Salvete, discipuli!

Chapter VII: Subjunctive I

Verbal Aspects

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle

Active Passive

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

1st 2nd 3rd

Singular Plural

The Subjunctive• The basic idea that the Subjunctive is used to

communicate is “unreality” and potentiality.i.e., the woulda, coulda, shoulda of Latin.

• The Subjunctive consists of 4 tenses:PresentImperfectPerfectPluperfect

• The Subjunctive has no future tenses because potential/unreal actions are by nature in the future. Therefore, no future is necessary.

The Subjunctive• There are two basic types of Subjunctive:

Independent and Dependent• The Independent Subjunctive is really where the

potential nature of the Subjunctive is apparent.• The Dependent Subjunctive is used mainly to denote

potentiality in a subordinate clause, and is rarely translated differently than a normal, indicative main verb.

Forming the Subjunctive• The Subjunctive can be identified by a change in the

stem of verbs. (cf. to infixes and endings)• The Subjunctive Tenses, however, still employ the same

Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned.

• In the present tense, the subjunctive is indicated by a change in the stem vowel of the verb.

Conjugation Review• The stem vowel of the verb is the one that

occurs before the “re”• 1st conjugation: amō, amāre• 2nd conjugation: habeō, habēre• 3rd conjugation: agō, agere (actually i)• 4th conjugation: audiō, audīre

Present SubjunctiveThe changes in the present subjunctive are the

following:• 1st conjugation: ā --> e• 2nd conjugation: ē --> ea• 3rd conjugation: i --> a• 4th conjugation (including 3 -io): ī --> ia

Present Subjunctive• 1st conjugation: ā --> e• 2nd conjugation: ē --> ea• 3rd conjugation: i --> a• 4th conjugation (including 3 -io): ī --> ia

Therefore, we can use the phrase “we fear a liar”

to help remember the changes.

Creating the SubjunctiveSteps to create the present active subjunctive:

1. Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Take off the -re.• amā

3. Change the stem vowel• ā --> e

4. Add the personal ending to the stem.• ame + -t = amet (he/she/it loves)

Creating the SubjunctiveSteps to create the present passive subjunctive:

1. Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Take off the -re.• amā

3. Change the stem vowel• ā --> e

4. Add the personal ending to the stem.• ame + -tur = ametur (he/she/it is loved)

Practice1. 3rd sing., pres., passive, subjunctive of maneō, manēre

maneatur2. 2nd plural pres., active, subjunctive of līberō, līberāre

līberetis3. 1st plural pres., passive, subjunctive of ducō, ducere

ducamur4. 1st singular pres., active subjunctive of fugiō, fugere

fugiam5. 3rd plural pres., passive, subjunctive of audiō, audīre

audiantur

Forming the Subjunctive• The Subjunctive can be identified by a change in the

stem of verbs. (cf. to infixes and endings)• The Subjunctive Tenses, however, still employ the same

Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned.

• In the imperfect tense, the subjunctive is indicated by adding the endings directly to the present active infinitive of the verb.

Infinitive ReviewBelow are the present, active, infinitives of the

different conjugations:• 1st conjugation: amō, amāre• 2nd conjugation: habeō, habēre• 3rd conjugation: agō, agere• 4th conjugation: audiō, audīre

Creating the SubjunctiveSteps to create the imperfect active subjunctive:

1. Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Add the personal ending directly to the infinitive.• amāre + -t = amāret (he/she/it was loving)

Creating the SubjunctiveSteps to create the imperfect passive subjunctive:

1. Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Add the personal ending directly to the infinitive.• amāre + -tur = amāretur (he/she/it was being loved)

Practice1. 3rd sing., imperf., passive, subj. of maneō, manēre

manēretur2. 2nd plural, imperf., active, subj. of līberō, līberāre

līberāretis3. 1st plural, imperf., passive, subj. of ducō, ducere

duceremur4. 1st sing., imperf., active, subj. of fugiō, fugere

fugerem5. 3rd plural, imperf., passive, subj. of audiō, audīre

audīrentur

Subjunctive ReviewPresent Subjunctive

“we fear a liar”

Perfect Subjunctive

????

Pluperfect Subjunctive

????

Imperfect Subjunctive

2nd pp + pers. endings

The Perfect and Present SystemsA Latin verb has four principle parts:

laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus

1st, sing., present, active

present, active, infinitive

1st, sing., perfect, active

perfect, passive, participle

The Perfect and Present SystemsA Latin verb has four principle parts:

laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus

Present System

Active/Passive Active Passive

Perfect System

Forming the SubjunctiveThe Subjunctive Tenses employ the same Present and

Perfect Stems we have already learned:

Therefore, in the active voice, the 3rd principle part will be used.

• In the perfect active, the subjunctive is indicated by the infix -eri.

• In the pluperfect active, the subjunctive is indicated by the infix -isse.

Creating the SubjunctiveSteps to create the perfect active subjunctive:

1. Find the perfect active stem (the 3rd principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Take off the -ī.• amāv

3. Add the infix “-eri”• amāveri

4. Add the personal ending to the stem.• amāveri + -t = amāverit (he/she/it loved)

Creating the SubjunctiveSteps to create the pluperfect active subjunctive:

1. Find the perfect active stem (the 3rd principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Take off the -ī.• amāv

3. Add the infix “-isse”• amāvisse

4. Add the active personal endings to the stem.• amāvisse + -t = amāvisset (he/she/it had loved)

Practice1. 3rd sing., perfect, active, subj. of maneō, manēre, mansī,

mansus manserit

2. 2nd plural, plup., active, subj. of līberō, līberāre, liberāvī, liberātus

līberāvissetis3. 1st plural, perfect, active, subj. of ducō, ducere, duxī, ductus

duxerimus4. 1st singular, plup., active, subj. of fugiō, fugere, fugī, fugitūrus

fugissem5. 3rd plural, perfect, active, subj. of audiō, audīre, audīvī,

audītus audīverint

The Perfect and Present SystemsA Latin verb has four principle parts:

laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus

Present System

Active/Passive Active Passive

Perfect System

Forming the SubjunctiveThe Subjunctive Tenses employ the same Present and

Perfect Stems we have already learned:

Therefore, in the passive voice, the 4th principle part will be used.

• In the perfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the present subjunctive of sum, esse.

• In the pluperfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the imperfect subjunctive of sum, esse.

Present Tense of ‘sum, esse’

Indicative

sumesest

sumusestissunt

Subjunctive

simsissit

simussitissint

Imperfect Tense of ‘sum, esse’

Indicative

eramerāserat

erāmuserātiserant

Subjunctive

essemessesesset

essemusessetisessent

Forming the SubjunctiveThe Subjunctive Tenses employ the same Present and

Perfect Stems we have already learned:

Therefore, in the passive voice, the 4th principle part will be used.

• In the perfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the present subjunctive of sum, esse.

• In the pluperfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the imperfect subjunctive of sum, esse.

Creating the SubjunctiveSteps to create the perfect passive subjunctive:

1. Find the perfect passive stem (the 4th principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Add the present subjunctive of “sum, esse”• amātus + sit = amātus, a, um sit (he/she/it was loved)

3. Remember to show all the possibilities for genders• amātus, a, um sit

Perfect Passive of “amō, amāre amāvī, amātus”

Indicative

amātus, a, um sumamātus, a, um esamātus, a, um estamātī, ae, a sumusamātī, ae, a estisamātī, ae, a sunt

Subjunctive

amātus, a, um simamātus, a, um sisamātus, a, um sitamātī, ae, a simusamātī, ae, a sitisamātī, ae, a sint

Creating the SubjunctiveSteps to create the pluperfect passive subjunctive:

1. Find the perfect passive stem (the 4th principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Add the imperfect subjunctive of “sum, esse”• amātus + esset = amātus, a, um esset (he/she/it was loved)

3. Remember to show all the possibilities for genders• amātus, a, um esset

Pluperfect Passive of “amō, amāre amāvī, amātus”

Indicative

amātus, a, um eramamātus, a, um erāsamātus, a, um eratamātī, ae, a erāmusamātī, ae, a erātisamātī, ae, a erant

Subjunctive

amātus, a, um essemamātus, a, um essesamātus, a, um essetamātī, ae, a essemusamātī, ae, a essetisamātī, ae, a essent

Practice1. 3rd sing., perfect, pass., subj. of maneō, manēre, mansī,

mansus mansus, a, um sit

2. 2nd plural, plup., pass., subj. of līberō, līberāre, liberāvī, liberātus

līberātī,ae, a essetis3. 1st plural, perfect, pass., subj. of ducō, ducere, duxī, ductus

ductī, ae, a simus4. 1st singular, plup., pass., subj. of fugiō, fugere, fugī, fugitūrus

fugitūrus, a, um essem5. 3rd plural, perfect, pass., subj. of audiō, audīre, audīvī,

audītus audītī, ae, a sint

Subjunctive ReviewPresent Subjunctive

“we fear a liar”

Perfect Subjunctive

Pluperfect SubjunctiveImperfect Subjunctive

2nd pp + pers. endings

Active3rd pp + eri

Passive4th pp +

sim, sis, sit

Active3rd pp + isse

Passive4th pp + essem,

esses, esset

Homework?Remember!1. Homework 39