to the military nature of the station, the Soviet Union was reluctant to release information about its design, and about the missions relating to the station.

SALYUT 3Description:

Earth-Observation Cameras

The work compartment was dominated by the Agat-1 Earth-observation telescope.

The telescope was used in conjunction with a wide-film camera, and was used primarily for military reconnaissance purposes.

The cosmonauts are said to have observed targets set out on the ground at Baikonur.

Secondary objectives included study of water pollution, agricultural land, possible ore-bearing landforms, and oceanic ice formation.

Description:

On-board Guns

The Salyut 3 station was equipped with a"self-defence" gun, which had been designed for use aboard the station, and whose design is attributed to Nudelman.

Due to potential shaking of the station, in-orbit tests of the weapon with cosmonauts in the station were ruled out.

The gun was fixed to the station in such a way that the only way to aim would have been to change the orientation of the entire station.

SALYUT 5 Salyut 5 also known as OPS-3, was a Soviet space station.

Launched in 1976 as part of the Salyut programme, it was the third and last Almaz space station to be launched for the Soviet military.

Two Soyuz missions visited the station, each manned by two cosmonauts.

A third Soyuz mission attempted to visit the station, but failed to dock, whilst a fourth mission was planned but never launched.

The primary objective of the Soyuz 21 mission aboard Salyut 5 was to conduct military experiments, however scientific research was also conducted, which included studying aquarium fish in microgravity and observing the sun.

SALYUT 6

Was a Soviet orbital space station Launched on 29 September 1977 by a Proton

rocket the station was the first of the 'second-generation' type of space station

These crews were responsible for carrying out the primary missions of Salyut 6, including astronomy, Earth-resources observations and the study of the effect of spaceflight on the human body.

SA

LYU

T 6

Salyut 6 with

docked Soyuz and

Progress spacecr

aft.

SALYUT 7 Salyut 7 was the back-up vehicle for

Salyut 6 and very similar in equipment and capabilities.

Aside from the many experiments and observations made on Salyut 7, the station also tested the docking and use of large modules with an orbiting space station.

The modules were called "Heavy Kosmos modules" though in reality were variants of the TKS spacecraft intended for the cancelled Almaz military space station. They helped engineers develop technology necessary to build Mir.

There were also four visiting missions, crews which came to bring supplies and make shorter duration visits with the resident crews.

Salyut 7 photographed following the undocking of Soyuz T-13, 25 September 1985.

SKYLAB

Skylab was a space station launched and operated by NASA and was the U.S.'s first space station.

Skylab included the Apollo Telescope Mount, which was a multi-spectral solar observatory, Multiple Docking Adapter (with two docking ports), Airlock Module with EVA hatches, and the Orbital Workshop, the main habitable volume. Electrical power came from solar arrays, as well as fuel cells in the docked Apollo CSM.

The rear of the station included a large waste tank, propellant tanks for maneuvering jets, and a heat radiator.

Skylab was also equipped with two docking ports, like second-generation stations, but the extra port was never utilized.

The presence of a second port on the new stations allowed Progress supply vehicles to be docked to the station, meaning that fresh supplies could be brought to aid long-duration missions.

SKYLABSkylab as photographed by its departing

final crew.

MIR (1986 – 1998) A space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001,

at first by the Soviet Union and then by Russia.

The first modular space station and had a greater mass than that of any previous spacecraft, holding the record for the largest artificial satellite orbiting the Earth until its deorbit on 21 March 2001

Served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and spacecraft systems in order to develop technologies required for the permanent occupation of space.

The station was launched as part of the Soviet Union's manned spaceflight programme effort to maintain a long-term research outpost in space.

Was authorised in a decree made on 17 February 1976 to design an improved model of the SalyutDOS-17K space stations.

MIR ON 9 FEBRUARY 1998 AS SEEN FROM THE DEPARTING SPACE SHUTTLE ENDEAVOUR DURING STS-89

STATION ELEMENTS AS OF MAY 1996.

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) 1998 TO PRESENT The International Space Station (ISS) is a habitable

artificial satellite in low Earth orbit.

It follows the Salyut, Almaz, Skylab and Mir stations as the ninth space station to be inhabited.

The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and other fields.

The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars.

PURPOSE OF ISS

According to the original Memorandum of Understanding between NASA and RSA, the International Space Station was intended to be a laboratory, observatory and factory in space.

It was also planned to provide transportation, maintenance, and act as a staging base for possible future missions to the Moon, Mars and asteroids.

In the 2010 United States National Space Policy, the ISS was given additional roles of serving commercial, diplomatic and educational purposes.

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

The International Space Station, as seen from Space Shuttle Endeavour in May 2011.

TIANGONG

Tiāngōng; literally "Heavenly Palace"

Is a space station program of the People's Republic of China, with the goal of creating a third generation space station, comparable to Mir.

SPACE LABORATORY PHASE

Chinese efforts to develop LEO space station capabilities will begin with a space laboratory phase, with the launch of three Tiangong space modules.

Tiangong 1 "target vehicle“

Tiangong 2 "space laboratory“

Tiangong 3 "space station"

TIANGONG 1 “TARGET VEHICLE"

The Chinese docking target consists of a propulsion (resource) module and a pressurized module for experiments, with a docking mechanism at either end.

The docking port of the experiment section supports automated docking.

Its length is 10.5 metres (34 ft), diameter is 3.4 metres (11 ft), with a mass of 8,000 kilograms (18,000 lb).

Launched on September 29, 2011, it is intended for short stays of a crew of three.

TIANGONG 2 “SPACE LABORATORY"

The Chinese Space Lab will be launched in 2013.

Configuration is as follows: Crew Size: 3, with 20 days of life support

resources. Length: 14.4 metres (47 ft) Maximum Diameter: 4.2 metres (14 ft) Mass: 20,000 kilograms (44,000 lb) Two docking ports

TIANGONG 3 “SPACE STATION"

As of March 2011, the Chinese Space Lab is planned to be launched in the 2015 timeframe.

40 days of living conditions for three astronauts.

Evaluate regenerative life-support technology, and verify orbital replenishment of propellant and air.

ARCHITECTURE

A space station is a complex system with many interrelated subsystems:

Structure Electrical power Thermal control Attitude determination and control Orbital navigation and propulsion Automation and robotics Computing and communications Environmental and life support Crew facilities Crew and cargo transportation

LIST OF SPACE STATIONS The Soviet space stations came in two types, the civilian Durable Orbital Station

(DOS), and the military Almaz stations. (dates refer to periods when stations were inhabited by crews)

Salyut space stations (USSR, 1971–1986) Salyut 1 (1971, 1 crew and 1 failed docking) DOS-2 (1972, launch failure) Salyut 2/Almaz (1973, failed shortly after launch) Cosmos 557 (1973, re-entered eleven days after launch) Salyut 3/Almaz (1974, 1 crew and 1 failed docking) Salyut 4 (1975, 2 crews and 1 planned crew failed to achieve orbit) Salyut 5/Almaz (1976–1977, 2 crews and 1 failed docking) Salyut 6 (1977–1981, 16 crews (5 long duration, 11 short duration and 1 failed

docking) Salyut 7 (1982–1986, 10 crews (6 long duration, 4 short duration and 1 failed

docking) Skylab (USA, 1973–1979, 3 crews) Mir / (USSR/Russia, 1986–2000, 28 long duration crews) International Space Station (ISS) //// (Russia, United States, European Space

Agency, Japan, and Canada 2000–ongoing, 30 long duration crews as of April 2012) Tiangong (China, 2011–ongoing)

Tiangong 1 (2011–ongoing, 1 crew as of June 2012)