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Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – IBCN
Software ArchitectureProf.Dr.ir. F. Gielen
The Architecture Business Cycle - ABC
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 2
Software Architecture
Software Architecture Software creates Value Software Architecture Business Cycle What is Software Architecture ?
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 3
What is a business model ?
It is a description of how your company intends to Create value Capture value
High Tech Innovation:
New product New Markets
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 4
Why make a business model ?
The business model unlocks the value of the technology
and justifies the capital requirements to implement it ..
Measured in technical domain Measured in value domain
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 5
Functions of the business model
1. Articulate the value proposition, that is, the value created for users by the offering based on the technology;
2. Identify a market segment, that is, the users to whom the technology is useful and for what purpose;
3. Define the structure of the value chain within the firm required to create and distribute the offering;
4. Estimate the cost structure and profit potential of the offering
5. Describe the position of the firm within the value network linking suppliers and customers, including identification of potential complementors and competitors;
6. Formulate the competitive strategy by which the innovating firm will gain and hold advantage over rivals.
Example: The Paperless Office
• What is the value proposition ?• What are the market segments ?• Who is your customer ?
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 6
Value Chain : Customers & Users
A value chain is a “chain” of companies that work together to satisfy a market demand for a particular product.
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 7
Example: On-line Games
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 8
Example: The Paperless Office
• What is the value chain?• Who is your customer ?
p. 9 Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 10
Only 28% of projects finish on time and within budget
23 % of projects are cancelled before delivery The remaining projects (late, over budget) only
delivered a fraction of the planned functionality.Standish Group CHAOS 2000 report
Software is increasing in :• complexity, size and functionality.• customer expectations • business value
Creating value In the real world
… almost 10 years later
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 11
Only 32% of projects finish on time and within budget
24 % of projects are cancelled before deliveryStandish Group CHAOS 2009 report
Failed projects : Motorola Iridium
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 12
• 7 billion USD development cost• 88 satelites• 3.000.- USD for a phone • 2 billion satellite opex per month
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 13
Software Architecture Business Cycle
Software Architecture Software creates Value Software Architecture Business Cycle What is Software Architecture ?
The ABC: Architecture Business Cycle
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 14
1. Stakeholder needs
2. Business management issues
3. Legal/contractual issues
4. Commercial & competitive pressures
5. Technical environment
6. Political issues
7. Life-cycle issues
An architecture is the result of a set of business and technical decisions
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 15
Influence by StakeholdersDevelopment
Manager
Marketing
ManagerEnd user Maintenance
ManagerCustomer
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 16
Skills of a software architect
Handle ( conflicting ) requirements from: business organisation customer finance people
Be a technical guru. Be a diplomat …with great communication skills
Do you still want the job …. ?
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 17
Influence of the architect
Organisation Subsystems = teams & skills Budget & schedule Build up the skill base for the company
Business impact Development & maintenance cost Time to market Meet customer requirements
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 18
Architect a Doghouse
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 19
Architecting a High rise
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 20
Dimensions of complexityHigher technical complexity - Embedded, real-time, distributed, fault-tolerant - Custom, unprecedented, architecture reengineering - High performance
Lower technical complexity - Mostly 4GL, or component-based - Application reengineering - Interactive performance
Highermanagement complexity - Large scale - Contractual - Many stake holders - “Projects”
Lowermanagement complexity - Small scale - Informal - Single stakeholder - “Products”
Defense MIS System
Defense Weapon SystemTelecom
Switch
CASE Tool
National Air TrafficControl System
Enterprise IS(Family of ISApplications)
CommercialCompiler
BusinessSpreadsheet
IS ApplicationDistributed Objects
(Order Entry)
Small ScientificSimulation
Large-ScaleOrganization/Entity
Simulation
An average software project: - 5-10 people - 10-15 month duration - 3-5 external interfaces - Some unknowns & risks
EmbeddedAutomotive
Software
IS ApplicationGUI/RDB
(Order Entry)
Walker Royce, Rational
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 21
Software Architecture
Software Architecture Software creates value Software Architecture Business Cycle What is Software Architecture ?
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 22
Software Architecture Definition
The Software Architecture of a program or computing system is the structure or
structures of the system, which comprises software elements, the external visible properties of those elements and the
relationships among them.
Requirements DesignSoftware
Architecture
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 23
Qualities in Software Architecture
SystemQualities
Functionality
BusinessQualities
ArchitecturalQualities
Software
Architecture
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 24
The Role of Software Architecture (1/2)
Communicate among stakeholders Vocabulary for structure, system and constraints Making architectural choices
Make early design decisions Resource allocation Organisation and work breakdown
Inhibit and enables quality attributes High performance -> time budgets Scalable -> high capacity requirements Re-usable -> coupling
Change Management local and non-local changes architectural changes
Analysis System level analysis , verify structural constraints,
consistency checking.
Vakgroep Informatietechnologie – Onderzoeksgroep IBCN p. 25
Construction Partial blueprint, construction instructions.
Evolution Allowable envelope of change, change impact
analysis. Reuse components, and patterns for the organisation
Management evaluation of milestones, identification of risks
Basis for evolutionary prototyping Skeletal construction - vertical strip.
The Role of Software Architecture (2/2)