Salvete, discipuli!

Chapters XXIII & XXIV:Participial Uses I

Verbal Aspects

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle

Active Passive

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

1st 2nd 3rd

Singular Plural

How many Participles are there?• Now that we have learned to

recognize and form participles in Latin, let’s begin to look at the basic syntactic uses of the participle:

• In Latin, there are FOUR participial functions in a sentence….

Participial Functions

1.Attributive2.Circumstantial3.Absolute4.Periphrastic

Participial Functions

1.Attributive2.Circumstantial3.Absolute4.Periphrastic

Attributive Participles• Attributive Participles are the basic participles

we have already learned.• Attributive Participles serve only to modify a

noun/pronoun and take NO objects or phrases.

Hominem currentem video.I see the man running.

Certī fructūs pacis ab territō vulgō cupiebantur.Certain profits of peace were desired by the terrified crowd.

Participial Functions

1.Attributive2.Circumstantial3.Absolute4.Periphrastic

Circumstantial Participles• Circumstantial Participles are identical to

Attributive Participles except that they DO take objects and phrases.

• As a result, Circumstantial Participles control multiple words in a Latin sentence and are best translated by bracketing off the words controlled by the participle as separate from the main clause of the sentence.

• Sometimes commas will set off the participial phrase.

Circumstantial Participles• Examples:

1.Servitute liberatus, vir vitam laetam aget.Freed from slavery, the man lived a happy life.

2.Hīs insidiīs territī, vitam miseram vivēmus.Terrified by these plots, we will live a miserable life.

3.Nemo fidem neglegens timore umquam carēbit. No one neglecting loyalty will ever be without fear.

Practice1. Illī virī miserī, ā tyrannō visī, ā patriā fugerunt.2. Poēta, regem timens, bona semper dicēbat.3. Hī vincentēs iura civium victōrum nōn timēnt.4. Ipse, ā sene clarō monitus, pecuniā carentibus multās

rēs dabat.

Participial Functions

1.Attributive2.Circumstantial3.Absolute4.Periphrastic

Finite Participles• Finite Participles are simply participles that

attached to a form of “sum, esse” to form a finite verb (no ‘–ing’).

• The only Participles that can be used in this manner are Perfect and Future Participles.

• We have already encountered one type of the Finite Participle in the Perfect Passive System.

Perfect Passive System• Examples:

1.Igne visō, omnēs virī et feminae territī sunt.After the fire had been seen, all the men and women were terrified.

2.Quō die ex igne et ferrō atque morte certā liberātus es?On which day were you freed from fire and the sword and certain death?

3.Cur istī veritatem timebant, quā multī usī erant? Why were those guys fearing the truth that many had enjoyed?

Periphrastic Participles• Periphrastic Participles are like Finite

Participles because they follow the same pattern: participle + form of “sum, esse”.

• However, Periphrastics are different because they only refer to Future Participles used in such a way.

• Therefore, there are no Perfect or Present Participles with Periphrastic constructions.

Periphrastic Participles• Periphrastics are thus defined as Future

Participles with a form of “sum, esse”.

• Since there are two types of Future Participles (Active and Passive), there are also two types of Periphrastics: Active and Passive.

The Active Periphrastic• When one combines a Future Active Participle

with the verb “sum, esse”, one creates the Active Periphrastic.

• To translate the Active Periphrastic into English, simply add the verb “to be” to the normal “fixin’ to ______”

The Active Periphrastic• To translate the Active Periphrastic into English,

simply add the verb “to be” to the normal “fixin’ to ______”

Fortis imperator militēs hostēs victurus est.The brave general is fixin’ to conquer the enemy soldiers.Poeta fabulam narraturus erat, sed civēs non audīre cupiverunt.The poet was fixin’ to tell a story, but the citizens didn’t want to listen.

The Passive Periphrastic• Like the Active Periphrastic, the Passive

Periphrastic is a formed thus:

Future Passive Participle/Gerundive + form of “sum, esse”

• It is translated in the exact same fashion as the Participle: “ought to be ______ed”

The Passive Periphrastic• It is translated in the exact same fashion as the

Participle: “ought to be ______ed” or some other phrase of obligation (should, has to, must).

Haec femina amanda est.This woman ought to be loved.

Hic liber cum curā legendus erit.This book will have to be read with care.

The Passive Periphrastic

• It is translated in the exact same fashion as the Participle: “ought to be ______ed” or some other phrase of obligation (should, has to, must).

Omnia igitur iura magnā curā scribenda sunt.Therefore, all laws ought to be written with great care.

Si res publica nostra valet, nihil timendum est.If our republic fares well, nothing ought to be feared.

The Dative of Agent• One of the unique features of the Passive

Periphrastic is how it identifies its agent.• As we know, the normal manner in which

Latin identifies the agent of a Passive Verb is with an Ablative of Agent.

• However, the Passive Periphrastic takes the Dative of Agent instead.

The Dative of Agent• However, the Passive Periphrastic takes the

Dative of Agent instead.

Hic liber mihi legendus erit.This book will have to be read by me.

Orator nobis laudāndus est.The orator ought to be praised by us.

Practice

1. Cathagō delenda est.2. Intellegisne omnia quae tibi scienda sunt?3. Populō metū oppressō, iste rex nobīs ex urbe pellendus

est.

Classwork?

p. 151, #1-5p. 159, Sententiae Antiquae #5 and 8

Homework?

HW 32