Salvete, discipuli!

Chapter XXIII: Participles

Verbal Aspects

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle

Active Passive

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

1st 2nd 3rd

Singular Plural

What is a Participle?

• A Participle is typically defined as a verbal adjective because it is used to describe nouns doing actions:

• The red ball is over there.• The tall boy is my nephew.

What is a Participle?

• A Participle is typically defined as a verbal adjective because it is used to describe nouns doing actions:

• The bouncing ball is over there.• The tall boy is my nephew.

What is a Participle?

• A Participle is typically defined as a verbal adjective because it is used to describe nouns doing actions:

• The bouncing ball is over there.• The beloved boy is my nephew.

What is a Participle?

• A Participle is typically defined as a verbal adjective because it is used to describe nouns doing actions:

• The bouncing ball is over there.• The beloved boy is my nephew.

• All of the above examples a) describe a noun and b) are derived from a verb.

Verbal Aspects

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle

Active Passive

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

1st 2nd 3rd

Singular Plural

Verbal Aspects

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle

Active Passive

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

As a participle is not fully a verb, it does not have Person OR Number!

How many Participles are there?• Simply put, there are three types of

participles that one can use to describe a noun.

– Present Participle– Past (Perfect) Participle– Future Participle

• The reason there are only 3 participles is because there are 3 times when an action could occur: now, before or later.

The Present Participle• In English, the Present Participle is simply

translated as an “-ing” word. – Bouncing ball– Running boy

• It is used to describe an action that is contemporaneous with the main verb:

– The girl sat crying on the sofa.– Did you see that man dancing?– Thinking about his wife, Bob runs to the store to

buy flowers

The Past (Perfect) Participle• In English, the Perfect Participle is formed

as “having” + an “-ed” word. The• It is used to describe an action that

occurred before the main verb:– Having bought a bike, she cycled home.– Having lived there for such a long time, he did

not want to move.– Having stubbed her toe, Lucy cries out in pain.

The Past (Perfect) Participle• In English, there is also a Perfect Passive

Participle, which is formed by adding “been” to the equation:

• Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.• Having been screwed over by her boss for too

long, Sandy finally quit her job.• Having been struck by the news, Jeff hurried

home.

The Past (Perfect) Participle• In English, the Perfect Passive Participle

can also be shortened to just the “-ed” word, but it still functions in the same manner:

– The exhausted man fell asleep.– A beloved dog never leaves its master.– The learned scholar is a great teacher.

The Future Participle• In English, there is a seldom-used Future

Participle that can be formed by the phrase “fixin’ to _______”.

– Fixin’ to go to school, the boy packs his lunch.

– Fixin’ to write a letter, Jackie searched for a pen and paper.

• There is also a Future Passive Participle that can be formed by the phrase “fixin’ to be _______”.

– Fixin’ to be scolded by his wife, Matt avoided his house for a few hours.

Participles Reviewed• In English, there are 3 tenses of the

Participle:• Present• (Past) Perfect [Active and Passive]• Future

• They are formed:• Present = “ing”• Perfect Active “having _____ed”• Perfect Passive “having been _____ed”• Future Active “fixin’ to ______”• Future Passive “fixin’ to be ______ed”

Participle Practice• In groups of two, write a paragraph that has

examples of all the participles we have learned.

• Present• Perfect Active• Perfect Passive• Future Active• Future Passive

How many Participles are there?• This is true in Latin, as there are only

3 participles:- Present Active- Perfect Passive- Future Active

The Participle Box

Active Passive

Present

Past (Perfect)

Future

To help organize the participles in Latin, we use what is called the Participle Box.

The Participle Box

Active Passive

Present 1 ___________________

Past (Perfect) ___________________ 2

Future 3 ???

However, as we said before, the Participle has only 3 tenses…so we need to adjust our box.

The Perfect Passive Participle• The most commonly used Participle in

Latin is the Perfect Passive Participle.

• To form the Perfect Passive Participle, simply take the Fourth Principle Part from a verb and put 2-1-2 adjective endings on it.

Perfect Passive Participle

ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ductus, a, um

amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum = amatus, a, umhabeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habitus, a, um

audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum = auditus, a, um

faciō, facere, fecī, factum = factus, a, um

All perfect passive participles are translated:

“having been ______ed”

The Participle Box

Active Passive

Present 1 ___________________

Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um

Future 3 ???

amo, amare, amavi, amatus

Practice

1. perfect passive participle of peto, petere, petivi, petitum2. perfect passive participle of educo, educāre, educavi, educatum

3. perfect passive participle of iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum

The Future Active Participle• The next participle we will look at is

the Future Active Participle.

• To form the Future Active Participle, simply take the Fourth Principle Part from a verb and add “urus, ura, urum” on it.

• A good way to remember this is the word Future.

Future Active Participle

ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ducturus, ura, urum

amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum = amaturus, ura, urumhabeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habiturus, ura, urum

audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum = auditurus, ura, urum

faciō, facere, fecī, factum = facturus, ura, urum

All future active participles are translated:

“fixin’ to ________”

The Participle Box

Active Passive

Present 1 ___________________

Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um

Future amaturus, ura, urum ???

amo, amare, amavi, amatus

Practice

1. future active participle of peto, petere, petivi, petitum2. future active participle of educo, educāre, educavi, educatum

3. future active participle of iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum

The Present Active Participle• The last of the three Latin participles is

the Present Active Participle.

• To form the Present Active Participle, simply take the Present Stem from a verb and add “ns, ntis” onto it.

• A good way to remember this is the word Present.

The Present Active Participle• However, as we have seen before, the

3rd-io and 4th conjugations like to add an ‘i’ to verbs in the present system.

• Therefore, to form the Present Active Participle in the 3rd-io or 4th conjugation, add an ‘i’ to the stem of the verb before adding “ns, ntis” onto it.

Present Active Participle

ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ducens, ntis

amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum = amans, ntishabeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habens, ntis

audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum = audiens, ntis

faciō, facere, fecī, factum = faciens, ntis

All present active participles are translated:

“_________ing”

The Participle Box

Active Passive

Present amans, ntis ___________________

Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um

Future amaturus, ura, urum ???

amo, amare, amavi, amatus

Practice

1. present active participle of peto, petere, petivi, petitum2. present active participle of educo, educāre, educavi, educatum

3. present active participle of capio, capere, cepi, captus

The Gerundive• The last member of the Participle Box

is not a participle in a strict sense, but is closely related. It is called the Gerundive.

• The Gerundive is a method of expressing obligation or necessity in Latin.

• It is translated “ought to be ______ed”

The Gerundive• To form the Gerundive, simply take the

Present Stem from a verb and add “ndus, a, um” onto it.

– cf. Amanda, Miranda and agenda• Again, as with the Present Active

Participle, verbs of the 3rd-io and 4th conjugations add an ‘i’ to the stem before the “ndus, a, um”

• A good way to remember the ending is from the word gerundive.

Gerundives

ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ducendus, a, um

amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum = amandus, a, umhabeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habendus, a, um

audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum = audiendus, a, um

faciō, facere, fecī, factum = faciendus, a, um

All gerundives are translated:“ought to be ______ed”

The Participle Box

Active Passive

Present amans, ntis ___________________

Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um

Future amaturus, ura, urum amandus, a, um

amo, amare, amavi, amatus

Practice

1. gerundive of peto, petere, petivi, petitum2. gerundive of educo, educāre, educavi, educatum

3. gerundive of capio, capere, cepi, captus

Participles Reviewed

Active Passive

Present amans, ntis ___________________

Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um

Future amaturus, ura, urum amandus, a, um

amo, amare, amavi, amatus

Declining Participles

The endings on Participles are there so that a participle can agree with the noun it describes in gender, number, and case.

This occurs in the same manner that we have seen with adjectives.

Declining Participles

Active Passive

Present amans, ntis ___________________

Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um

Future amaturus, ura, urum amandus, a, um

The endings for the last three participles follow 2-1-2 adjectives. Therefore, we see “us, a, um”.

Declining Participles

• Therefore, these participles can modify nouns in any case:

puer amatus = the beloved boypuerī amatī = of the beloved boy

puerō amatō = to the beloved boypuerum amatum = the beloved boypuerō amatō = by the beloved boy

Declining Participles

Active Passive

Present amans, ntis ___________________

Past (Perfect) ___________________ amatus, a, um

Future amaturus, ura, urum amandus, a, um

The endings for the present active participle follow 3rd declension adjectives. Therefore, we see the nom. and gen. of a 1 termination adj.

Declining Participles

• Still, this participle can also modify nouns in any case (cf. potens, potentis):

puer amans = the loving boypuerī amantis = of the loving boypuerō amantī = to the loving boy

puerum amantem = the loving boypuerō amantī/e = by the loving boy

** when used as an attributive adjective, use “ī”, as a substantive, use “e”.

Practice

1. amanti puellae2. dicta verba3. rege timendō4. auditurae feminae

Homework

• HW 31