S L H Indonesia 2012 Pilar Lingkungan Hidup...

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTTHE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012Pilar Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia

State of the Environment ReportIndonesia 2012

State of the Environment ReportIndonesia 2012

Pillars of the Environment of IndonesiaPillars of the Environment of Indonesia

Pembangunan nasional Indonesia bertujuan mewujudkan masyarakat yang adil dan makmur, serta membangun manusia Indonesia seutuhnya.

Pelaksanaannya perlu memperhatikan keseimbangan tiga pilar pembangunan berkelanjutan, yakni sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan hidup.

Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil kesepakatan dunia dalam Konferensi PBB tentang Lingkungan Hidup yang diadakan di Stockholm Tahun 1972 dan

Deklarasi Lingkungan Hidup pada KTT Bumi di Rio de Janeiro Tahun 1992 yang menyepakati prinsip-prinsip dalam pengambilan keputusan

pembangunan harus memperhatikan dimensi lingkungan, ekonomi dan manusia.

Indonesia yang dikaruniai kekayaan sumber daya alam dengan keanekaragaman hayati yang berlimpah seyogyanya dapat membawa bangsa

dan negara kita menjadi salah satu yang terbesar di dunia serta, yang terpenting, dapat menjamin tingginya tingkat kesejahteraan rakyat

Indonesia secara merata. Sasaran tersebut sesuai dengan arahan Presiden Republik Indonesia tentang Sustainable Growth with Equity, atau

Pertumbuhan yang berkelanjutan dan berkeadilan.

Dengan memperhatikan tiga pilar pembangunan berkelanjutan secara seimbang, maka dari sisi dimensi lingkungannya diperlukan

kebijakan dan pelaksanaan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup sepenuhnya yang melibatkan semua pemangku kepentingan. Dengan begitu

pembangunan akan sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah lingkungan hidup, yaitu meningkatkan nilai dan fungsi lingkungan hidup. Hal yang harus

diperhatikan adalah daya dukung, daya tampung dan aspek pencadangannya serta tata ruang sehingga tidak menimbulkan berbagai

bencana lingkungan seperti pencemaran lingkungan, kerusakan hutan dan lahan, banjir, longsor, kekeringan serta berbagai wabah penyakit.

Semua itu menyebabkan krisis energi, air dan pangan yang pada akhirnya menjadi ancaman bagi peri kehidupan kita.

Patut kita sesali bersama karena pada kenyataannya lingkungan hidup Indonesia telah banyak yang rusak dan cemar serta sumber daya alam kita

semakin terkikis. Sesal saja sangat tidak cukup, keterpurukan ini harus menjadi “wake-up call” pada kita semua untuk bersama-sama berupaya

meningkatkan kapasitas diri dalam mengatasi semua permasalahan lingkungan hidup.

Upaya tersebut di atas dipengaruhi oleh perilaku semua pemangku kepentingan baik secara individu maupun kolektif. Oleh karenanya, perilaku

ini yang harus diubah menjadi lebih ramah lingkungan. Hal ini sesuai dengan tema Tema Hari Lingkungan Hidup Tahun 2013 “Ubah Perilaku dan

Pola Konsumsi Untuk Selamatkan Lingkungan”. Tema ini dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan kepedulian kita atas pentingnya pemanfaatan

sumber daya alam secara bijak dan berwawasan lingkungan hidup. Tema ini diadopsi dari Tema Hari Lingkungan Hidup Sedunia 2013 yang

dikeluarkan oleh Badan Lingkungan Hidup Dunia, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), yaitu “Think.Eat.Save”, mengingat perilaku

dan pola konsumsi terutama dalam menyikapi daur hidup pangan berpengaruh terhadap lingkungan hidup.

Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia Tematik (SLHI) Tahun 2012 disusun untuk memberikan pemahaman akan kondisi lingkungan

hidup Indonesia dan bagaimana semua pemangku kepentingan berupaya untuk melindungi dan mengelolanya. Laporan ini difokuskan

pada tema kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia dengan judul “Pilar Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia”. Laporan ini menyajikan

kecenderungan kualitas lingkungan hidup, gambaran interaksi dinamis antara kapasitas dan kualitas lingkungan hidup serta faktor-faktor

yang mempengaruhinya. Kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang memadai merupakan elemen penting yang akan menentukan

status lingkungan hidup Indonesia di masa depan.

Atas nama Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, pada kesempatan ini saya mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada Tim Pakar dan semua pihak

yang telah membantu penyusunan buku Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012 ini. Mudah-mudahan buku ini dapat bermanfaat bagi

para pemangku kepentingan, yakni pembuat kebijakan, dunia akademisi, lembaga swadaya masyarakat, dunia usaha, media massa serta

masyarakat luas.

KATA PENGANTAR

Prof. Dr. Balthasar Kambuaya, MBA

T he objective of Indonesia’s national development is to establish an equitable and prosperous society and to develop the Indonesian people holisticly. All development efforts must heed the balance of the three pillars –

social, economic and environmental – of sustainable development. This commitment reflects the agreement reached at the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm and the Declaration on Environment and Development produced at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, which acknowledge that development decision-making principles must take into account environmental, economic and social dimensions.

Indonesia’s abundance of natural resources and biodiversity should enable our nation and country to reach a leading position in the world and, most importantly, ensure the prosperity of the entire Indonesian people. This objective concurs with the remarks of the President of the Republic of Indonesia on Sustainable Growth with Equity.

The environmental dimension necessitates environmental management policies and practices that call for the active engagement of all stakeholders, so that all three pillars of sustainable development can be accommodated equally. In this way development will proceed according to environmental principles, and enhance the value and the function of the environment. It is important to consider matters such as carrying capacities, assimilative capacities and conservation issues as well as spatial planning to prevent environmental disasters such as environmental pollution, forest and land damage, floods, landslides, droughts or outbreaks of diseases. All of these threats may cause crises related to energy, water and food supply, which in turn will endanger our livelihoods.

Unfortunately, much of Indonesia’s environment is damaged and polluted and our natural resources are becoming increasingly depleted. However, merely regretting the situation is not enough. We must heed this wake-up call and work together to increase our capacities to overcome all environmental problems.

The above-mentioned efforts are influenced by the individual and collective behavior of all stakeholders. Their behavior must become more environmentally friendly. This message was also conveyed by the theme of the 2013 Environment Day, “Change Behaviors and Consumption Patterns to Save the Environment”, which aimed to raise awareness about the importance of consuming natural resources in a sensible and environmentally sound way. The theme was adapted from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Environment Day theme for 2013, “Think.Eat.Save”, because attitudes and consumption patterns, particularly in regard to the cycle of food consumption, have an impact on the environment.

This thematic State of the Environment Report (SoER) of Indonesia aims to provide an understanding of environmental conditions in Indonesia and of how the various stakeholders engage in its protection and management. The report focuses on the theme of environmental management capacities and is entitled “Pillars of the Environment of Indonesia”. It presents trends in environmental quality and describes the dynamic interaction between environmental capacities and quality along with influencing factors. Adequate environmental management capacities are important elements that will determine the state of the environment in Indonesia in the years to come.

On behalf of the Ministry of the Environment, I would like to thank the Team of Experts as well as all parties that participated in the preparation of the State of the Environment Report of Indonesia 2012. May this report be useful for all stakeholders, whether the are policy makers, academia, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, the mass media or the public.

Jakarta, 5 June 2013

FOREWORD

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MINISTRY OF ENVIRON MENTTHE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

State of the Environment Report of Indonesia 2012 Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012

Published by :diterbitkan oleh : Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Indonesia Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Republik Indonesia

Jl. D. I. Panjaitan Kav. 24 Jakarta 13410Telp : 021 -8580081Fax : 021 -8580081

ISBN 978-602-8358-67-5

The content and material of this report may be freely reproduced and distributed provided that the content and meaning of this document are not altered. Quoting is allowed with reference to the source.Isi dan materi yang ada dalam buku ini boleh di reproduksi dan disebarluaskan dengan tidak mengurangi isi dan arti dari dokumen ini. Diperbolehkan mengutip isi buku ini dengan menyebutkan sumbernya.

Patron / pelindung :

Prof. Dr. Balthasar Kambuaya, MBA, Minister of Environment Prof. Dr. Balthasar Kambuaya, MBA, Menteri Lingkungan Hdup

Steering Officer / pengarah :

DR. Henry Bastaman, Deputy for Technical Infrastructure and Capacity Building in Environmental Management DR. Henry Bastaman, Deputi MENLH Bidang Pembinaan Sarana Teknis Lingkungan dan Peningkatan Kapasitas

Executive in Charge / penanggung jawab :

Ir. Laksmi Dhewanthi, MA, Assistant Deputy for Environmental Data and Information Ir. Laksmi Dhewanthi, MA, Asisten Deputi Data dan Informasi Lingkungan

Editors / editor :

Dida Gardera, Eri Rura, Luhut P Lumban Gaol, Lindawati, Nuke Mutikania, Harimurti, Heru Harnowo, R.Susanto, Adi Fajar Ramly, Hasan Nurdin, Heru Subroto, Indira Siregar, Abdul Aziz Sitepu, Wahyudi Suryatna

Writers / penulis :

Prof. Dr. Akhmad Fauzi, Prof. Dr. Dedy Darnaedi MSc., Prof. Dr. Lilik Budi Prasetyo, Dr. Budhi Gunawan, Dr. Driejana, Ir. Idris Maxdoni Kamil, M.Sc.,Ph.D., Dr. Herto Dwi Ariesyadi, Hernani Yulinawati, ST., MURP, Ph.D., Ano Herwana, SE, MM., Dida Gardera, S.T., M.Sc., Dr. Esrom Hamonangan, Ir. Dewi Ratnaningsih, Jetro, S.T., Ernawita Nazir, Emalya Rachmawaty, Dyah Aprianti, Niniek Triana Wardhani.

Secretariat / sekretariat :

Suhartono, Trileni Ratna Aprita, Saeprudi

Support / pendukung :

Baiah, Wiyoga, Agnes Swastikarina Gusthi, Sudarmanto, Tommy Aromdani, Juarno, Sarjono, S Dombot Sunaryedi, Yayat Rukhiyat, Nurheni Astuti, Anastasia, M. Bambang Eko Ariwibowo, Rio Kurniawan M, Tri Prihartiningsih

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Acknowledgements

The Ministry of Environment would like to thank all parties that have participated in and contributed to the preparation of the

2012 State of the Environment Report of Indonesia.

Contributors Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Health,

Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Ministry of Forestry, Ministry of Transportation,

Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Energi and Mineral Resources, Statistics Indonesia,

National Planning Agency, Indonesia Institute of Sciences, Indonesia Meteorological,

Climatological and Geophysical Agency.

Photo contributor : Sugiarti

Cover explanationReferring to the title of the 2012 SoER, “Pillars of the

Environment of Indonesia”, the cover art represents the balance of the three pillars of sustainable development in Indonesia,

namely social, economic and environmental, which aim to establish an equitable and prosperous society and develop the

Indonesia man as a whole.

Ucapan Terima Kasih

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah berpartisipasi dan berkontribusi dalam penyusunan Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia tahun 2012

KontributorKementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Kementerian Kesehatan, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, Kementerian Kehutanan, Kementerian Perhubungan, Kementerian Dalam Negeri, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian Perindustrian, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Badan Pusat Statistik, Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Badan Meteorologi,Klimatologi dan Geofisika.

Kontributor Foto : Sugiarti

Penjelasan Cover Sesuai dengan judul SLHI 2012 yaitu “ Pilar Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia ”, cover ini berusaha menampilkan keseimbangan tiga pilar pembangunan Indonesia berkelanjutan yakni sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan hidup yang bertujuan mewujudkan masyarakat yang adil dan makmur, serta membangun manusia Indonesia seutuhnya.

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Table of Contents

Inside Cover Cover Dalam

Foreword Kata Pengantar

Acknowledgements Ucapan Terima Kasih

Table of Contents Daftar Isi

List of Figures Daftar Gambar

List of Tables Daftar Tabel

List of Boxes Daftar Kotak

1. INTERACTION OF MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY INTERAKSI KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN DENGAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES TANTANGAN LINGKUNGAN

MAPPING MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MEMETAKAN KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN DAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN

2. STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF INDONESIA KONDISI LINGKUNGAN HIDUP INDONESIA

AIR UDARA

WATER AIR

River Water Quality Kualitas Air Sungai

Pollution Load Reduction Penurunan Beban Pencemar

Lake Water Quality Kualitas Air Danau

Impacts of Water Quality Deterioration Dampak Penurunan Kualitas Air

Water Quantity Kuantitas Air

Impacts of Changes in Water Quantity Dampak Perubahan Kuantitas Air

FORESTS AND LAND HUTAN DAN LAHAN

Critical Lands Lahan Kritis

COAST AND MARINE PESISIR DAN LAUT

Seawater Quality Kualitas Air Laut

BIODIVERSITY KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI

Biodiversity protected by legislation of the Republic of Indonesia Keanekaragaman Hayati yang Dilindungi Perundang-Undangan Republik Indonesia

Flora and Fauna listed on the “Red Data List” of the IUCN Flora Fauna Dalam “Red Data List” IUCN

Invasive Flora, Fauna and Microbes Flora Fauna dan Mikroba Invasif

3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT KELEMBAGAAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

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2

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12

1633353838424346526468758081

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Daftar Isi

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National Institutions in Environmental Management Lembaga Nasional Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Integrated Services Units Unit Pelayanan Terpadu

Indonesia National Single Window Indonesia National Single Window Regional Institutions in Environmental Management Lembaga Daerah Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

Facilities and Infrastructure Sarana dan Prasarana

Laboratories Laboratorium

The Indonesian Environmental Impact Control Facility (PUSARPEDAL) Pusat Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (PUSARPEDAL)

Regional State of the Environment Reports (SLHD) Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (SLHD)

HUMAN RESOURCES SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA PENGELOLA

Environmental Budget Anggaran Lingkungan Hidup

CONSOLIDATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW PENAATAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN

System Development Pengembangan Sistem

Handling of Environmental Cases Penanganan Kasus Lingkungan

Environmental Impact Assessment Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan

Compliance in a Development Context Penaatan Dalam Konteks Pembinaan

Formal Education Pendidikan Formal

Non-Formal Education Pendidikan Non Formal

Informal Education Pendidikan Informal

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS PROGRAM PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

The Internationalization of the Environment Internasionalisasi Lingkungan Hidup

Indonesia’s Role in International Forums Peran Indonesia di Forum Internasional

Indonesia as Host of International Meetings Indonesia Sebagai Tuan Rumah Dalam Pertemuan Internasional

Indonesia’s Active Participation in Regional/International Organizations Partisipasti Aktif Indonesia dalam Organisasi Regional/Internasional

Bilateral Cooperation Kerja sama Bilateral

Forests and Lands Hutan dan Lahan

Environmental Management Capacities of the Ministry of Forestry Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan di Kementerian Kehutanan

One Billion Indonesian Trees Program Gerakan Penanaman 1 Miliar Pohon

Water Air

Environmental Management Capacities of the Directorate-General of Water Resources Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Air

Civil Servant Investigators in the Field of Water Resources Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Sumber Daya Air

Biodiversity Keanekaragaman Hayati

Biodiversity Clearing House Balai Kliring Keamanan Hayati

Biodiversity Parks Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati

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The Nagoya Protocol Protokol Nagoya

Bill on Management of Genetic Resources Rancangan Undang-Undang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetik

Plant Conservation in Ex-Situ Conservation Areas Konservasi Tumbuhan di Kawasan Ex-situ Konservasi

Coastal and Marine Pesisir dan Laut

The Golden Chain Program –Coastal Rehabilitation Benefits Local Communities Program Rantai Emas – Rehabilitasi Pantai, Entaskan Masyarakat Setempat

Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program – COREMAP Program rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang – COREMAP

Air Udara

Climate Change Perubahan Iklim

Efforts in the Industrial Sector Upaya Sektor Industri

National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System (SIGN) Sistem Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional (SIGN)

Solid Waste Sampah

ACCESS TO PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AKSES PARTISIPASI PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN

The Private Sector Dunia Usaha

Corporate Environmental Performance Rating Program - PROPER Program Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan (PROPER)

Development of Green Industry Pengembangan Industri Hijau

Assessment on Green Industry and the Environment Pengkajian Industri Hijau dan Lingkungan Hidup

State-Owned Enterprises Badan Usaha Milik Negara

Non-Governmental Organizations Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat

Indigenous people Masyarakat Hukum Adat

Universities Perguruan Tinggi Development of Environmental Engineering in Indonesia Pengembangan Pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan di Indonesia

Mass Media Media Massa

General Public Masyarakat Umum

Pro-Environment Stakeholders Pemangku Kepentingan Pro Lingkungan Hidup

4. SPECIAL NOTES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CATATAN KHUSUS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

CHANGES IN LAND COVER PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN

The Island of Sumatra Pulau Sumatera

Kalimantan Island Pulau Kalimantan

The Island of Papua Pulau Papua

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168171

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178180183185187

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CONTROL OVER RIVER DESTRUCTION PENGENDALIAN KERUSAKAN SUNGAI

Ciliwung River Sungai Ciliwung

Citarum River Sungai Citarum

Cisadane River Sungai Cisadane

Brantas River Sungai Brantas

LAKE CONSERVATION GERAKAN PENYELAMATAN DANAU

Lake Limboto Danau Limboto

Lake Singkarak Danau Singkarak

Lake Rawa Pening Danau Rawa Pening

Lake Ayamaru Danau Ayamaru

VARIOUS ACTIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED RAGAM AKSI DAN HIKMAH PEMBELAJARAN Gulf of Tomini Management Action Aksi Pengelolaan Teluk Tomini

Bali Strait Environmental Management Action Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Selat Bali

Village-Level Regulations for the Protection of Coral Reefs Peraturan Tingkat Kampung Melindungi Terumbu Karang

Efforts to Preserve the Javan and Sumatran Rhinoceros Usaha Pelestarian Badak Jawa dan Sumatera

Preservation of Bamboo Species Pelestarian Ratusan Spesies Bambu

Giant Land Conversion Project Proyek Raksasa Konservasi Lahan

Disposal of Hazardous Waste Pembuangan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun

5. QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN DAN KAPASITAS PENGELOLAANNYA

CURRENT CONDITION KONDISI SAAT INI

POTENTIAL PRESSURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE FUTURE POTENSI TEKANAN DAN ISU LINGKUNGAN DI MASA DEPAN

Population Distribution and Growth Sebaran dan Pertumbuhan Penduduk

Poverty Kemiskinan

Land Use Change Alih Fungsi Lahan

Growth of Transportation Sector Pertumbuhan Sektor Transportasi

Energy Demand Permintaan Energi

Environmentally Friendly Behavior Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES IN THE FUTURE KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP MASA DEPAN

6. SYNERGY FOR THE FUTURE BERSINERGI MENATAP MASA DEPAN

SYNTHESIS SINTESIS

EXPECTATIONS FOR THE FUTURE HARAPAN KE DEPAN

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List of FiguresDaftar Gambar

Figure Gambar 1.

Figure Gambar 2.

Figure Gambar 3.

Figure Gambar 2.1.

Figure Gambar 2.2.

Figure Gambar 2.3.

Figure Gambar 2.4.

Figure Gambar 2.5.

Figure Gambar 2.6.

Figure Gambar 2.7.

Figure Gambar 2.8.

Figure Gambar 2.10.

Figure Gambar 2.11.

Figure Gambar 2.12.

Figure Gambar 2.13.

Figure Gambar 2.14.

Figure Gambar 2.15.

Figure Gambar 2.16.

Figure Gambar 2.17.

Figure Gambar 2.18.

Figure Gambar 2.19.

Figure Gambar 2.20.

Deforestation, Coal Exploitation Foto Deforestasi Hutan, Eksploitasi BatuBara

Driver-Pressure-State-Impacts-Response Scheme Skema Driver-Pressure-State-Impacts-Response

Environmental Management Capacity vs. Environmental Quality

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup vs Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup

Energy Consumption in Various Sectors in Indonesia 1990 – 2009

Konsumsi Energi di Indonesia Tahun 1990 – 2009 dari Berbagai Sektor

National trends in the number of (land) motor vehicles for

(a) cars, trucks and buses, (b) motorcycles

Tren Peningkatan Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor (Darat) Nasional Untuk Kategori

(A) Mobil, Truk Dan Bus, (B) Sepeda Motor

Annual Average Trends for Passive Measurement of (A) NO2; (B) SO2 in 33 Provincial Capitals

Tren Rata-Rata Tahunan Pengukuran Metode Pasif (A) NO2; (B) SO2 di 33 Ibukota Provinsi

Average NO2 and SO2 Concentration Distribution in 248 Cities/Regencies in Indonesia

Sebaran Konsentrasi Rata-Rata NO2 dan SO2 Di 248 Kota/Kabupaten di Indonesia

SO2 and NO2 Concentrations from the Transportation Sector, 2011

Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari Sektor Transportasi Tahun 2011

SO2 and NO2 Concentrations from the Housing Sector, 2011

Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari Sektor Pemukiman Tahun 2011

SO2 and NO2 Concentrations from the Commercial Sector, 2011

Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari Sektor Komersial Tahun 2011

SO2 and NO2 Concentrations from the Industrial Sector, 2011

Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari Sektor Industri Tahun 2011

CO Concentration in Urban Areas (Road Monitoring), 2011-2012

Konsentrasi CO Tahun 2011-2012 di Perkotaan (Road Monitoring)

NO2 Concentration, Road Side Monitoring ,2011-2012

Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring NO2 Tahun 2011-2012

TSP Concentration, Road Side Monitoring, 2011-2012

Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring TSP Tahun 2011-2012

SO2 Concentration, Road Side Monitoring, 2011-2012

Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring SO2 Tahun 2011-2012

Hydrocarbon Concentration, Road Side Monitoring, 2011-2012

Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring Hidrokarbon Tahun 2011-2012

O3 Concentration, Road Side Monitoring, 2011-2012

Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring O3 Tahun 2011-2012

Average PM10 and PM 2,5 Concentration in Ten Indonesian Cities, 2012

Konsentrasi Rata-Rata PM10 dan PM 2,5 di Sepuluh Kota Indonesia Tahun 2012

Heavy Metal Content (ng/m3) in PM, 2012 Kandungan Logam Berat (ng/m3) Dalam PM Tahun 2012

Annual Average Sulfate Concentration (µmol/L) in Rainwater, 2001-2011

Konsentrasi Sulfat (µmol/L) Air Hujan Rata-Rata Tahunan, 2001-2011

Annual Average Nitrate Concentration (µmol/l) in Rainwater, 2001-2011

Konsentrasi Nitrat (µmol/l) Air Hujan Rata-Rata Tahunan, 2001-2011

Impacts of acid deposition Dampak Deposisi Asam

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Figure Gambar 2.21.

Figure Gambar 2.22.

Figure Gambar 2.23.

Figure Gambar 2.24.

Figure Gambar 2.25.

Figure Gambar 2.26.

Figure Gambar 2.27.

Figure Gambar 2.28.

Figure Gambar 2.29.

Figure Gambar 2.30.

Figure Gambar 2.31.

Figure Gambar 2.32.

Figure Gambar 2.33.

Figure Gambar 2.34.

Figure Gambar 2.35.

Figure Gambar 2.36.

Figure Gambar 2.37.

Figure Gambar 2.38.

Figure Gambar 2.39.

Figure Gambar 2.40.

Figure Gambar 2.41.

Figure Gambar 2.42.

Figure Gambar 2.43.

Figure Gambar 2.44.

Case Fatality Rate in Diarrhea Outbreaks in Indonesia, 2005-2012

Case Fatality Rate KLB Diare di Indonesia Tahun 2005-2012

Percentage of River Water Monitoring Points in Indonesia with Heavily Polluted Status

as defined in the Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001

Persentase Titik Pantau Air Sungai di Indonesia dengan Status Tercemar Berat

Berdasarkan Kriteria Mutu Air Kelas II PP 82 Tahun 2001

Degradation of river quality in Indonesia (2008 and 2012 maps)

Penurunan Kualitas Sungai di Indonesia (peta 2008 dan 2012)

Distribution of BOD/COD ratios and Organic Pollutant Data by Province

Sebaran nilai rasio BOD/COD dan Nilai Pencemar Organik Berdasarkan Provinsi

Percentage of Water Quality Parameters 2008-2012 That Do Not Meet the Class 2

Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001

Persentase Parameter Kualitas Air 2008-2012 yang Tidak Memenuhi Kriteria Mutu Air Kelas II PP 82/2001

Proportion of Households with Access to Safe Drinking Water (Urban and Rural Areas)

Proporsi Rumah Tangga dengan Akses Terhadap Air Minum Layak (Perkotaan dan Perdesaan)

Per capita water potential and water availability Potensi Air dan Ketersediaan Air per Kapita

Water Resources During the Rainy Season by Island Sumber Daya Air per Pulau pada Musim Hujan

Precipitation by Island (mm/year) Tinggi Curah Hujan di Tiap Pulau (mm/tahun)

Distribution of Critical River Basins in 1984, 1992 and 2005

Sebaran DAS Kritis pada Tahun 1984, 1992, dan 2005

Number of Flood Incidents in Indonesia Jumlah Kejadian Banjir di Indonesia

Several critical watershed areas Beberapa Potret DAS Kritis di Indonesia

Decrease of Forest Area, 2000 – 2011 Penurunan Luasan Hutan pada Periode 2000 – 2011

Percentage of Forest Conversion, 2000 – 2011 Persentase Perubahan Hutan pada Periode 2000 -2011

Percentage of Mangrove Forest Conversion, 2000 – 2011

Persentase Perubahan Hutan Mangrove pada Periode 2000 – 2011

Decrease of Forest Area by Province, 2000 – 2011

Penurunan Luasan Hutan pada periode 2000 – 2011 per Propinsi

Distribution of Flood Disasters & Flood Disasters with Landslides from 2004 to 2011

Sebaran Kejadian Bencana Banjir & Bencana Banjir Yang Disertai Longsor Tahun 2004

Sampai Dengan Tahun 2011

Distribution of Drought Incidents from 2004 to 2011

Sebaran Kejadian Kekeringan Tahun 2004 Sampai Dengan Tahun 2011

Condition of Coral Reefs in Indonesia (%) Kondisi Terumbu Karang di Indonesia (%)

Ammonia Levels in Ports Kandungan Amoniak di Pelabuhan

Comparison of Dissolved Oxygen Levels in the Port of Tanjung Priok and

in Gorontalo, 2011 – 2012

Perbandingan Kandungan Oksigen Terlarut di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo Tahun 2011 – 2012

Comparison of Phenol Levels in the Port of Tanjung Priok and Gorontalo, 2011 – 2012

Perbandingan Kandungan Fenol di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo Tahun 2011 – 2012

Comparison of Ammonia Levels in the Port of Tanjung Priok, 2011 – 2012

Perbandingan Kandungan Amoniak di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok Tahun 2011-2012

TSS levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan TSS di Daerah Wisata

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xii

Dissolved Oxygen Levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan Oksigen Terlarut di Daerah Wisata

Oil and Fat Levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan Minyak dan Lemak di Daerah Wisata

Phenol levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan Fenol di Daerah Wisata

Ammonia levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan Amoniak di Daerah Wisata

MBAS levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan MBAS di Daerah Wisata

Flora and Fauna Protected by Indonesia Law

Flora Fauna Yang Dilindungi Oleh Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia

Flora and Fauna by IUCN Criteria Flora-Fauna Berdasarkan Kriteria IUCN

IUCN Categories and Criteria for Fauna Kategori Kriteria IUCN pada Fauna

IUCN Categories and Criteria for Flora Kategori Kriteria IUCN pada Flora

Number of Invasive Flora, Fauna and Microbial Species Jumlah Jenis Flora Fauna danMikroba Invasif

Total Number of Services Provided by Integrated Services Units

Total Pelayanan Unit Pelayanan Terpadu

Total number of applicants for services provided by Integrated Services Units

Jumlah Total Pemohon Layanan Unit Pelayanan Terpadu

Decrease in Number of Hazardous substances Registration Types

Ministry of Environment

Penurunan Jumlah Jenis Registrasi Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

Increase in Total Quality of Hazardous substances (million tonnes)

Peningkatan Total Kualitas Impor Bahan Beracun dan Berbahaya (juta ton)

Implementation of Minimum Service Standards for Environmental Services

on the Provincial/National Level

Laporan Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Provinsi Nasional

Indicator Attainment Status for the Implementation of Minimum Service Standards

for Environmental Services on the Provincial/National Level

Laporan Capaian Indikator Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang

Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Provinsi Nasional

Implementation of Minimum Service Standards for Environmental Services

on the Regency/City Level

Laporan Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Kabupaten/Kota

Indicator Attainment Status for the Implementation of Minimum Service Standards

for Environmental Services on the Regency/City Level

Laporan Capaian Indikator Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup

Tingkat Kabupaten/Kota

Number of Regional State of the Environment Reports on the Provincial Level

Jumlah Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Tingkat Provinsi

Distribution of Environmental Impact Control Functional Officials

Sebaran Jabatan Fungsional Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan

Environmental Budget vs. Total State Budget

Anggaran Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup vs Total Belanja Pemerintah RI

Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, 2006 – 2012

Pembagian Dana Alokasi Khusus Lingkungan 2006 – 2012

Figure Gambar 2.45.

Figure Gambar 2.46.

Figure Gambar 2.47.

Figure Gambar 2.48.

Figure Gambar 2.49.

Figure Gambar 2.50.

Figure Gambar 2.51.

Figure Gambar 2.52.

Figure Gambar 2.53.

Figure Gambar 2.54.

Figure Gambar 3.1.

Figure Gambar 3.2.

Figure Gambar 3.3.

Figure Gambar 3.4.

Figure Gambar 3.5.

Figure Gambar 3.6.

Figure Gambar 3.7.

Figure Gambar 3.8.

Figure Gambar 3.9.

Figure Gambar 3.10.

Figure Gambar 3.11.

Figure Gambar 3.12.

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94

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xiii

Public Complaints Procedure Mekanisme Tata Cara Penanganan Pengaduan

Number of Administrative Sanctions Issued in 2012

Jumlah Sanksi Administrasi yang dikeluarkan tahun 2012

Control of the Implementation of Administrative Sanctions

Hasil Pengawasan Penaatan Pelaksanaan Sanksi Administrasi

Performance Evaluation of EIA Review Commissions at the Provincial and Regency/City-Level

Hasil Evaluasi Kinerja Komisi Penilai Amdal Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota

MOE Education and Training, 2010 – 2012 Pendidikan dan Pelatihan KLH Tahun 2010 – 2012

Biodiversity Management Flowchart Alur proses pengelolaan Keanekaragaman Hayati

Development of Botanical Gardens Pengembangan Kebun Raya

Air Quality Monitoring Station Network in Indonesia

Jaringan Stasiun di Indonesia Pemantau Kualitas Udara

The National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting System

Sistem Pelaporan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional

Performance of Final Waste Disposal Sites, 2011-2012

Kinerja Penanganan Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Tahun 2011-2012

Number of Companies Participating in PROPER Jumlah Perusahaan Peserta PROPER

Hazardous Waste Balance Sheet, Energy, Oil & Gas

Neraca Limbah B3 Kegiatan Pertambangan, Energi Migas

Hazardous Waste Balance Sheet, Estates & Services

Neraca Limbah B3 Sektor Kawasan & Jasa

Budget for Community Development Jumlah Anggaran Community Development

Environmental News/Information in the Mass Media

Media Massa Dalam Pemberitaan/InformasiLingkunganHidup

Kalpataru Award Penghargaan Kalpataru

Number and Percentage of Pro-Environment Stakeholders

Jumlah dan Prosentase Pemangku Kepentingan Pro Lingkungan Hidup

Forest Cover Change on Sumatera Island (a) 2000, (b) 2003, (c) 2006,

(d) 2009, (e) 2011, (f ) Deforestation 2000 – 2011

Perubahan Tutupan Hutan P. Sumatera (a) 2000, (b) 2003, (c) 2006,

(d) 2009, (e) 2011, (f ) Deforestasi 2000 – 2011

Forest Cover Change by Province on Sumatra Island

Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Provinsi di Pulau Sumatera

Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover in 2011 on Sumatra Island

Perubahan Hutan Tahun 2000 Menjadi Tutupan Lahan Lain di Tahun 2011di PulauSumatera

Forest Cover Change on Kalimantan Island (a) 2000 and (b) 2011

Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Provinsi di Pulau Kalimantan (a) 2000 dan (b) 2011

Forest Cover Change by Province on Kalimantan Island

Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Provinsi di Pulau Kalimantan

Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover in 2011 on Kalimantan Island

Perubahan Hutan Tahun 2000 Menjadi Tutupan Lahan Lain di Tahun 2011 di Pulau Kalimantan

Deforestation on Papua Island,2000-2011 Deforestasi Hutan Pulau Papua 2000-2011

Figure Gambar 3.13.

Figure Gambar 3.14.

Figure Gambar 3.15.

Figure Gambar 3.16.

Figure Gambar 3.17.

Figure Gambar 3.18.

Figure Gambar 3.19.

Figure Gambar 3.20.

Figure Gambar 3.21.

Figure Gambar 3.22.

Figure Gambar 3.23.

Figure Gambar 3.24.

Figure Gambar 3.25.

Figure Gambar 3.26.

Figure Gambar 3.27.

Figure Gambar 3. 28.

Figure Gambar 3.29.

Figure Gambar 4.1.

Figure Gambar 4.2.

Figure Gambar 4.3.

Figure Gambar 4.4.

Figure Gambar 4.5.

Figure Gambar 4.6.

Figure Gambar 4.7.

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157

167

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197

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xiv

Forest Cover Change by Province on Papua Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Provinsi di Pulau Papua

Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover in 2011 on Papua Island

Perubahan Hutan Tahun 2000 Menjadi Tutupan Lahan Lain di Tahun 2011 di Pulau Papua

Land Cover Change Diagram for Kuningan Regency in1997, 1999, 2002, 2009

Diagram Perubahan Penutupan Lahan Kabupaten Kuningan Tahun1997, 1999, 2002, 2009

Land Cover Change Map for Kuningan Regency in 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009

Peta Perubahan Tutupan Lahan Kabupaten Kuningan Tahun 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009

Ciliwung River Location Map Peta Lokasi Sungai Ciliwung

Change in Forest and Settlement Areas in the Ciliwung River Basin, 2000-2010

Perubahan Luasan Hutan dan Permukiman DAS Ciliwung, Tahun 2000-2010

Proportion of Land Cover Change in the Ciliwung River Basin, 2000-2010

Proporsi Perubahan Tutupan Lahan DAS Ciliwung Tahun 2000-2010

Land Cover Map for the Ciliwung River Basin, 2010 Peta Tutupan Lahan DAS Ciliwung Tahun 2010

Water Quality Along the Ciliwung River Basin 2010-2012 According to Class 2 Water Quality

Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001

Status Mutu Hulu-Hilir DAS Ciliwung Tahun 2010-2012 Berdasarkan KMA Kelas II PP 82/2001

Outline of Ciliwung Restoration Plan 2012 – 2015

Garis Besar Rencana Restorasi Sungai Ciliwung Tahun 2012 – 2015

Ciliwung River Environmental Quality Restoration Pilot Project 2006 – 2011

Pilot Project Pemulihan Kualitas Lingkungan Sungai Ciliwung Tahun 2006 – 2011

Citarum River Basin Area Map Peta Wilayah DAS Citarum

Land-use Change in the Citarum River Basin Exerting Pressure on the condition of the

Citarum River

Perubahan Tata Guna Lahan di DAS Citarum yang Menekan Kondisi Sungai Citarum

Annual Water Flow Volume of the Citarum River, 1963-2008

Jumlah Aliran Air PerTahun Sungai CitarumTahun 1963-2008

Pollution Index for the Upper Segment of the Citarum River

Indeks Pencemaran di Segmen Sungai Citarum Hulu

Upgrading of Sanitary Facilities in the Bandung Basin, 2000-2011

Peningkatan Fasilitas Sanitasi di Cekungan Bandung Tahun 2000-2011

Pollution Levels of the Cisadane River Tingkat Pencemaran Sungai Cisadane

Map of the Brantas River Basin Peta DAS Brantas

Water Quality Along the Brantas River Basin in 2012 Compared to

Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001

Status Mutu DAS Brantas Tahun 2012 Dibandingkan Dengan KMA Kelas II PP 82/2001

Two Adult Females with Three Juveniles (left); Two Adult Male Proboscis Monkeys (right)

In a Reclamation Area

Dua Betina Dewasa dan Tiga Anak (kiri); Dua Bekantan Jantan Dewasa (kanan) di Areal Reklamasi

Species Trial of Forest Plants in Reclamation Areas

Uji coba Penelitian Uji Jenis untuk Tanaman Hutandi Areal Reklamasi

Sumatran Rhino Caught on Camera Badak Sumatera yang Berhasil Terekam Kamera

Figure Gambar 4.8.

Figure Gambar 4.9.

Figure Gambar 4.10.

Figure Gambar 4.11.

Figure Gambar 4.12.

Figure Gambar 4.13.

Figure Gambar 4.14.

Figure Gambar 4.15.

Figure Gambar 4.16.

Figure Gambar 4.17.

Figure Gambar 4.18.

Figure Gambar 4.19.

Figure Gambar 4.20.

Figure Gambar 4.21.

Figure Gambar 4.22.

Figure Gambar 4.23.

Figure Gambar 4.24.

Figure Gambar 4.25.

Figure Gambar 4.26.

Figure Gambar 4.27.

Figure Gambar 4.28.

Figure Gambar 4.29.

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212

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xv

Figure Gambar 4.30.

Figure Gambar 4.31.

Figure Gambar 4.32.

Figure Gambar 5.1.

Figure Gambar 5.2.

Figure Gambar 5.3.

Figure Gambar 5.4.

Figure Gambar 6.1.

Historic Range of the Sumatran Rhinoceros Populasi Badak Sumatera di Awal Penyebarannya

Current Population of the Sumatran Rhinoceros in Indonesia

Populasi Badak Sumatera yang Masih Tersisa di Indonesia

Estimated Population of the Javan Rhinoceros 1967 – 2012

Estimasi Populasi Badak Jawa Tahun 1967 – 2012

Weighting Calculations for Environmental Management Capacities

Perhitungan Pembobotan Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

Correlation Matrix Between Environmental Quality Indices and Environmental Management

Capacities by Province, 2009-2012

Matriks Korelasi antara Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup dan Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

Provinsi2009-2012

Poverty in Indonesia, 2004-2012 Perkembangan Kemiskinan di Indonesia 2004 – 2012

Geographic Distribution of Coal Resources and Reserves, December 2011

Lokasi Penyebaran Sumber Daya dan Cadangan Batu Bara, Status Desember 2011

Environmental Management Capacities vs. Environmental Quality

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup vs Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup

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263

273

277

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xvi

List of TablesDaftar Tabel

Table Tabel 2.1.

Table Tabel 2.2.

Table Tabel 2.3.

Table Tabel 2.4.

Table Tabel 2.5.

Table Tabel 2.6.

Table Tabel 2.7.

Table Tabel 2.9.

Table Tabel 2.10.

Table Tabel 2.11.

Table Tabel 2.12.

Table Tabel 2.13.

Table Tabel 2.14.

Table Tabel 2.15.

Table Tabel 2.16.

Table Tabel 2.17.

Table Tabel 2.18.

Table Tabel 3.1.

Table Tabel 3.2.

Table Tabel 3.3.

Table Tabel 3.4.

PM10 and PM2,5 Monitoring in 10 Cities in Indonesia, 2012

Pemantauan PM10 dan PM2,5 di 10 Kota Indonesia Tahun 2012

Status of Ecosystems in 15 Lakes in Indonesia, 2011

Status Ekosistem15 Danau di Indonesia Tahun 2011

Trophic state and lake water quality Status Trofik dan Kualitas Air Danau

Trophic Status Criteria for Lakes Kriteria Status Trofik Danau

Infant Mortality Rate, Number of Deaths, Total Fertility Rate and Number of

Births by Province, 2011

Angka Kematian Bayi, Jumlah Kematian, Angka Fertilitas Total dan Jumlah

Kelahiran menurut Provinsi 2011

Number of Smear-Positive Pulmonary TB and Diarrhea Patients by Province, 2009-2010

Jumlah Pasien TB Paru Positif dan Diare menurut Provinsi 2009 – 2010

Number of Patients, Fatality Rate and Dengue Fever Incidence Rate by Province, 2008-2010

Jumlah Pasien, Tingkat Kefaalan, dan Tingkat Kejadian Penyakit Demam Berdarah menurut

Provinsi, 2008 – 2010

Annual Forest Cover Change Rate by Province, 2000-2011

Laju Perubahan Tutupan Hutan per Tahun per Provinsi pada Periode 2000 – 2011

Forest Fire Occurrence in Various Functional Forest Types

Perkembangan Kebakaran Hutan di Berbagai Fungsi Hutan

Number of Detected Hotspots, 2005-2011 Jumlah Pantauan Hotspot pada Periode 2005-2011

Total Area of Critical Lands in Indonesia, 2000-2011 Luas Lahan Kritis Di Indonesia 2000 – 2011

Area and Condition of Mangrove Forests by Province, 2011

Luas dan Kondisi Hutan Mangrove Menurut Provinsi Tahun 2011

Mangrove forest area by province and damage level, 2007, 2010, 2011

Luas Penyebaran Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi Dan Tingkat Kerusakan, 2007, 2010, 2011

Mangrove Forest Rehabilitation by Province, 2008-2010

Rehabilitasi Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi 2008 – 2010

Area of Mangrove Forests by Province, 2007 and 2011

Luas Penyebaran Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi 2007,2011

Fisheries Production Volume, 2007-2011 Volume Produksi Perikanan 2007 -2011

Number of Fisheries Facilities and Infrastructure, 2007-2011

Jumlah Sarana dan Prasarana Perikanan 2007 – 2011

Environmental Management Institutions

Lembaga Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup

Regional Environmental Institutions on a Provincial and Regency/City Level

(as of February 2013)

Rekapitulasi Bentuk Kelembagaan LH Daerah Provinsi Dan Kabupaten/Kota

(per Februari 2013)

Number and Status of Environmental Laboratories in Indonesia by Province

Jumlah dan Status Laboratorium Lingkungan di Indonesia TingkatProvinsi

Evaluation Results of 2011 Regional State of the Environment Reports

27

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72

72

73

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98

101

106

xvii

Table Tabel 3.5.

Table Tabel 3.6.

Table Tabel 3.7.

Table Tabel 3.8.

Table Tabel 3.9.

Table Tabe 3.10.

Table Tabel 3.11.

Table Tabel 3.12.

Table Tabel 3.13.

Table Tabel 4.1.

Table Tabel 5.1.

Table Tabel 5.2.

Table Tabel 5.3.

Table Tabel 5.4.

TableTabel5.5.

Table Tabel 5.6.

Table Tabel 5.7.

Hasil Evaluasi SLHD Tahun 2011

Budget for Environmental Functions vs Total Regional Budget

Anggaran Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup vs AnggaranPendapatanBelanja Daerah Total

Allocation of Environmental Deconcentration Funds 2012

Alokasi Dana Dekonsentrasi Lingkungan 2012

Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, 2006-2013

Alokasi DAK Bidang LingkunganHidup Tahun 2006 – 2013

Number of forestry workers at Timber Plantation Concessions By educational background until

2011

Tenaga Kerja Kehutanan Pada IUPHHK HT Berdasarkan Latar Belakang Pendidikan s/d 2011

Name and Area of Botanical Gardens Nama dan Luas Kebun Raya

Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GG CO2e) in Indonesia, 2000-2005

Perkembangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Indonesia Tahun 2000-2005 (Gg CO2e)

Waste Balance Sheet Based on PROPER Monitoring of 1002 Companies, 2010-2011

Neraca Limbah B3 yang Diperoleh dari Hasil Pengawasan PROPER pada Periode 2010-2011

Hazardous Waste Balance Sheet Based on PROPER Monitoring of 1317 Companies, 2011-2012

Neraca Limbah B3 yang Diperoleh dari Hasil Pengawasan PROPER pada Periode2011-2012

Environmentally Friendly Behavior Index Indeks Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan

Pollution Status of the Cisadane River by Segment

Status Pencemaran di Segmen Sungai Cisadane

Environmental Quality Index in Indonesia, 2009-2011

Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2009-2011

Environmental Management Capacities by Province

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Tingkat Provinsi

Population Growth by Province, 2010-2035 Pertumbuhan Penduduk Menurut Provinsi 2010-2035

Population Growth Rate by Province, 2010-2035

Laju PertumbuhanPenduduk MenurutProvinsi 2010-2035

Poverty Severity Index (P2) by Province, September 2012

Indeks Keparahan Kemiskinan (P2) Menurut Provinsi, September 2012

Production, Harvested Area and Productivity for Rice in Indonesia

Produksi, Luas Panen dan Produktivitas Padi di Indonesia

Growth of Motor Vehicles by Types in 1987-2011

Perkembangan Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor Menurut Jenis tahun 1987-2011

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xviii

List of BoxesDaftar Kotak

Box: Acid Rain/Acid Deposition HujanAsam/DeposisiAsam

Box: The Trophic State of Several Lakes Status Berbagai DanauDengan Status Trofiknya

Box: Matters Regarding Environmental Permit Ihwal Izin Lingkungan

Box: Strong Foundation for Waste Management Landasan Kuat Bagi Pengelolaan Sampah

Box: A Brief History of WALHI Sepenggal Jejak WALHI

Box: Centers for Environmental Studies at Universities Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Perguruan Tinggi

Box: Success Story of Forest Conservation in Kuningan Regency Keberhasilan Kuningan Dalam Konservasi Hutan

30

40

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115

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210

INTERACTION OFMANAGEMENT CAPACITIESAND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY1

INTERAKSI KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN DENGAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN

4

1 Interaction of Management Capacities and Environmental Quality

“Penulisan Status Lingkungan Hidup

Indonesia 2012 ini bersifat tematik,

yang bertujuan memaparkan

kapasitas pengelolaan dalam

merespon dinamika lingkungan hidup.

Kapasitas pengelolaan dan kualitas

lingkungan hidup memiliki relasi

timbal-balik. Kapasitas yang memadai

akan menentukan mutu lingkungan,

dengan menganalisis, merespon dan

menentukan aksi dalam menjawab

tantangan.”

Dengan begitu, menimbang betapa krusial ikhtiar

meraih keberlanjutan lingkungan hidup, pustaka ini

menyajikan pokok bahasan ihwal kapasitas pengelolaan

lingkungan. Hal itu mencakup kelembagaan, kebijakan,

serta program lingkungan tingkat nasional dan

daerah.

Pendek kata, laporan ini hendak memaparkan interaksi

dinamis antara kapasitas dengan kualitas lingkungan

hidup, beserta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.

Tentu saja, paparan yang termuat dalam pustaka ini

masih menyimpan keterbatasan dan kekurangan.

Satu hal yang perlu menjadi catatan bersama adalah

ketersediaan dan validitas data-informasi. Namun

demikian, laporan ini disusun dengan melibatkan

banyak pihak sehingga dapat dijadikan acuan bersama.

Kelestarian lingkungan dan sumberdaya alam, yang

melibatkan para pemangku kepentingan, mensyaratkan

kecakapan kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan.

Kapasitas yang mumpuni menjadi salah satu elemen

penting yang akan menentukan status lingkungan

hidup di masa depan.

Pustaka SLHI 2012 memuat enam bab. Bab pertama

berisi latar belakang dan tujuan penulisan. Bab kedua

menguraikan secara ringkas status lingkungan hidup

yang diwakili komponen: sumberdaya hutan dan lahan,

sumberdaya pesisir dan laut, sumberdaya air, udara,

dan keanekaragaman hayati.

Bab ketiga baru memasuki fokus utama tentang

kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan di Indonesia.

Lantas, bab keempat menyajikan pembelajaran,

dengan memusatkan pada masalah dan kondisi

“The thematically-structured State of The Environment Report Indonesia 2012 describes the management capacities that have been developed to respond to environmental dynamics. Management capacities and environmental quality are interrelated. Adaquate capacities will determine the quality of the environment by analyzing, responding and implementing the action to cope with the challenges.”

Given the importance of achieving a sustainable environment, this document focuses on environmental management capacities and includes descriptions of environmental institutions, policies and programs on both the national and regional level.

The report aims to explain the dynamic interaction between environmental capacities and environmental quality and highlights influencing factors. The descriptions in this report reflect the various constraints and difficulties encountered during its preparation, of which the availability and validity of data and information are of particular concern. Nevertheless, this report was compiled from many sources and will potentially become a common reference.

Ensuring the sustainability of the environment and natural resources requires well-developed environmental management capacities. Strong capacities are crucial in determining the state of the environment in the future.

The SoER 2012 is divided into six chapters. The first chapter outlines the background and purpose of the report. The second chapter provides brief descriptions of the state of the environment by its components: Forest and land resources, coastal and marine resources, water resources, air and biodiversity.

The third chapter delves into the main subject of environmental management capacities in Indonesia. The fourth chapter presents lessons learned and

5

1Interaksi Kapasitas Pengelolaan dengan Kualitas Lingkungan

lingkungan tertentu, serta kebutuhan kapasitas untuk

mengatasinya.

Seiring kemajuan zaman, lingkungan hidup nampaknya

akan menghadapi tekanan lebih berat di masa datang.

Untuk itu, bab kelima akan meneropong potensi

tekanan dan tantangan ke depan. Paparan juga akan

menyajikan pemikiran tentang kapasitas pengelolaan

yang diperlukan, yang diharapkan mampu menghadapi

tantangan zaman. Bab keenam sebagai bab terakhir

akan menyajikan kesimpulan dan beberapa catatan

penting.

focuses on specific environmental problems and conditions, as well as on the capacities that are needed to address those problems.

The environment will face even heavier pressures in the future. The fifth chapter sets out to identify potential future pressures and challenges, and then outlines the management capacities that will be needed to face future challenges. The sixth and final chapter presents conclusions and a number of important notes.

Figure 1. Deforestation, Coal Exploitation Gambar 1. Foto Deforestasi Hutan, Eksploitasi Batu Bara

6


TANTANGANLINGKUNGAN

ENVIRONMENTALCHALLENGES

Kepulauan Indonesia terbentuk dari 13.466 pulau

(BIG, 2010) yang bergelimang sumberdaya alam dan

lingkungan hidup. Kekayaan yang melimpah ruah itu

berperan sebagai bekal pembangunan ekonomi selama

empat dekade terakhir. Kendati pernah dihantam

krisis pada penghujung 1990-an, tren pembangunan

agaknya masih berkinerja lumayan baik. Sayangnya,

pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam periode itu diiringi

dengan merosotnya sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan

hidup. Indonesia menghadapi tantangan tak ringan:

kelangkaan dan kualitas lingkungan menyusut.

Salah satu isu yang menonjol selama pembangunan

adalah berkurangnya luas kawasan hutan secara

drastis sejak 1970-an. Meski upaya reforestasi telah

digelar, dalam satu dekade terakhir misalnya, tutupan

hutan masih mengalami penurunan: dari 104.747.566

hektare pada 2000, menjadi 98.242.002 hektar pada

2011 (Kementerian Kehutanan).

Keadaan kian memburuk: degradasi hutan diikuti

pula dengan isu pemanasan global dan perubahan

iklim serta konversi hutan untuk industri kehutanan,

kawasan budidaya, plus kebakaran hutan.

Beban tak ringan dalam mengelola lingkungan hidup

juga terpampang di pesisir dan laut, kualitas dan

kuantitas air, kualitas udara kota dan kawasan industri,

serta keanekaragaman hayati. Belum lagi bencana alam

yang makin kerap melanda di berbagai sudut negeri.

Keadaan itu membuat banyak pihak mengelus dada.

Tak cukup sampai di situ. Tantangan kian berat

lantaran laju pertumbuhan penduduk tak terkendali.

Padatnya populasi berdampak berbeda di perdesaan

dan perkotaan. Tekanan penduduk di perdesaan,

antara lain, telah melejitkan konversi hutan, termasuk

merombak lahan marjinal kawasan hutan menjadi

lahan budidaya dan permukiman. Penduduk yang

bertambah berarti makin banyak perut yang mesti

diisi: meningkatkan kebutuhan pangan. Di sisi lain,

luas lahan pertanian relatif tetap; bahkan menurun.

Sementara itu, tak imbangnya jumlah penduduk dan

luas lahan di laju pertumbuhan kendaraan bermotor

meningkat pesat tiap tahunnya. Akibatnya, pencemaran

udara semakin bertambah.

The Indonesian archipelago consists of 13,466 islands (Geospatial Information Agency/BIG, 2010) with abundant natural resources and environment. This wealth has supported Indonesia’s economic development for the last four decades. Although severely affected by the Asian crisis of the late 1990s, the country managed to perform quite well in terms of development. Unfortunately, economic growth in that period was accompanied by the decline in natural resources and deterioration of the environment. Indonesia now faces the problem of depleted resources and decreasing environmental quality.

One of the most prominent development-related issues is the drastic loss of forests since the 1970s. In spite of reforestation efforts, the last decade has seen forest cover decrease from 104,747,566 hectare in 2000 to 98,242,002 hectare in 2011 (Ministry of Forestry).

The situation is getting worse: Apart from forest degradation, there are the issues of global warming and climate change, conversion of forests to industry and cultivation uses, as well as forest fires.

Further problem areas in environmental management include coastal and marine environments, water quality and quantity, air quality in urban areas and industrial estates, and biodiversity. This is compounded by the growing number of natural disasters that occur in all parts of the country and is a source of great concern to all parties involved.

Increasingly pressing challenges also arise from uncontrolled population growth. High population densities have different effects in urban and rural settings. For instance, population pressure in rural areas causes the conversion of forests, including that of marginal forest lands into areas for cultivation and settlements, to increase rapidly. An increase in population increases the demand for food, while the extent of agricultural land remains relatively the same, or even tends to decrease.

Meanwhile, the imbalance between the number of people and the available area to accommodate the rapidly growing number of motor vehicles is making air pollution increasingly worse.

7


Di beberapa provinsi dan kota besar, knalpot kendaraan

bermotor ibarat cerobong asap yang berjalan. Tak

heran, moda kendaraan bermotor menjadi penyumbang

terbesar konsentrasi NO2 (Nitrogen dioksida), SO2

(Sulfur dioksida) dan CO (Karbon monoksida). Kini,

selain kecelakaan lalu lintas, jalanan juga menebar

risiko gangguan kesehatan. Gas Nitrogen oksida

misalnya, bila terhirup dapat merusak paru-paru.

Pertumbuhan penduduk juga memicu berkembangnya

industri manufaktur, kehutanan, pertanian dan

peternakan. Dampak tumbuh-kembangnya industri

berderet panjang: alih fungsi lahan, polusi, serta

meningkatnya sarana dan prasarana transportasi.

Ujung-ujungnya, menghamburkan karbon dan gas

rumah kaca lainnya.

Lingkungan hidup yang ganjil punya dampak lanjutan.

Tengoklah kualitas air yang merosot karena minimnya

sistem pengolahan air limbah di perkotaan. Rupanya

kesadaran industri dalam mengelola limbah masih

perlu terus didorong. Tapi, jangan lupa pula: limbah

dari masyarakat juga belum dikelola secara optimal.

Kualitas lingkungan yang buruk dan ditambah pola

hidrologis yang rusak menyebabkan timbulnya

berbagai bencana termasuk wabah penyakit, misalnya

diare.

Di balik daftar panjang masalah di atas, Indonesia tak

pernah lelah berupaya menangkal anjloknya mutu

lingkungan hidup. Sejatinya, berbagai pihak dari

sekujur negeri bekerja keras memulihkan, merespon

dan beraksi nyata bagi lingkungan hidup.

Di samping telah ada aksi mengurangi laju deforestasi,

berbagai upaya lain juga telah dilakukan pemerintah.

Upaya itu berada di tiga jalur: mencegah degradasi

lingkungan terus berlanjut, merehabilitasi kerusakan,

serta melestarikan alam lingkungan yang masih baik.

Tentu, kerja keras itu menggandeng berbagai instansi

pemerintah, kalangan dunia usaha, organisasi non-

pemerintah, perguruan tinggi, dan masyarakat luas.

With exhaust pipes of motor vehicles in some provinces and large cities resembling smoke-belching chimneys, it is not surprising that motor vehicles are the main cause of high levels of NO2

(nitrogen dioxide), SO2 (sulfur dioxide) and CO (carbon monoxide). Apart from being hazardous in terms of traffic accidents, roads nowadays also pose a risk factor for health problems. Nitrogen oxide gases, for example, may damage the lungs if inhaled.

Population growth also accelerates industrial development in the manufacturing, forestry, agriculture and livestock sectors. The many impacts of industrial development include land use conversion, pollution and the extension of transportation facilities and infrastructure, and eventually result in an increase of carbon and other greenhouse gases.

Poor environmental conditions have indirect impacts as well. An example of this is the deterioration of water quality due to inadequate waste water treatment systems in urban areas. It is apparently still necessary to raise awareness levels among industries in this respect. Management of domestic waste also remains weak. Bad environmental conditions compounded by damaged hydrological regimes may cause disease outbreaks such as diarrhea flare-ups.

Notwithstanding the many problems listed above, Indonesia resolutely strives to avert the deterioration of environmental quality. Indeed, all over the country people are working hard and taking concrete actions to reverse the trend and improve existing conditions.

In addition to seeking to curb the deforestation rate, the government has introduced a number of other measures comprising prevention of further environmental degradation, recovery of damaged environments and conservation of healthy environments. These efforts involve many governmental institutions, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, academia and the public.

8


MEMETAKAN KAPASITASPENGELOLAAN DAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN

MAPPING MANAGEMENT CAPACITIESAND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Laporan ini memakai pendekatan konseptual Driver-

Pressure-State-Impacts-Response (DPSIR) yang

dikembangkan United Nations Environment Programme

(UNEP). Sebagaimana disajikan dalam Gambar 3,

kerangka pendekatan DPSIR ini mengasumsikan

hubungan sebab akibat antara komponen sosial,

ekonomi, dan lingkungan yang saling berinteraksi,

yang terdiri atas:

Driving force (D), kekuatan pendorong

terjadinya perubahan lingkungan. Misalnya: kegiatan

sosioekonomi, seperti industri atau pertanian.

Pressure (P), tekanan langsung yang dapat merubah

lingkungan. Misalnya: emisi polutan gas ke udara.

State (S), status perubahan lingkungan karena

tekanan. Misalnya: penurunan kualitas udara karena

meningkatnya emisi gas buang beracun dari industri.

Impact (I), dampak berubahnya status lingkungan.

Misalnya: gangguan kesehatan penduduk yang

terpaksa menghirup udara tercemar.

Response (R), respon pemerintah dan masyarakat

luas terhadap empat komponen itu (D-P-S-I). Misalnya:

perumusan kebijakan dan aturan ambang batas emisi

gas bagi industri atau lainnya.

This report is based on the Driver-Pressure-State-Impacts-Response (DPSIR) framework developed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). As shown in Figure 3, the DPSIR framework assumes causal relations between the following interacting social, economic and environmental components:

Driving force (D), a force that affects the environment, e.g. socioeconomic activities such as industry or agriculture.

Pressure (P), direct pressure that affects the environment, e.g. pollutant gases emissions. State (S), the state of environmental change caused by pressure, e.g. deterioration of air quality due to increased emissions of toxic exhaust gases from industrial sources.

Impact (I), the impact of environmental change, e.g. health problems due to inhalation of polluted air.

Response (R), the response of the government and the public to the four components (D-P-S-I), e.g. formulation of policies and regulation regarding the limit of gas emissions for industries and other actors.

9


PSR DPSIR-SCHEME

RResponse

(i.e. regulation and measures to be taken in respon to

human impact)

IImpact

(i.e. assesment of the effects of human impact)

SState of the environment

(present state-natural state as modified by

human impact)

PPressure

(i.e. emisions/dischart from point and diffuse sources,

rivers and atmosphere )

DDriving Force

(i.e. sosioeconomic

activities)

D +

P =

Hum

an Im

pact

on

the

envi

ront

men

tFigure 2. Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response Scheme

Sumber: United Nations Environment ProgrammeSource: United Nations Environment Programme

10


l High environmental quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Tinggil High environmental management capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan

Hidup Tinggi

l Low enviromental quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Rendahl High environmental management capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan

Hidup Tinggi

l High environmental quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Tinggil Low environmental management capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan

Hidup Rendah

l Low environmental quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Rendahl Low environmental management capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan

Hidup Rendah

High Environm

ental M

anagement Capacity

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan H

idup Tinggi

LowEnvironmental Quality

Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Rendah

Low

Env

iron

men

tal

Man

agem

ent C

apac

ity

Kapa

sita

s Pen

gelo

laan

Li

ngku

ngan

Hid

up R

enda

h

HighEnvironmental Quality

Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup TinggiI

II

IV

III

Figure 3. Environmental Management Capacities vs. Environmental Quality. Gambar 3. Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup vs Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup.

Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012

11


Pendekatan DPSIR dapat menggambarkan perubahan

status lingkungan yang telah terjadi dan responnya;

potensi tekanan yang mungkin terjadi dan respon

yang harus dilakukan. Hal itu khususnya menyangkut

kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan yang diperlukan di

masa datang.

Dengan pendekatan DPSIR, laporan ini mencoba

menggambarkan keterkaitan antara kapasitas

pengelolaan dengan kualitas lingkungan hidup.

Sebagaimana disajikan dalam Gambar 3, korelasi antara

kapasitas pengelolaan dan kualitas lingkungan hidup

dapat membentuk empat kombinasi sebagai berikut:

• Kuadran I: kualitas lingkungan tinggi, namun

kapasitas pengelolaan rendah,

• Kuadran II: kualitas lingkungan dan kapasitas

pengelolaannya sama-sama rendah,

• Kuadran III: kapasitas pengelolaan tinggi, namun

kualitas lingkungan rendah,

• Kuadran IV: korelasi positif antara kualitas

lingkungan dengan kapasitas pengelolaan yang

tinggi.

Dari empat kuadran tersebut, diharapkan kualitas

lingkungan dan kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan

di Indonesia berada pada kuadran IV. Ini merupakan

korelasi positif dan ideal, kapasitas yang tinggi

akan mampu menjaga atau meningkatkan kualitas

lingkungan hidup. Kondisi yang tidak diharapkan

adalah kuadran II: kapasitas dan kualitas berkorelasi

positif namun negatif.

Sedangkan kuadran I dan III adalah anomali.

Kapasitasnya rendah, namun kualitas lingkungan hidup

tinggi atau sebaliknya. Kuadran I dapat terjadi karena

tekanan terhadap lingkungan—aktivitas manusia dan

pembangunan yang tak ramah lingkungan—belum

terlalu besar. Hal yang sebaliknya adalah kuadran III:

tekanan sangat besar, sementara kapasitas yang sudah

relatif besar, belum mampu memulihkan atau menjaga

kualitas lingkungan.

Agar lebih terang dapat dilihat pada Gambar 3,

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (PLH) versus

Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup (LH).

The DPSIR approach facilitates the description of existing environmental changes and potential pressures and helps in identifying appropriate responses, especially in regard to environmental management capacities that will be needed in the future.

By adopting the DPSIR approach, this report aims to elaborate the relationship between management capacities and environmental quality. As shown in Figure 3, there are four possible combinations to represent the correlation between environmental management capacities and environmental quality:

• Quadrant I: high environmental quality but low management capacity,

• Quadrant II: low environmental quality and low management capacity,

• Quadrant III: high management capacity but low environmental quality,

• Quadrant IV: positive correlation between high environmental quality and high management capacity.

Indonesia’s environmental quality and environmental management capacities should occupy Quadrant IV. This quadrant represents an ideal and positive correlation, where high capacities maintain or even improve the quality of the environment. The least desirable conditions are found in Quadrant II, where quality and capacities correlate positively but produce negative results.

Quadrant I and III are anomalies with low capacity and high quality, or vice versa. Quadrant I occurs because of environmental pressures – environmentally unsound human activities and development – that are not yet that pronounced. The reverse applies to Quadrant III. Relatively high management capacities are still insufficient to maintain or improve the quality of the environment in the face of intense pressures.

For a better understanding, please refer to Figure 3, Environmental Management Capacities vs. Environmental Quality.

STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF INDONESIA2

STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF INDONESIA

KONDISI LINGKUNGAN HIDUP INDONESIA

State of The Environtment of Indonesia2

14

“Kondisi lingkungan hidup mengkaji

kondisi lingkungan yang mencakup

komponen udara, air, hutan, lahan,

pesisir-laut dan keanekaragaman hayati.

Perubahan kondisi lingkungan hidup

tersebut dapat ditinjau dalam kurun

waktu tertentu sehingga bisa diketahui

kecenderungan (trend) maupun kondisi

terkini.”

Komponen lingkungan itu menjadi modal utama

pembangunan, yang juga mempengaruhi tingkat

kualitas hidup manusia. Udara yang tercemar, akses atas

air bersih, dan sanitasi yang tak layak, jelas mempunyai

dampak negatif bagi kesehatan manusia. Sementara

itu, hutan dan lahan punya efek pada siklus hidrologi

yang menentukan daya dukung dan daya tampung

daerah aliran sungai. Tidak dapat dihindari, rusaknya

hutan dan lahan membuat banjir dan kekeringan sering

terjadi. Dampaknya akan kian membesar: mengancam

kelestarian keanekaragaman hayati, yang bisa memicu

kerawanan pangan.

Cadangan lain bagi kesejahteraan masyarakat,

berada di pesisir dan laut yang juga memiliki banyak

keanekaragaman hayati, yang tidak terpisahkan dari

kehidupan manusia. Keanekaragaman hayati yang

berlimpah berarti memperkaya sumber pangan,

papan dan obat-obatan. Selain menentukan derajat

kesejahteraan, pesisir dan laut, turut menyumbang

asupan nutrisi dan protein.

Dengan keanekaragaman hayati yang melimpah,

Indonesia seharusnya bangga dan mempunyai

kesadaran untuk menanggung tanggung jawab besar.

Sampai pada saat ini, para pakar meyakini masih banyak

keanekaragaman hayati yang belum dikenal ilmu

pengetahuan. Status kelangkaan atau keterancaman

flora dan fauna menjadi indikator penting status

lingkungan hidup.

“This chapter examines the environmental condition that comprise of the components of the air, water, land, coastal-marine and biodiversity. Changes in environmental conditions are monitored over period of time to identify trends and current conditions.”

The environmental components not only provide the basis for development, but also affect the quality of human life. Polluted air, limited access to clean water and poor sanitation obviously have a negative impact on people’s health. In the meantime, forests and lands affect the hydrological cycle, which in turn determines the carrying capacities of river basins. The destruction of forests and lands will inevitably trigger more frequent floods and droughts. The effects will get worse in the future; they pose a threat to biodiversity and may cause food insecurity.

Other important areas for the welfare of the people are coastal and marine areas, which also boast biodiversity that is inseparable from human life. An environment that is teeming with life also means more sources of food, building materials and medicine. Apart from determining the level of prosperity, coastal and marine areas also play a role in nutrition and protein intake. Blessed with abundant biodiversity, Indonesia should be proud and acknowledge its huge responsibility. Experts believe that much of this biodiversity is still unknown to science. The number of flora and fauna considered rare and threatened is an indication of how important it is to preserve this environment.

2Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia

15

White tiger Harimau putih

Photo / Foto : Bhisma.


16

UDARAAIR

Dari waktu ke waktu, pemakaian energi fosil di

Indonesia menunjukan tren yang terus meningkat

di semua sektor (Gambar 2.1.) Selama 1990 – 2009,

meningkatnya konsumsi energi pada sektor domestik

misalnya, karena meningkatnya populasi manusia

(lihat Bab 5). Hanya saja, pemakaian energi di sektor

ini tidak terlalu besar dibandingkan sektor industri dan

transportasi.

Over the years, fossil fuel consumption in Indonesia has risen in all sectors (Figure 2.1). The increase in energy consumption in the domestic sector from 1990 – 2009, for instance, was caused by population growth (s. Chapter 5). However, in terms of energy consumption this sector is not too significant compared to the industry and transportation sectors.

Figure 2.1 Energy consumption in various sectors in Indonesia, 1990 – 2009Gambar 2.1 Konsumsi energi di Indonesia tahun 1990 – 2009 dari berbagai sektor

700600500400300200100

0

0.400.350.300.250.200.150.100.05

-

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Industrial Industri

Mill

ion

BOE

Juta

SBM

BOE/M

io Rp SBM

/juta rupiah

Households Rumah Tangga

Commercial komersial Transportation Transportasi

ACM and others PKP dan Lain-Lain Intensity BOE/Mio Rp Intensitas SBM/juta rupiah

Sumber: Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, 2012Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2012

Air pollution due to the increase of motor vehicles.Photo: Doc. Ministry of Environment

Polusi udara akibat dari bertambahnya jumlah kendaraan bermotor.Foto: Dok. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup


17

Tanpa disadari, dominasi pemakaian bahan bakar fosil,

dibandingkan energi ramah lingkungan, berpengaruh

besar terhadap kualitas udara, terutama di metropolitan

dan kota besar (SLHI 2010, hal. 39). Dapat dilihat pada

data Badan Pusat Statistik yang mencatat konsumsi

minyak meningkat dari 99 MBOE (Million Barel Oil

Equivalent) pada 1992, menjadi 186 MBOE pada 2003

(BPS, 2012).

Transportasi menjadi salah satu sektor yang paling

banyak menggunakan bahan bakar fosil. Sektor

ini terus menunjukkan tren naik di semua jenis

transportasi: darat, udara dan air (SLHI 2010, hal. 44-

45). Peningkatan terpesat ada pada transportasi darat,

dengan kenaikan total kendaraan bermotor berkisar 10

persen (BPS, 2012). Dari berbagai kategori kendaraan

bermotor, jumlah sepeda motor meningkat tinggi.

Fakta ini terjadi merata hampir di seluruh provinsi

(lihat Gambar 2.2a dan Gambar 2.2b).

Dampak dari pemakaian energi fosil, mempengaruhi

kualitas udara. Pencemar udara yang umum dihasilkan

dari proses pembakaran, termasuk bahan bakar fosil,

adalah Nitrogen oksida (NOx), Karbon monoksida (CO),

Sulfur dioksida (SO2), debu diameter 10 mikron dan 2,5

mikron ke bawah (PM10 dan PM2,5), dan hidrokarbon

(HC). Proses-proses lain dapat menghasilkan pencemar,

seperti H2S dan NH3, logam berat, aerosol dan gas

sekunder, seperti ozon (O3).

Untuk memeriksa kualitas udara, dilakukan pemantauan

dengan berbagai teknik. Seperti pemantauan

kontinyu otomatis di 10 kota pada jaringan Air Quality

Management System (AQMS), pemantauan dengan

metode manual aktif untuk evaluasi kualitas udara

secara ad-hoc di sejumlah tempat sesuai peraturan

yang berlaku, serta pemantauan secara pasif dengan

passive sampler.

Pemantauan secara pasif merupakan metode murah

dan tidak rumit, sehingga cocok untuk monitoring

jangka panjang di banyak tempat untuk melihat variasi

spasial. Pemantauan pasif ini dilakukan Kementerian

Lingkungan Hidup sejak 2005, untuk parameter NO2 dan

SO2 di 33 ibukota provinsi. Tujuannya: mendapatkan

tren kualitas udara secara umum. Mulai 2011, untuk

mendapat variasi spasial nasional yang lebih baik,

pemantauan NO2 dan SO2 dengan metode ini diperluas

di 248 kabupaten.

The consumption of fossil fuels continues to outweigh the use of more environmentally friendly forms of energy and this, inadvertently, has had a major effect on air quality, especially in metropolitan areas and big cities (SOER 2010, p. 39). According to data from Statistics Indonesia, oil consumption increased from 99 MBOE (Million Barrel of Oil Equivalent) in 1992 to 186 MBOE in 2003 (Indonesia Statistics/BPS, 2012).

One of the sectors that consume the most fossil fuels is the transportation sector. This sector has shown a rising trend for all modes of transportation: land, air and water (SOER 2010, pp. 44-45). The steepest rise occurs in land transportation, with a total increase in motor vehicles of approx. 10 percent (BPS, 2012). Among all categories of motor vehicles, motorcycles recorded the highest growth. This fact can be observed almost uniformly in all provinces (s. Figure 2.2a and Figure 2.2b).

The burning of fossil fuels has an adverse effect on air quality. Air pollutants commonly produced through combustion, including that of fossil fuels, include nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), dust with a diameter of 10 micron and 2.5 micron or less (PM10 and PM2.5), as well as hydrocarbon (HC). Other processes may produce pollutants such as H2S and NH3, heavy metals, aerosols, and secondary gases such as ozone (O3).

To check air quality, the authorities have introduced monitoring systems that utilize a variety of techniques. One such system is the Air Quality Management System (AQMS), a network for continuous automated monitoring in 10 cities. Other techniques include the active manual method for ad-hoc evaluation of air quality in a number of locations as stipulated by regulations, and passive monitoring with passive samplers.

Passive monitoring is cheap and uncomplicated and permits long-term monitoring in many locations to identify spatial variations. The Ministry of Environment has used passive monitoring since 2005 to measure NO2 and SO2 levels in 33 provincial capital cities. The purpose of this effort was to identify general trends in air quality. Since 2011, the government has extended this method of NO2 and SO2 monitoring to 248 regencies in order to obtain more detailed records of spatial variations on the national level.


18

Figure 2.2 National trends in the number of (land) motor vehicles for (a) cars, trucks and buses, (b) motorcycles

Gambar 2.2 Tren peningkatan jumlah kendaraan bermotor (darat) nasional untuk kategori (a) mobil, truk dan bus, (b) sepeda motor

Sumber: diolah dari data Polri dalam Statistik Indonesia 2012Source: Processed from Indonesian Police data in Statistics Indonesia 2012

(A)

(B)


19

Figure 2.3 Annual average trends for passive monitoring of (a) NO2; (b) SO2 in 33 provincial capital citiesGambar 2.3 Tren rata-rata tahunan pengukuran metode pasif (a) NO2; (b) SO2 di 33 ibukota provinsi

(A)

(B)

Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012


20

Hingga kini, pemantauan secara pasif telah dilakukan

empat kali setahun, dengan durasi satu minggu setiap

pengamatan. Di setiap kabupaten/kota ditetapkan

empat titik pemantauan berdasarkan tata guna lahan:

jalan (transportasi), wilayah industri, pemukiman

dan wilayah komersial. Kelebihan metode ini adalah

kemampuannya memberikan informasi dengan resolusi

spasial yang tinggi dengan biaya rendah, sehingga cocok

untuk membandingkan konsentrasi antar-wilayah—

antar-kabupaten/kota, 400 lebih lokasi. Pembandingan

dengan baku mutu dapat dilakukan dengan baku mutu

jangka panjang, dengan syarat nilai rata-ratanya dapat

mewakili konsentrasi rata-rata tahunan.

Secara kualitatif, data dari 33 ibukota provinsi selama

2006 – 2012 menunjukkan konsentrasi NO2 cenderung

naik (Gambar 2.3a). Hal itu mungkin karena pembakaran

bahan bakar fosil yang terus meningkat, terutama

dari kendaraan bermotor. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada

penjelasan berikutnya (Gambar 2.4).

Pada parameter SO2, tren kenaikannya belum terlihat,

justru terlihat menurun (Gambar 2.3b), walaupun secara

statistik pemakaian batubara dan solar meningkat.

Penyebab fenomena ini, selain terkait dengan emisi,

juga adanya konversi fisik-kimia gas SO2 di atmosfer

menjadi aerosol sulfat (SO4) yang tidak terdeteksi oleh

pemantau gas, termasuk oleh passive sampler yang

mempunyai prinsip difusi gas. Hal itu dapat dideteksi

dari adanya sulfat dalam air hujan maupun partikel

aerosol.

Selain pembandingan kualitas udara antar-kota/

kabupaten secara umum, pemantauan pasif juga

memberi informasi perbandingan relatif kualitas

udara tiap tata guna lahan yang dipantau. Gambar 2.4.

menyajikan kota-kota yang padat penduduk punya

konsentrasi NO2 lebih besar. Sedangkan kota dengan

aktivitas industri menunjukkan konsentrasi SO2 relatif

tinggi dibandingkan kota-kota lainnya.

Until now, the government performed passive sampler monitoring four times a year, with a duration of one week per monitoring. In each regency/city four monitoring spots were selected based on land use. This included roads (transportation), industrial, residential and commercial areas. The advantage of this method was its ability to provide information with high spatial resolution at low cost, making it suitable for comparing inter-regional or inter-regency/city concentrations of more than 400 locations. Comparison of quality standards with long-term quality standards was possible if the average values were representative of the annual average concentrations.

In qualitative terms, data collected between 2006 and 2012 in 33 provincial capital cities indicated a rising trend in NO2 concentrations (Figure 2.3a). This might have been the result of increased burning of fossil fuels, especially by motor vehicles. Below is a graphic illustration of these monitoring results (Figure 2.4).

SO2 concentrations did not show a rising trend, but declining (Figure 2.3b), even though there was a statistic increase in the consumption of coal and diesel fuel. Apart from being emission-related, this phenomenon was caused by the physical-chemical conversion of SO2 gas in the atmosphere into sulfate aerosols (SO4) that were not detected by gas monitoring devices, including by passive samplers based on the principle of gas diffusion. The presence of sulfate in rainwater and in aerosol particles was indicative of such processes.

In addition to enabling the comparison of air quality between cities/regencies, passive monitoring also provided information about the relative air quality for each observed land use. Figure 2.4 shows that cities with dense populations had higher NO2 concentrations, whereas cities with intensive industrial activities exhibited higher SO2 concentrations compared to other cities.


21

Sumber: Diolah dari data pemantauan passive sampler Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

Source: Processed from Ministry of Environment passive sampler monitoring data, 2012

Figure 2.6 SO2 and NO2 concentrations from the housing sector, 2011Gambar 2.6 Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari sektor pemukiman tahun 2011

Figure 2.5 SO2 and NO2 concentrations from the transportation sector, 2011 Gambar 2.5 Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari sektor transportasi tahun 2011

SO2 transportation in 2011

NO

2 tr

ansp

orta

tion

in 2

011

SO2 settlement in 2011

NO

2 s

ettl

emen

t in

2011

Figure 2.4 Distribution of average NO2 and SO2 concentrations in 248 cities/regencies in IndonesiaGambar 2.4 Sebaran konsentrasi rata-rata NO2 dan SO2 di 248 kota/kabupaten di Indonesia

Transportation NO2

Industrial NO2

Industrial SO2

SettlementNO2

SettlementSO2

CommercialNO2

CommercialSO2

Transportation SO2


22

Figure 2.7 SO2 and NO2 concentrations from the commercial sector, 2011 Gambar 2.7 Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari sektor komersial tahun 2011

SO2 commercial in 2011

NO

2 c

omm

erci

al in

201

1

Sumber: Diolah dari data pemantauan passive sampler Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

Source: Processed from Ministry of Environment passive sampler monitoring data, 2012

Figure 2.8 SO2 and NO2 concentrations from the industrial sector, 2011 Gambar 2.8 Konsentrasi SO2 dan NO2 dari sektor industri tahun 2011

SO2 industrial in 2011

NO

2 in

dust

rial

in 2

011


23

Figure 2.10 CO concentrations in urban areas (road monitoring), 2011-2012 Gambar 2.10 Konsentrasi CO tahun 2011-2012 di perkotaan (road monitoring)

Balik

papa

n

Band

ar L

ampu

ng

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ung

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si

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10.000

8.000

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0

2011 2012 Co Standard Baku Mutu

CO

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

ug

/Nm

3)

C i t y k o t a

Balik

papa

n

Band

ar L

ampu

ng

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ung

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arm

asin

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si

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r

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ok

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arta

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ral J

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ta

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rta

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ity

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ang

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an

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ng

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da

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kart

a

Tang

eran

g

Yogy

akar

ta

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Figure 2.11 NO2 concentrations, road side monitoring, 2011-2012 Gambar 2.11 Konsentrasi road side monitoring NO2 tahun 2011-2012

2011 2012 NO2 standard Baku Mutu

NO

2 C

on

cen

trat

ion

(u

g/N

m3)

C i t y k o t a

Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012


Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012



24

Balik

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n

Band

ar L

ampu

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baya

Sura

kart

a

Tang

eran

g

Yogy

akar

ta

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Figure 2.13 SO2 concentrations, road side monitoring, 2011-2012 Gambar 2.13 Konsentrasi road side monitoring SO2 tahun 2011-2012

SO2

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

ug

/Nm

3)





2011 2012 SO2 standard Baku Mutu

C i t y k o t a

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n

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ung

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arm

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r

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ang

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an

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baya

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akar

ta

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

TSP

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

ug

/Nm

3)

Figure 2.12 TSP concentrations, road side monitoring, 2011-2012 Gambar 2.12 Konsentrasi road side monitoring TSP tahun 2011-2012

2011 2012 TSP standard Baku Mutu

C i t y k o t a


25

Balik

papa

n

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ta

400

350

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250

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150

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50

0





2011 2012 O3 standard Baku Mutu

C i t y k o t a

O3

C

on

cen

trat

ion

(u

g/N

m3)

Figure 2.15 O3 concentrations, road side monitoring, 2011-2012 Gambar 2.15 Konsentrasi road side monitoring O3 tahun 2011-2012

Balik

papa

n

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ar L

ampu

ng

Band

ung

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2011 2012 HC standard Baku Mutu

C i t y k o t a

HC

C

on

cen

trat

ion

(u

g/N

m3)

Figure 2.14 Hydrocarbon concentrations, road side monitoring, 2011-2012 Gambar 2.14 Konsentrasi road side monitoring hidrokarbon tahun 2011-2012


26

Pemantauan kualitas udara juga dilakukan melalui

Program Langit Biru dengan Evaluasi Kualitas Udara

Perkotaan (EKUP). Salah satu kegiatan EKUP: memantau

kualitas udara yang bersumber dari transportasi

kendaraan bermotor (roadside monitoring). Berdasarkan

kategori kota, tiga kota metropolitan dengan nilai

Langit Biru tertinggi adalah: Tangerang, Jakarta

Selatan, dan Medan; untuk kota besar: Kota Batam,

Denpasar, dan Manado; serta untuk kota sedang dan

kecil: Serang, Manokwari, dan Mataram.

EKUP telah digelar pada 2007 – 2008 dan 2011 - 2012.

Jumlah kota yang dievaluasi pada 2012 mencapai 45

kota di 33 provinsi, meningkat dari 26 kota pada 2011—

yang juga dievaluasi kembali pada 2012. Hasil uji emisi

kendaraan bermotor menunjukkan naiknya tingkat

kelulusan rerata untuk kendaraan bensin: dari 85 persen

pada 2011, menjadi 88 persen pada 2012. Namun, untuk

kendaraan solar, tingkat kelulusan rerata menurun: 47

persen pada 2011, menjadi 43 persen pada 2012.

Pengukuran kualitas udara di jalan raya meliputi

parameter Karbon monoksida (CO), hidrokarbon

(HC), SO2, TSP, Ozon, dan Nitrogen dioksida (NO2).

Dibandingkan hasil pemantauan pada 2011 di 22 kota,

konsentrasi CO cenderung menurun, kecuali di empat

kota (Gambar 2.10). Namun, konsentrasi NO2 terjadi

sebaliknya, cenderung meningkat pada 2011 dan 2012

(Gambar 2.11). Kecenderungan serupa juga terjadi

untuk konsentrasi TSP (Gambar 2.12) dan SO2 (Gambar

2.13). Sementara itu, hidrokarbon telah melebihi

baku mutu di 8 kota, walaupun cenderung menurun

dibandingkan pada 2011 (Gambar 2.14). Penurunan

juga terjadi untuk parameter ozon (Gambar 2.15).

Pemantauan udara jalan raya sejumlah kota besar pada

2012 memberikan informasi beberapa pencemar udara

meningkat. Hal ini berarti kualitas udara menurun,

yang berdampak buruk bagi kesehatan, pertumbuhan

hutan, mengurangi jarak pandang, dan merusak

bangunan—karena hujan asam.

Selain menimbulkan asap hitam, bau tidak sedap, iritasi

mata dan infeksi pernafasan, pencemaran udara juga

memicu risiko kematian dini, produktivitas kerja menurun,

dan gangguan produksi pertanian. Dapat dilihat pada

studi Asian Development Bank (ADB) pada 2002 yang

mengidentifikasikan, dampak kesehatan karena udara

tercemar di Jakarta menelan biaya Rp 1,8 triliun.

Di beberapa provinsi dan kota besar, kendaraan

bermotor menjadi penyumbang terbesar konsentrasi

Air quality monitoring was also included in the Blue Sky Program, with the program’s Urban Air Quality Evaluation (Evaluasi Kualitas Udara Perkotaan = EKUP) measuring air quality in relation to motor vehicle transportation (roadside monitoring). The results were as follows: Tangerang, South Jakarta and Medan achieved the highest Blue Sky scores among metropolitan cities; Batam City, Denpasar and Manado scored the most points among big cities; while Serang, Manokwari and Mataram had the best results of medium and small cities.

EKUP was conducted in 2007-2008 and in 2011-2012 covering 45 cities in 33 provinces in 2012, up from 26 cities in 2011, all of which were re-evaluated in 2012. The results of motor vehicle emissions testing showed that average passing rates of gasoline-fueled vehicles had increased from 85 percent in 2011 to 88 percent in 2012. Diesel-fueled vehicles showed a negative trend with an average passing rate of 47 percent in 2011 decreasing to 43 percent in 2012.

Parameters for roadside measurement of air quality included carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), SO2, TSP, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Compared to 2011 monitoring results from 22 cities, a decrease of CO concentrations occurred in all but four cities (Figure 2.10). The reverse applied for NO2 concentrations, which tended to increase in 2011 and 2012 (Figure 2.11). A similar trend was identifiable for concentrations of TSP (Figure 2.12) and SO2 (Figure 2.13). In the meantime, hydrocarbon concentrations exceeded the standard in eight cities, although there was an overall decrease compared to 2011 data (Figure 2.14). Ozone concentrations were also declining (Figure 2.15).

Roadside monitoring in several big cities in 2012 showed an increase in a number of air pollutants. This meant that air quality had worsened, which in turn negatively affected health and forest growth, reduced visibility and caused damage to buildings – all because of acid rain.

Apart from causing black smoke, unpleasant odours as well as eye and respiratory infections, air pollution also raises the risk of premature deaths, lowers work productivity and hampers agricultural production. A 2002 Asian Development Bank study showed that costs related to health problems due to polluted air in Jakarta amounted to 1.8 trillion Rupiah.


27

NO2, SO2 dan CO di udara, hingga melebihi 50

persen. Jika gas NO2 terhirup, akan merusak paru-

paru. Jika bereaksi dengan asap bensin yang tidak

terbakar sempurna dan zat hidrokarbon lain, NO2 akan

membentuk ozon rendah atau smog—kabut coklat

kemerahan yang telah menyelimuti beberapa kota lain

di dunia.

Risiko lain adalah particulate matter (PM), yang

mempunyai pengaruh lebih besar bagi manusia

dibandingkan pencemar udara lain. Komponen utama

PM adalah sulfat, nitrat, amonia, natrium klorida,

karbon, debu mineral dan air. Particulate matter terdiri

dari campuran yang kompleks antara partikel padat dan

cair dari bahan organik dan anorganik yang tersuspensi

di udara. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan, lebih

banyak kematian karena PM2,5 (PM di bawah 2,5 µm)

dibandingkan PM10 (PM di bawah 10 µm). Namun,

partikel antara 2,5 – 10 µm juga berisiko, jika dikaitkan

dengan asma dan infeksi saluran pernafasan atas

(ISPA).

Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang

Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara telah menetapkan baku

mutu untuk PM10 dan PM2,5. Kementerian Lingkungan

Hidup telah memantau udara secara kontinyu (AQMS),

termasuk particulate matter, di 10 kota. Namun hanya

tiga kota yang aktif, yaitu Jakarta, Surabaya, dan

Palangkaraya (KLH, 2011). Mulai 2012 juga dilakukan

pemantauan dengan GENT Stacked Filter Unit Sampler

untuk pengukuran PM10 dan PM2,5.

Motor vehicles are the main source of NO2, SO2 and CO concentrations in a number of provinces and big cities, amounting to more than 50 percent of the total. NO2 gas causes damage to the lungs if inhaled. In combination with incomplete combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbons, NO2 forms ground level ozone or smog – the reddish brown fog that envelops some cities.

A further risk factor is particulate matter (PM), which has an even greater impact on humans than other air pollutants. The main components of particulate matter are sulfate, nitrate, ammonia, sodium chloride, carbon, mineral dust and water. Particulate matter consists of a complex mix of air-suspended solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic materials. Several studies show that PM2.5 (PM with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less) causes more deaths than PM10 (PM with a diameter of 10 μm or less). However, particles in the 2.5-10 μm still pose risks in relation to asthma and upper respiratory tract infections (URIs).

Government Regulation No. 41/1999 regarding Air Pollution Control has set the national standards for PM10 and PM2.5. The Ministry of Environment continuously monitors air quality using AQMS, including particulate matter, in 10 cities. However, only three cities use active methods, namely Jakarta, Surabaya and Palangkaraya (MoE, 2011). Monitoring with GENT Stacked Filter Unit Samplers for PM10 and PM2.5 monitoring commenced in 2012.

Table 2.1 PM10 and PM2,5 monitoring in 10 cities in Indonesia, 2012 Tabel 2.1 Pemantauan PM10 dan PM2,5 di 10 Kota Indonesia Tahun 2012

LocationLokasi Pemantauan

mean value PM10Rata-rata PM10

(µg/m3)

mean value PM2,5Rata-rata PM2,5

(µg/m3)N

Monitoring Period Periode Pemantauan

2012

1. Yogyakarta 23,63 10,33 50 Jan – Des2. Semarang 29,91 9,28 30 Mar – Des3. Surabaya 51,14 19,66 13 Mar – Jun, Sep, Okt4. Palangkaraya 27,63 11,87 52 Jan – Des5. Pekanbaru 49,92 18,63 42 Mar - Des6. Bandung 43,89 17,21 52 Jan – Des7. Jakarta 51,14 19,72 30 Jan – Des8. Tangerang 27,64 11,56 42 Jan – Des9. Denpasar 43,65 15,31 10 Sep – Nov10. Makassar 24,33 7,69 17 Okt – DesAmbient Air Quality Standard, Goverment Regulation No. 41/1999: Baku Mutu Udara Ambien PP No. 41 tahun 1999:24-hour average for PM10 = 150 µg/m3. Waktu Pengukuran 24 jam PM10 = 150 µg/m3.24-hour average for PM2.5 = 65 µg/m3; 1 year average = 15 µg/m3 Waktu Pengukuran 24 jam PM2,5 = 65 µg/m3; 1 tahun = 15 µg/m3

Source: Ministry of Environment and National Nuclear Energy AgencySumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional


28



Yogyakarta

Semarang

Surabya

Palangkaraya

Pekanbaru

Bandung

Jakarta

Tangerang

Denpasar

Makasar

Na Mg AI K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Pb Sb

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Figure 2.17 Heavy metals (ng/m3) in PM, 2012 Gambar 2.17 Kandungan logam berat (ng/m3) dalam PM tahun 2012

Conc

entr

atio

n (u

g/m

3 )

Figure 2.16 Average concentrations of PM10 and PM 2,5 in ten Indonesian cities, 2012Gambar 2.16 Konsentrasi rata-rata PM10 dan PM 2,5 di sepuluh kota Indonesia tahun 2012

Conc

entr

atio

n (u

g/m

3 )

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Yogy

akar

ta

Sem

aran

g

Sura

baya

Pala

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raya

Peka

nbar

u

Band

ung

Jaka

rta

Tang

eran

g

Den

pasa

r

Mak

asar

PM 2,5

PM 10

PM 2,5 standard

BM


29

Konsentrasi PM2,5 tahunan yang melebihi baku mutu

terlihat di Surabaya, Pekanbaru, Bandung, dan Jakarta.

Rasio PM2,5 terhadap PM10 berkisar antara 0,3 sampai

0,48. Jika mengacu pada WHO Air Quality Guidelines

2005, rekomendasi untuk waktu pengukuran 24 jam

PM10 adalah 50 µg/m3 dan 1 tahun sebesar 20 µg/m3.

Sedangkan untuk waktu pengukuran 24 jam PM2,5 sebesar

25 µg/m3 dan 1 tahun sebesar 10 µg/m3. Kualitas udara

di kota-kota tersebut perlu mendapatkan perhatian.

Filter juga digunakan untuk menganalisis kandungan

hampir 20 unsur logam dalam PM. Emisi sumber

bergerak adalah faktor utama yang berkontribusi

terhadap Fe dan Zn di perkotaan. Fe juga dapat berasal

dari resuspensi debu alami. Untuk parameter timbal

(Pb), dibandingkan kota-kota lain, Surabaya terdeteksi

memiliki kadar Pb tertinggi, diikuti Tangerang dan

Jakarta. Kondisi itu berasal dari emisi industri,

sedangkan Na, Al, K, dan Ca berasal dari tanah.

Public transport user covering her nose to escape air pollution (exhaust fumes) on Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Jakarta Calon pengguna angkutan umum menutup hidungnya dari polusi (asap) kendaraan di Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Jakarta

Photo Foto: TEMPO/ Arie Basuki

Annual PM2.5 concentrations exceeding the national standard limit occured in Surabaya, Pekanbaru, Bandung and Jakarta. The ratio of PM2.5 to PM10

ranged between 0.3 and 0.48. The 2005 WHO Air Quality Guidelines recommend 24-hour means of 50 µg/m3 and 25 µg/m3 and 1-year means of 20 µg/m3 and 10 µg/m3 respectively for PM10 and PM2.5. It is obvious that the air quality in the above cities requires close attention. Filters were used to analyze the concentrations of almost 20 trace metals in PM. Emissions from mobile sources were the main source for most of the Fe and Zn in urban areas, but Fe also originated from natural dust resuspension processes. Surabaya had the highest level of lead (Pb), followed by Tangerang and Jakarta. The lead came from industrial emissions, whereas Na, Al, K and Ca originated in the soil.


30

Acid Rain / Acid Deposition Hujan Asam / Deposisi Asam

“Hujan asam” adalah istilah umum untuk menjelaskan

berbagai cara senyawa asam jatuh dari atmosfer.

Istilah yang lebih tepat adalah “deposisi asam”, yang

terdiri dari deposisi basah dan deposisi kering.

Deposisi asam terjadi ketika emisi SO2 dan NOx di

udara bereaksi dengan air, O2, dan oksidan sehingga

terbentuk senyawa asam yang jatuh ke Bumi dalam

bentuk kering (gas, partikel) maupun basah (hujan,

salju, kabut). pH air hujan normal berkisar 5,6

sehingga di bawah nilai itu berpotensi terjadi hujan

asam. Hujan asam terjadi bila pH di bawah 4,5.

Deposisi asam tidak hanya menjadi masalah lokal,

tetapi regional karena melampaui batas nasional

(transboundary atmospheric pollution). Acid Deposition

Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) didirikan

sebagai inisiatif kerja sama regional, Indonesia

menjadi salah satu anggota yang aktif sejak 1998. Ada

lima lokasi di Indonesia yang menjadi bagian kerja

sama ini: Jakarta, Serpong, Kototabang, Bandung, dan

Maros. Sepanjang 2001 – 2011, pH rata-rata air hujan

di lima lokasi itu cenderung di bawah air hujan normal

(pH 5,6) dan beberapa justru mendekati 4. Terlihat

potensi terjadinya hujan asam. Hal itu diperkuat

dengan meningkatnya anion sulfat dan nitrat dalam

air hujan, yang merupakan prekursor hujan asam.

Deposisi asam dapat menyebabkan tanah dan

badan air menjadi asam, sehingga tidak layak untuk

kehidupan ikan dan hewan liar. Selain itu, dapat

merusak pepohonan—terutama pada elevasi tinggi,

merusak bangunan, monumen dan benda bersejarah.

Deposisi asam dapat berdampak global, yang dapat

mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem, antara lain:

• Keasaman air danau membuat berkurangnya

spesies tertentu. Jenis plankton dan invertebrata

adalah makhluk yang paling cepat terpengaruh

pengasaman. Jika pH danau di bawah 5, lebih

dari 75 persen spesies ikan akan hilang karena

pengaruh rantai makanan. Hal ini berdampak pada

kelangsungan ekosistem.

“Acid rain” is a broad term referring to various acidic compounds that fall from the atmosphere. A more accurate term is “acid deposition”, which comprises wet and dry deposition.

Acid deposition occurs when SO2 and NOx emissions in the air react with water, O2 and oxidants to produce acidic compounds that fall to the Earth in dry form (gas, particles) or wet form (rain, snow, fog). Normal rain has a pH of 5.6 and may turn into acid rain at pH values below that. Acid rain occurs if its pH value is less than 4.5.

Acid deposition is not just a local, but also a regional problem because it amounts to transboundary atmospheric pollution. The Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) was established as a regional cooperative initiative, and Indonesia has been an active member since 1998. There are five locations in Indonesia that are part of this cooperation: Jakarta, Serpong, Kototabang, Bandung and Maros. Between 2001 and 2011, the average pH of rainwater in those five locations tended to be lower than that of normal rainwater (pH 5.6) and sometimes even approached a value of 4. This indicated a potential for acid rain. Further evidence was an increase in sulfate and nitrate anions in rainwater, which are precursors of acid rain.

Acid deposition can cause soil and water bodies to become too acidic to support fish life and other wildlife. In addition to that, it can cause damage to trees – especially at higher elevations – and cause damage to buildings, monuments and historic objects. Acid deposition has a global impact that may disturb the balance of ecosystems.

• Acidic lake water may result in the loss of certain species. Plankton and invertebrates are among the organisms affected by acidification. In lakes with a pH below 5, more than 75 percent of fish species will disappear because of the effect on the food chain. This will affect the sustainability of ecosystems.


31

80,00

70,00

60,00

50,00

40,00

30,00

20,00

10,00

0,00

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Jakarta

Serpong

Kototabang

Bandung

Maros

Y e a r T a h u n

Sulfa

te C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

L)

Figure 2.18 Annual average sulfate concentrations (µmol/L) in rainwater, 2001-2011 Gambar 2.18 Konsentrasi Sulfat (µmol/L)air hujan rata-rata tahunan, 2001-2011





Figure 2.19 Annual average nitrate concentrations (µmol/l) in rainwater, 2001-2011 Gambar 2.19 Konsentrasi nitrat (µmol/l) air hujan rata-rata tahunan, 2001-2011

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Jakarta

Serpong

Kototabang

Bandung

Maros

Y e a r T a h u n

90,0080,0070,0060,0050,0040,0030,0020,0010,00

0,00

Nitr

ate

Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)


32

• Deposisi asam akan menghilangkan nutrisi yang

dibutuhkan tanah. Deposisi asam juga dapat

membebaskan senyawa beracun alamiah dalam

tanah—seperti aluminium dan merkuri. Akibatnya,

sungai, air tanah, dan tumbuhan di sekitarnya akan

teracuni.

• Deposisi asam yang larut bersama nutrisi tanah

akan menghilangkan nutrisi itu sebelum

dimanfaatkan pepohonan untuk tumbuh.

Sementara senyawa beracun yang larut akan

menghambat pertumbuhan, daun cepat gugur,

pohon terserang penyakit, kekeringan dan mati.

Menurut Soemarmoto (1992), daun yang terkena

deposisi asam berkadar magnesium rendah—salah

satu nutrisi esensial bagi tanaman. Kekurangan

magnesium lantaran unsur ini tercuci dari tanah

karena pH yang rendah.

• Karena rentan perubahan ekstrim, spesies hewan

renik dalam tanah akan langsung mati pada saat pH

tanah meningkat. Spesies hewan lain juga terancam

mati, karena jumlah produsen (tumbuhan) semakin

sedikit. Berbagai penyakit juga akan menyerang,

karena kulit hewan terpapar air asam.

• Berdasarkan penelitian, SO2 dari hujan asam

dapat bereaksi kimia di udara, yang menyebabkan

penyakit pernapasan. Selain itu, risiko terkena

kanker kulit juga meningkat, jika kulit terpapar

langsung dengan senyawa sulfat dan nitrat.

• Deposisi asam dapat mempercepat proses

pengaratan dari beberapa material, seperti batu

kapur, pasir besi, marmer, batu pada dinding beton

dan logam. Hujan asam merusak batuan dengan

melarutkan kalsium karbonat, meninggalkan

kristal pada batuan.

• Deposisi asam, baik basah maupun kering, dapat

merusak bangunan, patung, kendaraan bermotor

dan benda dari batu, logam atau material lain bila

diletakkan di area terbuka dalam waktu lama.

• Acid deposition may remove soil nutrients and

release toxic compounds that occur naturally in the soil – such as aluminum and mercury. As a result, rivers, ground water and plants in the surrounding area become contaminated.

• Acid deposition leaches soil nutrients so that they become unavailable to the trees. Toxic compounds hinder tree growth, causing trees to shed their leaves prematurely, become vulnerable to diseases, wither and die. According to Soemarmoto (1992), leaves exposed to acid deposition have low levels of magnesium – an essential nutrient for plants. Magnesium deficits occur when this element is leached from the soil due to the low pH.

• Microscopic animals in the soil are vulnerable to extreme change and will die immediately if the soil’s pH increases. Other animal species are also at risk of dying due to the reduced number of producers (plants). Animals become more susceptible to diseases if their skins are exposed to acidic water.

• Studies have shown that SO2 from acid rain may

react chemically in the air and cause respiratory illnesses. Risk of skin cancer also increases if the skin is exposed directly to sulfate and nitrate compounds.

• Acid deposition can accelerate the corrosion process of certain materials, for instance limestone, ironsand, marble, stone cladding on concrete walls and metal. Acid rain destroys rocks by dissolving calcium carbonate and forming crystals within the rocks.

• Acid deposition, both wet and dry, can damage buildings, sculptures, motor vehicles and objects made of stone, metal or other material that are left exposed in the open for long periods.


33

Figure 2.20 Impacts of acid depositionGambar 2.20. foto dampak deposisi asam

Photo by Courtesy Foto: Istimewa

AIRWATER

We can summarize the most commonly occurring water problems as the availability of too much water, too little water, or too dirty water (the 3 Ts). The last condition refers to water pollution due to the practice of using bodies of water for the disposal of domestic and industrial waste (Kodoatie R. J., 2011).

Generally speaking, water pollution is caused by untreated domestic and industrial liquid waste, trash, excessive water consumption, and bad practice of land use. Compounding this is the fact that 30 percent of the population contaminate water bodies with their feces. Each day approx. 14,000 tons of human excrement are left improperly treated. This has a serious impact on water quality. The availability of water is further compromised by land use changes

Ada tiga masalah klasik air yang disebut 3T: too much,

too little, too dirty. Too much berarti di suatu tempat,

air terlalu berlebih. Too little berarti di suatu tempat,

air sangat kurang. Dan too dirty yang berarti air terlalu

kotor. Hal terakhir menunjukkan adanya polusi air

karena kebiasaan membuang sampah dan limbah

industri ke badan air (Kodoatie R.J, 2011).

Secara global, pencemaran air berasal dari limbah cair

domestik dan industri tidak dikelola, sampah domestik,

pemakaian air berlebihan, dan penataan fungsi lahan

yang tidak baik. Ini diperparah dengan 30 persen

masyarakat yang masih buang air besar sembarangan

di badan air. Setiap hari sekitar 14.000 ton tinja manusia

belum dikelola dengan benar. Sehingga berdampak

pada kualitas air yang menurun. Tidak hanya itu,


34

in upstream areas that would increase surface runoff and the risk of floods. The number of houses with septic tanks increased nationally from 40.67 percent to 60.33 percent between 2006 and 2011. In 2011, DKI Jakarta became the province with the highest percentage of houses with septic tanks at 93.30 percent. The province with the lowest percentage was Papua at 28.42 percent (BPS/Statistics Indonesia, Indicators of Sustainable Development 2012).).

Bad water quality and a disturbed hydrological cycle may cause health problems as shown in Figure 2.21. Diarrhea, for instance, is closely related to bad water quality, poor availability of clean water and unhygienic behavior.

ketersediaan air juga terganggu, akibat alih fungsi

lahan yang meningkatkan aliran permukaan (run-off)

di kawasan hilir, yang berpotensi menimbulkan banjir.

Antara 2006 sampai 2011, secara nasional persentase

rumah yang dilengkapi tangki septik meningkat dari

40,67 persen menjadi 60,33 persen. Pada 2011, DKI

Jakarta menjadi provinsi tertinggi dengan jumlah

rumah dengan tangki septik, yakni 93,90 persen.

Sedangkan provinsi dengan persentase terendah adalah

Papua: 28,42 persen (BPS, Indikator Pembangunan

Berkelanjutan 2012).

Kualitas air yang buruk dan ganjilnya siklus hidrologi,

berpotensi mengganggu kesehatan, seperti terlihat

pada gambar 2.21 Penyakit diare misalnya, identik

dengan kualitas air yang buruk, kurangnya ketersediaan

air bersih, dan diperburuk dengan perilaku tidak

higienis.

Source: Ministry of Health, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Kesehatan, 2012

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

2,44

2,16

1,89

2,94

1,74

0,4

2,12

Figure 2.21 Case fatality rates in extraordinary incidents of diarrhea in Indonesia, 2005-2012 Gambar 2.21 Case fatality rate KLB diare di Indonesia tahun 2005-2012

1,74


35

Kualitas Air SungaiRiver Water Quality

Photo / Foto : Indarto

Sampai saat ini pencemaran air masih menjadi masalah

penting di Indonesia, terutama di Pulau Jawa. Tingkat

pencemaran air dievaluasi dengan metode Storet.

Metode ini merupakan salah satu metode untuk

menganalisis status pencemaran air yang diterapkan

di Indonesia. Gambar 2.22 menyajikan meningkatnya

persentase titik pantau dengan status tercemar berat

selama 2008 – 2012. Hal ini berarti perlindungan dan

pemulihan kualitas air sungai-sungai utama, khususnya

di perkotaan, belum berhasil.

Hasil pemantauan 2008 – 2012 tersebut menunjukkan

kualitas air sungai cenderung menurun, terutama di

Pulau Jawa dan Sumatera, seperti terlihat pada gambar

2.23 Sumber utama pencemar berasal dari aktivitas

domestik, yang terlihat dari parameter organik (proporsi

BOD/COD dan kandungan Coliform) terutama di Maluku,

Sulawesi Tenggara dan Sumatera Utara—terlihat pada

gambar 2.24 Kualitas air sungai sebagian besar provinsi

memiliki nilai kandungan organik melebihi baku mutu

(diwakili parameter COD), yaitu sebesar 25 mg/l—

berdasarkan PP Nomor 82/2001. Nilai organik tertinggi

terpantau di Jawa Barat. Hal ini berkaitan dengan tingkat

sanitasi rendah. Meskipun begitu, persentase mutu air

cemar berat sudah berkurang dari 82 persen pada 2011,

menjadi 75,2 persen pada 2012—terlihat pada gambar

2.25.

Khusus Pulau Jawa, terlihat ada tendensi menurunnya

kualitas air dari perindustrian. Sumber pencemar dari

pertanian belum bisa diidentifikasi karena monitoring

rutin pencemar spesifik sektor ini belum dilakukan.

Water pollution remains a significant problem in Indonesia today, particularly on the island of Java. Evaluation of pollution levels is carried out using the STORET method. This is one the methods used in Indonesia to analyze the state of water pollution.Figure 2.22 shows the increase of monitoring points with heavily polluted status in 2008-2012. This means that efforts to maintain and restore water quality of major rivers, especially in urban areas, have not yet been successful.

The results of the 2008-2012 monitoring program revealed that the quality of river water tended to deteriorate, especially on the islands of Java and Sumatra, as shown in Figure 2.23. The main source of pollution was domestic activity, as indicated by organic parameters (BOD/COD ratio and coliform concentration), especially in Maluku, South-East Sulawesi and North Sumatra, and shown in Figure 2.24. The amount of organic matter in river water in almost all provinces exceeded the limit of 25 mg/l for COD stipulated in Government Regulation No. 82/2001. West Java recorded the highest levels in terms of organic matter and related to poor sanitation. Nevertheless, the percentage of heavily polluted waters has decreased from 82 percent in 2011 to 75.2 percent – as shown in Figure 2.25.

On the island of Java, in particular, industrial waste water has tended to decrease in quality. So far, it has not been possible to identify agricultural pollution sources since routine sector-specific monitoring has yet to commence.


36

Figure 2.22 Percentage of river water monitoring points in Indonesia withheavily polluted status as defined by Class 2 Water Quality Criteria in Government

Regulation No. 82/2001Gambar 2.22 Persentase titik pantau air sungai di Indonesia dengan

status tercemar berat berdasarkan Kriteria mutu Air Kelas II PP 82 Tahun 2001

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

02008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012


Figure 2.24 Distribution of BOD/COD ratiosand organic pollutant values by provinceGambar 2.24 Sebaran nilai rasio BOD/COD dan nilai pencemar organik berdasarkan provinsi

West Java

Maluku

Bangka Belitung

East Kalimantan

Riau

Riau Archipelago

West Nusa Tenggara

East Nusa Tenggara

West Papua

GorontaloLampung

South Kalimantan

West Kalimantan

North Sulawesi

South Sulawesi

Southeast Sulawesi

West Sulawesi

Central Sulawesi

West Sumatera

North Sumatera

DKI Jakarta

Aceh

Jambi

Bali

Yogyakarta

Bengkulu

East Java

Central Java

0.5

25.0

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

COD

rasio BOD/COD


37

Note: Province names in green indicate improved river water quality, province names in white indicate unchangedriver water quality, while province names in red indicate declining river water quality.

Keterangan: Tulisan provinsi warna hijau menunjukan kualitas air sungai yang membaik, tulisan provinsi warna putih menunjukan kualitas air sungai tetap, sedangkan tulisan provinsi warna merah menunjukan kualitas air sungai menurun.

Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

Figure 2.23 Degradation of river quality in Indonesia (2008 map)Gambar. 2.23 Penurunan Kualitas Sungai di Indonesia (peta 2008 ).

Weight

Moderate

Light

Fulfill

No Data

Figure 2.23 Degradation of river quality in Indonesia (2012 map) Gambar. 2.23 Penurunan Kualitas Sungai di Indonesia (peta 2012 ).

Weight

Moderate

Light

Fulfill

No Data


38


Pollution Load Reduction Penurunan Beban Pencemaran

Pengawasan secara intensif melalui Program Peringkat

Kinerja Perusahaan (PROPER) dan sistem perizinan telah

berhasil menurunkan beban pencemaran lingkungan.

Selama 2010 – 2012 beban pencemaran air yang bisa

diturunkan dari industri mencapai 19.885.997.416 kg

atau 52,3 persen dari total air limbah organik industri.

Sementara untuk emisi gas rumah kaca dari industri,

telah berhasil menurunkan beban pencemaran sebesar

51.019.189 kg-setara-CO2 atau sebesar 1,32 persen.

Tantangan terbesar adalah mengurangi pencemaran

dari rumah tangga, yang baru berhasil menurunkan

139.693.010 kg atau 5,4 persen dari total beban yang

dihasilkan setiap hari. Termasuk beban pencemaran

dari pertanian, seiring makin banyaknya pemakaian

pupuk dan pestisida.

Intensive monitoring through the Environmental Performance Rating Program (PROPER) and the permit system managed to reduce pollution loads. In 2010-2012, water pollution loads from industrial sources were reduced by 19,885,997,416 kg, or 52.3 percent of the total amount of industrial organic waste water. Meanwhile, industrial greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 51,019,189 kg CO2, or 1.32 percent.

The biggest challenge was to reduce pollution loads from domestic sources, which so far only managed to record a reduction of 139,693,010 kg, or 5.4 percent of the total daily loads. This includes pollution loads from agriculture, due to increased use of fertilizers and pesticides

Kualitas Air DanauLake Water Quality

Pemantauan kualitas air di 15 danau utama pada

2011 menunjukkan, sebagian besar masuk dalam

kategori eutrof, kondisi terestrial daerah tangkapan air

terancam, dan kondisi sempadan danau terancam—

lihat tabel 2.2.

Water quality monitoring in 15 major lakes in 2001 revealed that most of them were eutrophic and had catchment areas and riparian ecosystems that were at risk (s. Table 2.2).

Parameters

7060504030201000

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

pH TDS

TSS

DO

BOD

COD

NO

2

NO

3

T-P

Phen

ol

Oil

& g

reas

e

Det

erge

nt

Free

chl

orin

e

H2S

Feca

l Col

i

Tota

l Col

i

Perc

ent %

Figure 2.25 Percentage of water quality parameters not compliant with Class 2 Water Quality Criteria in Government Regulation 82/2001

Gambar 2.25 Persentase parameter kualitas air 2008-2012 yang tidak memenuhi Kriteria Mutu Air Kelas II PP 82/2001

Min

yak

& le

mak

Feno

l

Klor

in b

ebas


39

Pada 2012, pemantauan di lima danau, terdapat

dua danau, Danau Batur dan Danau Singkarak, yang

menunjukkan sedikit perbaikan, seperti terlihat pada

tabel 2.3.

Eutrofikasi disebabkan peningkatan kadar unsur

hara, terutama Nitrogen dan Fosfor pada air danau

ataupun waduk. Kondisi Oligotrof adalah status trofik

air danau atau waduk yang mengandung kadar unsur

hara rendah. Status ini menunjukkan kualitas air masih

bersifat alamiah, belum tercemar Nitrogen dan Fosfor.

Sementara itu, Eutrof adalah status air danau atau

waduk yang memiliki kadar unsur hara yang tinggi.

Status ini menunjukkan air telah tercemar karena

naiknya kadar Nitrogen dan Fosfor. Status terakhir,

Hypereutrof adalah status trofik air danau atau waduk

yang mengandung kadar unsur hara sangat tinggi.

Artinya, air telah tercemar berat kadar Nitrogen dan

Fosfor—dapat dilihat pada tabel 2.4.

Monitoring of five lakes in 2012 showed slight improvements in two of those lakes, namely Lake Batur and Lake Singkarak, as exhibited in Table 2.3. Eutrophication is caused by an increase of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, in lakes or dams. Oligotrophic conditions occur when lakes or dams have low nutrient concentrations. This state reflects the pristine water quality in water bodies not yet contaminated by nitrogen and phosphorus.

Lakes or dams with high concentration of nutrients are classified as eutrophic. This state indicates that the water has become polluted due to increased nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The final trophic state category is hypereutrophic, which occurs in lakes and dams with very high concentrations of nutrients. Here the water is heavily polluted with nitrogen and phosphorus (s. Table 2.4).

Table 2.2 Status of Ecosystems in 15 Lakes, 2011 Tabel 2.2 Status Ekosistem 15 Danau 2011

No. Nama of Lake Nama Danau

Status of Ecosystem Status Ekosistem

Catchment Area Terestrial Daerah

Tangkapan Air

Riparian Sempadan Danau

Trophic State (Aquatic Habitat)

Status Trofik (Perairan Danau)

1. Toba At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof

2. Singkarak At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof

3. Maninjau Damaged Rusak Damaged RusakHypereutrophic

Hypereutrof

4. Kerinci At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof

5. Rawa Danau At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof

6. Rawa Pening Damaged Rusak Damaged RusakHypereutrophic

Hypereutrof

7. Batur At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof

8. Tempe Damaged Rusak Damaged Rusak Eutrophic Eutrof

9. Matano At risk Terancam At risk TerancamHypereutrophic

Oligotrofik

10. Poso At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof

11. Tondano Damaged Rusak Damaged Rusak Eutrophic Eutrof

12. Limboto Damaged Rusak Damaged Rusak Eutrophic Eutrof

13. Mahakam (Semayang, Melintang,Jempang) At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof

14. Sentarum Damaged Rusak At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof

15. Sentani At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof

Sumber: Data diolah Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup (2011)Source: Processed Ministry of Environment data (2011)


40

Table 2.3 Trophic state and lake water quality Tabel 2.3 Status trofik dan kualitas air danau

No. Lake Danau

Trophic State Status Trofik

Water Quality Kualitas Air

1

Lake Toba Danau Toba

Lightly polluted Cemar Ringan

- Based on Total P Berdasarkan Total P

Eutrophic Eutrof

- Based on Total N Berdasarkan Total N

Oligotrophic Oligotrof

- Based on average chlorophyll concentration Berdasarkan rata-rata Klhorofil

Eutrophic Eutrof

2

Lake Tempe Danau Tempe

Heavily polluted Cemar Berat

- Based on Total P Berdasarkan Total P

Hypertrophic Hypertrof

- Based on Total N Berdasarkan Total N

Oligotrophic ‘Oligotrof

3 Lake Batur Danau Batur

Mesotrophic Mesotrofik

Lightly polluted Cemar Ringan

4

Lake Singkarak Danau Singkarak

Polluted Cemar

- Based on Total N and P (inlet) Berdasarkan Total N dan P (inlet)

Eutrophic Eutrof

- Based on Total N and P (middle) Berdasarkan Total N dan P (tengah)

Mesotrophic Mesotrofik

5 Lake Kerinci Danau Kerinci Lightly polluted

Cemar Ringan- Based on Total N and P Berdasarkan Total N dan P

Eutrophic Eutrof

Source: Ministry of Environment 2009, modification of OECD 1982, MAB 1989; UNEP-ILEC, 2001 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup 2009, Modifikasi OECD 1982, MAB 1989; UNEP-ILEC, 2001

Table 2.4 Trophic State Criteria for Lakes Tabel 2.4 Kriteria Status Trofik Danau

Trophic State Status Trofik

Average Kadar Rata-Rata Total - N (ug/l)

Average Kadar Rata-Rata Total - P (ug/l)

Average Chlorophyll Kadar Rata-Rata Klorofil

-a (ug/l)

Average Clarity Kecerahan Rata-Rata

(m)

Oligotrophic Oligotrof < 650 < 10 < 2.0 > 10Mesotrophic Mesotrof < 750 < 30 < 5.0 > 4

Eutrophic Eutrof < 1900 < 100 < 15 > 2.5Hypertrophic Hypertrof > 1900 > 100 > 200 < 2.5

The Trophic State of Several Lakes Berbagai Danau dengan Status Trofiknya

Danau Toba memiliki luas permukaan 1.124 km2

(112.400 hektar) dengan panjang tepi danau sekitar

428,7 km; panjang dan lebar maksimum danau:

50,2 km dan 26,8 km. Total luas daerah tangkapan

air (DTA) adalah 186.720.121 m2. Pencemar danau

Lake Toba has a surface area of 1,124 km2 (112,400 hectares) and a shoreline of approx. 428.7 km; its maximum length and width are 50.2 km and 26.8 km, respectively. The lake’s catchment area covers 186,720,121 m2. Pollution sources include



41

ini bersumber dari aktivitas domestik, peternakan,

pertanian, kehutanan, dan perikanan. Penyumbang

utama pencemar Nitrogen dan Fosfor adalah

budidaya perikanan, peternakan dan domestik.

Status trofik Danau Toba, berdasarkan kadar rata-

rata Khlorofil-a, adalah Eutrof sampai Hipereutrof.

Danau Batur terletak di kaki Gunung Batur, Bali.

Danau terbesar di pulau Bali ini terbentuk dari kawah

besar akibat letusan Gunung Batur ribuan tahun

lalu. Air danau mengalir ke hampir seluruh sungai

besar di Bali, seperti Sungai Unda di Bali Selatan;

Sungai Suni di Bali Barat; dan Sungai Bayumala di

Bali Utara. Berdasarkan analisis beberapa parameter

kualitas air dengan status mutu kelas 1, terlihat

beban pencemaran di Danau Batur tergolong

ringan. Hal ini terlihat dari hasil perhitungan Indeks

Pencemaran (IP) yang menunjukkan angka rata-

rata 1,806. Status trofik Danau Batur menunjukkan

status Mesotrof – Eutrof, dengan konsentrasi Fosfat:

79 µg/l dan kandungan Khlorofil-a: 3,2–7,1 µg/l.

Danau Kerinci terletak di Kerinci, Jambi, seluas

5.000 m2 dengan ketinggian 783 m dpl, di kaki

Gunung Raja. Analisis beberapa parameter kualitas

air dengan status mutu kelas 2 menunjukkan beban

pencemaran Danau Kerinci tergolong ringan. Hal ini

terlihat dari hasil perhitungan Indeks Pencemaran

(IP) dengan parameter-parameter BOD, H2S dan NO2.

Danau Kerinci berstatus Eutrof, dengan kadar total

Fosfat sebesar 45-57 µg/l; tingkat kecerahan sebesar

1,5 m; dan kadar Khlorophyl-a sebesar 0,5- 4,0 µg/l.

Daya Tampung Beban Pencemaran Air (DTBPA) Danau

Kerinci berdasarkan karakteristik morfometriknya

sebesar 55,13 ton Fosfat per tahun. Namun beban

pencemaran air pada saat ini telah melebihi nilai

DTBPA, diperkirakan sebesar 130 ton Fosfat per tahun,

bersumber dari aktivitas penduduk, pertanian dan

keramba jaring apung.

Danau Tempe di bagian barat Kabupaten Wajo,

Sulawesi Selatan, tepatnya di Kecamatan Tempe,

sekitar 7 km dari Sengkang menuju tepi Sungai

Walanae. Danau seluas sekitar 13.000 hektar ini

terletak di atas lempeng benua Australia dan Asia.

Danau ini merupakan salah satu danau tektonik di

Indonesia. Sumber air danau berasal dari Sungai

Bila dan anak sungai Bulu Cenrana. Danau Tempe

mengalami pendangkalan akibat tingginya erosi di

bagian hulu. Hasil pengukuran kualitas air, khususnya

total Fosfat, pada 2012 menunjukkan danau ini

berstatus Hipertrofik.

domestic activities, livestock, agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants originate mainly from fish farming, livestock and domestic activities. Based on average chlorophyll-a data, Lake Toba is classified as eutrophic to hypereutrophic

Lake Batur is located at the foot of Mount Batur, Bali. The largest lake in Bali, it fills the caldera formed by an eruption of Mount Batur thousands of years ago. Water from the lake flows into almost all large rivers on Bali, including the Unda River in southern Bali, the Suni River in western Bali and the Bayumala River in northern Bali. An analysis of several Class 1 water quality parameters has shown the pollution load of Lake Batur to be low. Pollution index (PI) calculations resulted in an average of 1.806. Lake Batur was classified as mesotrophic to eutrophic, with a phosphate level of 79 µg/l and chlorophyll-a concentration of 3.2–7.1 µg/l.

Lake Kerinci in Kerinci, Jambi, has an area of 5,000 m2 and lies at an altitude of 783 m AMSL at the foot of Mount Raja. An analysis of several Class 2 water quality parameters has shown the pollution load of Lake Kerinci to be low. Pollution index calculations for BOD, H2S and NO2 reached the same result. Lake Kerinci is eutrophic, with a total nitrogen concentration of 45-57 µg/l, a clarity level of 1.5 m and a chlorophyll-a concentration of 0.5- 4.0 µg/l. Based on its morphometric characteristics, Lake Kerinci has a water pollution load capacity of 55.13 tonnes of phosphate a year. The actual water pollution load at the time exceeded this maximum capacity and was estimated at 130 tonnes of phosphate a year, stemming mainly from domestic activities, agriculture and floating fish nets.

Lake Tempe is located in the western part of Wajo Regency in South Sulawesi, approx. 7 km from Sengkang on the way to the banks of the River Walanae. With an area of 13,000 hectares, it straddles the Australian and Asian continental plates and is one of Indonesia’s tectonic lakes. Lake Tempe receives its water from the Bila River and its tributary, the Bulu Cenrana River. The lake is experiencing silt up due to high erosion rates in its upland area. Results of 2012 water quality monitoring, especially for phosphate, have shown the lake to be hypertrophic.


42

Impacts of Water Quality Deterioration

Dampak Penurunan Kualitas Air

Hampir seluruh sungai utama di Indonesia mengalami

penurunan kualitas air, sehingga air sungai tak dapat

digunakan langsung sebagai sumber air bersih. Hal

tersebut membuat jumlah penduduk yang tidak mampu

mendapatkan air bersih cukup besar, yaitu sekitar 119

juta. Sedangkan, sebagian besar masyarakat yang

punya akses terhadap air bersih, memperolehnya dari

PDAM, penyalur air komersial dan sumur air dalam.

Di Kalimantan Barat misalnya, hasil Susenas 2011

menunjukkan hanya 24 persen rumah yang memiliki akses

air bersih. Air bersih itu berupa air kemasan, air isi ulang,

air PDAM, sumur bor, sumur dan mata air terlindung—

jarak ke penampungan akhir tinja sekurangnya 10 meter.

Sementara di DKI Jakarta, penduduk yang memakai air

bersih untuk keperluan harian sudah mencapai 91,54

persen. Selama 2006 - 2011, persentase rumah tangga

yang memakai air bersih menunjukkan peningkatan, dari

49,69 persen pada 2006, menjadi 62,65 persen pada 2011

(BPS, Indikator Pembangunan Berkelanjutan 2012).

Menurut survei tahunan BPS, volume air bersih yang

disalurkan perusahaan air bersih kepada pelanggan

pada 2006 sebesar 3,79 miliar m3, sedangkan pada

2010 tersalurkan 2,44 miliar m3. Total volume air bersih

terbesar yang disalurkan perusahaan air bersih pada

2010 terdapat di DKI Jakarta (417,98 juta m3) dan Jawa

Timur (368,92 juta m3). Sedangkan distribusi total volume

terkecil terjadi di Bangka Belitung. Jumlah pelanggan

perusahaan air bersih juga masih terbatas. Sebagai

contoh, pada 2010 terdapat 9,57 juta pelanggan di

Indonesia. Pelanggan perusahaan air bersih terbanyak

ada di Jawa Timur (1,53 juta pelanggan), diikuti Jawa

Barat (1,39 juta), dan DKI Jakarta (1,20 juta) (BPS,

Indikator Pembangunan Berkelanjutan, 2012).

Gambar 2.26 menyajikan data akses terhadap air

minum layak di perkotaan dan perdesaan, yang masih

di bawah target MDGs. Dengan begitu, diperlukan

kerja serius dalam penyediaan sumber air bersih.

Almost all major rivers in Indonesia have experienced a decline in water quality to the point that they can no longer be used as direct sources of clean water. Because of this, approx. 119 million people have no access to clean water. The majority of those with access get their water from water utility companies, commercial water vendors and deep wells.

The 2011 National Socio-Economic Survey has revealed that in West Kalimantan, for example, only 24 percent of all households have access to clean water. This includes bottled water as well as water from refilling stations, utility companies, drilled wells, regular wells and protected springs that are at least 10 meters away from the nearest excreta disposal facility. Meanwhile, clean water for daily necessities is available to 91.54 percent of Jakarta’s inhabitants. From 2006 to 2011, the percentage of households that used clean water rose from 49.69 percent in 2006 to 62.65 percent in 2011 (BPS, Sustainable Development Indicators 2012). According to BPS annual surveys, water utility companies distributed a total of 3.79 billion m3 of clean water to their customers in 2006, compared to 2.44 billion m3 in 2010. The largest volumes of clean water distributed by water utility companies were recorded in DKI Jakarta (417.98 million m3) and East Java (368.92 million m3), while the lowest occurred in Bangka Belitung. To date, clean water utility companies still only have a limited number of customers. In 2010, for example, the total number of their customers was 9.57 million. East Java had the highest number of customers (1.53 million), followed by West Java (1.39 million) and DKI Jakarta (1.20 million.) (BPS, Indicators of Sustainable Development, 2012).

Figure 2.26 shows data on access to safe water in urban and rural areas, which are still below MDG targets. This means there is still much to do to ensure the availability of clean water sources.


43

Source: DG of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works, 2012Sumber: Ditjen SDA, Kementeriaan Pekerjaan Umum, 2012

MDG TargetsTarget MDG

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Pers

enta

ge

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

50.6

51.5

51.7

53.8

54.9

52.7

53.0

46.0

59.5

58.2

57.3

56.8

55.6

54.6

54.1

50.2

49.8

37,7

37,7

38,0

41,3

42,7

42,0

42,2

37,5

48,7

48,3

47,7

48,8

47,6

47,8

48,3

46,5

47,7

31,6

30,8

30,7

34,5

35,9

35,6

35,2

31,3

40,4

40,3

41,0

42,9

41,5

42,7

43,9

43,0

45,7 68.9 %

75.3 %65.8 %

Figure 2.26 Proportion of households with access to safe drinking water (urban and rural areas)Gambar 2.26 Proporsi rumah tangga dengan akses terhadap air minum layak (perkotaan dan perdesaan)

Urban + Rural Perkotaan + PerdesaanUrban PerkotaanRural Perdesaan

Kuantitas AirWater quantity

Ketersediaan air di Indonesia mencapai 16.800 m3

per kapita per tahun. Jumlah ini jauh lebih besar dari

ketersediaan air rata-rata di dunia, yang hanya 8.000

m3 per kapita per tahun (KLH, 2011). Pada saat ini,

ketersediaan air tidak tersebar merata, baik secara

spasial maupun temporal. Distribusi air di setiap pulau

tidak sebanding dengan sebaran jumlah penduduknya.

Kalimantan memiliki total potensi air terbesar, tetapi

populasinya sedikit. Sebaliknya, Pulau Jawa dengan

populasi yang besar memiliki total potensi air yang kecil,

terlihat pada gambar 2.27. Dengan kondisi tersebut,

Indonesia sering menghadapi masalah ketersediaan air

(Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, 2012).

Menurut laporan Kelompok Kerja Air Minum dan

Penyehatan Lingkungan Indonesia, pada tahun 2000

ketersediaan air di Pulau Jawa hanya 1.750 m3 per kapita

setiap tahun. Angka itu akan terus menurun hingga

1.200 m3 per kapita setiap tahun pada 2020. Padahal,

standar kecukupan minimal sebanyak 2.000 m3.

Gambar 2.28 menggambarkan ketersediaan air

pada musim hujan sangat banyak, terutama di Pulau

The annual per capita water availability in Indonesia is 16,800 m3, much higher than the average world water availability of just 8,000 m3 per capita (MoE, 2011). Today, water availability is unevenly distributed, both in spatial and in temporal terms. Water distribution per island is also not proportional to population numbers. The island of Kalimantan has abundant water resources but a small population. Java, on the other hand, has a large proportion but limited water resources (Figure. 2.27). Due to this situation, Indonesia often faces water availability problems (Ministry of Public Works, 2012).

According to a report by the Indonesian Drinking Water and Environmental Health Work Group, water availability on Java in 2000 was just 1,750 m3 per capita. This number will have fallen to 1,200 m3 per capita by 2020, even though the minimum standard is set at 2,000 m3.

Figure 2.28 shows that water availability is abundant during the rainy season, especially on the islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua, with a total of


44

Sumatra, Kalimantan dan Papua; masing-masing

sebesar 384.744,40 m3, 389.689,30 m3 dan 381.763,90

m3. Sementara kebutuhan air di tiga pulau itu hanya

9.485,80 m3 di Sumatera; 2.505,80 m3 di Kalimantan;

dan di Papua hanya 117,10 m3. Kebutuhan air terbanyak

terdapat di Pulau Jawa, yaitu 31.487,10 m3 (KLH, 2011).

Ketersediaan air berkaitan dengan tingkat curah hujan

di suatu kawasan. Gambar 2.29 menunjukkan tinggi

curah hujan tiap tahun untuk beberapa pulau. Curah

hujan tertinggi ada di Kalimantan dan Papua, sehingga

potensi airnya juga tinggi. Curah hujan rata-rata di

Indonesia 2.347 mm setiap tahun, dengan curah hujan

tertinggi di Papua sebesar 3.190 mm per tahun.

Potensi air setiap pulau merupakan hasil interaksi

antara air hujan, air tanah dan air permukaan. Jumlah

hujan yang menjadi air larian (run-off) jauh lebih

besar daripada air hujan yang masuk ke dalam tanah

(air tanah) dan aliran mantap (baseflow). Air hujan

yang menjadi aliran mantap hanya 4-30 persen dan

run-off sebesar 47-78 persen. Keadaan makin buruk

dengan keseimbangan massa air siklus hidrologis yang

terganggu: jumlah air yang masuk ke tanah semakin

kecil. Hal tersebut berarti jumlah air di permukaan

semakin besar. Akibatnya, meningkatkan potensi

banjir, longsor dan kekeringan (Kodoatie R. J, 2011).

Air tanah menjadi sumber air penting dan potensial

karena kapasitasnya paling besar, mencapai 30,61

persen, dibandingkan dengan sumber air tawar lain

(Dandel E, 2011). Sebagian besar masyarakat di berbagai

wilayah memanfaatkan air tawar yang berasal dari air

tanah. Potensi cekungan air tanah di beberapa pulau

cukup besar, dengan total 723.629 km2 dan kapasitas

total cekungan: 308.288 m3 (Kodoatie R. J, 2011). Tetapi

karena kapasitasnya terbatas dan pemakaiannya

bertambah besar membuat air tanah rusak. Dampaknya

sangat besar bagi masyarakat (Dandel E, 2011).

Tidak seperti air permukaan, pemulihan air tanah yang

menurun mutu dan jumlahnya, perlu keahlian tinggi,

mahal, dan waktu lama. Air tanah yang dimanfaatkan

tetapi mengabaikan kelestarian, akan berdampak

negative seperti degradasi air tanah yang merusak

lingkungan.

384,744.40 m3, 389,689.30 m3 and 381,763.90 m3, respectively. In contrast, the water demand on those three islands amounts to just 9,485.80 m3 on Sumatra, 2,505.80 m3 on Kalimantan and 117.10 m3 on Papua. The highest demand for water occurs on the island of Java at 31,487.10 m3 (MoE, 2011).

Water availability is related to the amount of rainfall in a region. Figure 2.29 shows the annual precipitation rates for several islands. Kalimantan and Papua have the highest rates and thus also the highest water resources potential. The average rainfall in Indonesia is 2,347 mm per year, with the highest rainfall occurring on Papua at 3,190 mm per year.

The water resource potential of each island is the result of interaction between rainwater, groundwater and surface water. The amount of rain that ends up as runoff far exceeds the amount that infiltrates the ground and enters the baseflow. Only 4-30 percent of rainwater contribute to the baseflow, while 47-47 percent become runoff. The situation is made worse by imbalances in the distribution of water within the hydrological cycle: Less water infiltrates the ground, which means that more water stays on the surface. This increases the risk of floods, landslides and droughts (Kodoatie R.J., 2011), Groundwater is an important water source due to its large potential volume, amounting to 30.61 percent, compared to other sources of fresh water (Dandel E, 2011). Parts of the population in various regions rely on fresh water that comes from the ground. The potential of groundwater basins is promising on several islands, with a total area of 723,629 km2 and a total basin capacity of 308,288 m3 (Kodoatie R. J, 2011). However, limited capacities and increased utilization have caused groundwater to become depleted. This has severe impacts on the population (Dandel E, 2011).

Unlike surface water, groundwater that has deteriorated in quality and quantity requires great expertise for its rehabilitation, not to mention funds and time. Consumption of groundwater without consideration for sustainability will adversely affect the environment and may cause problems such as soil degradation.


45

Sumber: Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, 2012Source: Ministry of Public Works, 2012

Figure: 2.27 Water resources potential and per capita water availability Gambar: 2.27 Potensi Air dan Ketersediaan Air per Kapita

Total : 3.221 billion m3/year milyar m3/tahun 16,8 8 m3/capita/year m3/kapita/tahun

SumateraKalimantan

Sulawesi

Java

Bali &Nusa Tenggara

Maluku & Papua

73818,4

1.00898,8

24718,3

1871,6

605,5

981251,5Total potential Total Potensi

(billion m3/year)(milyar m3/tahun)

Per capita Per Kapita (1,000 m3/capita/year) (1.000 m3/kapita/tahun)

400.000,00

350.000,00

300.000,00

250.000,00

200.000,00

150.000,00

100.000,00

50.000,00

0,00

387.744,40

9.485,80

101.160,80

31.487,10

389.689,30

2.505,80

129.400,20

6.921,70

37.940,40

1.552,50

49.420,80

106,20

381.763,90

117,10

Sumatera Java & Bali Kalimantan Sulawesi East Nusa Tenggara Maluku Papua

Availability Ketersediaan

Demand Kebutuhan





Figure 2.28 Water resources during the rainy season by island Gambar 2.28 Sumber daya air per pulau pada musim hujan

Figure 2.29 Precipitation by island (mm/year) Gambar 2.29 Tinggi curah hujan di tiap pulau (mm/tahun)

3.500

3.000

2.500

2.000

1.500

1.000

500

0

2.8202.680

2.120

1.4401.200

2.990

2.340 2.370

3.190

2.347

Sum

atra

Java Ba

li

Wes

t N

usa

East

Nus

a

Kalim

anta

n

Sula

wes

i

Mal

uku

Papu

a

Aver

age

Rata

-Rat

a

Teng

gara

Teng

gara


46

Dampak Perubahan Kuantitas Air

Impacts of Changes in Water Quantity

Selain kualitas air, ketersediaan jumlah air juga terkena

dampak aktivitas domestik dan industri. Khusus di

Pulau Jawa, Sumatera dan Kalimantan, jumlah daerah

aliran sungai (DAS) yang kritis bertambah cepat. Data

selama 1984 – 2005, menunjukkan jumlah DAS kritis

bertambah dari 22 menjadi 62—bertambah 3 kali

lipat. Pertambahan DAS kritis ini, dikarenakan alih

fungsi lahan di kawasan hulu menjadi area pertanian.

Penentuan DAS kritis, salah satunya didasarkan pada

rasio Q maks dan Q min. Di beberapa DAS, rasio ini

mencapai lebih dari 20. Beberapa gambaran DAS kritis

dapat dilihat pada gambar 2.32

Banjir dan kekeringan karena DAS yang kritis

mengancam ketahanan pangan nasional. Hal ini terjadi

karena alih fungsi lahan irigasi teknis rata-rata 40.000

hektare per tahun. Dalam jangka 2001 – 2003, tercatat

610.590 hektar lahan irigasi teknis telah berubah

fungsi. Lahan itu juga sangat rawan kekeringan dan

banjir, karena dari 7,7 juta hektar lahan, hanya 0,8

juta hektar yang terjamin pasokan airnya dari waduk.

Sehingga, gagal panen di lahan-lahan pertanian sering

terjadi. Hampir setiap tahun kekeringan dan banjir

terjadi pada rata-rata 90.000 hektar lahan.

Banjir dan kualitas air buruk menyebabkan menurunnya

kesehatan masyarakat, ditambah tingkat cakupan

fasilitas sanitasi layak yang sangat rendah. Buruknya

sanitasi berdampak nyata: 1 dari 100 bayi yang lahir

meninggal karena diare. Di Indonesia, 2 juta lebih

bayi lahir setiap hari, yang berarti diare mengancam

20.000 bayi setiap tahun. Angka kematian bayi (AKB)

adalah salah satu indikator yang mencerminkan

derajat kesehatan masyarakat dan lingkungannya.

Tabel 2.5 memperlihatkan angka kematian bayi, jumlah

kematian, angka fertilitas total dan jumlah kelahiran

menurut provinsi di Indonesia pada 2011.

Dari Tabel 2.5. dapat dilihat AKB terbesar terdapat di

Nusa Tenggara Barat yaitu 38 kejadian, sedangkan angka

terendah di DKI Jakarta adalah 7,6 kejadian kematian

bayi sebelum usia setahun setiap seribu kelahiran hidup.

Sementara, jumlah penderita penyakit TB Paru di

masyarakat meningkat 33.000 kejadian. Tetapi kejadian

penyakit diare mengalami penurunan, walaupun masih

terbilang tinggi. Tabel 2.5. memperlihatkan jumlah

pasien TB Paru BTA positif dan Diare menurut provinsi

pada 2009 – 2010.

Domestic and industrial activities affect not only water quality, but water availability as well. The number of critical watershed areas is rising rapidly, in particular on Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan. Data for the period of 1984-2005 show that the number of critical watershed areas rose from 22 to 62 – a threefold increase. This surge in the number of critical watershed areas was caused by the conversion of upstream areas into farmland. Among the criteria to determine critical watershed areas is the Qmax/Qmin ratio. For some critical watershed areas, this ratio reached a value of 20. Figure 2.32 shows several critical watershed areas.

Floods and droughts caused by critical watershed areas are threats to national food security. This is because conversion of mechanically irrigated land occurs at a rate of 40,000 hectares a year. In 2001-2003, 610,590 hectares of mechanically irrigated land were converted to other uses. These lands are prone to droughts and floods, because only 0.8 million of 7.7 million hectares of land can rely on water supply from dams. As a result, crop failure often occurs and almost every year an average of 90,000 hectares of land experience droughts or floods. Floods, poor water quality and lack of proper sanitation facilities all negatively affect public health. Bad sanitation has serious consequences: 1 in 100 babies dies of diarrhea. More than 2 million babies are born every year in Indonesia, which means that diarrhea threatens 20,000 of them each year. The infant mortality rate (IMR) is one of a number of indicators for public health. Table 2.5 shows infant mortality rate, number of deaths, total fertility rate and number of births by province in 2011.

Table 2.5 shows West Nusa Tenggara to have had the highest IMR with 38 incidents, while Jakarta recorded the lowest rate with 7.6 infant deaths before the age of one per 1000 births. The number of TB patients increased to 33,000, whereas diarrhea incidence has decreased, although it remains high. Table 2.6 shows the number of smear-positive pulmonary TB and diarrhea patients by province in 2009-2010. Environmental changes also affect the incidence of vector-borne diseases such as dengue hemorrhagic


47

Perubahan lingkungan air juga mempengaruhi kejadian

penyakit bawaan vektor, seperti demam berdarah dengue

dan malaria. Di beberapa daerah penderita demam

berdarah dengue pada 2010 menurun dibandingkan

tahun 2009, tetapi di Bali dan Yogyakarta justru meningkat

cukup signifikan, seperti terlihat pada Tabel 2.6.

Kondisi sebaliknya terlihat pada jumlah penderita

malaria pada 2010 yang meningkat dibanding 2008

dan 2009. Peningkatan penderita malaria tertinggi

tercatat di Nusa Tenggara Timur dan Papua.

1.000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

02001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011

Num

ber o

f floo

d in

cide

nts

Ju

mla

h Te

rjadi

nya

Banj

ir

Year Tahun

150 186 191

297

399130

607672

962

409

Figure 2.31 Number of flood incidents in Indonesia Gambar 2.31 Jumlah kejadian banjir di Indonesia

Source: Ministry of Public Works, 2012

Sumber: Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, 2012

Photo: Ministry of Environment Foto : Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

fever and malaria. In some provinces the number of dengue hemorrhagic fever patients in 2010 decreased compared to 2009, but Bali and Yogyakarta recorded significant increases, as shown in Table 2.6. The reverse was true for the number of malaria patients, which increased in 2010 compared to 2008 and 2009. The highest increases occurred in East Nusa Tenggara and Papua.

Figure 2.32 Several critical watershed areasGambar 2.32 Beberapa potret DAS kritis


48

Source: DG of Water Resources, Ministry of Public WorksSumber: Ditjen Sumber Daya Air, Kementerian PU

Figure 2.30 Distribution of critical watershed areas in 1992 with 39 critical watershed areasGambar 2.30 Sebaran DAS Kritis pada Tahun 1992 sebanyak 39 DAS Kritis




49

Source: Indonesian Population Projection 2005 - 2015, BPS Sumber : Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia 2005 - 2015, Badan Pusat Statistik

Table 2.5 Infant mortality rate, number of deaths, total fertility rateand number of births by province in 2011

Tabel 2.5 Angka Kematian Bayi, Jumlah Kematian, Angka Fertilitas Total dan Jumlah Kelahiran menurut Provinsi 2011

No PROVINCEPROVINSI

Infant Mortality Rate Angka Kematian Bayi

Number of DeathsJumlah Kematian

(000)

Total Fertility Rate Angka Fertilitas Total

Number of Births Jumlah Kelahiran

(000)1 NAD Aceh 30,50 27,00 2,30 93,60

2 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 20,40 70,70 2,38 288,20

3 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 23,20 31,10 2,35 98,40

4 Riau Riau 20,00 22,00 2,28 108,00

5 Jambi Jambi 24,60 15,70 2,25 57,00

6 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 22,80 39,10 2,15 144,40

7 Bengkulu Bengkulu 25,40 9,40 2,15 32,50

8 Lampung Lampung 21,40 43,60 2,23 145,70

9 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 24,20 7,00 2,14 21,10

10 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 19,30 6,30 2,28 46,60

11 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 7,60 34,90 1,49 129,10

12 West Java Jawa Barat 24,20 272,30 2,16 769,10

13 Central Java Jawa Tengah 18,00 248,10 1,97 516,40

14 DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 7,70 26,30 1,38 39,60

15 East Java Jawa Timur 21,20 298,70 1,65 476,40

16 Banten Banten 28,90 57,90 2,27 206,60

17 Bali Bali 11,90 23,70 1,64 46,30

18 West Nusa Tenggara NTB 38,00 29,70 2,33 96,00

19 East Nusa Tenggara NTT 27,20 30,20 2,66 114,10

20 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 25,40 24,00 2,36 94,60

21 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 20,90 10,00 2,18 40,10

22 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 30,10 22,60 2,13 65,50

23 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 14,80 13,50 2,18 61,80

24 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 9,40 13,30 1,88 33,20

25 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 31,20 15,40 2,25 50,30

26 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 24,20 51,70 2,22 159,30

27 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 25,60 11,70 2,49 51,70

28 Gorontalo Gorontalo 26,40 6,10 2,21 18,00

29 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 24,20 6,80 2,22 20,30

30 Maluku Maluku 28,60 8,40 2,62 31,80

31 North Maluku Maluku Utara 29,70 5,50 2,58 22,70

32 West Papua Papua Barat 27,50 3,50 2,62 16,00

33 Papua Papua 27,00 10,20 2,62 47,50


50

Table 2.6 Number of smear-positive TB and diarrhea patients by province, 2009 - 2010Tabel 2.6 Jumlah Pasien TB Paru Positif dan Diare menurut Provinsi 2009 - 2010

No PROVINCE PROVINSI

Smear-positive pulmonary TB TB Paru BTA Positif

Diarrhea Diare

2009 2010 2009 20101 NAD Aceh 3.065 3.670 45 121

2 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 13.897 16.078 - -

3 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 3.732 4.156 - 51

4 Riau Riau 2.880 2.996 86 116

5 Jambi Jambi 2.745 3.149 - -

6 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 5.181 5.705 - -

7 Bengkulu Bengkulu 1.588 1.784 - -

8 Lampung Lampung 4.943 5.139 11 -

9 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 951 1.130 - -

10 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 784 917 - -

11 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 7.989 7.944 - -

12 West Java Jawa Barat 31.433 32.649 1.425 1.068

13 Central Java Jawa Tengah 16.906 19.190 95 35

14 DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 1.155 1.193 - -

15 East Java Jawa Timur 22.598 23.350 - 1.181

16 Banten Banten 8.134 8.018 351 385

17 Bali Bali 1.517 1.449 - -

18 West Nusa Tenggara NTB 3.089 3.151 1.147 -

19 East Nusa Tenggara NTT 3.369 3.755 416 -

20 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 4.156 4.634 - -

21 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 1.339 1.323 - -

22 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 2.891 3.253 - -

23 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 2.065 2.210 - -

24 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 3.988 4.546 - -

25 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 1.918 2.307 437 817

26 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 6.428 7.820 37 169

27 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 2.296 3.185 - -

28 Gorontalo Gorontalo 1.370 1.617 - -

29 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 942 1.149 423 -

30 Maluku Maluku 2.014 2.175 - -

31 North Maluku Maluku Utara 708 792 205 -

32 West Papua Papua Barat 638 635 605 37

33 Papua Papua 2.504 2.297 473 224

INDONESIA 169.213 183.366 5.756 4.204

Source : Indonesia Statistics Sumber : Badan Pusat Statistik


51

Note : 1) Incidence per 100,000 personsSource: Indonesia Health Profile 2010, Ministry of Health

Catatan : 1) Tingkat Kejadian per 100.000 penduduk Sumber : Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2010, Kementerian Kesehatan

Table 2.7 Number of patients, fatality rate, and incidence rateof dengue fever by province, 2008 - 2010Tabel 2.7 Jumlah Pasien, Tingkat Kefaalan, dan Tingkat Kejadian Penyakit Demam Berdarah menurut Provinsi, 2008 - 2010

NoPROVINCE PROVINSI

Number of patients Jumlah Pasien

Fatality rate Tingkat Kefatalan

Incidence rate Tingkat Kejadian

2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 20101 NAD Aceh 2.436 1.573 2.834 1,31 1,27 0,92 54,76 36,36 63,71

2 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 4.454 4.697 8.889 1,10 1,23 0,98 34,49 35,70 67,25

3 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 1.907 2.813 1.795 0,58 0,64 0,28 42,67 59,75 38,13

4 Riau Riau 828 1.563 991 1,21 1,73 2,62 15,96 29,29 18,27

5 Jambi Jambi 245 254 178 3,67 1,97 0,56 8,64 8,55 5,99

6 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 2.360 1.854 1.161 0,13 0,32 0,43 34,75 25,67 16,07

7 Bengkulu Bengkulu 339 260 609 0,29 3,08 2,13 19,39 15,44 35,36

8 Lampung Lampung 4.807 1.862 1.716 0,83 1,07 1,63 68,83 24,85 25,59

9 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 34 349 205 - 4,58 4,39 3,07 31,54 18,52

10 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 1.724 1.828 1.507 1,28 0,77 0,93 133,07 115,60 88,37

11 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 28.361 28.032 19.273 0,09 0,11 0,17 317,09 313,40 227,44

12 West Java Jawa Barat 23.248 37.861 25.727 0,99 0,81 0,66 54,23 89,41 59,54

13 Central Java Jawa Tengah 19.235 17.881 19.871 1,19 1,39 1,26 58,45 54,81 60,46

14 DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 2.119 2.203 4.997 0,99 0,68 0,68 61,72 63,89 144,92

15 East Java Jawa Timur 16.589 18.631 26.020 0,99 0,99 0,90 44,68 50,03 68,92

16 Banten Banten 3.954 5.250 5.544 1,34 1,33 2,15 46,16 56,39 55,27

17 Bali Bali 6.254 5.810 11.697 0,30 0,15 0,29 181,31 167,40 337,04

18 West Nusa Tenggara NTB 777 615 2.096 0,51 0,65 0,57 18,10 13,72 51,02

19 East Nusa Tenggara NTT 279 399 1.459 2,87 1,75 1,03 7,07 8,44 30,60

20 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 947 9.792 589 3,38 1,75 2,72 22,29 228,30 13,86

21 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 531 1.309 1.394 1,32 1,22 0,50 27,11 65,25 62,82

22 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 576 1.113 1.134 1,91 1,80 2,91 15,69 29,30 29,86

23 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 5.762 5.244 5.610 1,82 1,30 0,75 220,03 173,80 167,31

24 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 1.430 1.640 2.091 1,12 1,22 1,91 63,58 68,79 87,70

25 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 1.389 952 2.098 1,22 0,74 1,38 55,25 36,50 81,80

26 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 3.545 3.411 4.083 0,76 0,67 0,81 46,46 44,71 49,02

27 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 1.006 692 986 0,89 1,73 1,32 46,21 31,86 45,28

28 Gorontalo Gorontalo 172 91 467 2,33 2,20 1,71 18,74 9,19 46,14

29 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 37 149 144 0 0 0 3,65 13,74 14,19

30 Maluku Maluku 0 0 6 0 0 16,67 0 0 0,42

31 North Maluku Maluku Utara 250 384 347 2,80 1,82 3,46 25,25 38,89 33,61

32 West Papua Papua Barat 510 204 298 0,39 0,98 - 90,41 28,21 52,83

33 Papua Papua 228 196 270 0,44 1,53 2,96 13,47 10,93 15,05

INDONESIA 136.333 158.912 156.086 37,54 41,48 59,68 1.852,58 1.979,71 2.112,36


52

HUTAN DAN LAHANFOREST AND LAND

The tropical forest is an ecosystem that is rich in biodiversity. It plays a role in the provision of environmental services and provides a livelihood for the inhabitants of its surroundings. In addition, tropical forests also store a very large amount of terrestrial carbon. Deforestation and forest degradation will lead to the release of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, which will affect the global climate. In 2008, global emissions from deforestation or forest degradation processes amounted to 4.4 gigatonnes of CO2, or 11 percent of all anthropogenic emissions (UNEP, 2012). Because of this, protection of tropical forests has become part of the international agenda to mitigate climate change through Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanisms. REDD+ was adopted at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP 16) in Cancun in 2010. Indonesia and Brazil both play vital roles in REDD+ mitigation efforts because both countries have vast forests.

Interpretation of Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite images for the period of 2000-2011 revealed that the extent of forest cover had decreased from 104,747,566 hectares in 2000 to 98,242,002 hectares in 2011 (Figure 2.33). In other words, 6.5 million hectares of forests were lost to deforestation in 11 years.

Before 2009, the majority of provinces except East Java experienced deforestation. During the period of 2000-201, reforestation took place in East Java, West Java and South Sumatra. The greatest loss of forests occurred in Riau, Jambi, Central Kalimantan, North Sumatra and Bengkulu, with an annual deforestation rate of 1 percent as shown in Table 2.9 and Figure 2.36.

A number of factors, both direct (agents) and indirect (driving forces), influence the dynamics of deforestation (Sunderlin, W.D. & Resosudarmo, 1996). There are two types of causal factors: direct and indirect. The first directly changes forest cover to other uses and includes forest fires as well as expansion of lands for agriculture, settlements and mining. The second, or indirect, type incorporates social, economic and political conditions on a national, regional or global level.

Hutan tropis merupakan ekosistem yang kaya akan

keanekaragaman hayati, berperan dalam penyediaan

jasa lingkungan dan tempat bergantung masyarakat

di yang hidup di sekitar hutan. Selain itu, hutan

tropis merupakan ekosistem yang menyimpan

karbon terrestrial dalam jumlah yang sangat besar.

Deforestasi dan degradasi hutan akan menyebabkan

pelepasan emisi karbon dioksida ke atmosfer,

sehingga mempengaruhi iklim secara global. Pada

tahun 2008, emisi dunia dari proses deforestasi dan

degradasi hutan mencapai 4,4 Giga ton CO2 atau 11%

dari total emisi emisi anthropogenik (UNEP, 2012),

karena itu perlindungan hutan tropis menjadi agenda

internasional dalam rangka mitigasi perubahan

iklim melalui mekanisme Reduction Emission from

Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). REDD+

telah disepakati dalam Conference On Parties 16

(COP 16) di Cancun, tahun 2010. Indonesia dan Brasil

berperan penting dalam upaya mitigasi REDD + karena

memiliki hutan yang sangat luas.

Dari penafsiran Citra Satelit Landsat 7 ETM+, 2000 -

2011, luas tutupan hutan mengalami penurunan, dari

104.747.566 hektar pada 2000, menjadi 98.242.002

hektar pada 2011 (Gambar 2.33). Dengan kata lain,

terjadi deforestasi seluas 6,5 juta hektar selama 11

tahun.

Sebelum 2009, sebagian besar provinsi mengalami

deforestasi, kecuali Jawa Timur. Selama periode 2009

– 2011, tiga provinsi mengalami reforestasi yaitu Jawa

Timur, Jawa Barat dan Sumatera Selatan. Penyumbang

penurunan hutan terbanyak adalah Riau, Jambi,

Kalimantan Tengah, Sumatra Utara dan Bengkulu,

dengan deforestasi lebih dari 1 persen per tahun

seperti pada Tabel 2.9. & Gambar 2.36.

Dinamika deforestasi terkait dengan berbagai faktor, baik

secara langsung (agent) maupun tidak langsung (driving

force) (Sunderlin, W.D. & Resosudarmo, 1996). Faktor

penyebab ada dua: langsung dan tidak langsung. Faktor

langsung berarti pelaku dan penyebab secara langsung

mengubah tutupan hutan menjadi peruntukan lain,

misalnya kebakaran hutan, ekspansi lahan pertanian,

perumahan dan pertambangan. Faktor secara tidak

langsung berupa kondisi sosial, ekonomi dan politik pada

skala nasional, regional maupun global.


53

Figure 2.33 Decrease of forest area, 2000 – 2011 Gambar 2.33 Penurunan luasan hutan pada periode 2000 – 2011

Forest area Luas Hutan

2000 2003 2006 2009 2011

105.000.000104.000.000103.000.000102.000.000101.000.000100.000.000

99.000.00098.000.00097.000.00096.000.00095.000.00094.000.000

Source: Ministry of ForestrySumber: Kementerian Kehutanan

Mencermati perubahan tutupan hutan selama 2000 –

2011, sebenarnya sejak 2003 laju deforestasi semakin

mengecil. Laju deforestasi per tahun pada periode

2000 – 2003: 344.657 hektar (0,33 persen); 2003 – 2006:

808.754 hektar (0,78 persen); 2006 – 2009: 747.754

hektar (0,74 persen); dan 2009 – 2011: 401.253 hektar

(0,41 persen).

Sebelum 2003 adalah masa transisi otonomi yang

menyebabkan ketidakpastian hukum dalam kasus

penyerobotan kawasan hutan. Selama transisi (1999-

2001), terjadi 205 kasus penyerobotan kawasan hutan;

pada 2002-2003 kasus menurun menjadi 66 (Wulan,

et al. 2004). Prasetyo (2008) juga menemukan kasus

perambahan kawasan konservasi yang lebih luas

pada masa transisi itu dibandingkan periode sebelum

otonomi.

Observing the change of forest cover from 2000-2011, it becomes evident that deforestation rates have actually decreased since 2003. The annual deforestation rate was 344,657 hectares (0.33 percent)in 2000-2003, 808,754 hectares (0.78 percent) in 2003-2006, 747,754 hectares (0.74 percent) in 2006-2009 and 401,253 hectares (0.41 percent) in 2009-2011.

Regional autonomy was in a transitional phase prior to 2003 and introduced legal uncertainties to forest encroachment cases. During this transition period (1999-2001), there were 205 cases of forest encroachment. In 2002-2003, the number of cases came down to 66 (Wulan, et al. 2004). Prasetyo (2008) also discovered that there were more cases of encroachment of protected areas during the transitional phase than during the pre-autonomy period.


54

Table 2.9 Annual forest cover change rate by province, 2000 - 2011 Tabel 2.9 Laju Perubahan Tutupan Hutan per Tahun per Provinsi pada Periode 2000 - 2011

Province Provinsi

Forest cover change rate Laju Perubahan Hutan (%)

2000-2003 2003-2006 2006-2009 2009-2011

Riau Riau -2.06 -3.62 -4.29 -3.54

Jambi Jambi -0.20 -1.39 ¬ -1.94

Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah -0.47 -0.86 -1.48 -1.34

North Sumatera Sumatera Utara -0.19 -0.97 -1.61 -1.22

Bengkulu Bengkulu -1.43 -0.32 -0.43 -1.06

West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat -0.22 -1.84 -1.42 -0.70

West Sumatera Sumatera Barat -0.23 -0.95 -1.71 -0.68

North Maluku Maluku Utara -0.32 -0.27 -0.11 -0.44

Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah -0.35 -0.60 -0.17 -0.40

South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan -1.33 -1.88 -1.09 -0.32

North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara -2.34 -1.40 -0.20 -0.26

East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur -0.32 -0.96 -0.60 -0.24

D I Yogyakarta D I Yogyakarta 0.00 -2.80 -0.14 -0.24

D I Aceh D I Aceh -0.08 -0.36 -1.18 -0.20

Lampung Lampung 0.21 0.00 -0.37 -0.18

Gorontalo Gorontalo -0.33 -2.05 -0.25 -0.17

Central Java Jawa Tengah -0.02 0.00 -0.54 -0.12

Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung -0.31 -1.17 -3.23 -0.11

East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur -0.01 -0.46 -0.01 -0.09

Banten Banten -0.11 -0.39 -2.41 -0.08

Papua Papua -0.08 -0.38 -0.14 -0.04

Maluku Maluku -0.06 -0.12 -0.16 -0.03

West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat -1.53 -0.75 -0.11 -0.01

South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara -0.10 -0.79 -0.18 -0.01

West Papua Papua Barat -0.01 -0.01 -0.03 0.00

South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan -0.65 -0.62 -0.43 0.00

Bali Bali -1.67 0.00 -0.53 0.00

DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

East Java Jawa Timur -0.26 -0.14 0.07 0.06

West Java Jawa Barat 0.02 -0.63 -1.18 0.51

South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan -0.73 -0.08 -1.47 2.28

Grand Total -0.33 -0.78 -0.74 -0.41

Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan


55

Analisis lebih rinci menunjukkan tutupan hutan

pada 2000 seluas 102 juta hektar, yang 31,33 persen

telah berubah menjadi lahan tidak produktif; 10,34

persen dibuka untuk pertanian; dan 2,69 persen

untuk perkebunan (Gambar 2.34). Sedangkan hutan

mangrove sebagian besar masih utuh, hanya sebagian

kecil dieksploitasi. Tetapi hutan ini dibiarkan terlantar,

berupa semak dan lahan terbuka (5,35 persen), sebagian

kecil untuk tambak udang ataupun ikan (2,55 persen)

(Gambar 2.35).

Laju perubahan hutan primer mendapat perhatian

pemerintah dengan terbitnya Instruksi Presiden Nomor

10 tahun 2011 tentang penundaan izin baru dan

penyempurnaan tata kelola hutan alam primer dan lahan

gambut. Secara spasial, lokasi dalam Inpres ini dilengkapi

dengan peta indikatif penundaan izin baru (PIPIB) yang

direvisi secara reguler. Kebijakan ini digunakan untuk

menekan laju alih fungsi lahan, terutama pada hutan

primer dan lahan gambut, sebagai langkah mengurangi

emisi gas rumah kaca.

Faktor lain yang secara langsung mempengaruhi

tutupan hutan adalah kebakaran. Jumlah kejadian dan

luas kebakaran hutan berfluktuasi, tergantung pola

perubahan iklim. Pada periode ENSO (El Nino Southern

Oscilation) jumlah kebakaran cenderung meningkat.

Peristiwa El Nino tahun 1982 luas kebakaran diperkirakan

mencapai 3,5 juta hektar dan 1997 mencapai 9,75 juta

hektar (Bappenas-ADB 1999 dalam Tacconi, 2003). Jumlah

kebakaran setelah 2002 cenderung menurun. Bila dirinci,

periode 2005 – 2011 kebakaran lebih sering terjadi di

kawasan konservasi dibandingkan dengan kawasan hutan

yang lain.

Penyebab kebakaran hutan selalu menjadi perdebatan

panjang. Sebagian pihak mempercayai kebakaran

disebabkan cuaca. Namun Syaifuna menjelaskan

kebakaran hutan mayoritas disebabkan perbuatan

manusia (Syaufina, 2008). Hal ini bisa dimengerti, karena

petani maupun perkebunan masih memakai api dalam

persiapan lahan. Pemerintah juga telah menghimbau

untuk tidak lagi memakai api dalam persiapan lahan.

Bagi masyarakat tradisional, secara turun-temurun

api digunakan sebagai alat untuk persiapan lahan.

Kearifan tradisional ini merupakan teknik pembakaran

terkendali sebagai respon petani tradisional terhadap

keterbatasan teknologi, sumberdaya, dan dana. Bila

dilakukan dengan benar, api tidak akan meluas.

A more detailed analysis revealed that in 2000, 31.33 percent of 102 million hectares of forest had converted into non-productive lands, 10.34 percent had been cleared for agriculture and 2.69 percent for plantations (Figure 2.34). The majority of mangrove formations were still intact and were exploited to a very limited extent only. However, the formations were left neglected and became bush and bare land (5.35 percent), while a small part was utilized as shrimp or fish ponds (Figure 2.35).

The government addressed the rate of conversion of primary forests by issuing Presidential Instruction No. 10/2011 about suspension of new licenses and improvement of governance of natural primary forest and peat land. An indicative moratorium map (IMM/PIPIB) for locations listed in the presidential instruction was released and revised on a regular basis. The purpose of this policy was to bring down the conversion rate, especially for primary forests and peat land, as a measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

One factor directly affecting forest cover was forest fire. The number and extent of incidents fluctuated depending on the prevailing weather conditions. The number of forest fires tended to increase during El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) periods.

Fires related to El Niño events burned approximately 3.5 million hectares of forest in 1982 and about 9.75 million hectares in 1997 (National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and ADB 1999 in Tacconi, 2003). Closer inspections revealed that in 2005-2011 forest fires occurred more often in conservation areas than in other forest areas.

The cause of forest fires is still a topic for debate. Some believe they are caused by weather events, but Syaufina states that the majority of forest fires have human activity as their cause (Syaufina, 2008). This is understandable, since farmers and plantations still use fire to clear lands. The government has repeatedly implored them to give up slash and burn for land clearing purposes.

Traditional communities have customarily used fire as a land-clearing tool. This type of local wisdom evolved as a response to limited availability of technology, resources and funds and if applied correctly will not affect the surrounding area.


56

Selain itu, luas lahan yang dibuka untuk bercocok tanam

juga terbatas sesuai siklus pembukaan yang teratur.

Jika dilakukan dengan benar, api tidak akan membesar

menjadi kebakaran yang tidak terkendali. Sampai saat ini,

kearifan tradisional ini masih dipraktikkan, karena belum

ada alternatif pengganti. Kebakaran hutan justru semakin

merajalela setelah perkebunan besar juga memanfaatkan

teknik pembakaran tradisional untuk persiapan lahan.

Sebagai deteksi dini kebakaran hutan, Direktorat Jenderal

Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam menggunakan

satelit NOAA untuk memantau titik api. Jumlah titik api

(hotspot) sepanjang 2005-2011 sangat bervariasi. Di

beberapa provinsi menunjukkan jumlah hotspot yang

tinggi, yaitu Riau, Sumatra Selatan, Jambi, Kalimantan

Tengah, Kalimantan Barat dan Kalimantan Timur. Lima

provinsi itu memiliki jumlah hutan dan perkebunan yang

tinggi (Tabel 2.11).

The area cleared for cultivation is also limited in size and subject to an orderly clearing schedule. Correct practice of this tradition will not result in uncontrolled wildfires. Lacking alternative methods, people continue rely on this technique. However, forest fires became more frequent after large-scale plantations resorted to this traditional method of land clearing.

The Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation uses NOAA satellites to monitor hotspots. The number of hotspots in 2005-2011 fluctuated greatly, with the Provinces of Riau, South Sumatra, Jambi, Central Kalimantan, West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan showing a large number of hotspots. These five provinces have large forests and vast plantation areas (Table 2.11).

Figure 2.34 Percentage of forest conversion, 2000 - 2011Gambar 2.34 Persentase perubahan hutan pada periode

2000 - 2011

Hutan

Pertanian

Perkebunan

Semak & Lahan Terbuka

Tambak

Pertambangan

Lahan Terbangun

Lainnya

Forests

Agriculture

Plantations

Bush & open lands

Ponds

Mining

Build-up lands

Other49.78%

0.11%

1.53% 0.53%

3.67%

10.34%

2.69%

31.33%

Figure 2.35 Percentage of mangrove forest conversion, 2000-2011

Gambar 2.35 Persentase perubahan hutan mangrove pada periode 2000 – 2011

Mangrove

Pertanian

Semak & Lahan Terbuka

Badan Air

Tambak

Lahan Terbangun

Pertambangan

Mangrove

Agriculture

Bush & open lands

Water bodies

Ponds

Build-up lands

Mining

0.28 %

0.32 % 2.55 %0.02 %0.02 %

5.35 %

91.39 %

Table 2.10 Forest fire occurance in various functional forest types Tabel 2.10 Perkembangan Kebakaran Hutan di Berbagai Fungsi Hutan

Forest Function Fungsi Hutan

Estimated extent of forest fires (Ha) Estimasi Kebakaran Hutan

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Protected forest Hutan Lindung 4.002.12 355.00 228.00 155.00 803.00 191.50 99.50Production forest Hutan Produksi 82.00 1.508.34 987.10 592.52 245.80 19.50 184.95Nature res. & cons. area Hutan Suaka Alam 651.80 508.70 349.60 631.02 1441.13 57.00 1.091.29Natural recreation park Taman Wisata Alam 4.50 350.50 40.00 55.50 311.50 13.62 32.49National park Taman Nasional 595.05 1.324.55 5.256.42 5.338.79 4.589.78 3.213.50 996.36Grand forest park Taman Hutan Raya 30.00 4.00 2.00 1.00 25.00Research park Hutan Penelitian 2.00 Urban forest Hutan Kota 85.00 7.00 5.00 Hunting park Taman Buru 162.50 86.00 15.00 100.00 161.50Community forest Hutan Kemasyarakatan 82.00 23.60 3.25 112.00 21.00 Total 5.502.47 4.241.59 6.974.72 6.793.08 7.611.21 3.500.12 2.612.09

Sources: (Forestry Statistics 2011 & 2010). Sumber : (Statistik Kehutanan 2011 & 2010).




57

Table 2.11 Number of detected hotspots, 2005-2011 Tabel 2.11 Jumlah Pantauan Hotspot pada Periode 2005-2011

NoProvince

Provinsi2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

1 Aceh Aceh 560 1,667 261 924 654 285 592

2 North Sumatera Sumatera Utara 3,565 3,581 936 871 1,172 532 893

3 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 494 1.231 427 770 495 171 546

4 Riau Riau 20,538 11,526 4,169 3,943 7,756 1,707 3,536

5 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau - 215 101 53 99 55 33

6 Jambi Jambi 985 6,948 3,120 1,970 1,733 603 1,523

7 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 1,182 21734 5,182 3,055 3,891 1,481 4,705

8 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 248 1,202 764 523 1,058 143 317

9 Bengkulu Bengkulu 218 474 255 204 192 84 320

10 Lampung Lampung 399 3,747 1,639 218 395 123 635

11 Banten Banten 99 155 38 52 76 33 193

12 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 25 26 77 15 14 4 10

13 West Java Jawa Barat 306 1,160 325 869 253 114 766

14 DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 20 99 35 34 13 10 18

15 Central Java Jawa Tengah 237 1,746 268 1,082 147 64 498

16 East Java Jawa Timur 315 2,032 1,503 2,643 691 259 1,019

17 Bali Bali 7 59 57 154 7 14 48

18 West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 23 568 903 844 476 - -

19 East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 42 1,147 1,140 2,289 489 - -

20 West Kalimanta Kalimantan Barat 3,485 29,266 7,561 5,528 10,144 1,785 4,720

21 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 3,126 40,897 4,800 1,240 4,640 831 4,285

22 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 870 6,469 928 199 1,270 111 1,292

23 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 745 6,603 2,082 2,231 2,307 974 1,482

24 Gorontalo Gorontalo - 586 93 16 83 24 46

25 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 53 114 35 26 34 14 30

26 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 31 562 182 132 367 165 255

27 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat - 364 145 30 84 25 98

28 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 123 1.201 551 525 519 175 344

29 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 159 749 288 148 396 94 270

30 Maluku Maluku 35 48 26 21 4 - -

31 North Maluku Maluku Utara 6 88 13 7 4 - -

32 Island of Papua Pulau Papua - - 5 0 0 - -

TOTAL 37,896 146,264 37,909 30,616 39,463 9,880 28,474



59

Figure 2.36 Decrease of forest area by province, 2000 – 2011 Gambar 2.36 Penurunan luasan hutan pada periode 2000 – 2011 per provinsi

EAST JAVA

CENTRAL JAVA

WEST JAVA

SOUTH SUMATRA

WEST KALIMANTAN

CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

EAST KALIMANTAN

WEST PAPUA


EAST JAVA

CENTRAL JAVA

WEST JAVA

SOUTH SUMATRA

WEST KALIMANTAN

CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

EAST KALIMANTAN

WEST PAPUA


62


EAST JAVA

CENTRAL JAVA

WEST JAVA

SOUTH SUMATRA

WEST KALIMANTAN

CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

EAST KALIMANTAN

WEST PAPUA


64

Lahan KritisCritical Lands

Another environmental challenge is the increase of critical lands. The term applies to physically degraded areas of land that are no longer able to properly fulfill their function as production media or water regulator. Caused by deforestation and forest degradation, the total extent of critical lands increased by 4 million hectares in 2000-2011, at various rates in different provinces. Central Kalimantan has the largest increase,followed by Jambi, North Sumatra and South-East Sulawesi. Several provinces have managed to improve the condition of such lands, including Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, East Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi (Table 2.12).

Forest and land degradation have caused the hydrological regime to become disturbed. Water is abundant during the rainy season, but scarce during the dry season. This has caused the ratio between the maximum debit and minimum debit to increase substantially, and is indicative of land degradation in parts of a watershed area. These damages have triggered a number of natural disasters in several provinces. During 2012, the Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana BNPB) recorded 730 natural disaster incidents that took 487 lives and forced 675,798 people to evacuate.

Natural disasters also caused severe damage to 33,847 houses, medium damage to 4,587 houses and light damage to 21,369 houses. The increase of hydrometeorological disasters such as floods, floods accompanied by landslides, landslides and droughts calls for attention. The number of drought disasters has risen rapidly. In 2010, BNPB recorded just two drought disasters, but in 2011 that number had risen 217. Also in 2010, the only region to suffer from droughts was East Nusa Tenggara but the following year this condition had spread to almost all parts ofIndonesia. Floods occurred twice as often compared to 2010, while landslides and flood accompanied by landslides increased almost twofold, from 191 incidents in 2010 to 352 incidents in 2011.

Tantangan lingkungan hidup juga menghadapi

persoalan lahan kritis. Lahan kritis adalah lahan yang

secara fisik telah rusak sehingga tidak dapat berfungsi

dengan baik sebagai media produksi atau pengatur

tata air. Perkembangan lahan kritis seiring dengan

deforestasi dan degradasi hutan. Selama 2000 - 2011,

lahan kritis bertambah 4 juta hektar, dengan kontribusi

setiap provinsi yang berbeda-beda. Kalimantan Tengah

menyumbang jumlah lahan kritis terbesar, diikuti

Jambi, Sumatra Utara dan Sulawesi Tenggara. Beberapa

provinsi berhasil memperbaiki kondisi lahannya, seperti

di Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan

Timur, Sulawesi tengah dan Sulawesi Selatan (Tabel

2.12).

Kerusakan hutan dan lahan menyebabkan tata air

terganggu: melimpah di musim hujan, kekeringan di

musim kemarau. Hal ini membuat perbandingan antara

jumlah debit maksimum dengan jumlah debit minimum

menjadi sangat besar. Hal ini menjadi indikasi tingkat

kerusakan lahan pada suatu daerah aliran sungai

(DAS) tertentu. Di beberapa provinsi, kerusakan itu

menyebabkan bencana alam. Sepanjang 2012, BNPB

mencatat 730 kejadian bencana alam, yang menelan

487 orang meninggal dunia dan memaksa 675.798

orang mengungsi.

Bencana alam juga menyebabkan 33.847 rumah rusak

berat; 4.587 rumah rusak sedang; dan 21.369 rusak ringan.

Yang harus menjadi perhatian adalah terjadi peningkatan

bencana alam hidrometeorologi: banjir, banjir disertai

tanah longsor, tanah longsor, serta kekeringan. Bencana

kekeringan telah melonjak tajam. Jika selama 2010,

BNPB mencatat hanya 2 bencana kekeringan, pada 2011

tercatat 217 kekeringan. Pada 2010, hanya Nusa Tenggara

Timur yang menderita kekeringan, sementara pada tahun

berikutnya hampir seluruh wilayah Indonesia dilanda

kekeringan. Bencana banjir juga meningkat dua kali lipat

dibandingkan pada 2010. Bencana tanah longsor dan

banjir yang disertai tanah longsor juga meningkat hampir

dua kali lipat, dari 191 kejadian pada 2010 menjadi 352

pada 2011.

Photo/Foto: Donang Wahyu


66

Tabel 2.12 Total area of critical lands in Indonesia, 2000 - 2011 Tabel 2.12 Luas Lahan Kritis di Indonesia 2000 - 2011

No. PROVINCE PROVINSI

Area of critical lands Luas Lahan Kritis

2000 2011 Perubahan

1 Aceh Aceh 351,015 744,955 393,940

2 North Sumatera Sumatera Utara 469,143 1,135,341 666,198

3 R i a u R i a u 334,868 840,658 505,790

4 Riau Archipelago Kep. Riau 0 254,749 254,749

5 West Sumatera Sumatera Barat 131,155 509,977 378,822

6 Jambi Jambi 716,147 1,420,602 704,455

7 Bengkulu Bengkulu 578,543 642,587 64,044

8 South Sumatera Sumatera Selatan 3,461,840 3,886,062 424,222

9 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 0 114,836 114,836

10 Lampung Lampung 299,157 589,229 290,072

11 Banten Banten 0 67,503 67,503

12 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 0 0 0

13 West Java Jawa Barat 368,794 483,945 115,151

14 Central Java Jawa Tengah 360,827 159,853 -200,974

15 DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 34,667 33,559 -1,108

16 East Java Jawa Timur 1,302,379 608,913 -693,466

17 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 3,065,728 3,169,491 103,763

18 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 1,758,833 4,636,890 2,878,057

19 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 1,778,782 318,836 -1,459,946

20 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 575,383 786,911 211,528

21 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 235,092 276,056 40,964

22 Gorontalo Gorontalo 0 257,176 257,176

23 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 413,221 317,769 -95,452

24 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 241,811 885,463 643,652

25 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 1,032,802 920,452 -112,350

26 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 0 113,960 113,960

27 B a l i B a l i 33,425 48,052 14,627

28 West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 278,698 91,859 -186,839

29 East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 1,356,757 1,041,688 -315,069

30 North Maluku Maluku Utara 0 611,107 611,107

31 Maluku Maluku 694,911 762,324 67,413

32 Papua Papua 3,368,903 1,076.699 -2,292,204

33 West Papua Papua Barat 0 487,343 487,343

Total 23,242,881 27,294,845 4,051,964



67

Figure 2.37 Distribution of flood and flood with land slides, 2004 - 2011Gambar 2.37 Sebaran Kejadian Bencana Banjir & Bencana Banjir yang Disertai Longsor Tahun 2004 Sampai Dengan Tahun 2011.

Figure 2.38 Distribution of drought incidents, 2004 -2011 Gambar 2.38 Sebaran Kejadian Kekeringan Tahun 2004 Sampai Dengan Tahun 2011

Source: National Agency for Disaster Management Sumber: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana

Source: National Agency for Disaster Management Sumber: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana


68

PESISIR DAN LAUTCOAST AND MARINE

Sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia dengan

13.466 pulau yang memiliki nama, Indonesia memiliki

banyak sumber daya perairan dan kelautan. Perairan

negara ini yang mempunyai uas 5,8 juta kilometer

persegi menyimpan potensi perikanan yang besar. Pesisir

lautnya menyimpan cadangan minyak, gas, mineral dan

bahan tambang. Di ekosistem pesisir, hutan mangrove,

padang lamun dan terumbu karang juga memiliki

banyak manfaat. Luas terumbu karang mencapai

75.000 km persegi atau sekitar 12 – 15 persen dari luas

terumbu dunia, yang mencapai 284.300 km2. Terumbu

karang menyediakan bahan makanan, obat-obatan dan

manjaga pantai dari deburan ombak. Padang lamun

juga bernilai ekonomi untuk bahan baku obat-obatan,

pupuk, kasur, makanan, penyaring limbah kertas, dan

bahan kimia. Hamparan lamun mampu mengurangi

tenaga gelombang dan arus, menyaring sedimen air

laut dan menstabilkan dasar sedimen (BPS, 2012).

Pendapatan yang bisa dihasilkan dari terumbu karang

diperkirakan mencapai US$ 1,6 miliar per tahun. Total

nilai potensi ekonomi bisa menyentuh US$ 61,9 miliar

setiap tahun. Hanya saja, potensi terumbu karang

yang besar diiringi dengan ancaman eksploitasi yang

mengkhawatirkan. Berdasarkan pemantauan Pusat

Penelitian Oseanografi LIPI pada 2012 di 1.133 lokasi,

hanya sekitar 5,30 persen terumbu karang dalam kondisi

sangat baik. Lalu, 27,19 persen dalam keadaan baik;

37,25 persen cukup baik; dan 30,45 persen kurang baik.

Dengan garis pantai sepanjang 81.000 kilometer,

Indonesia memiliki hutan mangrove terluas kedua

dunia setelah Brazil. Tumbuh di zona peralihan,

antara ekosistem laut dan daratan, hutan mangrove

melindungi pantai, menahan endapan lumpur dan

menjaga keseimbangan lingkungan.

Pada 2006, Kementerian Kehutanan mencatat luas

hutan mangrove mencapai 7,7 juta hektar. Tetapi pada

saat ini luasnya menurun pada 2011 menjadi 5,5 juta

hektar. Dari total luas hutan mangrove itu, 56,91 persen

masih baik dan 7,21 persen rusak berat. Hutan mangrove

juga terancam alih fungsi untuk berbagai kepentingan,

seperti perkebunan, tambak dan pemukiman.

The largest archipelago in the world with 13,466 named islands, Indonesia has abundant aquatic and marine resources. The country has a sea area of about 5.8 million sq. kilometers and boasts a large fisheries potential. Its coastal areas hold oil, gas, mineral and ore reserves. Its coastal ecosystems, such as mangrove forests, seagrass and coral reefs, also have many uses. The total area of Indonesia’s coral reefs amounts to 75,000 sq. kilometers, or about 12-15 percent of the world’s 284,300 sq. kilometers of coral reefs. Coral reefs provide food and medicine and protect the shoreline from wave action. Seagrass also have economic value and provide raw materials for medicine, fertilizers, mattresses, food, waste filters and chemicals. Seagrass can absorb energy from waves and currents and filter and stabilize sediments (BPS, 2012).

Coral reefs can generate an estimated income of US$ 1.6 billion a year. Their total potential economic value may reach US$619 billion annually. However, the huge potential of coral reefs has caused their exploitation to reach alarming levels. In 2012, LIPI’s Oceanographic Research Center surveyed coral reefs in 1,133 locations and found that just 5.30 percent were in excellent condition. Of the remainder, 27.19 percent were in good condition, 37.25 percent in fair condition and 30.45 percent in poor condition.

With a coastline of 81,000 kilometer, Indonesia has the second largest mangrove formations in the world after Brazil. Occupying the transition zone between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, mangrove formations protect the shore, stabilize mud flats and maintain the balance of the environment.

In 2006, the Ministry of Forestry estimated the totalextent of mangrove formations to amount to 7.7 million hectares. However, in 2011 this number had decreased to 5.5 million hectares. Of this total, 56.91 percent were in good condition, while 7.21 percent were severely damaged. Mangrove formations also face the threat of conversion into plantations, fish ponds and settlements.


69

Figure 2.39 Condition of coral reefs in Indonesia (%) Gambar 2.39 Kondisi terumbu karang di Indonesia (%)

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

01993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

Excellent Sangat Baik

Good Baik

Fair Cukup

Poor Kurang

Sumber: Coremap.or.idSources: Coremap.or.id

Photo / Foto : Aksa Tejalaksana


70

Notes: a) Data up to 2010 Source : Provincial Marine and Fisheries Agencies, 2012 Catatan : a) Data sampai tahun 2010 Sumber : Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi, 2012

Table 2.13 Area and condition of mangrove forests by province, 2011 Table 2.13 Luas dan Kondisi Hutan Mangrove Menurut Provinsi Tahun 2011

Province Provinsi

Area Luas (ha)

Condition (%)Kondisi

Good Baik

Moderate Sedang

Damaged Rusak

Notidentified

Tidak Teridentifikasi

Aceh Aceh 50,689,43 83,87 - 16,13 0,00

North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 88,687,80 8,16 36,07 55,77 0,00

West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 43,186,71 77,63 7,67 15,00 0,00

Riau Riau 193,886,72 6,73 9,98 5,09 78,19

Jambi Jambi 6,863,30 - - 20,44 79,56

South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 56,415,00 35,81 3,07 61,13 0,00

Bengkulu Bengkulu 214,743,00 3,13 96,66 0,21 0,00

Lampung Lampung 22,723,90 20,73 12,93 66,31 0,00

Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 104,479,70 96,70 1,55 1,75 0,00

Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 33,359,18 57,88 22,45 19,67 0,00

DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta - - - - -

West Java Jawa Barat 33,640,28 9,40 29,17 61,43 0,00

Central Java Jawa Tengah 1,784,850,91 99,73 0,14 0,11 0,02

DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 61,00 14,75 9,84 75,41 0,00

East Java Jawa Timur 129,275,14 - - - -

Banten Banten 613,90 54,47 11,91 33,62 0,00

Bali Bali 2,215,50 79,47 9,10 11,43 0,00

West Nusa Tenggara NTB 18,356,88 46,15 44,28 9,58 0,00

East Nusa Tenggara NTT 16,593,19 - - - -

West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 125,948,00 31,50 63,80 4,70 0,00

Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 1,593,98 50,12 28,51 21,37 0,00

South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 129,710,59 39,14 37,57 23,29 0,00

East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 107,023,00 85,74 0,20 14,06 0,00

North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 29,652,36 - - - -

Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 25,715,35 64,96 17,21 17,83 0,00

South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 77,135,00 31,90 34,60 33,50 0,00

South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 294,562,28 25,00 36,00 39,00 0,00

Gorontalo Gorontalo 17,304,84 82,17 - 17,83 0,00

West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 5,548,30 66,16 17,89 15,95 0,00

Maluku Maluku 31,497,05 25,91 62,36 11,73 0,00

North Maluku Maluku Utara 37,606,45 33,66 12,84 14,44 39,06

West Papua Papua Barat 809,900,65 95,81 0,40 3,80 0,00

Papua Papua 1,049,172,69 - - - -

INDONESIA 5,543,012,08 56,91 % 10,69 % 7,20 % 25,20 %


71

Photo by Courtesy Foto Istimewa


72

Sources: Forestry Statistics of Indonesia, 2010Sumber : Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia, 2010

Table 2.15 Mangrove forest rehabilitation by province, 2008 – 2010 Tabel 2.15. Rehabilitasi Hutan Bakau menurut Provinsi 2008 – 2010

Province Provinsi 2008 2009 2010

Aceh Aceh - - 72,00 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 986,00 185,00 1,228,00 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat - - -Riau Riau - 327,00 -Jambi Jambi 800,00 - 40,00 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 100,00 - -Bengkulu Bengkulu - - -Lampung Lampung - - -Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung - - 65,00 Riau archipelago Kepulauan Riau - 2,025,00 10,00 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta - 4,00 449,80 West Java Jawa Barat 136,00 350,00 50,00 Central Java Jawa Tengah 2,950,00 18,200,00 440,00 DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 70,00 5,060,00 12,00 East Java Jawa Timur 815,00 93,00 657,00 Banten Banten 36,00 - 1,00 Bali Bali 25,00 25,00 52,50 West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 68,00 75,00 65,045,00 East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 25,00 45,00 195,00 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 5,00 - -Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah - - -South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 8,00 - -East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur - - -North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 176,00 - 151,50 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 50,00 8,00 8,00 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 924,00 725,00 26,50 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara - - 50,00 Gorontalo Gorontalo - 81,00 -West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 500,00 - -Maluku Maluku 2.850,00 35,00 357,10 North Maluku Maluku Utara 210,00 11,00 50,00 West Papua Papua Barat - 2,50 -Papua Papua 5,00 - 45,00 INDONESIA 10,739,00 27,251,50 69,005,40

Table 2.14 Mangrove forest area by province and damage level, 2007, 2010, 2011 Tabel 2.14 Luas Penyebaran Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi Dan Tingkat Kerusakan, 2007, 2010, 2011

Province Provinsi

2007 2010 2011

Area (ha)Luas

Condition Kondisi Area (ha)

Luas


Luas

Condition Kondisi

Good Baik

ModerateSedang

Damaged Rusak

Good Baik

ModerateSedang

Damaged Rusak

Good Baik

ModerateSedang

Damaged Rusak

Not identifiedTidak Terindentifikasi

West Java Jawa Barat 17,654,40 13,229,90 3,674,30 750,20 33,640,28 3,162,19 9,812,87 20,665,22 33,640,28 3,162,19 9,812,87 20,665,22 0,00

Central Java* Jawa Tengah* 60,016,70 9,870,70 4,039,00 46,107,00 20,564,72 12,198,75 4,939,53 3,426,44

Banten Banten 15,255,60 14,413,80 841,90 0,00 762,23 322,19 179,43 260,61 613,90 334,39 73,12 206,39 0,00

Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 27,355,90 9,338,90 6,633,40 11,383,60 15,538,50 11,577,50 71,00 3,890,00 25,715,35 16,704,69 4,425,61 4,585,05 0,00

South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 28,954,30 5,238,00 5,248,30 18,468,00 77,135,00 24,615,00 25,844,00 26,676,00 77,135,00 24,606,07 26,688,71 25,840,23 0,00

Gorontalo Gorontalo 33,934,60 7,769,40 7,857,70 18,307,50 33,934,00 7,769,00 7,858,00 18,307,00 17,304,84 14,219,39 0,00 3,085,45 0,00

West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 3,000,00 0,00 1,570,00 1,430,00 2,928,78 661,61 985,53 1,282,22 5,548,30 3,670,76 992,59 884,95 0,00

Maluku Maluku 128,038,00 12,231,00 115,807,00 0,00 31,462,03 8,142,17 19,634,11 3,685,75 31,497,05 8,160,89 19,641,56 3,694,60 0,00

North Maluku Maluku Utara 43,887,00 16,373,00 24,198,00 3,316,00 37,606,45 12,657,49 4,827,01 5,432,11 37,606,45 12,658,33 4,828,67 5,430,37 14,689,08

TOTAL 358,098,50 88,467,70 170,458,71 100,083,59 233,013,27 68,914,15 69,602,95 80,635,91 249,635,89 95,726,44 71,414,66 67,831,71 14,703,08Source: Forestry Statistics, Note : * Data 2010

Sumber : Statistik Kehutanan, Keterangan : *Data 2010


73

Table 2.14 Mangrove forest area by province and damage level, 2007, 2010, 2011 Tabel 2.14 Luas Penyebaran Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi Dan Tingkat Kerusakan, 2007, 2010, 2011

Province Provinsi

2007 2010 2011

Area (ha)Luas


Luas


Luas

Condition Kondisi

Good Baik

ModerateSedang

Damaged Rusak

Good Baik

ModerateSedang

Damaged Rusak

Good Baik

ModerateSedang

Damaged Rusak

Not identifiedTidak Terindentifikasi

West Java Jawa Barat 17,654,40 13,229,90 3,674,30 750,20 33,640,28 3,162,19 9,812,87 20,665,22 33,640,28 3,162,19 9,812,87 20,665,22 0,00

Central Java* Jawa Tengah* 60,016,70 9,870,70 4,039,00 46,107,00 20,564,72 12,198,75 4,939,53 3,426,44

Banten Banten 15,255,60 14,413,80 841,90 0,00 762,23 322,19 179,43 260,61 613,90 334,39 73,12 206,39 0,00

Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 27,355,90 9,338,90 6,633,40 11,383,60 15,538,50 11,577,50 71,00 3,890,00 25,715,35 16,704,69 4,425,61 4,585,05 0,00

South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 28,954,30 5,238,00 5,248,30 18,468,00 77,135,00 24,615,00 25,844,00 26,676,00 77,135,00 24,606,07 26,688,71 25,840,23 0,00

Gorontalo Gorontalo 33,934,60 7,769,40 7,857,70 18,307,50 33,934,00 7,769,00 7,858,00 18,307,00 17,304,84 14,219,39 0,00 3,085,45 0,00

West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 3,000,00 0,00 1,570,00 1,430,00 2,928,78 661,61 985,53 1,282,22 5,548,30 3,670,76 992,59 884,95 0,00

Maluku Maluku 128,038,00 12,231,00 115,807,00 0,00 31,462,03 8,142,17 19,634,11 3,685,75 31,497,05 8,160,89 19,641,56 3,694,60 0,00

North Maluku Maluku Utara 43,887,00 16,373,00 24,198,00 3,316,00 37,606,45 12,657,49 4,827,01 5,432,11 37,606,45 12,658,33 4,828,67 5,430,37 14,689,08

TOTAL 358,098,50 88,467,70 170,458,71 100,083,59 233,013,27 68,914,15 69,602,95 80,635,91 249,635,89 95,726,44 71,414,66 67,831,71 14,703,08Source: Forestry Statistics, Note : * Data 2010

Sumber : Statistik Kehutanan, Keterangan : *Data 2010

Table 2.16 Area of mangrove forests by province, 2007, 2011 Tabel 2.16 Luas Penyebaran Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi 2007, 2011

Province Provinsi

2007 2011

Area (ha)Luas

Area (ha)Luas

West Java Jawa Barat 17,654,40 33,640,28

Central Java* Jawa Tengah* 60,016,70 20,564,72

East Java Jawa Timur 272,200,80 129,275,14

Banten Banten 15,255,60 613,90

East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 40,641,10 16,593,19

North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 32,310,10 29,652,36

Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 27,355,90 25,715,35

South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 28,954,30 77,135,00

Gorontalo Gorontalo 33,934,60 17,304,84

West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 3,000,00 5,548,30

Maluku Maluku 128,038,00 31,497,05

North Maluku Maluku Utara 43,887,00 37,606,45

P a p u a P a p u a 1,007,817,00 1,049,172,69

TOTAL 1,711,067,50 1,453,764,55

Sumber : Statistik KehutananKeterangan : *Data 2010

Source: Forestry StatisticsNote : * Data 2010


74

Table 2.17 Fisheries production volume, 2007 -2011 Tabel 2.17 Volume Produksi Perikanan 2007 -2011

DetailsRincian

Year Tahun

Average Increase Kenaikan Rata-Rata

(%)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007-2011

2010-2011

UpstreamIndustries

Industri Hulu

Volume (Tonne) 8,238,302 8,858,315 9,816,534 11,662,342 13,643,234 13,53 16,99

CaptureFisheriesPerikanan Tangkap

Sub Total Sub Jumlah 5,044,737 5,003,115 5,107,971 5,384,418 5,714,271 3,20 6,13

Marine fisheries Perikanan Laut 4,734,280 4,701,933 4,812,235 5,039,446 5,345,729 3,12 6,08

Open water Perairan Umum 310,457 301,182 295,736 344,972 368,542 4,67 6,83

AquacultureFisheries

Perikanan Budidaya

Sub Total Sub Jumlah 3,193,565 3,855,200 4,708,563 6,277,924 7,928,963 25,62 26,30

Marine culture Budidaya Laut 1,509,528 1,966,002 2,820,083 3,514,702 4,605,827 32,34 31,04

Brackishwater pond Tambak 933,832 959,509 907,123 1,416,038 1,602,748 16,64 13,19

Freshwater pond Kolam 410,373 479,167 554,067 819,809 1,127,127 29,46 37,49

Cage Keramba 63,929 75,769 101,771 121,271 131,383 20,08 8,34

Floating net Jaring Apung 190,893 263,169 238,606 309,499 375,430 19,89 21,30

Paddy field Sawah 85,009 111,584 86,913 96,605 86,448 2,45 -10,51

Source : DG of Capture Fisheries & DG of Aquaculture Fisheries, Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Affairs

Sumber: Ditjen Perikanan Tangkap & Ditjen Perikanan Budidaya. KKP

Table 2.18 Number of fisheries facilities and infrastructure, 2007 – 2011 Tabel 2.18 Jumlah Sarana dan Prasarana Perikanan 2007 – 2011

Facilities and infrastructure Jenis Sarana dan Prasarana

Year Tahun Average increase (%)Kenaikan Rata-Rata

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007-2011 2010-2011

CAPTURE FISHERIES PERIKANAN TANGKAP

Number of fishing vessels Jumlah Perahu/Kapal Perikanan (buah) 788.848 788.188 775.789 742.369 767.187 -26.49 3.34

Marine Capture Perikanan Tangkap di Laut 590.314 596.184 590.352 570.827 581.845 -25.82 1.93

Non-powered boats Perahu Tanpa Motor 241.889 212.003 193.798 172.907 170.938 -8.22 -1.14

Outboard motors Motor Tempel 185.509 229.335 236.632 231.333 225.786 5.54 -2.40

Inboard motors Kapal Motor 162.916 154.846 259.922 166.587 185.121 3.40 11.13

Inland Open Water Capture Perikanan Tangkap di Perairan Umum 198.534 192.004 185.437 171.542 185.342 -28.55 8.04

Non-powered boats Perahu Tanpa Motor 159.781 154.987 148.233 138.552 142.376 -2.78 2.76

Outboard motors Motor Tempel 37.747 35.136 35.020 31.774 41.115 3.22 29.40

Inboard motors Kapal Motor 1.006 1.881 2.184 1.216 1.851 27.75 52.22

Fishing Ports Pelabuhan Perikanan 813 813 966 816 0.82 -15.53

Oceanic fishing ports Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudra (PPS) 5 6 6 6 6 5.00 0.00

Archipelagic fishing ports Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara (PPN) 12 13 13 14 14 4.01 0.00

Coastal fishing ports Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai (PPP) 48 46 47 47 44 -2.09 -6.38

Fish landing bases Pelabuhan Pendaratan Ikan (PPI) 748 748 900 749 750 0.92 0.13

Private fishing ports *) Pelabuhan Perikanan Swasta *) - 2 2 2 2 - 0.00

AQUACULTURE FISHERIES PERIKANAN BUDIDAYA

Aquaculture Area (Ha) Lahan Budidaya Perikanan (Ha) 821.720 896.325 996.223 1.080.966 1.198.379 9.90 10.86

Marine culture Budidaya Laut 36.733 32.761 43.804 117.650 169.292 58.84 43.90

Brackishwater ponds Tambak 555.925 618.251 669.738 674.942 749.220 7.83 11.01

Freshwater ponds Kolam 106.776 101.813 153.316 148.278 126.382 6.97 -14.77

Cages Karamba 384 213 300 637 561 24.24 -11.89

Floating nets Jaring Apung 674 666 1.386 744 1.294 33.63 73.77

Paddy fields Sawah 121.229 142.621 127.679 138.715 151.630 6.28 9.31

Note : *) No classification as fishing portSource : DG of Capture Fisheries & DG of Aquaculture Fisheries, Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Affairs

Keterangan : *) Tidak berkategori kelas pelabuhan perikananSumber : Ditjen Perikanan Tangkap & Ditjen Perikanan Budidaya. KKP


75

Sepanjang 2007 – 2011, volume tangkapan ikan terus

meningkat tajam. Pada 2007, perikanan laut mencatat

4,7 juta metrik ton volume tangkapan ikan, yang dalam

empat tahun meningkat menjadi 5,4 juta metrik ton.

Rata-rata peningkatan tangkapan sebesar 3,12 persen,

sementara kenaikan tertajam terjadi pada 2010 – 2011,

sekitar 6,13 persen.

Meningkatnya tangkapan ikan tersebut, tidak lepas

dari perubahan alat tangkap yang digunakan nelayan.

Kini para nelayan memakai kapal motor, dan mulai

meninggalkan perahu tanpa motor. Jumlah alat

tangkap perahu tanpa motor terus menurun 8,2 persen

selama 2007 – 2011; sedangkan pemakaian motor

tempel meningkat 5,54 persen. Peningkatan secara

konstan terjadi pada kapal motor, sebesar 3,4 persen.

Bahkan kurun 2010 – 2011, angka peningkatan kapal

motor mencapai 11 persen.

In 2007-2011, the volume of fish catch increased sharply. Marine fisheries produced 4.7 million tonnes of fish in 2007, which over four years rose to 5.4 million tonnes. The average gain was 3.12 percent, with the steepest hike occurring in 2010-2011 at 6.13 percent.

This increase in fish catch became possible with better equipment. Fishermen nowadays use motorized boats instead of non-motorized boats. The numbers of the latter continued to decrease by 8.2 percent in 2007-2011, whereas the use of outboard motors rose by 5.54 percent. The number of motorized boats increased steadily by 3.4 percent and even jumped by 11 percent in 2010-2011.

Kualitas Air LautSea Water Quality

Ancaman pencemaran juga mengincar sumber daya

laut. Beberapa wilayah perairan Indonesia ternyata

juga rentan terhadap pencemaran minyak. Dalam

kurun 1997 – 2012 telah terjadi 36 kasus tumpahan

minyak, yang berdampak pada sumber daya hayati dan

nonhayati laut (BPS, 2012).

Pemantauan kualitas air laut pada 2012 mengambil

lokasi di pelabuhan dan wisata bahari: Pelabuhan

Tanjung Priok, Jakarta; Pelabuhan Ciwandan, Banten;

Pelabuhan Gorontalo dan Parigi, Teluk Tomini.

Sementara di daerah wisata pemantauan digelar di

Teluk Tomini; Parigi, Palu; dan Pahuwato, Gorontalo.

Parameter yang dianalisis sesuai baku mutu air laut

(BMAL) untuk kualitas pelabuhan dan wisata bahari

berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup

Nomor 51 Tahun 2004. Dari hasil pemantauan di

pelabuhan, terdapat beberapa parameter yang

melebihi baku mutu, yaitu kecerahan (BMAL > 3

meter). Semua titik sampling di Pelabuhan Tanjung

Priok kecerahannya di bawah 3 meter. Sementara

di Pelabuhan Ciwandan, Banten, dan Teluk Tomini,

Gorontalo, 2 dari 6 titik sampling mempunyai

kecerahan di bawah 3 meter.

Parameter amoniak yang melampaui baku mutu

terdeteksi di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, yang dekat

dengan industri, pelabuhan peti kemas, dan pemecah

Pollution also threatens marine resources. Some parts of Indonesia’s waters are vulnerable to oil pollution. In 1997-2012, there were 36 incidents of oil spills, which affected biological and non-biological marine resources (BPS, 2012).

In 2012, several ports and marine tourism areas were selected as sea water quality monitoring sites. The locations included the ports of Tanjung Priok, Jakarta; Ciwandan, Banten; Gorontalo and Parigi, Gulf of Tomini. Monitoring of marine tourism areas took place in the Gulf of Tomini; Parigi, Palu; and Pahuwato, Gorontalo.

Parameters for analysis were selected in accordance with seawater quality standards for ports and marine tourism areas as stipulated by Minister of Environment Decree No. 51/2004. Monitoring in the above-mentioned ports revealed several parameters failing to comply with the quality standards, including water clarity (standard > 3m). All sampling points in the Port of Tanjung Priok had a clarity of less than 3 meters. Meanwhile, 2 of 6 sampling points in the Port of Ciwandan, Banten, and in the Gulf of Tomini, Gorontalo had a clarity of less than 3 meters. Ammonia levels exceeding the quality standard limit were detected in the Port of Tanjung Priok,


76

gelombang. Sementara di Pelabuhan Parigi, parameter

amoniak ditemukan di outlet Sungai Olaya.

Parameter Total Padatan Tersuspensi (TSS) di lokasi

wisata Parigi, Teluk Tomini, melebihi baku mutu,

yaitu 24 mg/L. Kandungan Oksigen Terlarut (DO) di

perkampungan Bajo di Pahuwato, Gorontalo, berada di

luar baku mutu, sedangkan lokasi lainnya masuk dalam

baku mutu. Kandungan Minyak Lemak di laut lepas

dekat perkampungan Bajo dan wisata Parigi terdeteksi

melebihi baku mutu.

Dibandingkan dengan hasil pemantauan 2011, untuk

Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo ada parameter

yang mengalami peningkatan, yaitu kecerahan dan

kandungan Oksigen terlarut. Kendati baku mutu air

laut tidak mengatur kandungan DO perairan, tetapi

peningkatan kecerahan dan DO dapat berdampak baik

which is adjacent to industry, a container port and breakwaters. Meanwhile, in the Port of Parigi ammonia was detected at the outlet of the Olaya river.

Total suspended solids (TSS) at the tourism site of Parigi, Gulf of Tomini, exceeded the quality standard limit of 24 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen (DO) at the Bajau village in Pahuwato, Gorontalo, failed to comply with the standard, but was within limits at other locations. Offshore oil and grease concentrations near the Bajau village and the tourist area of Parigi were detected to be higher than the quality standard.

A comparison with the results of monitoring conducted in 2011 revealed improvement of some parameters in the Port of Tanjung Priok and Gorontalo, namely water clarity and dissolved oxygen. Even though the seawater quality standard

Figure 2.40 Ammonia levels in several ports Gambar 2.40 Kandungan amoniak di pelabuhan

Tem

pat P

elela

ngan

Ikan

Derm

aga P

el. Ba

rang

Beka

s TPA

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kas T

PA

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n Kap

al Fe

ry

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ukim

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ulti P

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mum

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at KB

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air

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ekat

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au KL

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n Pet

i Kem

as

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ecah

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anga

n Ika

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amba

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ai Ba

mba

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arig

i

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t Sun

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argo

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ainer

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t

Near

bre

akw

ater

s

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r out

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Third

clas

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i

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a Rive

r out

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Gulf of Tomini Gorontalo Teluk Tomini Gorontalo

Port of Owandan, SerangPelabuhan Owandan, Serang

Port of TJ.Priok, JakartaPelabuhan TJ.Priuk, Jakarta

Gulf of Tomini Parigi,Moutong

Teluk Tomini Parigi, MoutongLocation

Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L) 0,8

0,70,60,50,40,30,20,1

0


Figure 2.41 Comparison of dissolved oxygen in the port of Tanjung Priok and Gorontalo, 2011 - 2012Gambar 2.41 Perbandingan kandungan oksigen terlarut di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo Tahun 2011 - 2012

876543210

Deka

t Indu

stri

Pelab

uhan

Peti K

emas

Deka

t Pem

ecah

Gelo

mba

ng

Laut

Lepa

s

Tem

pat P

elelan

gan I

kan

Derm

aga P

el.Ba

rang

Beka

s TPA

Laut

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kas T

PA

Pelab

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y

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ukim

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ndud

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Near

indu

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Cont

ainer

Port

Near

bre

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ater

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Location

Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L) DO 2011 DO 2012

Port of TJ.Priok Pelabuhan TJ.Priok

Gulf of Tomini Gorontalo Teluk Tomini Gorontalo



77

bagi kehidupan biota perairan. Hasilnya dapat dilihat

pada gambar di bawah.

Sebaliknya, konsentrasi fenol pada 2012 meningkat

ketimbang hasil pemantauan 2011. Baku mutu memang

tidak mengatur kandungan fenol di pelabuhan, tapi

tingginya polutan ini dapat menganggu ekosistem

perairan. Hal itu lantaran sangat sedikit mikroorganisme

perairan yang mampu mendegradasi fenol secara alami.

Di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, meski konsentrasinya

turun, tetapi masih terdeteksi kandungan amoniak

yang melebihi baku mutu.

does not regulate DO levels, improved clarity and DO levels can have a positive effect on marine life.

Conversely, phenol concentrations in 2012 have increased compared to the monitoring results of 2011. The seawater quality standard does not regulate phenol concentrations, but high levels of this pollutant in ports may disturb marine ecosystems as only few marine microorganisms have a natural ability to degrade phenol. Ammonia levels in the Port of Tantung Prior had decreased, however they still exceeded the quality standard.

Figure 2.42 Comparison of phenol concentrations Port of Tanjung Priok and Gorontalo, 2011 – 2012

Gambar 2.42 Perbandingan kandungan fenol di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo Tahun 2011 – 2012

Deka

t Indu

stri

Pelab

uhan

Peti K

emas

Deka

t Pem

ecah

Gelom

bang

Laut

Lepa

s

Tem

pat P

elelan

gan I

kan

Derm

aga P

el.Bara

ng

Beka

s TPA

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at Be

kas T

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uhan

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l Fery

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an Pe

ndud

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Near

indu

stry

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ainer

port

Near

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kwate

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offsh

ore

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uctio

n site

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of ca

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ort

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er lan

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ite

Near

form

er lan

dfill s

ite

Ferry

por

t

Settl

emen

tConc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

LocationPort of Tj.Priok Pelabuhan TJ.Priok

Gulf of Tomini, Gorontalo Teluk Tomini Gorontalo

Phenol 2011 Phenol 20120,080,070,060,050,040,030,020,01

0

Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

LocationPort of TJ.Priok Pelabuhan TJ.Priok

Ammonia 2011 Ammonia 2012

0,90,80,70,60,50,40,30,20,1

0

Figure 2.43 Comparison of ammonia concentrations Port of Tanjung Priok, 2011-2012Gambar 2.43 Perbandingan kandungan amoniak di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok Tahun 2011-2012

Near Industry Dekat Industri

Container Port Pelabuhan Peti

Kemas

Near Breakwaters Dekat Pemecah

Gelombang

Offshore Laut Lepas






78

Pemantauan Teluk Tomini dilakukan di tiga wilayah:

Kota Gorontalo (pelabuhan), Kabupaten Pahuwato,

Gorontalo, (daerah wisata) dan Kabupaten Parigi,

Palu (pelabuhan dan daerah wisata). Pemantauan ini

diharapkan dapat memberi gambaran menyeluruh

kualitas perairan Teluk Tomini. Kualitas perairan di

daerah wisata diatur dalam BMAL untuk wisata bahari

KepMenLH Nomor 51 tahun 2004. Kadar total padatan

tersuspensi (TSS) di lokasi wisata Parigi, di perairan

Teluk Tomini melebihi BMAL, yaitu 24 mg/L.

Monitoring in the Gulf of Tomini took place in three different locations: in Gorontalo City (port); in Pahuwato Regency, Gorontalo (tourism area); and in Parigi Regency, Palu (port and tourism area). The purpose of monitoring was to establish an overall picture of the water quality in the Gulf of Tomini. Water quality for tourism areas is regulated in the seawater quality standard of Minister of Environment Decree No. 51/2004. Total suspended solids (TSS) at the tourism area of Parigi in the Gulf of Tomini exceeded the limit of 24 mg/L.

Location

Figure 2.44 TSS concentrations in tourism areas Gambar 2.44 Kandungan TSS dI daerah wisata

Tanduluyu River Delta

Muara Sungai Tanduluyu

Gulf of Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Teluk Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa

Gulf of Tomini, Parigi-Palu Teluk Tomini, Parigi-Palu

Offshore nearTanduluyu River

DeltaLaut Lepas Muara Sungai Tanduluyu

Bajou Village Perkmp. Bajou

Offshore near Bajou village

Laut Lepas dekat Perkmp. Bajou

Tourism area Parigi

Daerah Wisata Parigi

Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5





7,00

6,00

5,00

4,00

3,00

2,00

1,00

0,00

Figure 2.45 Dissolved oxygen concentrations in tourism areas Gambar 2.45 Kandungan oksigen terlarut di daerah wisata

TanduluyuRiver Delta


Offshore nearTanduluyuRiver DeltaLaut Lepas

dekat Muara Sungai Tanduluyu

Bajau village Perkmp. Bajou

Offshore near Bajau village


Tourism areaDaerah Wisata

LocationGulf of Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa

Teluk Tomini, Pohuwatu-MarisaGulf of Tomini, Parigi-Palu

Teluk Tomini, Parigi-Palu

Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)


79

Kandungan Oksigen Terlarut (DO) dan sulfida di

perkampungan Bajo, Pahuwato, berada di luar baku

mutu, sedangkan lokasi lainnya masuk dalam BMAL.

Sulfida terdeteksi di perkampungan Bajo sebesar

0,001 mg/L. Kandungan minyak lemak di laut lepas

dekat perkampungan Bajo dan wisata Parigi terdeteksi

melebihi baku mutu air laut yang ditetapkan.

Kandungan minyak lemak di perairan wisata diduga dari

tumpahan minyak kapal nelayan dan limbah domestik.

Fenol dan amoniak bebas terdeteksi di semua lokasi

daerah wisata.

Deterjen atau Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS)

adalah salah satu polutan dari limbah domestik.

Tingginya polutan ini menunjukkan limbah domestik

langsung dibuang ke sungai atau perairan. Sifat

dispersi deterjen dalam molekul air membuat polutan

ini mudah terbawa arus dan menyebar.

DO and sulfide levels surpassed the quality standard at the Bajau village in Pahuwato but complied with the quality standard in other locations. Sulfide was detected near the Bajau village at a concentration of 0.001 mg/L. Open waters adjacent to Bajau village and the tourism area of Parigi showed above-limit oil and grease contamination, with oil spills from fishing boats and domestic waste possible sources of origin. Phenol and free ammonia was detected at all tourism sites.

Detergents or Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS) are among the pollutants found in domestic waste A high concentration of detergents indicates that domestic waste is discarded directly into rivers or other bodies of water. Due to their properties, these pollutants are easily carried away by water currents and become dispersed.





Tourism area Parigi


2,5

2

1,5

1

0,5

0

Figure 2.46 Oil and grease levels in tourism areas Gambar 2.46 Kandungan minyak dan lemak di daerah wisata

LocationGulf of Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Teluk Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa


Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)








Tourism area Parigi


0,06

0,05

0,04

0,03

0,02

0,01

0

Figure 2.47 Phenol level in tourism areas Gambar 2.47 Kandungan fenol di daerah wisata



Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)








0,08

0,07

0,06

0,05

0,04

0,03

0,02

0,01

0

Figure 2.48 Ammonia levels in tourism areas Gambar 2.48 Kandungan amoniak di daerah wisata

Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

Tourism area Parigi











0,2

0,18

0,16

0,14

0,12

0,1

0,08

0,06

0,04

0,02

0

Figure 2.49 MBAS levels in tourism areas Gambar 2.49 Kandungan MBAS di daerah wisata

Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

Tourism area Parigi












80

KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATIBIODIVERSITY

Negeri ini memiliki berbagai tipe ekosistem. Tidak kurang

dari 52 tipe vegetasi yang bisa ditemukan di Nusantara:

mulai dari vegetasi salju di Puncak Jayawijaya, alpina,

sub-alpina, hutan hujan pegunungan, dataran rendah,

hutan pantai, savana, mangrove sampai rawa gambut

(Kartawinata. 2006).

Garis pantai Nusantara yang membentang hampir

81.000 km dilindungi ekosistem terumbu karang,

padang lamun dan mangrove. Tipe-tipe vegetasi

dihuni aneka spesies tumbuhan, hewan, dan jasad

renik, yang membentuk ekosistem unik dan kompleks.

Tidak mengherankan, di seluruh negeri berlimpah

keanekaragaman hayati.

Karena itu, Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara

terpenting di dunia. Walaupun hanya menopang 13

persen daratan dunia, Indonesia menyimpan 17 persen

dari total spesies di muka Bumi. Sedikitnya 35.000 -

40.000 spesies tumbuhan (11-15 persen); 707 spesies

mamalia (12 persen); 350 spesies amfibia dan reptil (15

persen); 1.602 spesies burung (17 persen) dan 2.184

spesies ikan air tawar (37 persen) (LIPI, 2012).

Sementara di perairan laut, tidak kurang dari 2.500

spesies molluska; 2.000 spesies krustasea; 6 spesies

penyu laut; 30 mamalia laut; dan lebih 2.500 spesies

ikan laut.

Keunggulan lainnya, Indonesia punya spesies

endemik. Spesies endemik tersebut terdiri dari: 14.800

jenis tumbuhan (nomor 5 dunia), di antaranya 225

jenis palem endemik (no 1 dunia); 201 jenis mamalia

(nomor 2 dunia); 150 jenis reptilia (nomor 4 dunia);

397 jenis burung (nomor 5 dunia); 100 jenis amfibia;

35 jenis primat; dan 121 jenis kupu-kupu. Endemisme

sangat penting karena makhluk hidup itu tidak dapat

ditemukan di belahan Bumi lain (LIPI. 2012).

Namun demikian. tingginya keanekaragaman hayati

yang dimiliki juga berbanding lurus dengan laju

kepunahan dan tingkat keterancamannya, karena

itu perlindungan terhadap jenis flora dan fauna

terancam menjadi prioritas pemerintah. Selain itu,

There are many types of ecosystems in this country. No less than 52 different types of vegetation exist throughout the archipelago, from nival flora on the top of Mount Jayawijaya to alpine and sub-alpine vegetations, mountain rain forests, lowland rain forests, beach formations, savanna, mangrove formations and peat swamp forest (Kartawinata. 2006).

The coastline of Indonesia extends for almost 81,000 km, and is protected by coral reef, seagrass and mangrove ecosystems. Many different species of plants, animals and microscopic organisms inhabit the various types of vegetation, forming unique and complex ecosystems.

In this regard, Indonesia is one of the most important countries in the world. Constituting just 13 percent of the world’s total land area, Indonesia is home to 17 percent of all species on the planet, comprising at least 35,000-40,000 plant species (11-15 percent), 707 mammal species (12 percent), 350 amphibian and reptile species (15 percent), 1,602 bird species (17 percent) and 2,184 freshwater fish species (37 percent) (LIPI/Indonesian Institute of Sciences).

Indonesia’s marine waters contain no less than 2,500 mollusk species, 2,000 crustacean species, 6 seaturtle species, 30 marine mammal species and more than 2,500 seawater fish species.

Indonesia also occupies a pre-eminent position in terms of endemic species. They consist of 14,800 plant species (no. 5 in the world) with 225 endemic palm species (no. 1 in the world), 201 mammalian species (no. 2 in the world) 150 reptile species (no. 4 in the world), 397 bird species (no. 5 in the world), 100 amphibian species, 35 primate species, and 121 butterfly species. Endemism is of great importance because these species cannot be found in any other part of the world (LIPI, 2012) However, this high biodiversity is also directly proportional to rates of extinction and degrees of


81

Keanekaragaman Hayati Yang Dilindungi Perundang-Undangan Republik Indonesia

Biodiversity Protected byLegislation of the Republic of Indonesia

dalam penetapan status kelengkaan dan regulasi

kemungkinan penangkapan untuk berbagai keperluan

secara ketat diatur oleh Kementrian Kehutanan sebagai

pemegang otoritas management dan LIPI sebagai

otoritas ilmiah, termasuk penetapan quota exsport

dalam CITES.

threat, and protection of endangered flora and fauna thus has become a government priority. The Ministry of Forestry and LIPI, respectively as management and scientific authority, establish conservation statuses, issue regulations about the capture of animals for various purposes and also set CITES export quotas.

Perlindungan keanekaragaman hayati pertama kali

mengacu Surat Keputusan Ordonantie Peraturan

Perlindungan Binatang Liar tahun 1931, kemudian

Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 tahun 1999. Dan,

terakhir tentang penetapan Trachypithecus auratus

sebagai satwa dilindungi menurut SK Menteri

Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Nomor 733/1999.

Jenis-jenis tumbuhan merupakan kelompok yang

paling banyak dilindungi, kemudian diikuti burung

dan mamalia. Sedangkan yang paling sedikit yang

dilindungi adalah krustaceae, 6 jenis; dan artropoda

lainnya, 3 jenis (Gambar 2.50). Untuk melindungi

kekayaan hayati asli, pemerintah melalui SK Menteri

Pertanian Nomor 179/Kpts/Um/3/1982 melarang 37

jenis ikan masuk perairan Indonesia dan 10 jenis ikan

dilarang keluar dari Indonesia. Ikan-ikan yang dilarang

masuk itu umumnya sangat berbahaya karena bersifat

invasif, sedangkan jenis ikan yang dilarang keluar

mayoritas dari marga Anguilla spp. (LIPI, 2012).

Menurut data strategis kehutanan tahun 2011, jumlah

spesies satwa yang dilindungi dalam kurun 2001 – 2010

antara lain: mamalia, 127 spesies; burung, 382 spesies;

reptilia, 31 spesies. Sedangkan untuk tumbuhan

antara lain: Palmae, 12 spesies; Rafflesia, 11 spesies;

Orchidaceae, 29 spesies.

Protection of biodiversity was first mentioned in the Protection of Wild Animals Ordinance of 1931 and later in Government Regulation no. 7/1999. The lastest was in Minister of Forestry and Plantation Decree No. 733/1999, which declared Trachypithecus auratus a protected species.

Plants constitute the most protected species, followed by birds and mammals, while crustaceans and arthropods contribute the fewest with 6 and 3 species respectively (Figure 2.50). To protect native biodiversity, the government issued Minister of Agriculture Degree No.179/Kpts/Um/3/1982 which prohibited the import of 37 and the export of 10 fish species. The fish species banned from entering Indonesia were generally deemed dangerous because of their invasive nature, whereas the majority of fish species prohibited from export was classified in the genus Anguilla spp.

According to the 2011 Strategic Forestry Data report, protected animal species in 2001-2010 comprised 127 mammal species, 382 bird species, 31 reptile species. Protected plant species included 12 palm species, 11 rafflesia species and 29 orchid species.


82

Sumber: Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI


Source: Biological Research Center-LIPI


Annelida

Krustasea

Insekta

Merostomata

Actinopterygii

Amphibi

Aves

Chondrichtyes

Mammalia

Reptilia

Sarcopterygii

Cnidaria

Mollusca

Polypodiophyta

Coniferopsida

Cycadopsida

Liliopsida

Magnolipsida

129

678

175

622

24

254

7

27665

0

0

1 91

273714

364

1564

Sales Magnolipsida

Sales Liliopsida

Figure 2.51 Flora-fauna based on IUCN criteria Gambar 2.51 Flora-fauna berdasarkan kriteria IUCN

Flora-Fauna Dalam “Red Data List IUCN”

Flora and Fauna on the IUCN Red Data List

Berdasarkan data IUCN (International Union Conservation

Natural), kekayaan hayati Indonesia yang masuk red

data list IUCN berjumlah 4.640 jenis hewan dan 755 jenis

tumbuhan. Jenis hewan terbagi dalam kelasnya masing-

masing dan jenis tumbuhan terbagi berdasarkan divisi

dan ordo seperti tertera pada Gambar 2.51

According to IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) data, there are 4,640 Indonesian animal species and 775 Indonesian plant species that are included in the ICUN Red List. The breakdown of species by class for animals and by division and ordo for plants is shown in Figure 2.51.

Figure 2.50 Flora and fauna protected by legislation of the Republic of Indonesia Gambar 2.50 Flora Fauna yang dilindungi oleh undang-undang Republik Indonesia

Mammalia Mamalia

Birds Burung

Amphibia and Reptilia Amphibia dan Reptilia

Fish Ikan

Insects Serangga

Mollusca Moluska

Crustacea Krustasea

Other arthropoda Artopoda lainnya

Plants Tumbuhan

1093

612

18

18

131

48

389


83





Dalam kriteria IUCN itu, terdapat dua jenis berkategori

punah; 66 jenis berstatus kritis; dan 167 jenis dalam

kategori genting (Gambar 2.52). Untuk flora yang

termasuk kriteria IUCN tertera pada Gambar 2.53. Dari

data ini dapat dilihat, yang punah: satu jenis; punah in

situ: dua jenis; jenis yang kritis, 115; dan genting, 72.

According to IUCN criteria, two animal species are classified as extinct, 66 as critically endangered and 167 as endangered (Figure 2.52). Among the plant species on the IUCN list, one species is classified as extinct, 2 as extinct in the wild, 115 as critically endangered and 72 as endangered.

Punah

Kritis

Genting

Rawan

Terkikis

Hampir Langka

Data belum Lengkap

Kurang diperhatikan

Extinct

Critically endangered

Endangered

Vulnerable

indeterminate

Least concern

Data deficient

Not evaluated

Figure 2.52 IUCN criteria categories for fauna Gambar 2.52 Kategori kriteria IUCN pada fauna

2715

2 66 167

516

4

527

643

Punah

Punah in situ

Kritis

Genting

Rawan

Terkikis

Hampir Langka

Data belum Lengkap

Kurang Diperhatikan

Extinct

Extinct in the wild

Critically endangered

Endangered

Vulnerable

indeterminate

Least concern

Data deficient

Not evaluated

Figure 2.53 IUCN criteria categories for flora Gambar 2.53 Kategori kriteria IUCN pada flora

12

115

72

2069

83

41

226


84

Flora Fauna Dan Mikroba Invasif

Invasive Flora, Fauna and Microbes

Dari berbagai sumber pustaka dan hasil diskusi

kelompok IAS (Invasive Allien Species) diketahui ada

2.809 jenis invasif, mulai dari jamur, bakteri, virus, ikan,

Arachnida, burung, mamalia, insekta, moluska sampai

tumbuhan. Pada Gambar 2.54 dapat dilihat jumlah jenis

invasif terkecil adalah burung (dua jenis) dan moluska

(dua jenis), sementara jumlah jenis invasif terbesar

berasal dari tumbuhan: 2.184 jenis. Tumbuhan invasif

masuk ke Indonesia lantaran sengaja didatangkan

sebagai tanaman hias dan tanaman ekonomi, atau hasil

ikutan impor benda lain, yang lantas tanpa diketahui

dan tak sengaja tumbuh meliar.

Jenis invasif tak hanya datang dari luar, tetapi juga

dapat berasal dari wilayah Indonesia. Contohnya, dua

jenis mamalia pendatang di Papua, yakni Rusa timor

(Cervus timorensis) dan Monyet kra (Macaca fascicularis)

telah menjadi hama (Puslit Biologi-LIPI, 2011). Contoh

lainnya: Langkap (Arenga obtosifolia) tumbuhan yang

agresif mendesak habitat banteng di Taman Nasional

Ujung Kulon, Banten.

Untuk melindungi flora dan fauna dari kepunahan,

pemerintah menggelar berbagai upaya pelestarian.

Di antaranya, menambah kawasan cagar alam, yang

selama 2001 - 2009 naik dari 183 unit menjadi 238 unit;

luasnya pun bertambah, dari 2,6 juta hektar menjadi

4,3 juta hektar. Begitu juga suaka margasatwa, yang

selama 2001 – 2009 juga bertambah: semula 50 unit

menjadi 74 unit, dengan luas dari 3,6 juta hektar

menjadi 5,1 juta hektar.

Hanya saja, untuk taman nasional laut justru menurun.

Pada 2003 terdapat 8 unit, seluas 4,2 juta hektar, pada

2009 berkurang menjadi 7 unit, seluas hanya 4 juta

hektar. Sementara taman nasional darat, selama 2001

- 2009 bertambah dari 40 unit menjadi 43 unit, tetapi

luas taman nasional darat turun, dari 14,7 juta hektar

menjadi 12,3 juta hektar.

Taman Nasional merupakan kawasan pelestarian alam

dengan ekosistem asli, yang dikelola dengan sistem

zonasi untuk penelitian, ilmu pengetahuan, pendidikan,

menunjang budidaya, pariwisata, dan rekreasi (pasal 1

butir 14 UU Nomor 5 Tahun1990). Sedikitnya ada 50

taman nasional yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia.

Sedangkan suaka margasatwa merupakan kawasan

suaka alam (kawasan konservasi) dengan ciri khas

According to various literature sources and group discussion results on invasive alien species (IAS), the number of alien species in Indonesia stands at 2,809, comprising fungi, bacteria, virus, fish, arachnid, bird, mammal, insect, mollusk and plant species. Figure 2.54 shows the smallest category to be birds (two species), with plants being the majority of invasive species (2,184 species). Some invasive plants were intentionally brought to Indonesia as ornamental or economic plants, while others may have entered the country as stowaways and then managed to flourish in the wild.

Invasive species originate not only from abroad, but also from within Indonesia. For example, two mammal species that are non-native to Papua, Timor deer (Cervus timorensis) and the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), have now become pests there (Biological Research Center – LIPI, 2011). Another example is langkap (Arenga obtosifolia), an aggressive plant species that threatens to overwhelm the banteng habitat in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten.

To protect flora and fauna from extinction, the government has introduced a variety of conservation efforts. It has increased the number of nature reserves from 183 units in 2001 to 238 units in 2009 and extended their total area from 2.6 million to 4.3 million hectares. In the same period, the number of wildlife reserves grew from 50 to 74 units and their total area from 3.6 million to 5.1 million hectares.

The number of marine national parks, on the other hand, decreased from 8 units in 2003 to 7 units in 2009, with a total area of 4.2 million and 4 million hectares, respectively. The number of terrestrial national parks increased from 40 to 43 units in 2003-2009, but their total area decreased from 14.7 million to 12.3 million hectares.

National parks are nature conservation areas with native ecosystems that are managed using zoning systems and are used for research, education, cultivation support, tourism and recreation (Art. 1, point 14 of Law No. 5 of 1990). There are at least 50 national parks in Indonesia, spread all over the country.

Wildlife reserves are sanctuary reserve areas


85

berupa keanekaragaman ataupun keunikan jenis satwa

yang untuk kelangsungan hidupnya dapat dilakukan

pembinaan habitat. Indonesia punya 73 suaka

margasatwa dengan total luas 5.422.922,79 hektar.

Cagar alam adalah suatu kawasan suaka alam karena

alamnya yang punya keunikan tumbuhan, satwa, dan

ekosistemnya, atau ekosistem tertentu, yang perlu

dilindungi dan perkembangannya berlangsung alami.

Cagar alam berfungsi sebagai kawasan perlindungan

terhadap seluruh komponen ekosistem, baik flora,

fauna, maupun habitatnya. Semua proses tersebut

dibiarkan secara alami, tanpa campur tangan manusia,

sehingga harus dibiarkan sesuai aslinya. Campur

tangan manusia hanya dimungkinkan bila terjadi suatu

proses, baik alamiah maupun perbuatan manusia, yang

dapat mengakibatkan kawasan tersebut punah.

Cagar alam terdiri dari cagar alam daratan—baik tanah

maupun perairan darat, cagar alam laut, dan cagar

alam biosfer. Sampai 2008, telah ditetapkan sedikitnya

237 cagar alam, baik daratan maupun perairan,

mencapai 4.730.704,04 hektar. Selain cagar alam,

suaka margasatwa dan taman nasional, Indonesia juga

memiliki taman hutan raya dan taman wisata alam.

Sedikitnya ada 22 lokasi taman hutan raya sebagai salah

satu kawasan pelestarian alam—selain taman nasional

dan taman wisata alam. Fungsinya hampir mirip kebun

raya, meski berbeda terutama dalam koleksi tanaman.

Dari pengertian itu, taman hutan raya merupakan

bentuk pelestarian alam kombinasi antara pelestarian

ex-situ dan in-situ. Dengan begitu, taman hutan raya

(conservation areas) with high animal species diversity or with unique animal species, in which habitat management may be conducted to assure the continued existence of said species. Indonesia has a 73 wildlife reserves with a total area of 5,422,922.79 hectares.

Nature reserves are sanctuary reserve areas with a characteristic set of plants, animals and ecosystems which must be protected and allowed to develop naturally. Nature reserves function as protection areas for all components of an ecosystem, i.e. its flora, fauna and habitat. Everything is left to proceed naturally without human intervention. The only time that human intervention is allowed is if there are processes, either natural or man-made, that threaten the existence of those areas.

Nature reserves are divided into terrestrial nature reserves covering lands and inland waters, marine nature reserves and biosphere nature reserves. Until 2008, there were at least 237 nature reserves, both terrestrial and marine, with a total area of 4,730,704.04 hectares. Apart from nature reserves, wildlife reserves and national parks, Indonesia also boasts grand forest parks and natural recreational parks.

There are at least 22 grand forest parks in various locations that serve as conservation areas in addition to national parks and natural recreational parks. Their function is similar to that of botanical gardens, but differs mainly in terms of their plant collections. Grand forest parks thus are conservation areas that

Figure 2.54 Number of invasive flora, fauna and microbesGambar 2.54 Jumlah jenis flora fauna dan mikroba invasif

MammaliaFlora (Alien)insectsFish ArachnidaBirds

Flora (Non Alien)

Bacteria

Virus

Fungi

Mollusca

8

342

90

20

222

2184

76

47

16

2

Sumber: Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPISource: Biological Research Center-LIPI


86

combine ex-situ and in-situ approaches. Both natural and man-made forests can be declared grand forests parks. These parks highlight biodiversity and are used for research, breeding and tourism purposes.

To increase the capacity for ex-situ plant conservation, the government stipulated in Presidential Instruction No. 3/2009 that every province should have a provincial botanical garden. To date, 21 provincial botanical gardens have been established, with an additional four under LIPI management bringing the total number to 25. These botanical gardens, covering a total area of 3,000 hectares, are located in 17 provinces. They are used for research, education and tourism purposes, and serve as last bastion for plants that are threatened by extinction. Because of these additions, Indonesia has climbed from 17th to 13th place among countries with the most botanical gardens.

The government continues to undertake a variety of conservation efforts. A 2012 LIPI expedition to Mursala Island in the Riau Archipelago managed to rediscover Dipterocarpus cinereus Sloot, a meranti tree species that IUCN had classified as extinct in 1998. This expedition was one way of Indonesia exercising its responsibility in implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Meanwhile, the Bogor Botanical Garden managed to move a specimen of Rafflesia patma from its natural habitat to the Garden’s premises as part of their ex-situ conservation program. This was the first successful attempt and a great achievement. Further research will be done on Rafflesia arnoldii by moving some specimen of its host plants to the Garden.


87

dapat ditetapkan dari hutan alam maupun

hutan buatan. Fungsi taman hutan raya

sebagai ‘etalase’ keanekaragaman hayati,

penelitian, tempat penangkaran jenis, serta

wisata.

Untuk menambah daya tampung ex situ

konservasi tumbuhan. pemerintah melalui

Inpres No. 3 tahun 2009, menetapkan

perlunya tiap provinsi memilik kebun

raya daerah. Hingga kini telah terbentuk

sebanyak 21 kebun raya daerah. dengan

empat kebun raya yang dikelola LIPI maka

total jumlah kebun raya menjadi 25. Total

luas keseluruhan kebun raya yang tersebar

di 17 provinsi ini mencapai 3.000 hektar.

Jumlah ini menaikkan Indonesia dari

peringkat ke17 menjadi ke-13 negara di

dunia dengan kebun raya yang berfungsi

untuk penelitian. pendidikan wisata alam

dan benteng terakhir bagi tumbuhan yang

terancam punah.

Upaya-upaya pelestarian terus dilakukan

pemerintah dengan berbagai cara. Pada

2012, LIPI menggelar ekspedisi di Pulau

Mursala, Kepulauan Riau, yang menemukan

lagi pohon meranti (Dipterocarpus cinereus

Sloot), yang dinyatakan punah pada 1998

oleh IUCN. Ekspedisi ini sebagai bagian dari

kewajiban Indonesia dalam menjalankan

konvensi tentang Penyelamatan

Keanekaragaman Hayati atau Convention

on Biological Diversity (CBD). Sementara

itu, Kebun Raya Bogor telah berhasil

memindahkan bunga raflessia (Raflesia

padma) dari habitat alaminya ke Kebun Raya

Bogor sebagai bentuk konservasi ex-situ.

Keberhasilan ini merupakan sukses besar,

dan pertama kali berhasil dilakukan di dunia.

Penelitian lebih lanjut akan dilakukan pada

Raflesia arnoldii, dengan cara memindahkan

inangnya ke Kebun Raya.

Rafflesia patma blossoming again at the Bogor Botanical Garden in West Java. A parasitic flower researched sinc 2004, this specimen of Rafflesia patma was the first to bloom for the last 80 years.

Bunga Raflesia Padma, kembali mekar di Kebun Raya Bogor, Jawa Barat. Bunga parasit hasil penelitian sejak 2004 tersebut merupakan bunga Rafflesia padma pertama yang berhasil tumbuh sejak 80 tahun lalu.

Photo Foto : Kompas / Lucky Pransiska

ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTCAPACITIES3

KAPASITAS PENGELOLA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

Environmental Management Capacities3

90

“ Setelah meneropong status lingkungan

hidup selama 2012, terlihat kondisinya

masih cukup mengkhawatirkan.Kendati

begitu, harus diakui pula selama satu-dua

tahun belakangan lingkungan hidup sedikit

menunjukkan secercah harapan.Idealnya,

status lingkungan hidup merupakan

resultante yang sepadan dengan

kapasitas para pemangku kepentingan,

baik masyarakat, lembaga swadaya

masyarakat, swasta maupun pemerintah.

Artinya, kapasitas pengelolaan yang

mumpuni bakal menciptakan lingkungan

hidup yang baik pula.”

Kapasitas pengelolaan menggambarkan kemampuan

pemangku kepentingan dalam mengelola lingkungan

hidup.Dengan demikian, pengembangan kapasitas

pengelolaan menjadi prasyarat penting dalam

meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan.Kapasitas itu

mencakup kelembagaan, kebijakan, program dan

peluang partisipasi.Lantaran itulah, paradigma

pembangunan suatu negara mempengaruhi kapasitas

pengelolaan. Pembangunan yang abai keberlanjutan,

yang hanya memenuhi kebutuhan jangka pendek,

terbukti menyebabkan degradasi lingkungan.

Seiring desentralisasi pembangunan di Indonesia,

pengelolaan lingkungan dan sumberdaya alam makin

menghadapi berbagai tantangan. Yang pasti, itu bukan

lantaran konsep desentralisasi. Namun, karena para

pelaku pembangunan hanya memikirkan kepentingan

ekonomi jangka pendek.

Seperti telah banyak diketahui, dalam era otonomi

daerah, pengelolaan lingkungan hidup mengacu

Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997, tentang

Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dan UU Nomor 32

Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Selain itu,

UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan

Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup juga mewajibkan

pemerintah menerapkan pembangunan berkelanjutan.

Pembangunan berkelanjutan adalah solusi memperbaiki

lingkungan, tanpa mengorbankan pembangunan

ekonomi dan keadilan sosial.

Undang Undang Pemerintahan Daerah itu sejatinya

“Based on the state of the environment throughout 2012, conditions are still declining. However, there has been cause for hope in the last one or two years with regard to the environment. Ideally, the state of the environment should be commensurate with the management capacities of all stakeholders, i.e. the public, non-government organizations, the private sector and the government. This means that proper management capacities should create a better environment.”

The term environmental management capacities describes the ability of stakeholders to manage the environment. The development of these capacities is important to improve the quality of the environment. Managment capacities include institutions, policies, programs and opportunities for participation, and are subject to a country’s development paradigm. Development that neglects sustainability and merely focuses on short-term needs has been proven to cause environmental degradation.

Along with the decentralization system in Indonesia, the management of the environment and of natural resources becomes challenging. This is not because of the concept of decentralization itself, but because of development actors who heed only short-term economic concerns.

With the advent of regional autonomy, environmental management became regulated under Law No. 23/1997 regarding Environmental Management and Law No. 32/2004 regarding Regional Government. Furthermore, Law No. 32/2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management obliged the government to implement sustainable development. Sustainable development is the solution for improving the environment without sacrificing economic development and social justice.

The division of tasks and authorities between the central and regional governments is regulated in the above-mentioned Law on Regional Government.

3Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup

91

telah mengatur pembagian tugas dan wewenang

pemerintah pusat dan daerah dalam melindungi

lingkungan. Persoalannya, lemahnya koordinasi

antara lembaga pusat, provinsi dan kabupaten/kota

membuat beberapa kebijakan bidang perlindungan

sumberdaya alam menjadi tak efektif. Padahal, undang-

undang terkait lingkungan hidup telah terperinci dan

bercakupan luas. Sayangnya, dalam prakteknya, masih

sering ditemui ketaksesuaian dan keterpaduan visi.

Tengok saja, prioritas pemerintah daerah dalam

meningkatkan pendapatan asli daerah (PAD) dengan

eksploitasi sumberdaya alam intensif justru kerap

menimbulkan masalah. Ini diperparah dengan

penafsiran individual yang kerap berbeda dengan

semangat kebijakan terkait.Tak hanya itu, dengan

kewenangannya, pemerintah provinsi dan kabupaten/

kota sering menerbitkan peraturan yang kadang

bertabrakan dengan undang-undang nasional.

Tak sedikit pemerintah daerah, berbekal wewenang

mengatur rumah tangganya, bebas membuat

kebijakan tanpa menimbang kelestarian lingkungan.

Bahkan cenderung mengeksploitasi dan merusak

lingkungan. Hasil studi Institut Pertanian Bogor (2006)

dan Kantor Menko Perekonomian (2007) menunjukkan,

dari 119 peraturan daerah terkait dengan sumberdaya

alam, 60 persen berisi izin eksploitasi dan 30 persen

berisikolaborasi pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan

sumberdaya alam. Hanya 10 persen yang berisi hak

akses dan kontrol masyarakat atas sumberdaya alam.

Hal ini mencerminkan gairah eksploitasi sumberdaya

alam masih sangat besar.

Pengelolaan lingkungan—meliputi pencegahan,

penanggulangan dan pemulihan—menuntut

pengembangan perangkat kebijakan, program,

serta kegiatan, yang ditopang sistem pendukung.

Selain perangkat hukum, perundangan, informasi

dan dana, sistem pendukung mencakup kemantapan

kelembagaan sumberdaya manusia dan kemitraan.

Sifat holistik dan saling terkait antar-sektor memang

inheren dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Setiap

sektor tak dapat berdiri sendiri, tetapi terintegrasi

dan terkoordinasi. Hal itu sesuai Undang-Undang

Pemerintahan Daerah dan PP Nomor 25 Tahun 2000

tentang kewenangan pemerintah dan provinsi dalam

lingkungan hidup.

Dalam upaya meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan,

pengembangan kapasitas pengelolaan yang memadai

menjadi prasyarat utama. Kapasitas yang cakap akan

However, poor coordination between central, provincial and regency/city-level institutions has caused certain policies on the protection of natural resources to become ineffective. Despite the fact that existing legislation is already detailed and broad-ranging, there are still many disagreements and differences of vision.

For example, the tendency of regional governments to raise local revenue through intensive exploitation of natural resources has often caused problems. This is worsened by personal interpretations of policies that often deviate from the underlying spirit. By virtue of their authority, provincial and regency/city governments frequently issue regulations that at times are in conflict with national laws.

Quite a few regional governments feel free to issue policies that do not consider environmental sustainability, or even tend to exploit and damage the environment. Research by the Bogor Institute of Agriculture (2006) and the Office of the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs (2007) has shown that of 119 regional regulations concerning natural resources, 60 percent were related to exploitation permits while 30 percent governed collaboration on the management and utilization of natural resources. Only 10 percent concerned the public’s right of access and control over natural resources. This indicates that the desire to exploit natural resources is still very high.

Environmental management – comprising prevention, mitigation and recovery – requires the development of a set of policies, programs and activities that is backed by a support system. Apart from legal instruments, legislation, information and funding, this support system also involves institutional strengthening of human resources and partnerships.

Environmental management is inherently holistic and based on the interrelation of various sectors. No sector can stand alone, but must be integrated and subject to coordination. This is in accordance with the Law on Regional Government and Government Regulation No. 25/2000 regarding the Authority of the National Government and the Provinces in environmental matters.

The development of adequate management capacities is the main prerequisite for increasing the quality of the environment. Well-developed


92

Table 3.1 Environmental management institutions Tabel 3.1. Lembaga Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup.

Issue Isu MoE KLH

MoFoKemhut

MoPW PU

MMAF KKP

MoEMR ESDM

MoT KemHub

MoHA K

Dagri

MoA Kemtan

MoI industri

MoH Ksehatan

MoRT Ristek

MoEC DikBud

BNPB BMKG

Forests & LandsHutan & lahan

Coastal-Marine Pesisir dan laut

Biodiversity Kehati

Water Air

Air Udara

Climate ChangePerubahan Iklim

Waste Sampah

KELEMBAGAAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FORENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Kelembagaan dapat dilihat dari sudut organisasi dan

aturan yang ada. Kelembagaan memuat norma, kode

etik, hukum, faktor pengikat lain, yang didukung

aturan, penegakan hukum, serta insentif untuk

mentaati aturan dan menjalankan lembaga.

Dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup terdapat

sejumlah lembaga di tingkat nasional dan daerah.

Secara umum, tata kelola kelembagaan pengelola

lingkungan, dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya,

dapat dilihat dari komponen organisasi, sumberdaya

manusia, anggaran, sarana dan prasarana.Pembagian

tanggungjawab di tingkat nasional terlihat pada tabel

berikut, yang menyajikan pembagian penanganan

lingkungan hidup berdasarkan isu.

The institutional framework comprises existing organizations and regulations. It includes norms, codes of ethics, legislation and other binding factors that are backed by regulation, law enforcement and incentives to comply with the rules and to properly run an institution.

Environmental management involves a number of institutions on the national and regional level. In general, institutional governance in environmental management can by analyzed in terms of its organization, human resources, budget, facilities and infrastructure components. The division of responsibilities on the national level is shown in the following table, which presents the distribution of competencies by issues.


membawa proses peningkatan kualitas lingkungan

mencapai hasil optimal. Pun sebaliknya, kapasitas

yang kurang memadai membuat tujuan memperbaiki

kualitas lingkungan sulit dicapai.

capacities will drive the process of improving environmental quality to achieve optimum results. A lack of appropriate capacities, on the other hand, will make it difficult to reach the intended goal.

MoE = Ministry of EnvironmentMoFo = Ministry of ForestryMoPW = Ministry of Public WorksMMFA = Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries

MoEMR = Ministry of Energy and Mineral ResourcesMoT = Ministry of TransportationMoHA = Ministry of Home AffairsMoA = Ministry of AgricultureMoI = Ministry of Industry

MoH = Ministry of HealthMoRT = Ministry of Research and TechnologyMoEC = Ministry of Education and CultureBNPB = National Board for Disaster ManagementBMKG = Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysic Agency

*Note :


93

Lembaga Nasional Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

National Institutions in Environmental Management

Dari tabel itu terlihat, setiap isu lingkungan hidup

ditangani setidaknya lima kementerian atau badan.

Tabel itu juga menggambarkan lingkungan hidup

merupakan isu lintas-sektoral yang melibatkan banyak

pihak.Dengan begitu, koordinasi dan sinergi menjadi

kunci bagi ikhtiar menangani tantangan lingkungan

dan penerapan pembangunan berkelanjutan yang

lebih optimal.

Seperti misalnya, upaya penyelamatan danau rusak

yang mengharuskan kerjasama lintas-sektoral. Selain

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, penyelamatan

danau menggandeng Kementerian Pekerjaan

Umum, Kementerian Kehutanan, Kementerian Riset

dan Teknologi, serta lembaga daerah. Selama ini,

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup misalnya, menyiapkan

data dan informasi lingkungan sebagai dasar

pengambilan kebijakan di kementerian terkait.

Contoh lainnya, dalam menurunkan emisi gas rumah

kaca pada 2020, sebesar 26 persen dari kondisi business

as usual dengan usaha sendiri, juga menjadi kerja

bersama. Upaya itu melibatkan pemerintah, pemangku

kepentingan, termasuk masyarakat dan dunia

usaha.Banyak kementerian yang juga ikut berperan:

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Kementerian

Kehutanan, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian

Perindustrian, Kementerian Perhubungan, Kementerian

Pertanian dan Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya

Mineral. Selain pemerintah daerah, ada juga BPS,

Bapennas, LAPAN, BMKG, Bakosurtanal, perguruan

tinggi, dan Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim.

The above table shows that each environmental issue is handled by at least five ministries or agencies. The table also illustrates that environmental management consists of cross-sectoral issues that involve many bodies. Coordination and synergy thus are of utmost importance in dealing with environmental challenges and implementing sustainable development in an optimum manner.

Efforts to save damaged lakes, for instance, require cross-sectoral collaboration. Such efforts involve not only the Ministry of Environment, but also the Ministry of Public Works, the Ministry of Forestry, the Ministry of Research and Technology and regional institutions. So far, the role of the Ministry of Environment, for example, has been to prepare environmental data and information to be used as the basis for decision making by the other ministries.

Another example of collaboration is the attempt to cut emissions of greenhouse gases by 26 percent until 2020. This effort involves the government and various stakeholders, including the public and the private sector. The government is represented by the ministries of Environment, Forestry, Public Works, Industry, Transportation, Agriculture and Energy and Mineral Resources. Apart from regional governments, the National Statistics Agency (BPS), National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), National Space and Aviation Agency (LAPAN), Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysical Agency (BMKG), National Coordination Agency for Surveys and Mapping (Bakosurtanal), universities and the National Council on Climate Change also play a role in this scheme.

Layanan Unit Pelayanan TerpaduIntegrated Services Unit

Fungsi pemerintah adalah pelayanan publik.

Satu contohnya, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

mengembangkan unit pelayanan terpadu (UPT )

dan Indonesia National Single Window (INSW). Unit

pelayanan terpadu KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN

HIDUP yang diresmikan pada 25 Januari 2012 ini

buat menunjang kinerja pelayanan public (http.//

pelayananterpadu.menlh.go.id).

One of the functions of the government is to provide public services. For this purpose the Ministry of Environment has established integrated service units (UPT ) and the Indonesia National Single Window (INSW). The MoE’s integrated service units were launched on 25 January 2012 with the goal to improve the performance of public services (http://pelayananterpadu.menlh.go.id).


94

Pelayanan UPT – KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

adalah pelayanan publik yang meliputi 20 jenis

layanan:

a.Pelayanan perizinan lingkungan

1)Amdal/UKL-UPL dan Izin lingkungan

(a) Penilaian Amdal;

(b) Pemeriksaan UKL-UPL;

(c) Izin Lingkungan.

2)Pengendalian pencemaran air

(d) Izin pembuangan air limbah ke laut;

(e) Izin pembuangan air limbah melalui injeksi

(belum dilaksanakan oleh UPT );

3)Pengelolaan Limbah B3

(f ) Izin Pengumpulan limbah B3;

(g)Izin pemanfaatan limbah B3;

(h) Izin pengolahan limbah B3;

(i) Izin penimbunan limbah B3; dan

( j) Izin dumping;

b. Pelayanan nonperizinan, terdiri atas:

1)Pengelolaan limbah B3 dan Limbah nonB3

(a) Rekomendasi pengangkutan limbah B3;

(b) Persetujuan dan notifikasi ekspor limbah B3;

(c) Rekomendasi impor limbah nonB3.

(d) Persetujuan atau notifikasi ekspor limbah B3;

2)Pengelolaan B3

(a) Rekomendasi pengangkutan B3;

(b) Registrasi impor dan produksi B3;

(c) Notifikasi ekspor B3.

The integrated service units of the Ministry of Environment provide 20 types of public services:

a. Environmental permit services1)EIA/Environmental Management Efforts (UKL)-

Environmental Monitoring Efforts (UPL) and Environmental Permits(a) EIA evaluation;(b) UKL-UPL assessment;(c) Environmental permits.

2)Water pollution control(d) Permit for waste water disposal to sea;(e) Permit for waste water disposal by injection(not yet implemented );

3)Management hazardous waste (B3)(f ) B3 waste collection permit;(g) B3 waste utilization permit;(h) B3 waste treatment permit;(i) B3 waste storing permit; and( j) Dumping permit;

b. Non-permit services1)B3 waste and non-B3 waste management

(a) B3 waste transportation recommendation;(b) B3 waste export approval and notification;(c) Non-B3 waste export recommendation.(d) B3 waste export approval or notification;

2)Management hazardous substances (B3)(a) B3 transportation recommendation;(b) B3 import and production registration;


Figure 3.1 Total number of services provided by Integrated Services Units Gambar 3.1. Total Pelayanan Unit Pelayanan Terpadu.

1,806

3,915

6

2,772

115

13

94

0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000

Pengelolaan Limbah B3

Pengelolaan B3

Pengaduan Lingkungan Hidup

Penerimaan / Penyerahan : Dok / Surat

Pembuangan Air Limbah

Pelayanan Informasi Publik

Hazardous waste management

Hazardous substances management

Environmental complaints

Receipt/Submission: Documents/Letters

Waste water disposal

Public information services

EIA/Environmental Management-Monitoring Efforts

AMDAL/ UKL-UPL

Total number of services provided= 8,721 Total Pelayanan = 8.721


95

3.000

8 4 27104

17 269 13 36

Total

3.500

3.000

2.500

2.000

1.500

1.000

500

0

Figure 3.2 Total number of applicants for services provided by Integrated Services Units Gambar 3.2. Jumlah Total Pemohon Unit Pelayanan Terpadu.


Indonesia National Single WindowIndonesia National Single Window

Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang

Pelestarian dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

menyatakan: Setiap orang yang memasukkan ke

dalam wilayah NKRI, menghasilkan, mengangkut,

mengedarkan, menyimpan, memanfaatkan, membuang,

mengolah dan/atau menimbun B3 wajib melakukan

pengelolaan B3.

Hal ini dijabarkan dalam PP Nomor 74 Tahun 2001

tentang Pengelolaan Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun,

Pasal 6 ayat (1), yang menyebutkan setiap B3 wajib

diregistrasi oleh penghasil dan/atau pengimpor.

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup telah menerapkan

amanat itu melalui sistem registrasi yang sudah berjalan

selama ini. Registrasi merupakan salah satu simpul dari

sistem pengelolaan B3 untuk mengetahui jumlah B3

yang beredar di Indonesia.Hal itu agar dapat dilakukan

pengawasan sejak awal.Ini sebagai upaya pencegahan

dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan manusia maupun

lingkungan hidup.

Law No. 32/2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management states that anybody importing into the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, producing, transporting, distributing, storing, utilizing, disposing of, treating and/or landfilling hazardous waste (B3) shall be obliged to manage said B3.

This is further elaborated in Article 6 Paragraph (1) of Government Regulation No. 74/2001 regarding Hazardous Substance Management, which states that any B3 must be registered by the producer and/or importer. The Ministry of Environment has been implementing this stipulation through a registration system. Registration is one of the nodes within the B3 management system that keep track of the volume of B3 circulating in Indonesia. This is an effort to prevent negative impacts on people’s health and the environment.

The registration process already makes use of the Indonesia National Single Window (INSW) electronic

3) Pengaduan kasus lingkungan

4) Pengelolaan Bahan Perusak Ozon (sedang dalam

proses integrasi)

5) Pelayanan informasi publik (sedang dalam proses

integrasi)

(c) B3 export notification.3) Environmental complaints4) Management of ozone depleting substances

(currently being integrated)5) Public information services (currently being

integrated)

Perusahaan (PT, CV, UD)

Koperasi

DPRD/DPRD

Firma Hukum/Konsultan

Pemerintah Pusat/Daerah/TNI/POLRI

LSM/Lembaga Masyarakat

Companies (PT, CV, UD)

Cooperatives

House of Representatives/Local legislative councils

Law firms/Consultants

Central/Regional Government/TNI/Police

NGOs


96

Dalam proses registrasi telah memakai sistem elektronik

Indonesia National Single Window (INSW). Penerapan

sistem ini wujud partisipasi Kementerian Lingkungan

Hidup dalam penanganan dokumen kepabeanan dan

perizinan yang berkaitan dengan ekspor-impor B3—

sesuai PP Nomor 10 Tahun 2008 tentang penggunaan

sistem elektronik dalam Kerangka National Single

Window.Selanjutnya, melalui Peraturan Menteri

Nomor 02 Tahun 2010 diatur pula penggunaan sistem

elektronik registrasi B3.

systems. The implementation of this system is an example of the Ministry of Environment’s participation in the handling of customs and licensing documents pertaining to the export and import of B3 – in accordance with Government Regulation No. 10/2008 regarding the Use of Electronic System in the Framework of Indonesia National Single Window. The use of electronic system for the registration of B3 is regulated further in Ministerial Regulation No.2/2010.

Figure 3.3 Decrease in Number of Hazardous SubstancesRegistration Types Ministry of Environment

Gambar 3.3. Penurunan Jumlah Jenis Registrasi Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup.

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

-3,6 %

-55 %

2010 2011 2012


Figure 3.4 Increase of Total Import Volumeand Hazardous Substances (million tonnes)

Gambar 3.4. Peningkatan Total Kualitas Impor Bahan Beracun dan Berbahaya. ( juta ton)

31,7%

102,9%

2010 2011 2012

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0



97

Lembaga Daerah Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

Regional Institutions in Environmental Management

There are two important aspects in environmental management institutions. The first concerns the nomenclature and ranking structure of such organizations. The second is their tasks and functions as outlined in the organizational structure and work procedure for regional institutions.

The establishment of institutions reflects a regional government’s commitment in addressing environmental challenges. The most appropriate type of institution for environmental issues is the agency, since it combines coordinating and operational force with high echelon. To date, 100 percent of regional environmental institutions at the provincial level are agencies, amounting to 33 Environmental Agencies (Badan Lingkungan Hidup/BLH). At the regency/city level, 298 institutions (62 percent) are agencies, 149 (31 percent) are offices and 34 (7 percent) have other forms of institution. The following chart shows the various types of regional institutions that handle environmental issues.

Ada dua hal penting dari sisi kelembagaan bagi

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di daerah. Pertama,

nomenklatur dan eselonisasi kelembagaan lingkungan

hidup daerah. Dan kedua, tugas dan fungsi yang

dijabarkan dalam struktur organisasi dan tata kerja

(SOTK) kelembagaan daerah.

Kelembagaan mencerminkan komitmen pemerintah

daerah dalam menangani tantangan lingkungan hidup.

Bentuk lembaga yang optimal untuk lingkungan hidup

adalah Badan, karena ada kewenangan koordinasi,

operasional, serta memiliki eselonisasi yang cukup

tinggi. Sampai saat ini, 100 persen kelembagaan

lingkungan hidup provinsi telah berbentuk badan,

atau 33 Badan Lingkungan Hidup (BLH). Nah, untuk

kabupaten/kota sejumlah 298 (62 persen) telah

berbentuk badan, 149 (31 persen) berbentuk kantor,

dan berbentuk lainnya 34 (7 persen). Berikut ini bentuk

kelembagaan daerah yang mengurusi lingkungan

hidup.

Selama 2010 - 2012 tercatat penurunan jumlah jenis

B3 yang diregistrasi, namun terjadi kenaikan tajam

kuantitas impor B3.Pada 2010, B3 yang diregistrasi

sebanyak 274 jenis, dengan impor sebesar 234.232.522

ton.Sedangkan pada 2011, B3 yang diregistrasi 264

jenis, total impor 308.542.573 ton. Pada 2012 jenis B3

yang diregistrasi sebanyak 118, total impor sebanyak

625.982.578 ton. Grafik-grafik berikut menunjukkan

tren jumlah jenis dan total impor B3.

Nampak kebutuhan B3 sebagai bahan baku maupun

produk semakin meningkat seiring perubahan pola

hidup manusia, dari carbohydrate-based economy ke

arah petrochemical-based economy. Untuk mewujudkan

pengelolaan B3 secara baik, benar dan efisien oleh

produsen, importir, pengangkut dan pengguna,

dilakukan pemakaian teknologi bersih. Hal itu mulai

dari penggunaan bahan baku, proses produksi, efisiensi

penggunaan bahan kimia dan meningkatkan pelayanan

sistem registrasi, sampai prasyarat pangajuan yang

lebih optimal sesuai peraturan.

In 2010-2012 there was a decrease in the number of B3 types that were being registered, but the volume of imports is increasing. In 2010, 274 types of B3 had been registered, with imports reaching 234,232,522 tonnes. In 2011, the number of B3 types dropped to 264, with a total import volume of 308,542,573 tonnes. In 2012, the number of B3 types came to 118, while total import rose to 625,982,578 tonnes. The below charts show the trends for number of types and total import volume of B3.

It seems that the need for raw materials or products containing B3 is increasing along with changes in consumption patterns and a shift from a carbohydrate-based to a petrochemical-based economy. Clean technologies must be promoted to ensure proper, correct and efficient B3 management by manufacturers, importers, freight forwarders and users. This concerns the use of raw materials, production processes, efficient use of chemicals and improvement of the registration system, and includes more optimal filing requirements in compliance with regulations.


98

Table 3.2 Regional Environmental Institutions at the Provincial and Regency/City Levels (as of February 2013)Tabel 3.2. Rekapitulasi Bentuk Kelembagaan LH DaerahProvinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota (per Februari 2013)

NO ProvinceProvinsi

ProvincialInstitutions

Lembaga Provinsi

Regency/City-level Institutions Bentuk Lembaga Kab/Kota Number

of InstitutionsJumlah Prov,

Kab/KotaAgency Badan

Office Kantor

Other Lainnya

Sumatra Region Regional Sumatera

1 Prov. Aceh Aceh 1 13 9 1 242 Prov. North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 1 18 13 2 343 Prov. West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 1 7 12 - 204 Prov. Riau Riau 1 10 2 - 135 Prov. Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 1 6 1 - 86 Prov. Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 1 6 1 - 87 Prov. Jambi Jambi 1 4 7 - 128 Prov. South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 1 11 2 2 169 Prov. Bengkulu Bengkulu 1 8 2 - 1110 Prov. Lampung Lampung 1 8 6 15 AMOUNT JUMLAH 10 91 55 5 161

Java Region Regional Jawa

1 Prov. Banten Banten 1 4 2 - 72 Prov. DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 1 1 5 - 73 Prov. West Java Jawa Barat 1 17 8 1 274 Prov. Central Java Jawa Tengah 1 20 15 0 365 Prov. DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 1 2 3 - 66 Prov. East Java Jawa Timur 1 22 15 1 39 AMOUNT JUMLAH 6 66 48 2 122

Sumapapua Region Regional Sumapapua

1 Prov. North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 1 8 - 1 102 Prov. Gorontalo Gorontalo 1 5 1 - 73 Prov. Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 1 10 1 - 124 Prov. South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 1 12 9 2 245 Prov. South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 1 6 4 2 136 Prov. West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 1 4 1 67 Prov. Maluku Maluku 1 2 6 1 108 Prov. North Maluku Maluku Utara 1 9 - - 109 Prov. Papua Papua 1 8 1 17 2710 Prov. West Papua Papua Barat 1 5 2 3 11 AMOUNT JUMLAH 10 69 25 26 130

Kalimantan Region Regional Kalimantan

1 Prov. West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 1 9 5 - 152 Prov. Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 1 12 2 - 153 Prov. South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 1 10 2 1 144 Prov. East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 1 12 2 - 15 AMOUNT JUMLAH 4 43 11 1 59

Bali Nusa Tenggara Region Regional Bali Nusra

1 Prov. Bali Bali 1 4 5 - 102 Prov. West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 1 6 3 - 103 Prov. East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 1 19 2 - 22 AMOUNT JUMLAH 3 29 10 0 42

TOTAL 33 298 149 34 514



99

Memang tidak semua daerah memiliki kelembagaan

yang optimal. Nah, untuk mengatasi kendala itu

dilakukan upaya sebagai berikut:

• Surat Edaran Bersama (SEB) Menteri Dalam Negeri dan

Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 061/163/

SJ/2008 dan Nomor SE-01/MENLH/2008 tentang

Penataan Kelembagaan Lingkungan Hidup di Daerah.

Surat edaran ini terkait pelaksanaan perlindungan

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di daerah, setelah terbit

PP Nomor 38 Tahun 2007 tentang Pembagian Urusan

Pemerintahan antara Pemerintah, Pemerintahan

Provinsi dan Pemerintahan Kabupaten/Kota, serta PP

Nomor 41 Tahun 2007 tentang Organisasi Perangkat

Daerah.

• Pedoman Penyusunan Struktur Organisasi dan

Tata Kerja Kelembagaan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah

berdasarkan Tipologi Lingkungan (Rawan Bencana,

Konservasi, Pesisir dan Laut, Padat Industri, dan

Hibrid). Struktur organisasi dan tata kerja kelembagaan

daerah disusun sesuai tipologi lingkungan dengan

menimbang masalah yang dihadapi, agar dapat

diatasi.

Urusan lingkungan hidup merupakan salah satu

kewajiban pemerintahan daerah yang berpedoman

pada standar pelayanan minimal (SPM). Hal ini diatur

Peraturan Menteri LH Nomor 19 dan 20 Tahun 2008

tentang Standar Pelayanan Minimal Lingkungan

Hidup Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota. Aturan menteri

itu dilengkapi Petunjuk Teknis dan Instrumen

pendukungnya: pedoman pembiayaan, panduan

penyusunan laporan, pedoman monitoring dan evaluasi.

Admittedly, not all regions have the optimal type of environmental institution. The following measures were taken to overcome this constraint:

• Joint Circular Letter between Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Environment No. 061/163/SJ 2008 and No. SE-01/MENLH/2008 concerning Reorganization of Local Government Environmental Institutions. This circular concerns the implementation of environmental protection and management in the regions after issuance of Government Regulation No. 38/2007 on the division of government functions between the central, provincial and regency/city governments, and Government Regulation No. 41/2007 regarding the Organization of Regional Apparatuses.

• Guidelines for the Preparation of Organizational Structures and Work Procedures for Regional Environmental Implementation Based on Environmental Typology Disaster-prone, Conservation, Coastal and Marine, Industry Intensive and Hybrid). The organizational structure and work procedures of regional environmental institution should be designed based environmental typology to ensure that any problems can be dealt with.

The handling of environmental affairs is among the duties of regional government that should achieve minimum service standards (Standar Pelayanan Minimal/SPM). This is stipulated in Minister of Environment Regulation No. 19 and 20 of 2008 concerning Provincial and Regency/City-Level Minimum Service Standards in the Environmental

Figure 3.5 Reports on the Implementation of Minimum Service Standards in the Environment Sector at the Provincial Level

Gambar 3.5. Laporan Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Provinsi Nasional.

20096%

48%67%

94%52%

35%

2010 2011

ImplementingSudah Melaksanakan

Not yet implementing Belum Melaksanakan

Ambient air quality statusStatus mutu udara ambienFollow up of public complaintsTindak Lanjut Pengaduan Masyarakat

Water quality status Status mutu air

Figure 3.6 Reports on Achievement of Minimum Service Standards Indicators in the Environment Sector at the Provincial Level

Gambar 3.6. Laporan Capaian Indikator Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Provinsi Nasional.

20092010

2011

100%

69%

100%

50%41%

100%

75% 73%

59%



100

Sampai 2012, sebanyak 22 provinsi (66,7 persen)

telah memberi laporan penerapan SPM lingkungan,

sedangkan dari 476 daerah kabupaten/kota, baru148

(31 persen).

Berdasarkan data di atas, nampak penerapan dan

capaian SPM bidang lingkungan hidup di daerah belum

optimal. Adapun kendala dan tantangannya adalah:

a.Ketersediaan sumberdaya manusia, terutama

analis laboratorium dan pejabat pengawas

lingkungan hidup.

Masih banyak lembaga lingkungan hidup daerah

dengan sumberdaya manusia terbatas, sehingga tidak

dapat melaksanakan SPM selayaknya. Keterbatasan ini

tidak saja terkait dengan kualifikasi dan kompetensi,

namun juga formasi yang tidak memadai. Hal itu juga

menyangkut kebijakan mutasi yang cukup tinggi,

sehingga sumberdaya manusia yang berkompeten

berpindah ke dinas lain. Lantaran itulah, di masa

datang perlu penataan sumberdaya manusia melalui

peningkatan kapasitas, sistem karir yang jelas melalui

jabatan fungsional, serta menimbang kebijakan mutasi

pegawai.

b.Sarana dan prasarana, khususnya laboratorium

lingkungan.

Dalam penerapan SPM bidang lingkungan hidup di

provinsi dan kabupaten/kota, sarana dan prasarana

Sector. The regulation is accompanied by technical instructions and supporting instruments: guidelines on funding, report writing, monitoring and evaluation. Until 2012, 22 provinces (66.7 percent) had submitted reports on the implementation of minimum service standards in the environment sector, while just 148 of 476 regencies/cities (31 percent) had done so.

The above data show that the implementation and achievement of minimum service standards in the environmental sector in the regions is not yet optimal. This is caused by the following constraints:

a.Availability of human resources, especially laboratory analysts and environmental inspectors

There still are many regional environmental institutions with limited human resources that are not able to implement minimum service standards. This limitation is related not only to qualifications and competencies but also to inadequate organization structures. This includes frequent reassignment of staff that causes competent human resources to move to other agencies. In the future, it is necessary to organize human resources through capacity building, by providing a clear career path with functional positions, and by rethinking the transfer policy for staff.

Figure 3.8 Reports on Achievement of Minimum Service Standards Indicators in the Environment Sector at the Regency/City LevelGambar 3.8. Laporan Capaian Indikator Standar Pelayanan Minimal

Lingkungan Tingkat Kabupaten/Kota Nasional.

Pencegahan Pencemaran Air

Pencegahan Pencemaran Udara Sumber Tidak Bergerak

Informasi Status Kerusakan Tanah/Lahan untuk Produksi Biomassa

Tindak Lanjut Pengaduan Masyarakat

Prevention of water pollution

Prevention of air pollution from stationary sources

Information on damage status of lands for biomass production

Follow up of public complaints

21%12%

79%69% 72%

46%42%

0%0%

0%54%

69%

2009 2010 2011


31%8%0%

69%92%

0%

2009 2010 2011

Figure 3.7 Reports on the Implementation of Minimum Service Standards in the Environment Sector at the Regency/City LevelGambar 3.7. Laporan Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang

Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Kabupaten/Kota Nasional.

Not yet implementing Belum Melaksanakan

ImplementingSudah Melaksanakan


101

yang sangat penting adalah laboratorium lingkungan.

Banyak daerah yang belum memiliki sarana

laboratorium yang memadai. Tak mengherankan bila

pelaksanaan SPM cukup terhambat. Apalagi SPM

bidang Lingkungan Hidup menyangkut penyampaian

informasi bagi masyarakat tentang status lingkungan.

Di tingkat provinsi pun, tidak semua laboratorium telah

terakreditasi dan teregistrasi, sebagaimana tersaji pada

tabel berikut.

b.Facilities and infrastructure, especially environmental laboratories.

Environmental laboraties are crucial for the implementation of minimum service standards in the environment sector. Many regions do not have adequate laboratories and are therefore unable to achieve minimum service standards. Even on the provincial level there are a number of laboratories that have not been accredited and registered, as shown by the below table.

Table 3.3 Number and Status of Environmental Laboratories in Indonesia on the Provincial Level Tabel 3.3. Jumlah dan Status Laboratorium Lingkungan di Indonesia Tingkat Provinsi

Prov NameNama

AccreditedLaboraties

Lab Terakreditasi

RegisteredLaboratories

Lab Terregistrasi11 Aceh Aceh12 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 113 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 214 Riau Riau 115 Jambi Jambi 116 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 2 117 Bengkulu Bengkulu18 Lampung Lampung 219 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 121 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 131 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 1 732 West Java Jawa Barat 4 733 Central Java Jawa Tengah 4 434 D I Yogyakarta D I Yogyakarta 2 235 East Java Jawa Timur 4 336 Banten Banten 1 251 Bali Bali52 West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 153 East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur61 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 262 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah63 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 264 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 3 271 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 1 172 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 173 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 274 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 175 Gorontalo Gorontalo76 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat81 Maluku Maluku 182 North Maluku Maluku Utara91 West Papua Papua Barat94 Papua Papua 1 1

Total 41 31



102

Sarana dan Prasarana

Facilities and Infrastructure

Laboratories Laboratorium

Laboratorium berfungsi untuk menganalisis

contoh uji sehingga menghasilkan data. Menurut

Permen LH Nomor 6 tahun 2009 , laboratorium

lingkungan adalah laboratorium bersertifikat

akreditasi laboratorium pengujian parameter kualitas

lingkungan dan beridentitas registrasi.Untuk menilai

kinerja laboratorium dilakukan uji profisiensi,

sebagai salah satu metode untuk mengetahui unjuk

kerja laboratorium dengan cara uji banding antar-

laboratorium. Uji profisiensi juga merupakan salah satu

persyaratan teknis, bila laboratorium akan diakreditasi

sebagai laboratorium penguji dan diregistrasi sebagai

laboratorium lingkungan.

Laboratories analyse samples to provide data. Pursuant to Minister of Environment Regulation No. 6 of 2009, environmental laboratories shall be laboratories that hold a accredition certificate as testing laboratories for environmental quality parameters and have been properly registered. Laboratory performance is assessed through proficiency tests, a methods to evaluate the performance of laboratories through inter-laboratory comparative testing. Proficiency tests are also among the technical requirements for accreditation as testing laboratory and registration as environmental laboratory.

Pusat Sarana Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (PUSARPEDAL)

The Indonesian Environmental Impact Control Facility (PUSARPEDAL)

Environmental management will become more effective if supported by reliable environmental laboratories. This is because laboratory test results can serve as a basis for environmental management. Using a grant from the Japanese government, the Indonesian Environmental Impact Control Facility (Pusarpedal) was founded on August 12, 1993, as a environmental reference laboratory. On February 7, 2001, Pusarpedal obtained the testing laboratory certificate from the National Accreditation Committee (KAN) as proof of its competence as an environmental laboratory. On September 29, 2005, its status was further enhanced by KAN accreditation

Besides owning a laboratory and being an environmental quality monitoring centre, Pusarpedal is also a public service agency and an independent environmental laboratory. Pusarpedal performs coordination functions, monitors and assesses environmental quality, serves a technical function as reference laboratory, providing testing and calibration services and participating in the development of environmental laboratories.

At present Pusarpedal engages in the following activities:

Pengelolaan lingkungan akan lebih efisien bila didukung

laboratorium lingkungan yang handal. Ini karena

hasil uji laboratorium dapat digunakan sebagai dasar

pengelolaan lingkungan.Dengan hibah dari pemerintah

Jepang, pada 12 Agustus 1993, Pusat Pengendalian

Dampak Lingkungan (Pusarpedal) didirikan sebagai

referensi laboratorium lingkungan.Kompetensi

Pusarpedal sebagai laboratorium lingkungan telah

terbukti dengan sertifikat laboratorium pengujian dari

Komite Akreditasi Nasional (KAN) pada 7 Februari 2001,

yang diperkuat akreditasi KAN pada 29 September

2005.

Selain sebagai pemilik laboratorium dan pusat

pemantauan kualitas lingkungan, Pusarpedal juga

untuk pelayanan masyarakat dan independen

laboratorium lingkungan. Pusarpedal bertugas

melaksanakan koordinasi, memantau dan mengkaji

kualitas lingkungan, berfungsi teknis laboratorium

rujukan, pelayanan pengujian dan kalibrasi, serta

pengembangan laboratorium lingkungan.

Saat ini kegiatan Pusarpedal meliputi :

• Melakukan pengukuran pencemaran lingkungan,

yang terdiri dari pembuangan limbah cair, limbah


103

• Measuring of environmental pollution from disposal of waste water, disposal of solid waste, and air pollution. • Monitoring of environmental pollution at various locations in Indonesia to provide input for environmental policy makers.

• Providing assistence in implementing quality systems based on SNI 19-17025, producing guidelines for sample-taking and analysis of environmental quality parameters, for monitoring environmental quality, for maintaining and calibrating environmental laboratory equipment.

• Developing and administering proficiency tests for environmental quality parameters.

padat dan polusi udara.

• Memantau pencemaran lingkungan di berbagai

tempat di Indonesia, sebagai masukan bagi para

pengambil kebijakan lingkungan.

• Menyediakan bimbingan pelaksanaan sistem mutu

berdasarkan SNI 19-17025, membuat pedoman

pengambilan sampel dan analisis parameter

kualitas lingkungan, pedoman monitoring kualitas

lingkungan, pedoman pengobatan dan kalibrasi

peralatan laboratorium lingkungan.

• Menyediakan dan menangani tes kemahiran untuk

parameter kualitas lingkungan.

Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (SLHD)

Regional State of The Environment Report (SLHD)

Konferensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang

Lingkungan dan Pembangunan (the United Nations

Conference on Environment and Development–UNCED)

di Rio de Janeiro, 1992, menghasilkan strategi

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang dituangkan dalam

Agenda 21.

Dalam Agenda 21 Bab 40 disebutkan perlunya

kemampuan pemerintahan dalam mengumpulkan dan

memanfaatkan data dan informasi multisektoral pada

proses pengambilan keputusan untuk melaksanakan

pembangunan berkelanjutan. Hal itu menuntut

ketersediaan data, keakuratan analisis, serta penyajian

informasi lingkungan hidup.

Hal ini sejalan dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 32

Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan

Lingkungan Hidup. Pasal 70 UU itu menyatakan

masyarakat memiliki hak dan kesempatan yang sama

dan seluas-luasnya berperan aktif dalam erlindungan

dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Peran masyarakat

diwujudkan melalui pengawasan sosial, memberikan

saran, pendapat, usul, keberatan, pengaduan,

penyampaian informasi dan pelaporan.

Pasal 65 ayat (1) menyatakan setiap orang berhak

atas lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat sebagai

bagian dari hak asasi manusia. Dalam pasal 65 ayat

(2) disebutkan setiap orang berhak mendapatkan

pendidikan lingkungan hidup, akses informasi, akses

partisipasi, dan akses keadilan dalam memenuhi hak

atas lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat.

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, 1992, produced environmental formulated environmental management strategies, which were then set forth in Agenda 21.

Chapter 40 of Agenda 21 states that governments need to have the capacity to collect and use multisectoral data and information in decision-making processes to implement sustainable development. This includes data availability, accuracy of analysis and presentation of environmental information. This is also in accordance with Law No 32 Year 2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management. Article 70 of this Law states that communities shall have the equal and broad right and opportunity to participate actively in environmental protection and management. Public participation may be in the form of social control, suggestion, opinion, recommendation, objection, complaint, information and report.

Article 65 paragraph (1) states that everybody shall be entitled to proper and healthy environment as part of human rights, while Article 65 paragraph (2) states that everybody shall be entitled to environmental education, information access, participation access and justice access in fulfilling the right to proper and healthy environment.

This means that the public is entitled to get information on environmental policies. Information


104

Dengan demikian, masyarakat berhak mendapatkan

informasi terkait kebijakan lingkungan hidup.

Informasi merupakan modal bagi masyarakat untuk

memahami dan mengawasi pengelolaan lingkungan,

dasar mengambil keputusan terkait lingkungan dan

kehidupannya, dan memberikan masukan kepada

pemerintah dalam pengelolaan lingkungan.

Pelaporan status lingkungan hidup sebagai sarana

penyediaan data dan informasi dapat menjadi alat

dalam menilai dan menentukan prioritas masalah,

membuat rekomendasi bagi penyusunan kebijakan,

perencanaan untuk membantu pemerintah daerah

dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, dan menerapkan

mandat pembangunan berkelanjutan.

Berkaitan dengan akses informasi kepada publik, telah

ditetapkan Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2008

tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik (KIP). Sebagai badan

publik pemerintah wajib menyediakan, memberikan

dan/atau menerbitkan informasi yang berkaitan dengan

kepentingan publik. Informasi yang wajib disediakan

dan diumumkan antara lain informasi yang diumumkan

secara berkala, dengan cara yang mudah dijangkau dan

dalam bahasa yang mudah dipahami.

Pemerintah daerah telah menyusun Neraca Lingkungan

Hidup (NLH) sejak 1982, yang pada 1986 berubah

menjadi Neraca Kependudukan dan Lingkungan Hidup

Daerah (NKLD). Dan mulai 1994 berubah lagi menjadi

Neraca Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (NKLD).

Sejak 2002, bersamaan dengan penerbitan Laporan

Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (SLHI) secara

nasional yang dilakukan setiap tahun, diterbitkan pula

Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (SLHD) di

setiap provinsi dan kabupaten/kota. Mayoritas provinsi

telah membuat SLHD setiap tahun sebagaimana yang

terlihat pada gambar 3.9.

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup melakukan evaluasi

Laporan SLHD, sehingga bisa dilihat kualitas data

dan informasi yang disajikan. Hal yang dievaluasi:

sistematika, ketersediaan data, serta analisisnya. Hal

itu akan terlihat kapasitas pemerintah daerah dalam

mengelola data dan informasi. Hasil evaluasi tercermin

pada table 3.4.

forms the basis for the public to understand and control environmental management, to make decisions concerning their environment and livelihood, and to provide input to the government regarding environmental management.

As a means to provide data and information, environment status reports could become instrumental in assessing and determining priority of problems and making recommendations for policy formulation and planning to assist regional governments in managing the environment and implementing sustainable development as mandated.

To address the issue of public access to information, the government has stipulated Law No. 14/2008 regarding Disclosure of Public Information. As a public entity, the government is required to provide, supply and/or publish information of public interest. Such information must be disclosed regularly in an easily accessible manner using easily understood language.

Regional governments have been preparing Environmental Records (NLH) since 1982. This type of document was replaced by Regional Population and Environmental Records (NKLD) in 1986, which in 1994 eventually became the Regional Environmental Quality Records (NKLD).

Since 2002, parallel to the annual publication of the State of the Environment of Indonesia (SLHI) national report, regional state of the environment reports (SLHD) have been published by province and regency/city governments. Most provinces have been publishing state of the environment reports annually, as shown in Figure 3.9

The Ministry of Environment evaluates the quality of data and information presented in Regional State of the Environment Reports. The evaluation criteria include organization of report, availability of data and quality of analysis. This will indicate the capacity of regional governments to manage data and information. The results of the evaluation are shown in Table 3.4.


105

Table 3.4 Evaluation Results of 2011 Regional State Of the Environment ReportsTabel 3.4. Hasil Evaluasi Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Tahun 2011

No ProvinceProvinsi

Region Regional

Score Nilai

1 D K I Jakarta D K I Jakarta Jawa 90.95

2 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat Sumatera 90.88

3 East Java Jawa Timur Jawa 90.46

4 Bali Bali Bali NT 88.17

5 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara Sumatera 87.99

6 D I Yogyakarta D I Yogyakarta Jawa 83.86

7 Aceh Aceh Sumatera 82.14

8 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara Sumapapua 78.11

9 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan Sumatera 77.06

10 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah Sumapapua 74.75

11 Banten Banten Jawa 70.09

12 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur Kalimantan 70.05

13 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau Sumatera 69.99

14 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan Sumapapua 69.10

15 West Java Jawa Barat Jawa 68.55

16 Bengkulu Bengkulu Sumatera 64.03

17 Lampung Lampung Sumatera 62.69

18 Jambi Jambi Sumatera 62.56

19 Gorontalo Gorontalo Sumapapua 62.22

20 Central Java Jawa Tengah Jawa 53.74

21 Riau Riau Sumatera 53.60

22 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat Kalimantan 50.91

23 West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat Bali NT 50.56

24 East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur Bali NT 50.10

25 West Papua Papua Barat Sumapapua 49.45

26 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung Sumatera 49.01

27 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara Sumapapua 45.40

28 Papua Papua Sumapapua 9.67

29 Maluku Maluku Sumapapua 6.24



106

Figure 3.9 Number of Regional State of the Environment Reports on the Provincial Level Gambar 3.9. Jumlah Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Tingkat Provinsi

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012


SUMBERDAYA MANUSIA PENGELOLA

HUMANRESOURCES

Sebagaimana diuraikan sebelumnya, salah satu hal

krusial adalah sumberdaya manusia.Dengan demikian,

pengendalian pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan

hidup oleh para pihak perlu sumberdaya manusia

yang kompeten dan dibina secara berkelanjutan.

Untuk itu, telah dikembangkan dan diterapkan

sistem jabatan fungsional di pemerintah pusat dan

daerah.Pengembangan sistem jabatan fungsional dan

standar kompetensi itu didukung dengan pendidikan

dan pelatihan. Terdapat dua jabatan fungsional

bidang lingkungan hidup yaitu: Pengendali Dampak

Lingkungan (PEDAL) dan Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup.

Saat ini jabatan fungsional PEDAL telah diterapkan di

daerah dan sektor, sejumlah 140 orang.

Beberapa kebijakan dalam mendukung penerapan

jabatan fungsional bidang lingkungan hidup sebagai

berikut: (1) Peraturan MENPAN dan RB Nomor 39

Tahun 2011 tentang Jabatan Fungsional Pengawas

Lingkungan Hidup dan Angka Kreditnya, (2) Peraturan

The success of any effort to control pollution and environmental damage depends on the availability of competent staff whose knowledge and skills are continuously being advanced. To that end, a system of functional positions has been developed and implemented at central and regional government level. This system of functional positions and competency standards is supported by education and training measures. There are two types of functional positions within the environment sector: Environmental Impact Controller (Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan/PEDAL) and Environmental Inspection Officer. To date, the functional position of Environmental Impact Controller has been introduced in a number of regions and sectors, and there are 140 people who hold this title.

The following policies support the implementation of functional positions in the environment sector: (1) Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic


107

Bersama Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup dan Kepala

Badan Kepegawaian Negara Nomor 9 Tahun 2012 dan

Nomor 6 Tahun 2012 tentang Ketentuan Pelaksanaan

PERMENPAN dan RB Nomor 39 Tahun 2011 tentang

Jabatan Fungsional Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup dan

Angka Kreditnya, (3) Naskah Akademis Tunjangan

Jabatan Fungsional Pengawas LH, (4) Naskah Akademis

Revisi KEPMENPAN Nomor 47/Kep/M.PAN/8/2002

tentang Jabatan Fungsional Pengendali Dampak

Lingkungan.

Reform Regulation No. 39/2011 regarding the Functional Position of Environmental Inspection Officer and its Credit Points, (2) Joint Regulation of the Minister of Environment and the Head of the National Civil Service Agency No. 9/2012 and No. 6/2012 regarding Implementation Provisions for Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Reform Regulation No. 39/2011 regarding the Functional Position of Environmental Inspection Officer and its Credit Points, (3) Academic Paper on Allowances for Functional Position of Environmental Inspection Officer, (4) Revised Academic Paper for Minister of Administrative Reform Regulation No. 47/Kep/M.PAN/8/2002 regarding Functional Position of Environmental Impact Controller.

Figure 3.10 Distribution of Environmental Impact Control Functional Officers Gambar 3.10. Sebaran Jabatan Fungsional Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan

Provinsi Sumatera Utara

Provinsi Jambi

Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

Provinsi Bengkulu

Provinsi Kalimantan Barat

Provinsi DKI Jakarta

Provinsi D.I Jogjakarta

North Sumatra Jambi South Sumatra

Bengkulu

West Kalimantan

DKI Jakarta

DI Yogyakarta

52%

4%

10%

7%4%

11%

11%

PROVINCE PROVINSI

CATATAN

a

Ministry of EnvironmentKementerian Lingkungan Hidup

: 13 persons orang

b Province Provinsi: 56 persons orang

c Regency/City Kabupaten/Kota

: 14 persons orang

dMinistry/AgencyKementerian/lembaga

: 61 persons orang

REGENCY/CITY DAERAH KABUPATEN

Kota Surabaya

Kabupaten Gowa

Kabupaten Tulungagung

Kabupaten Kusus

City of Surabaya

Gowa Regency

Tulungagung Regency

Kudus Regency57%

7% 7%

29%


SECTOR SEKTOR

8%18%

23%42%

8%1%

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

Kementerian Perhubungan

Kementerian Perindustrian

Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum

BATAN

Ministry of Environment

Ministry of Transportation

Ministry of Industry

Ministry of Public Works

National Nuclear Energy Agency

Agency for the Assessment and Application of TechnologyBPPT


108

Anggaran Lingkungan Hidup

Environmental Budget

Berdasarkan Pasal 45, UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009,

pemerintah dan dewan perwakilan rakyat serta

pemerintah daerah dan dewan perwakilan rakyat

daerah wajib mengalokasikan anggaran yang memadai

untuk membiayai perlindungan dan pengelolaan

lingkungan hidup dan program pembangunan

berwawasan lingkungan hidup. Sayangnya, di tengah

tekanan terhadap lingkungan hidup yang kian berat,

anggaran yang disediakan belum memadai untuk

mengimbangi laju tekanan itu.Diperlukan keberpihakan

untuk upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan

hidup, khususnya alokasi anggaran.

Pursuant to Article 45 of Law No. 32/2009, the government and the House of Representatives as well as the regional governments and Regional Legislative Councils shall be obliged to allocate adequate funds to finance environmental protection and management and environmentally-sound development programs. Unfortunately, the budget is inadequate to avert the increasing pressures on the environment. A pro-environment stance is required to support environmental protection and management efforts, in particular regarding the allocation of funds.

Dari data tabel di atas, rupanya anggaran untuk

lingkungan hidup dalam Anggaran Pendapatan dan

Belanja Negara selama 2005 - 2013 memang terus

meningkat,sekitar 1 persen. Hanya saja, yang perlu

mendapat perhatian adalah alokasi anggaran untuk

lingkungandi tingkat daerah. DKI Jakarta memiliki

proporsi alokasi anggaran lingkungan hidup yang relatif

besar, yaitu 4,66 persen dari total APBD; sebaliknya,

Sumatera Selatan memiliki rasio terkecil, yaitu 0,23

persen. Proporsi anggaran di daerah ini belum ada

standar acuannya: berapa dana idealnya, agar dapat

The above chart shows that the proportion of funding for environmental functions within the total state budget continued to increase from 2005-2013 by approximately 1 percent. However, it is important to pay attention to the allocation of funds for environmental functions at the regional level. DKI Jakarta has a relatively high proportion of funds allocated for environmental functions, amounting to 4.66 percent of the total provincial budget, while South Sumatra has the lowest ratio at 0.23 percent. There are currently

Source: Processed from Ministry of Finance Data Sumber : Olahan Data Kementerian Keuangan

Figure 3.11 Budget for Environmental Functions vs. Total Budget of the Indonesian GovernmentGambar 3.11. Anggaran Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup vs Total Belanja Pemerintah Republik Indonesia

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

0,37%

0,61%

0,98%

0,77%

1,70%

0,94% 0,97% 1,00%1,08%

Increase of 1067.7% for other

environmental sub-functions

Kenaikan 1067,7% pada Sub

Fungsi LH lainnya


109

dibandingkan secara relatif antar daerah.

Ada beberapa daerah yang memiliki proporsi di bawah

rata-rata nasional, yang mungkin karena kesulitan

menyisihkan anggaran lingkungan yang lebih besar.

Sebaliknya, ada beberapa daerah yang berada di atas

rata-rata, ternyata mampu mengalokasikannya.

Dari tabel 3.5 terlihat anggaran lingkungan hidup di 21

provinsi (63,6 persen) yang secara nominal meningkat.

Sebaliknya, 9 provinsi (27,3 persen) turun dan 3 provinsi

lainnya relatif tetap. Harapannya, semua provinsi selalu

no reference standards regarding the proportion of regional budgets that should ideally be allocated for environmental functions, which would make possible interregional comparison.

Some regions with proportions below national average may find it difficult to set aside larger environmental budgets, while above-average regions are able to do so.

Environmental budgets increased nominally in 21 provinces (63.6 percent), decreased in 9 provinces

Provincial Budget 2011 Anggaran Provinsi 2011

NoProvince

Provinsi

Budget forEnv. Agency

Anggaran BLH

Decon. Fund Dekon

Spec.Alloc.Fund DAK

Total Budget APBD Total

Env. Func.Fungsi LH

2011 %

1 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 27.593.622.839 27.875.807.120.065 1.347.098.125.073 4,83%2 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 4.677.861.461.564 155.766.032.830 3,33%3 Gorontalo Gorontalo 671.051.486.930 10.398.835.220 1,55%4 West Papua Papua Barat 3.517.181.935.036 37.399.363.000 1,06%5 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 2.972.277.538.385 31.599.770.498 1,06%6 West Java Jawa Barat 8.248.283.664 9.887.011.087.735 102.648.919.176 1,04%7 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 1.067.056.492.088 10.943.254.150 1,03%8 West sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 707.810.376.681 7.108.514.170 1,00%9 Bali Bali 2.483.896.836.108 22.070.386.275 0,89%10 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 7.099.638.078 500.000.000 1.232.556.934.249 9.199.945.322 0,75%11 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 4.863.326.900 500.000.000 2.123.681.661.518 15.160.324.877 0,71%12 North Maluku Maluku Utara 730.840.000.000 5.213.785.000 0,71%13 South Kalimantan Kal-Sel 2.579.950.555.800 18.353.032.000 0,71%14 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 1.297.908.496.620 8.789.316.000 0,68%15 East Nusa Tenggara N T T 3.365.753.000 500.000.000 21.632.712.835 1.308.163.425.000 8.568.790.100 0,66%16 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 1.975.600.000.000 12.705.987.000 0,64%17 West Nusa Tenggara N T B 1.657.093.170.268 9.496.636.100 0,57%18 DI Jogjakarta DI Jogjakarta 1.590.785.711.143 9.027.249.289 0,57%19 Jambi Jambi 1.498.751.513.850 6.870.698.531 0,46%20 Bengkulu Bengkulu 2.018.500.000 500.000.000 1.155.766.504.059 4.866.848.973 0,42%21 Central Kalimantan Kal-Teng 1.718.016.480.000 7.220.539.074 0,42%22 West Kalimantan Kal-Bar 7.594.907.700 500.000.000 1.853.631.912.666 7.382.750.300 0,40%23 East Java Jawa Timur 10.626.361.387.552 40.434.215.874 0,38%24 Papua Papua 5.184.147.179.000 na 0,37%25 Central Java Jawa Tengah 6.062.149.998.000 22.549.871.000 *0,37%26 East Kalimantan Kal-Tim 7.257.634.950.000 26.351.521.500 0,36%27 Lampung Lampung 2.181.168.622.241 7.265.206.480 0,33%28 Maluku Maluku 1.124.498.644.439 3.518.332.663 0,31%29 Banten Banten 3.485.295.190.673 10.092.947.097 0,29%30 South-East Sulawesi Sul-Tenggara 1.250.000.000 500.000.000 1.405.829.978.726 3.731.954.500 0,27%31 Aceh Aceh 7.974.700.000.000 19.811.241.850 0,25%32 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 3.565.887.000.000 7.105.883.000 0,20%33 Riau Riau 6.390.265.580 4.468.257.731.323 7.237.260.000 0,16%

127.918.631.381.718 1.995.987.536.922 0,81%

*0.37% taken from 2010 proportion, because environmental function possibly attached to other function 2011

*0,37% diambil perbandingan 2010, karena kemungkinan tahun 2011 fungsi LH melekat di Fungsi lainnya

Table 3.5 Budget for Environmental Functions vs Total Regional Budget Tabel 3.5. Anggaran Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup vs Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Daerah Total

Source: Ministry of FinanceSumber: Kementerian Keuangan


110

meningkatkan anggaran lingkungan hidup, baik secara

nominal maupun proporsinya terhadap APBD.

Mekanisme lain untuk mendorong pemerintah

daerah mematuhi kebijakan nasional adalah dengan

dana dekonsentrasi lingkungan bagi 33 provinsi dan

dana alokasi khusus sektor lingkungan untuk 468

kabupaten/kota. Dana dekonsentrasi menciptakan

insentif bagi kabupaten dan provinsi untuk memasukkan

kebijakan nasional ke dalam kebijakan daerah. Ini agar

sumberdaya yang memperkuat kapasitas pengelolaan

di daerah mewakili kebijakan pemerintah pusat.

Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 14

Tahun 2007 telah menetapkan panduan penggunaan

dana dekonsentrasi, termasuk meningkatkan kapasitas

perencanaan daerah mengelola lingkungan, koordinasi

penerapan dan pemantauan. Pada 2012 KEMENTERIAN

LINGKUNGAN HIDUP meningkatkan alokasi dana

dekonsentrasi 8 kali lipat (753 persen), dari Rp 16 miliar

pada 2011, menjadi 120,5 miliar.

Selain itu, sejak 2006 telah dialokasikan dana alokasi

khusus (DAK) lingkungan hidup. Dana ini buat memantau

dan melaporkan kualitas air sungai, mengembangkan

pengelolaan limbah berbahaya, mengembangkan

sistem AMDAL, memperbaiki penegakan hukum

untuk menangani sengketa dan keluhan. Dana ini

juga membantu pemerintah setempat mempercepat

penanganan masalah lingkungan dan memperkuat

kapasitas kelembagaan.

Dalam evaluasi setiap tahun masih banyak ditemukan

persoalan dalam pengelolaan DAK lingkungan hidup,

antara lain :

• Bangunan dan peralatan laboratorium tidak dapat

dipakai, karena rusak dan tidak terawat;

• Bangunan dan peralatan laboratorium tidak

dimanfaatkan (masih tersimpan di gudang),

karena kurangnya sumberdaya manusia dan dana

operasional;

• Kendaraan laboratorium dan komputer untuk

operasional perkantoran;

• Tidak menyampaikan kewajiban pelaporan.

Untuk mengoptimalkan penggunaan anggaran,

diterbitkan Surat Edaran Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor

660/1968/SJ tentang Publikasi Laporan Pendapatan

dan Belanja Daerah dari Hasil Pengelolaan Sumber

Daya Alam dan Lingkungan Hidup. Surat Edaran ini

(27.3 percent) and remained relatively constant in 3 provinces. It is expected that all provinces will continually raise the environmental budgets, both nominally and proportionally to total regional budgets.

Other mechanisms to encourage regional governments to comply with national policies are the environmental deconcentration funds provided to 33 provinces and the special allocation funds for the environmental sector for 468 regencies/cities. Deconcentration funds create incentives for regencies and provinces to incorporate national policies into regional regulations. This ensures that resources that strengthen regional management capacities will represent central government policies.

Minister of Environment Regulation no. 14/2007 lays down the guidelines for the use of deconcentration funds, including for improvement of planning capacities for environmental management at the regional level, and for coordination of implementation and monitoring activities. In 2012, the allocation of deconcentration funds was increased eightfold (753 percent) by the Ministry of Environment, from Rp16 billion in 2011 to Rp120.5 billion.

In addition to deconcentration funds at provincial level, since 2006 the government has alloted special allocation funds (DAK) for the environment at the regency/city level. These funds are used for monitoring and reporting of river water quality, development of treatment facilities for hazardous waste, development of EIA systems and improvement of law inforcement to manage disputes and complaints. The funds also help regional governments accelerate their handling of environmental problems and strengthen institutional capacity.

Annual evaluations found many problems regarding the management of environment special allocation funds, among others:

• Laboratory buildings and equipment cannot be used because of damage and lack of maintenance;

• Laboratory equipment are not being used (put away in storage) due to lack of human resources and operational funds;

• Laboratory vehicles and computers used for regular office activities, not for monitoring;

• Reporting duty not observed.


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Table 3.6 Allocation of Environmental Deconcentration Funds 2012 Tabel 3.6. Alokasi Dana Dekonsentrasi Lingkungan 2012

No WORK UNITSSATUAN KERJA

CEILING PAGU

1 Banten Banten 4.374.375.000

2 DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 3.982.156.000

3 West Java Jawa Barat 4.394.175.000

4 Central Java Jawa Tengah 3.535.150.000

5 East Java Jawa Timur 3.198.855.000

6 Lampung Lampung 3.774.980.000

7 Jambi Jambi 3.801.388.000

8 Bengkulu Bengkulu 3.827.455.000

9 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 3.573.520.000

10 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 3.575.725.000

11 Riau Riau 4.608.549.000

12 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 1.451.100.000

13 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 3.927.544.000

14 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 3.630.090.000

15 DI Aceh DI Aceh 4.131.180.000

16 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 3.936.770.000

17 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 4.959.718.000

18 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 4.555.000.000

19 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 3.133.926.000

20 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 4.209.540.000

21 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 4.092.832.000

22 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 4.779.865.000

23 North Utara Sulawesi Utara 3.771.158.000

24 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 4.200.562.000

25 Gorontalo Gorontalo 2.061.590.000

26 Maluku Maluku 2.671.255.000

27 North Maluku Maluku Utara 2.049.830.000

28 Papua Papua 3.966.865.000

29 West Papua Papua Barat 4.917.880.000

30 Bali Bali 3.630.000.000

31 East Nusa Tenggara NTT 3.957.131.000

32 West Nusa Tenggara NTB 3.845.129.000

Total 120.525.293.000

menindaklanjuti Instruksi Presiden Nomor 17 Tahun

2012 tentang Aksi Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan

Korupsi. Salah satu tanggung jawab Kementerian

Dalam Negeri adalah transparansi dalam pengelolaan

lingkungan hidup dan sumberdaya alam di daerah.

Dalam rangka itu, pemerintah daerah secara rutin harus

menerbitkan laporan pendapatan dan belanja daerah

dari pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan

hidup, khususnya hasil industri ekstraksi (minyak, gas,

To optimize the utilization of budget, the Minister of Home Affairs issued Circular Letter No. 660/1968/SJ on Publication of Regional Revenue and Expenditure related to the Management of Natural Resources and the Environment. This circular letter was a follow-up to Presidential Instruction no. 17/2012 for Action on the Prevention and Eradication of Corruption. One of the responsibilities of the Ministry of Home Affairs is to ensure transparency of environmental and natural



112

dan tambang) di situs resminya.

Selain dari dalam negeri, Indonesia juga mendapatkan

dana internasional. Salah satunya, Global Environment

Facility (GEF), suatu mekanisme pendanaan (hibah)

untuk meningkatkan perlindungan lingkungan hidup

global dan mewujudkan pembangunan berkelanjutan.

Pada periode 2010 - 2012, Indonesia ditunjuk menjadi

GEF Council Member yang mewakili negara-negara

Pasifik (Pacific Constituent).Indonesia berperan

menampung aspirasi dari negara-negara Pasifik dan

menyampaikannya kepada Dewan GEF..

Table 3.7 Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, 2006 – 2013

Tabel 3.7. Alokasi Dana Alokasi Khusus Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tahun 2006 – 2013

Year Tahun

No. of Recipients(Reg./City)

Jumlah Kab/Kota Penerima

Allocation Jumlah Alokasi (RP)

Increase Kenaikan

(%)

2006 333 112.875.000.000 -

2007 434 351.610.000.000 211,50

2008 434 351.610.000.000 0

2009 413 351.610.000.000 0

2011 418 400.000.000.000 14

2012 442 479.730.000.000 30

2013 432 530.548.000.000 9,58

resources management in the regions. To this end, regional governments are required to regularly publish on their official websites their revenues and expenditures related to the management of natural resources and the environment, in particular from extractive industries (oil, gas, and mining).

In addition to domestic funding, Indonesia also receives foreign funding. One of these sources is the Global Environment Facility (GEF), a funding mechanisme (grant) for the improvement of global environmental protection and implementation of sustainable development.


Figure 3.12 Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, 2006 Gambar3.12. Pembagian Dana Alokasi Khusus Lingkungan 2006 - 2012

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400

300

200

100

0

203

371

450

111115

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36 2570 48 109

127

272

154195 160 131

55

Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, 2006-2012 Inventarisasi DAK Bidang Lingkungan Hidup 2006-2012

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113

PENAATAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN

COMPLIANCE OFENVIRONMENTAL LAW

Upaya preventif dalam pengendalian dampak

lingkungan hidup perlu dilakukan dengan

mendayagunakan instrumen pengawasan dan perizinan

secara maksimal. Untuk kerusakan lingkungan hidup

yang sudah terjadi, perlu penegakan hukum secara

efektif, konsekuen, dan konsisten bagi penanggung

jawab usaha yang menimbulkannya. Lantaran itulah,

Undang-Undang Nomor 32 tahun 2009 tentang

Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

menerapkan tiga instrumen penegakan hukum: hukum

administratif, hukum perdata, dan hukum pidana.

Sejak Undang-Undang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan

Lingkungan Hidup itu disahkan, peraturan

pelaksanaan adalah PP Nomor 27 tahun 2012 tentang

Izin Lingkungan. Selain itu ada juga 97 peraturan

Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dengan rincian: 35 aturan

diundangkan pada 2009; 19 aturan diundangkan pada

2010; 17 aturan diundangkan pada 2011; dan 26 aturan

diundangkan tahun 2012.

Preventive efforts to control environmental impacts must make maximum use of available supervision and licensing. Any party responsible for environmental damage must be dealt with effectively, consequently and consistenly by the law. Law No. 32/2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management applies three law enforcement instruments: administrative law, civil law and criminal law.

The implementing regulation for the Environmental Protection and Management Law is Government Regulation No. 27/2012 regarding Environmental Permits. In addition to that there are 97 regulations of the Minister of Environment: 35 regulations were enacted in 2009, 19 in 2010, 17 in 2011; and 26 in 2012.

Selama kurun 2010 - 2014 tersedia dana alokasi System

for Transparent Allocation of Resources (STAR) sebesar

US$ 87.910.000. Sampai Desember 2012, telah diperoleh

endorsement letter dari GEF OFP Indonesia sebanyak 82

persen, yang telah mendapatkan persetujuan GEF CEO

sebesar 42,8 persen.

Selain GEF, ada kerjasama keuangan bersama

pemerintah Jerman melalui program Debt for Nature

Swap (DNS). Program ini dalam tahap penghapusan

utang senilai Rp. 125 miliar, melalui pemberian

pinjaman lunak bagi usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah.

Pada saat ini, KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

sedang menjajaki kerjasama keuangan baru sebesar Rp

200 miliar untuk Emission Reduction Investment selama

2013 – 2015

In 2010 - 2012, Indonesia was appointed GEF Council Member from the Pacific Constituency. Indonesia was tasked with accommodating the aspirations of the Pacific constituency and presenting them to the GEF Council.

The System for Transparent Allocation of Resources (STAR) made available funds amounting to US$87,910,000 for the 2010-2014 period. Until 2012, endorsement letters for a total of 82 percent had been received from the Indonesian GEF OFP with 42.8 percent gaining GEF CEO approval.

In addition to the GEF, the German government also engages in financial cooperation through the Debt for Nature Swap (DNS) program. The program aims to write-off debts of Rp125 billion through the provision of soft loans to micro, small and medium enterprises. The Ministry of Environment is currently exploring the possibility of a new financial cooperation worth Rp200 billion for Emission Reduction Investment in 2013-2015.


114

Matters Regarding Environmental PermitIhwal Izin Lingkungan

Pada 23 Februari 2012 ditetapkan Peraturan

Pemerintah Nomor 27 Tahun 2012 tentang Izin

Lingkungan, sebagai pelaksanaan Undang-Undang

Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan

Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, khususnya Pasal 33

dan Pasal 41. Aturan izin lingkungan mengatur dua

instrumen perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan

hidup, yaitu instrumen kajian lingkungan hidup

(amdal dan UKL-UPL) dan instrumen izin lingkungan.

Aturan ini sangat kuat untuk menjaga lingkungan

hidup, yang meletakkan kelayakan lingkungan

sebagai dasar izin sehingga enforceable dengan

sanksi jelas dan tegas.

Peraturan pemerintah ini mengamanatkan proses

penilaian amdal yang lebih cepat, yaitu 125 hari—

semula 180 hari. Yang tak kalah penting, peraturan

ini memberi ruang yang semakin besar bagi

keterlibatan masyarakat, khususnya yang terkena

dampak, dalam penentuan kelayakan rencana usaha

atau kegiatan. Permohonan dan penerbitan izin

lingkungan harus diumumkan tiga kali dalam tahap

perencanaan (sebelumnya, PP Nomor 27 Tahun 1999

hanya mewajibkan sekali pengumuman pada tahap

sebelum menyusun kerangka acuan Andal). Dengan

begitu, masyarakat akan berpartisipasi aktif dan

memberikan saran atas setiap rencana usaha dan

kegiatan di daerahnya.

On February 23, 2012, Government Regulation Number 27 of 2012 regarding Environmental Permits was enacted to implement Law Number 32 of 2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management, particularly Article 33 and Article 41. Rules on environmental permits regulate two instruments of environmental protection and management, which include the instrument of environmental studies (Environmental Impact Assessment and UKL-UPL) and the instrument of environmental permits. These rules are very strict when it comes to protecting the environment, putting environmental feasibility as the basis for permits so that they are enforceable with clear and firm sanctions. This government regulation mandates a faster environmental impact assessment process, shortening it to 125 days - previously, it took 180 days. Furthermore, this regulation opens up more opportunities for members of the society to be involved in determining the feasibility of a business or an event, especially those who are directly affected. Application for and issuance of an environmental permit has to be announced three times in the planning stage (previously, Government Regulation Number 27 of 1999 only required them to be announced once in the stage before the environmental impact assessment frame of reference was formulated). Therefore, society members can participate actively and give recommendations on every business or event planning in their region.

Peraturan-peraturan menteri itu terkait dengan

pengendalian pencemaran, seperti baku mutu limbah

dari berbagai kegiatan—misalnya, pembangkit

listrik tenaga termal, pengolahan obat tradisioinal,

peternakan, dan sebagainya. Selain itu, juga diatur

baku mutu emisi kendaraan bermotor tipe baru dan

baku mutu emisi dari sumber tak bergerak bagi usaha

migas. Beberapa aturan menteri lingkungan hidup

juga mengatur penegakan hukum lingkungan, seperti

The above ministerial regulations relate to pollution control measures such as the development of quality standards for waste from various sources – for instance, geothermal power plants, processing of traditional medicine, livestock, etc. In addition to that, quality standards for emissions from new vehicles and for emissions from stationary sources in the oil and gas industry were also set. A number of ministerial regulations also focus on law enforcement


115

Strong Foundation for Waste ManagementLandasan Kuat bagi Pengelolaan Sampah

Government Regulation Number 81 of 2012 regarding Household Waste Management and Household-like Waste as the implementation of Law Number 18 of 2008 on Waste Management. This regulation also serves to reinforce the legal basis for waste management in Indonesia, especially in the regions.

There are a number of important contents in this government regulation. First, it provides stronger grounds for regional governments in performing environment-oriented waste management in various aspects: legal-formal, management, technical operations, financing, institutions, and human resources. Second, clears task distribution and roles of all parties in waste management, starting from ministries/institutions in the central government, provincial governments, regency/city governments, businesses, estate managers, to society members. Third, it provides the operational basis for the implementation of 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) in waste management, replacing the old paradigm of collect, carry, dispose. Fourth, beginning in 2013, all regency/city governments have to modify the open dumping system at landfills ( TPA) to make them more environment-oriented.

Fifth, it provides a sound legal basis for the involvement of businesses - producers, importers, distributors, and retailers, who, together with the government, must soon implement the extended producer responsibility (EPR). In addition, administrators of residential areas, industrial areas, commercial areas, special areas, public facilities, social facilities, and other facilities must sort, collect, and process waste immediately.

Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 81 tahun 2012 tentang

Pengelolaan Sampah Rumah Tangga dan Sampah

Sejenis Sampah Rumah Tangga sebagai pelaksana

Undang-Undang Nomor 18 tahun 2008 tentang

Pengelolaan Sampah. Peraturan itu sekaligus

memperkuat landasan hukum bagi pengelolaan

sampah di Indonesia—khususnya di daerah.

Ada beberapa muatan pokok peraturan pemerintah

ini. Pertama,memberi landasan lebih kuat bagi

pemerintah daerah dalam pengelolaan sampah

yang berwawasan lingkungan dari berbagai aspek:

legal formal, manajemen, teknis operasional,

pembiayaan, kelembagaan, dan sumber daya

manusia. Kedua, memberi kejelasan pembagian

tugas dan peran parapihak dalam pengelolaan

sampah, mulai dari kementerian/lembaga di pusat,

pemerintah provinsi, kabupaten/kota, dunia usaha,

pengelola kawasan sampai masyarakat. Ketiga,

memberi landasan operasional bagi implementasi 3R

(reduce, reuse, recycle) dalam pengelolaan sampah,

menggantikan paradigma lama kumpul-angkut-

buang. Keempat, mulai 2013 seluruh pemerintah

kabupaten/kota harus mengubah sistem open

dumping tempat pemrosesan akhir ( TPA) menjadi

berwawasan lingkungan.

Kelima, memberi landasan hukum yang kuat

bagi pelibatan dunia usaha—produsen, importir,

distributor, dan retailer, bersama pemerintah

harus segera merealisasikan penerapan extended

producer responsibility (EPR). Selain itu, bagi

pengelola kawasan pemukiman, kawasan industri,

kawasan komersial, kawasan khusus, fasilitas umum,

fasilitas sosial, dan fasilitas lainnya, harus segera

memilah, mengumpulkan, dan mengolah sampah.

pedoman penjatuhan sanksi administrasi, tata laksana

penyidik pegawai negeri sipil lingkungan hidup, serta

ganti kerugian akibat kerusakan lingkungan.

issues, such as guidelines for imposing administrative sanctions, governance of environment civil servant investigators, and compensation for environmental damage.


116

Peraturan perundang-undangan terkait sumber daya

alam dan lingkungan hidup pada 2011 adalah: PP

Nomor 38 Tahun 2011 tentang Sungai; PP Nomor 50

Tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Induk Pembangunan

Kepariwisataan Nasional Tahun 2010-2025; Peraturan

Presiden Nomor 28 Tahun 2011 tentang Penggunaan

Kawasan Hutan Lindung untuk Penambangan Bawah

Tanah; dan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 93 Tahun 2011

tentang Kebun Raya.

Untuk periode 2012: PP Nomor 54 Tahun 2012 tentang

Keselamatan dan Keamanan Instalasi Nuklir; PP Nomor

40 Tahun 2012 tentang Pembangunan dan Pelestarian

Lingkungan Hidup Bandar Udara; PP Nomor 47 Tahun

2012 tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan

Perseroan Terbatas; PP Nomor 37 Tahun 2012 tentang

Pengelolaan DAS; Peraturan Presiden Nomor 121 Tahun

2012 tentang Rehabilitasi di Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-

pulau Kecil, Peraturan Presiden Nomor 122 Tahun 2012

tentang Reklamasi di Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau

Kecil; Peraturan Presiden Nomor 73 Tahun 2012 tentang

Strategi Nasional Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove;

dan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 16 Tahun 2012 tentang

Rencana Umum Penanaman Modal.

Selain itu, disahkan pula dua rancangan undang-

undang, yaitu:

a. Pengesahan Protokol Nagoya tentang Akses pada

Sumberdaya Genetik dan Pembagian Keuntungan

yang Adil dan Seimbang yang Timbul dari

Pemanfaatannya atas Konvensi Keanekaragaman

Hayati (Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic

Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits

Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on

Biological Diversity);

b. Pengesahan Konvensi Rotterdam tentang Prosedur

Persetujuan atas Dasar Informasi Awal untuk Bahan

Kimia dan Pestisida Berbahaya Tertentu dalam

Perdagangan Internasional (Rotterdam Convention

on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain

Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International

Trade).

Dalam penegakan hukum lingkungan, tetap

memberlakukan azas subsidiaritas (Ultimum Remedium)

yaitu mengedepankan instrumen pengenaan Sanksi

Administrasi: Teguran Tertulis, Paksaan Pemerintah,

Pembekuan dan Pencabutan izin. Azas subsidiaritas

dilakukan sebelum memakai penegakan hukum

perdata (penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan

Laws and regulations concerning natural resources and the environment that were enacted in 2011: Government Regulation No. 38/2011 regarding Rivers; Government Regulation No. 50/2011 regarding National Tourism Development 2010-2025; Presidential Regulation No. 28/2011 regarding Underground Mining in Protection Forest areas; and Presidential Regulation No. 93/2011 regarding Botanical Gardens.

Laws and regulations enacted in 2012: Government Regulation No. 54/2012 regarding Safety and Security of Nuclear Installations; Government Regulation No. 40/2012 regarding Airport Construction and Environmental Protection; Government Regulation No. 47/2011 regarding Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility; Government Regulation No. 37/2012 regarding Watershed Management; Presidential Regulation no. 121/2012 on Rehabilitation of Coastal Areas and Small Islands; Presidential Regulation no. 122/2012 on Reclamation of Coastal Areas and Small Islands; Presidential Regulation No. 73/ 2012 concerning National Strategy on Mangrove Ecosystem Management; and Presidential Regulation Np. 16/2012 on General Plan of Capital Investment.

In addition to the above, the following two bills were passed:

a. Ratification of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization on the Convention of Biological Diversity;

b. Ratification of Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade.

Environmental law enforcement is subject to the subsidiarity principle (Ultimum Remedium) and prioritizes imposition of administrative sanctions: written warnings, government orders, suspension and revocation of licenses. The subsidiarity principle is applied prior to the enforcement of civil law (out-of-court and in-court dispute settlement) and criminal law. As a last resort if disputes cannot be resolved by administrative law or if criminal law is enforced


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ataupun di pengadilan) dan pidana. Sebagai upaya

terakhir, bila hukum administrasi tidak berhasil atau

penegakan hukum pidana langsung tanpa sanksi

administrasi terlebih dahulu (asas Premum Remedium)

terhadap tindak pidana formil tertentu, seperti diatur

Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009.

Dalam rangka penegakan hukum lingkungan, dilakukan

upaya sistemik melalui: Pengembangan Sistem dan

Penanganan Kasus Lingkungan.

directly without first resorting to administrative sanctions for certain formal offences, as regulated in Law No. 32/2009.

Systemic efforts in the context of environmental law enforcements include sistem development and handling of environmental cases.

a. Sistem Online Pengaduan dan Penaatan Hukum

Administrasi Lingkungan yang terkoneksi dengan 69

institusi lingkungan hidup di provinsi, kabupaten/

kota, dan telah disiapkan perangkat pendukungnya

bagi 43 institusi lingkungan hidup daerah. Hal ini

diperkuat dengan Surat Edaran Bersama Menteri

Dalam Negeri dan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup

Nomor 660/4545/SJ dan MENLH-13/11/LH/2010

tentang Pengelolaan Pengaduan Lingkungan Hidup

di Daerah. Surat edaran ini sebagai upaya penegakan

hukum di daerah.

b. Untuk mendukung penerapan sanksi administratif,

ada peningkatan kemampuan teknis 386 pejabat

Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (PPLHD) dan

pemimpin pejabat tata usaha negara di institusi

provinsi dan kabupaten/kota.

c. Ditetapkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup

Nomor 2 Tahun 2013 tentang Pedoman Penerapan

Sanksi Administrasi di Bidang Perlindungan dan

Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.

d. Dalam rangka program sertifikasi hakim lingkungan

bagi hakim agung dan hakim, telah terbit Keputusan

Ketua Mahkamah Agung Nomor 134/KMA/SK/

IX/2011 tentang Sertifikasi Hakim Lingkungan dan

Keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung Nomor 178/

KMA/SK/XI/2011 tentang Pembentukan Tim Seleksi

dalam Sistem Sertifikasi Hakim Lingkungan.

Sebagai implementasi KMA itu, pada akhir 2012

dilaksanakan Training of Trainers khususnya

bagi hakim yang akan menjadi pendidik dalam

Diklat Sertifikasi Hakim Lingkungan, yang melalui

keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung akan ditetapkan

sebagai hakim bersertifikat lingkungan.

a. Online System for Environmental Complaints and

Consolidation of Environmental Administrative Law

connected to 69 regional environmental institutions

at the province and regency/city level, including

supporting equipment for 43 regional environmental

institutions. This is reinforced by the Joint Circular Letter

between the Minister of Home Affairs and the Minister

of Environment No. 660/4545/SJ and MENLH-13/11/

LH/2010 Concerning the Management of Environmental

Complaints in the Regions. This circular letters supports

law enforcements efforts in the regions.

b. To facilitate implementation of administrative sanctions,

technical capabilities of 386 regional enviromental

inspector (PPLHD) and state administrative officials

at provincial and regency/city level institutions were

upgraded.

c. Enactment of Minister of Environment Regulation No.

2/2013 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of

Administrative Sanctions in the Field of Environmental

Protection and Management.

d. In the course of the environmental judge certification

program for supreme court judges and judges, the

Supreme Court issued Decree No. 134/KM/SK/IX/2011

concerning Certification of Environmental Judges and

Decree No. 178/KM/SK/IX/2011 about the Establishment

of Selection Teams within the System for Certification

of Environmental Judges.

Implementing the above decree, at the end of 2012 a

training of trainers was held specifically for judges who

would become trainers in training measures for the

certification of environmental judges, and who would

be appointed as environmental judges by Supreme

Court Degree. As a follow-up to the environmental judge

Pengembangan Sistem System Development


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Tindak lanjut program sertifikasi hakim lingkungan

itu terbit Keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung

Nomor 26/KMA/SK/II/2013 tentang Sistem Seleksi

dan Pengangkatan Hakim Lingkungan; Keputusan

Ketua Mahkamah Agung Nomor 36/KMA/SK/II/2013

tentang Pemberlakuan Pedoman Penanganan

Perkara Lingkungan Hidup; Peraturan Menteri

Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 4 Tahun 2013 tentang

Pedoman Penyelesaian Sengketa Lingkungan

Hidup.

Untuk menyediakan mediator yang bersertifikat,

selama 2012 dididik 73 mediator dari instansi

lingkungan hidup daerah seluruh Indonesia,

bekerjasama dengan IICT (Indonesian Institute for

Conflict Transformation).

e. Untuk penaatan hukum lingkungan melalui

penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan, selama

2012 dilakukan penguatan kapasitas mediator

lingkungan (negosiator, mediator, dan arbiter)

sebanyak 297 orang di lima wilayah Pusat Pengelolaan

Ekoregion (PPE) Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Bali-

Nusa Tenggara dan Sulawesi-Maluku-Papua. Di

samping itu, selama 2012 dilakukan peningkatan

kapasitas 314 hakim pengadilan tingkat pertama

dan banding serta litigator.

f. Untuk memperkuat penegakan hukum lingkungan

terpadu antara pejabat penyidik pegawai negeri sipil

(PPNS) KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP dengan

penyidik polisi dan jaksa, dilakukan peningkatan

kapasitas bagi 374 PPNS-LH institusi provinsi dan

kabupaten/kota, 93 penyidik polisi dan 66 jaksa

penuntut umum. Selain itu, terdapat 1.825 PPLH

dan 574 PPNS-LH yang tersebar di KEMENTERIAN

LINGKUNGAN HIDUP dan instansi lingkungan hidup

daerah. Upaya pada 2012 itu sebagai implementasi

Surat Keputusan Bersama: Menteri Lingkungan

Hidup, Kepala Kepolisian Negara RI, dan Jaksa

Agung, Nomor 11/MENLH/07/2011, Nomor B/20/.

VII/2011, dan Nomor Kep.156/A/JA/07/2011 dan

keputusan Menteri Nomor 209 Tahun 2011 tentang

Tim Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Hidup Terpadu

tanggal 13 Oktober 2011.

Hal itu masih dilengkapi aturan Menteri Lingkungan

Hidup Nomor 02 Tahun 2012 tentang Tata Laksana

Jabatan Pejabat Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil

Lingkungan dan aturan Menteri Nomor 11 tahun 2012

tentang Pedoman Penyidikan Tindak Pidana di Bidang

Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.

certification program, Chief Justice Decree No. 26/KMA/

SK/II/2013 concerning the Selection and Appointment

System for Environmental Judges; Chief Justice Decree

No. 36/KMA/SK/II/2013 concerning the Imposition of

Guidelines regarding the Handling of Environmental

Cases; and Minister of Environment Regulation No.

4/2013 concerning Guidelines for Environmental

Dispute Settlement were issued.

To address the need for certified mediators, 73 mediators

from various regional environmental institutions were

trained in cooperation with the Indonesian Institute for

Conflict Transformation (IICT ) in 2012.

e. To comply environmental law through out-of-court

dispute settlement, troughout 2012 there were

a number of capacity building for environmental

mediators (negotiators, mediators and arbiters) that

were attended by 297 officers in the five Ecoregion

Management Centers (Pusat Pengelolaan Ekoregion/

PPE) for Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Bali-Nusa Tenggara

and Sulawesi-Maluku-Papua. In addition to that,

capacity building measures were also held for 314

judges, appelate court judges and litigators.

f. To strengthen integrated environmental law enforcement

that involves Ministry of Environment public servant

investigators (PPNS), police investigators and

prosecutors, capacity building measures were carried

out for 374 environmental public servant investigators

from provincial and regency/city level institutions,

93 police investigators and 66 public prosecutors.

In addition to that, there were 1,825 environmental

inspection officers and 574 environmental civil

servant investigators at the Ministry of Environment

and regional environmental bodies. The efforts that

were carried out in 2012 were implementations of the

Joint Decree between the Minister of Environment,

the Chief of the Indonesian National Police and the

Attorney General No. 11/MENLH/07/2011, No. B/20/

VII/2011, and No. Kep.156/A/JA/07/2011 and Minister of

Environment Decree No. 209/2011 regarding Integrated

Environmental Law Enforcement Teams dated 13

October 2011.

This was supported by Minister of Environment

Regulation No. 2/2012 regarding Governance of Civil

Servant Investigators and Minister of Environment

Regulation No. 11/2012 regarding Guidelines for Crime

Investigation in the Field of Environmental Protection

and Management.


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Selain itu, juga dilakukan koordinasi dalam

penyamaan persepasi terhadap norma dan kaidah

hukum UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 antara pejabat

pengawas lingkungan hidup, pejabat pengawas

lingkungan hidup daerah, pejabat penyidik negeri

sipil – LH, kuasa hukum KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN

HIDUP, penyidik POLRI, jaksa di enam ekoregion—

Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Bali, Sulawesi-Maluku-

Papua.

g. Dalam rangka penanganan sengketa lingkungan

lintas batas, telah diterbitkan Panduan Umum

tentang Penanganan Sengketa Lingkungan Lintas

Batas.

h. Untuk penerapan di daerah terbit Peraturan Menteri

Dalam Negeri Nomor 67 Tahun 2012 tentang

Pedoman Pelaksanaan Kajian Lingkungan Hidup

Strategis (KLHS) Dalam Penyusunan atau Evaluasi

Rencana Pembangunan Daerah. Selain itu, ada Surat

Rekomendasi Dirjen Bina Pembangunan Daerah

kepada seluruh gubernur dan bupati/walikota

Nomor 660/2081/IV/Bangda, yang memuat hasil

rapat regional pengelolaan lingkungan hidup pada

2012 dan harus dilaksanakan daerah.

Coordination efforts were undertaken to align

perceptions on legal norms and principles stipulated

in Law No. 32/2009 regarding cooperation between

environmental inspection officers, regional

environmental inspection officers, environmental civil

servant investigators, the legal counsel of the Ministry

of Environment, police investigators, and district

attorney in six ecoregions – Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan,

Bali, Sulawesi-Maluku-Papua.

g. General Guidelines on Handling Transboundary

Environmental Disputes were published to improve

handling of such disputes.

h. Minister of Home Affairs Regulation no. 67/2012

regarding Guidelines on the Implementation of Strategic

Environmental Assessment (SEA) in the Preparation or

Evaluation of Regional Development Plans was issued

for implementation in the regions. Further, the Director

General for Guidance of Regional Development issued

Recommendation Letter No. 660/2081/IV/Bangda,

which was addressed to all governors and regents/

mayors and contained the results of the 2012 regional

environmental management meeting for mandatory

implementation.

Penanganan Kasus Lingkungan

Handling of Environmental Cases

a. Penanganan Pengaduan Masyarakat

Mekanisme penanganan pengaduan lingkungan

hidup dilakukan berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri

Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 09 Tahun 2010 Tentang

Tata Cara Pengaduan dan Penanganan Pengaduan

Akibat Pencemaran dan/atau Perusakan Lingkungan

Hidup.

Jumlah pengaduan yang masuk ke Kementerian

Lingkungan Hidup pada 2012 sebanyak 179, terdiri

dari 106 surat, 5 menyampaikan langsung, 5 layanan

pesan singkat (SMS), 12 via website, 1 telepon, 1

email, dan 49 penyerahan PROPER bagi perusahaan

peringkat Hitam.

a. Dealing with Public Complaints The environmental complaints procedure is

regulated in Minister of Environment Regulation no. 9/2010 regarding the Procedure for Complaints Related to Environmental Pollution and/or Destruction.

The number of complaints received in 2012 by the Ministry of Environment was 179, comprising 106 letters, 5 verbal complaints, 5 complaints by short message service (SMS), 12 complaints via the website, 1 phone call, 1 email, and 49 PROPER submissions for companies with black ratings.


120

b. Penerapan Sanksi Administrasi Lingkungan

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup telah menerapkan

Sanksi Administrasi terhadap pelanggar izin

lingkungan dan peraturan perundang-undangan

lingkungan hidup. Tak kurang ada 47 Sanksi

Administrasi, terdiri 45 Paksaan Pemerintah

dan 2 Teguran Tertulis. Pemerintah provinsi dan

kabupaten/kota juga telah mengeluarkan 450

Sanksi Administratif kepada pelanggar, berupa

Teguran Tertulis, Paksaan Pemerintah, Pembekuan

Izin, sampai Pencabutan Izin.

Adapun jumlah Sanksi Administrasi selama 2012

disajikan dalam gambar berikut.

b. Imposition of Environmental Administrative Sanctions

The Ministry of Environment has imposed 47 administrative sanctions on parties that violated environmental permits and environmental laws and regulations, comprising 45 government orders and 2 written warnings. Provincial and regency/city have imposed 450 administrative sanctions on violators, consisting of written warnings, government orders, suspension of licenses and revocation of lisences.

The number of administrative sanctions imposed in 2012 is shown in the below chart.

50

40

30

20

10

0

45

2

MoE government order Paksaan Pemerintah KLH

MoE written warning Teguran Tertulis KLH

Figure 3.14 Number of Administrative Sanctions Imposed in 2012 Gambar 3.14.Jumlah Sanksi Administrasi yang Dikeluarkan Tahun 2012


MoE KLH

Examination & Classification Telaah & Klasifikasi

Environmental Complaint Pengaduan LHNon-environmental Complaint Bukan Pengaduan LH

Public ComplaintsPengaduan Masyarakat

Sector Sektor

Not valid TidakTerbukti Report on Progress & Follow-up on

Verification of ComplaintPenyampaian Perkembangan & Tindak Lanjut Hasil

Verifikasi Pengaduan

Valid Terbukti

Recommendation Rekomendasi

Env. Dispute Settlement Penyelesaian Sengketa LH

Criminal Law Enforcement Penegakan Hukum Pidana

Administrative SanctionsSanksi Administrasi

Competence of MoE Kewenangan KLH

Competence of Reg. Env. InstitutionsKewenangan Instansi LH Daerah

Verification of Complaint by Reg. Env InstitutionPengaduan Diverfikasi Oleh Daerah

Verification of Complaint by MoEPengaduan Diverifikasi oleh KLH

Figure 3.13 Complaints Procedure Gambar 3.13. Mekanisme Tata Cara Penanganan Pengaduan



121

c. Pengawasan Pelaksanaan Sanksi Administrasi

Lingkungan

Sebagai lanjutan penerapan sanksi dilakukan

pengawasan pelaksanaan Sanksi Administrasi

bagi 47 perusahaan yang terkena sanksi. Tahapan

pengawasan adalah penelaahan, pengawasan

lapangan, penyusunan berita acara pengawasan,

analisa ketaatan, laporan status ketaatan, dan

pemberitahuan pelaksanaan ketaatan Sanksi

Administrasi.

Berdasarkan hasil pengawasan dikeluarkan surat

pemberitahuan ketaatan hukum dari Deputi MENLH

Bidang Penaatan Hukum Lingkungan kepada

11 perusahaan telah menaati kewajiban Sanksi

Administrasi (selesai) dan 36 perusahaan masih

dalam pengawasan. Status ketaatan 47 sanksi

administrasi adalah seperti diagram berikut :

c. Supervision of Compliance with Environmental Administrative Sanctions

Imposition of sanctions was followed by supervision of their execution by the 47 companies that were sanctioned. The supervision process included the following steps: review of sanctions, field surveillance, preparation of surveillance reports, compliance analysis, compliance status report, and notification of compliance with administrative sanctions.

Based on the results of the supervision process, the Deputy Minister of Environment for Environmental Law Compliance issued notifications of legal compliance for 11 companies that had fulfilled their obligations, while supervision continued for 36 companies. The below chart shows the compliance status for the 47 administrative sanctions that were imposed:

d. Handling of Environmental Disputes In 2012, preliminary investigations (PULBAKET )

were launched in 57 environmental disputes as efforts to enforce civil law through the dispute settlement mechanism. Of these 57 civil cases or disputes, 16 were in the process of verification while 41 had completed the process, with 35 cases validated as disputes and 6 cases not classified as disputes.

Out-of-court dispute settlement was opted for

d. Penanganan Sengketa Lingkungan Hidup

Dalam penegakan hukum perdata melalui

mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa, selama 2012

dilaksanakan pengumpulan bahan keterangan

(PULBAKET ) terhadap 57 sengketa lingkungan hidup.

Perkara perdata atau sengketa yang diselesaikan

sebanyak 57 sengketa, terdiri dari: proses verifikasi

16 sengketa; selesai verifikasi 41 sengketa, yang

terbukti 35 sengketa dan tidak terbukti 6 sengketa.

Penyelesaian sengketa melalui proses di luar


47

11

36SA yang diawasi

Sudah Taat

Belum Taat

AS under supervision

Compliant

Not yet compliant

Figure 3.15 Result of Supervision of the Implementationof Administrative Sanctions

Gambar 3.15. Hasil Pengawasan Penaatan Pelaksanaan Sanksi Administrasi

*AS = administrative sanction


122

in 31 disputes in 2012. Of these, 16 were in the process of negotiating an agreement, while 15 had reached agreements that were then embodied in Minutes of Agreement. This included cases involving PT PZ Cusson Indonesia and PT Pertamina (PERSERO) RU VI Balongan Indonesia (Phase II). Four disputes had to be taken to court due to failure to reach an agreement, with two cases being in the preparation stage and the other two having been registered at district courts. Of 9 cases, four have final and conclusive legal force (in kracht).

e. Enforcement of Criminal LawIn 2012, there were 71 cases of suspected environmental crimes. Nineteen cases were in the process of preliminary investigation (PULBAKET ) for suspected pollution or destruction of the environment; 32 case were in the process of full investigation; 17 cases were turned over to the district attorney’s office, but were further examined by investigating prosecutors (P.19); 2 cases were on trial; and 1 case was closed.

All cases were related to the import 1,202 containers of scrap metal suspected of contamination by hazardous waste materials through the ports of Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Emas, Tanjung Perak and Belawan; to forest and land burning in Aceh, North Sumatra, Riau, South Sumatra and Central Kalimantan; and to B3 waste disposal in Banten, West Java and East Java.

pengadilan pada 2012 dilakukan terhadap 31

sengketa. Dari jumlah sengketa itu, 16 sengketa

dalam proses kesepakatan dan 15 sengketa mencapai

kesepakatan, yang dituangkan dalam Berita Acara

Kesepakatan, antara lain PT PZ Cusson Indonesia dan

PT Pertamina (PERSERO) RU VI Balongan Indramayu

(Tahap II). Sedangkan penyelesaian yang “terpaksa”

melalui pengadilan, karena tidak diperoleh

kesepakatan adalah 4 sengketa, terdiri: penyusunan

gugatan perdata 2 sengketa, pendaftaran gugatan

kepada pengadilan negeri 2 sengketa, dan 9

perkara telah berkekuatan hukum tetap (In Kracht)

4 sengketa, dan yang belum, 5 sengketa.

e. Penegakan Hukum Pidana

Jumlah kasus dugaan tindak pidana lingkungan yang

ditangani selama 2012 sebanyak 71 kasus. Kasus-

kasus itu terdiri 19 kasus pada tahap penyelidikan

(PULBAKET ) dugaan terjadi pencemaran ataupun

perusakan lingkungan; 32 kasus tahap penyidikan;

sedangkan 17 kasus telah diserahkan ke kejaksaan,

tetapi masih tahap pengkajian oleh jaksa peneliti

(P.19); 2 kasus tahap persidangan; dan 1 kasus telah

selesai.

Semua kasus itu terkait dengan memasukkan skrab

besi yang diduga tercampur limbah B3 dalam 1.202

kontainer melalui Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, Tanjung

Emas, Tanjung Perak dan Belawan; kasus pembakaran

hutan dan lahan di Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Riau,

Sumatera Selatan, dan Kalimantan Tengah; serta

pembuangan limbah B3 di Banten, Jawa Barat, dan

Jawa Timur.

Analisa Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan

Environmental Impact Assessment

Kelayakan lingkungan dan kelayakan teknis belum

menjadi persyaratan mutlak industri pertambangan.

Misalnya saja, Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu, Kalimantan

Selatan, telah mengeluarkan 39 Surat Persetujuan

AMDAL sepanjang 2009 – 2011, yang sebagian besar

berupa pertambangan. Sayangnya, sebanyak 14

Surat Persetujuan harus dicabut karena dikeluarkan

tanpa proses penilaian AMDAL. Kejadian serupa juga

terjadi di Kabupaten Kota Baru, juga di Kalimantan

Selatan. Informasi ini merupakan hasil pembinaan dan

pengawasan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup terhadap

Komisi Penilai AMDAL daerah. Peran Komisi Penilai

AMDAL sangat penting dan harus berkompeten, yang

Environmental and technical feasibility are mandatory requirements for the mining industry. In 2009-2011, the Regency of Tanah Bumbu in South Kalimantan issued 39 EIA approval letters, most of them for mining concessions, 14 approval letters had to be revoked because the were issued without prior EIA review. Similar incidents occurred in the Regency of Kota Baru, also in South Kalimantan. This information was the result of guidance and supervision by the Ministry of Environment for regional EIA review commissions. The EIA review commissions play a very important


123

Administrasi Proses Amdal

Mutu Dokumen Amdal

EIA Administration Process

Quality of EIA Documents

Review CommissionLicense RequirementsPesyaratan Lisensi Komisi Penilai AMDAL

Administrasi Proses Amdal

Mutu Dokumen Amdal

EIA Administration Process

Quality of EIA Documents

Review CommissionLicense Requirements

Pesyaratan Lisensi Komisi Penilai AMDAL

Provincial EIA Review Commission Komisi Penilai AMDAL Provinsi

3

13

31

20

2

30

95

114

74

20

1

41

Regency/City EIA Review Commission Komisi Penilai AMDAL Kabupaten/Kota

Adequate Memenuhi

Inadequate Tidak Memenuhi

Adequate Memenuhi

Inadequate Tidak Memenuhi

Figure 3.16 Performance Evaluation of EIA Review Commissions at the Provincial and Regency/City Level Gambar 3.16. Hasil Evaluasi Kinerja Komisi Penilai AMDAL Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota


meliputi 3 aspek:

1. Persyaratan Lisensi Komisi Penilai Amdal

2. Mutu Dokumen Amdal

3. Administrasi Proses Amdal

Hasil pembinaan menunjukkan, 33 provinsi dan 165

kabupaten/kota telah mendapat Lisensi Komisi Penilai

Amdal, namun masih belum memenuhi harapan.

role and must have competence in three aspects:

1. EIA review commission license requirements 2. Quality of EIA documents3. EIA administration process

Thirty three provinces and 165 regencies/cities have obtained EIA review commission licenses, but this is still not satisfactory.

Penaatan Dalam Konteks Pembinaan

Compliance in a Development Context

Rekayasa sosial dilakukan melalui berbagai kegiatan,

seperti penerapan baku mutu bagi 1.200 perusahaan

yang melaksanakan Program Penilaian Peringkat

Kinerja Perusahaan (Proper). Untuk lebih mendorong

keterlibatan dunia usaha, 160 perusahaan telah

berpartisipasi dalam CSR lingkungan. Upaya lainnya,

penerapan ecolabel untuk menghasilkan produk-

produk ramah lingkungan. Karena akses kepada

teknologi dan bahan ramah lingkungan sangat

dibutuhkan, sekitar 100 rekomendasi dikeluarkan

untuk mendorong pemakaian teknologi efisien agar

bisa menekan pencemaran lingkungan.

Dalam upaya memberdayakan pemerintah daerah dan

masyarakat, pendidikan lingkungan menjadi langkah

strategis dalam memberi kesempatan mendapatkan

pengetahuan dan ketrampilan. Pendidikan lingkungan bisa

menumbuhkan sikap peduli, komitmen melindungi dan

memperbaiki lingkungan hidup, menciptakan pola perilaku

Social engineering efforts took various forms, including the implementation of quality standards for the 1,200 participants of the Environmental Performance Rating Program for Companies (PROPER). To further encourage the involvement of the business sector, 160 companies were persuaded to participate in environmental CSR. Other efforts included introduction of ecolabeling to produce environmentally-friendly products. Because access to environmentally-friendly technology and materials is direly needed, almost 100 recommendations were issued to promote the use of efficient technology as a means to reduce pollution of the environment.

To empower regional governments and communities, environmental education is of strategic importance in imparting knowledge and skills. Environmental education can foster a caring attitude, build commitment to protect and restore the environment,


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Pendidikan FormalFormal education

Salah satu upaya mengembangkan sekolah yang

berbudaya lingkungan hidup adalah Program

Adiwiyata. Indikator keberhasilannya mencakup:

(a) pengembangan kebijakan sekolah peduli dan

berbudaya lingkungan; (b) pengembangan kurikulum

berbasis lingkungan hidup; (c) pengembangan kegiatan

lingkungan yang partisipatif ; (d) pengembangan dan

pengelolaan sarana pendukung sekolah yang ramah

lingkungan.

Penghargaan Adiwiyata diberikan kepada sekolah yang

berhasil memenuhi empat indikator tersebut.Pada

2012 penghargaan Adiwiyata Mandiri diberikan kepada

76 sekolah dan Adiwiyata Nasional untuk 200 sekolah.

Sebagai bagian program Adiwiyata, juga dilakukan

pembinaan 2.160 sekolah Adiwiyata.Sebanyak 170

sekolah Adiwiyata dari 19 provinsi merupakan peserta

kegiatan Kemah Hijau.

Pendidikan lingkungan hidup juga dapat diperoleh

melalui muatan lokal dalam kurikulum sekolah.

Seperti dalam COREMAP—Program Rehabilitasi dan

Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang—di 15 kabupaten di

delapan provinsi, para murid SD sampai sekolah

menengah mendapat muatan lokal ”Pesisir dan

Lautku”. Melalui muatan lokal ini, generasi muda pesisir

mendapatkan pengetahuan mengenai ekosistem

pesisir dan laut, yang harus dilindungi demi kehidupan

masyarakat pesisir dan kelestarian alam.

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup juga merangkul

perguruan tinggi melalui program Green Campus.

Jumlah universitas yang berwawasan lingkungan (Green

Campus) pada 2012 ada lima perguruan tinggi.

One effort to develop an environmental culture among schools is the Adiwiyata Program of MoE. Indicators of its success include: (a) development of policies for schools that foster environmental care and culture; (b) development of an environment-based curriculum; (c) development of participatory environmental activities; (d) development and management of environmentally-friendly school support facilities.

Schools that successfully meet the four indicators are presented with the Adiwiyata award. In 2012, 76 schools won the Adiwiyata Mandiri award, while 200 schools received the Adiwiyata Nasional award. Training efforts were held in 2,160 schools as part of the Adiwiyata program. One hundred seventy Adiwiyata schools from 19 provinces took part in Green Camp activities.

Environmental education can also be provided as part of the local content component of the school curriculum. One such example was the COREMAP Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program, which presented local content material about “My Coast and Sea” to elementary and high school students from coastal regions in 15 regencies in eight provinces. The program imparted knowledge about coastal and marine ecosystems that have to be protected for the well-being of coastal communities and the preservation of nature.

The Ministry of Environment also reached out to universities through its Green Campus program. In 2012, there were five universities that had implemented the Green Campus concept.

create patterns of environmentally-friendly behavior, and improve quality of life. Educational efforts can take place in formal, non-formal and informal settings.

ramah lingkungan, mengembangkan etika lingkungan

hidup dan memperbaiki kualitas hidup. Pendidikan

dilakukan melalui jalur formal, non formal dan informal.

Pendidikan Non FormalNon-Formal Education

Pendidikan lingkungan hidup nonformal digelar

di luar sekolah, secara terstruktur dan berjenjang.

Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan (PUSDIKLAT ) KLH

mengemban misi melaksanakan pendidikan dan

pelatihan untuk pengembangan sumberdaya manusia

Non-formal environmental education takes place outside schools in a structured and tiered manner. The Ministry of Environment’s Education and Training Center (PUSDIKLAT KLH) is tasked with providing education and training regarding the protection


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Figure 3.17 Ministry of Environment Education and Training, 2010 - 2012 Gambar 3.17. Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Tahun 2010 - 2012

Penataan Hukum Lingkungan

Teknis Pemantauan

Teknis Pengendalian Pencemaran dan kontrol

Teknis Program Pendukung

Consolidation of Environmental Law

Monitoring

Pollution and Control

Support Programs


and management of the environment. This is in accordance with Minister of Environment Regulation No. 20/2012 regarding General Guidelines for the Implementation of Education and/or Training on Environmental Protection and Management.

To ensure the quality of environmental education and training, the Ministry of Environment runs an accreditation program for institutions that provide education and training, especially on EIA preparation. The program refers to Minister Regulation No. 21/2012 regarding Accreditation of Institutions Providing Education and/or Training on Environmental Management and Protection. Twelve universities were accredited as providers of education and training on EIA preparation.

dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan

hidup. Misi itu mengacu pada Peraturan Menteri Nomor

20 Tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Umum Pelaksanaan

Pendidikan dan/atau Pelatihan di Bidang Perlindungan

dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.

Untuk menjamin mutu pendidikan dan latihan bidang

lingkungan hidup, KLH melakukan akreditasi lembaga

pelaksana diklat, terutama Penyusunan AMDAL.

Akreditasi itu mengacu peraturan menteri Nomor 21

Tahun 2012 tentang Akreditasi Lembaga Pelaksana

Pendidikan dan/atau Pelatihan Pengelolaan dan

Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup. Akreditasi dalam

diklat penyusunan AMDAL telah diberikan kepada 12

perguruan tinggi.

Pendidikan InformalInformal education

a. Green Banking

Green Banking adalah aturan yang mewajibkan

bank memperhatikan lingkungan hidup dalam

mengembangkan bisnisnya. Pedoman Bank Indonesia

untuk menerbitkan kebijakan prolingkungan

itu merujuk Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun

2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan

Lingkungan Hidup. Nantinya, BI akan memberi

penilaian bank yang ramah lingkungan dengan lima

tingkat: emas, hijau, biru, merah, dan hitam. Emas

peringkat ketaatan lingkungan tertinggi dan hitam

peringkat terendah. Dan pada 2014, Green Banking,

atau pembiayaan yang akan disalurkan ke sektor

lingkungan, akan diserahkan kepada Otoritas Jasa

Keuangan (OJK) sebagai pengawas perbankan.

Bank Indonesia mengisyaratkan perbankan bakal

a. Green Banking Green Banking is a regulation that requires

banks to pay closer attention to environmental considerations in developing their business. The Indonesian Central Bank issued the pro-environment policy in reference to Law No. 32/2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management. Eventually, the Bank Indonesia will introduce five ratings to assess the environmental friendliness of banks, namely gold, green, blue, red and black. A gold rating will indicate the highest degree of environmental compliance, a black rating the lowest. In 2014, Green Banking, or financing for the environmental sector, shall be turned over to the Indonesian Financial Services Authority as the supervising body of banks.


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memiliki indikator ’hijau’ yang lebih jelas dalam

menilai korporasi yang mengajukan kredit. Jika

dilihat hierarkinya, korporasi pelaku pencemaran

lingkungan dimulai dari pemberi dana. Nah, bank

dan para investor adalah pihak yang membiayai

perusahaan. Lantaran itulah, perbankan mestinya

menjadi institusi ’hijau’ hingga tahap produk

yang dikeluarkannya. Bank Indonesia menginsyafi

posisi ini. Ke depan, perbankan akan diminta

menjalankan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992

tentang Perbankan dengan lebih baik. Peraturan itu

menyebutkan perbankan mesti memperhatikan hasil

AMDAL, agar proyek yang dibiayai tetap menjaga

kelestarian lingkungan.

Untuk mengukur ketaatan bank dalam

memperhatikan lingkungan ketika menyalurkan

kredit, BI akan mengaitkannya dengan aset

tertimbang menurut risiko (ATMR). Bank yang

menyalurkan kredit pada debitur dengan PROPER

rendah, harus menanggung ATMR tinggi; begitu

pula sebaliknya. Penerapan Green Banking memberi

kontribusi aktif perbankan untuk meningkatkan

perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup.

BI selama ini telah mensyaratkan adanya dokumen

AMDAL dalam pemberian kredit.

b. Training Instrumen Ekonomi Lingkungan Hidup

Telah dikembangkan dan diterapkan sistem standar

kompetensi dan sertifikasi kompetensi bagi

penanggung jawab usaha. Sistem standar kompetensi

itu juga termasuk bagi personil dan lembaga

penyedia jasa profesional bidang perlindungan

dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup (konsultan

penyusun Amdal dan auditor lingkungan hidup).

Pengembangan standar kompetensi dan sertifikasi

itu mencakup penyusunan kriteria kompetensi,

peraturan menteri untuk pemberlakuan kriteria/

standar kompetensi, pengembangan lembaga

pelatihan kompetensi, pengembangan lembaga

sertifikasi kompetensi, registrasi kompetensi oleh

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, serta pembinaan

dan pengawasan.

Bank Indonesia indicates that banks will be provided with clearer “green” criteria to assess corporations seeking loans. The hierarchy of environment-polluting corporations starts with financiers, and banks and investors finance companies. Because of this, banks must become “green” institutions also with regard to the products they offer. Bank Indonesia acknowledges this position. Banks will be required to better implement Law No. 7/1992 regarding Banking. The regulation states that banks must pay attention to EIA reports, to ensure that the projects they are funding preserve the environment.

To measure a bank’s environmental compliance in channeling credits, Bank Indonesia will associate it with risk-weighted assets (RWA). A bank that extends credit to a debtor with low PROPER rating will have to bear high RWA, and vice versa. Implementation of Green Banking enables banks to contribute actively in improving environmental protection and management. Bank Indonesia already requires EIA documents as a condition for extending credits.

b. Training on using Environmental Economic Instruments

A system of competency standards and competency certification has been developed for those responsible for a business. This system of competency standards also applies to persons and organizations that provide professional services in the field of environmental protection and management (EIA consultants and environmental auditors). The development of competency standards and certification involves the establishment competency criteria, the ministerial regulation for the application of competency criteria/standards, the development of competency training and competency certification institutions, the registration of competencies by the Ministry of Environment as well as support and supervision.


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There are three phases in the implementation of competency standards:

a. acquisition of competencies in compliance with the standards that have been set; this can be achieved through competency-based training and gathering of competency-relevant work experience;

b. verification of compliance with competency standards, issuance of competency certificates/registration, and announcement to the public; and

c. continual maintainence and upgrading of competencies for competency certificate/ registration holders with the aim of developing a profession with a professional code of ethics.

To develop the capacities of human resources, in particular those responsible for businesses as well as individual and institutional service providers, the Ministry of Environment develops and implements competency standards and competency certification/registration on an ongoing basis. Until 2012, the following competency certification/registration efforts were carried out:a. Preparation of EIA documents, 700 individual and

94 institutional EIA service providers;b. Environmental auditor, 17 participants;c. Water pollution control for business actor, 1,000

participants;d. Air pollution control for business actors, 100

participants;e. Refrigeration service technicians (ozone

protection), 2,500 participants;f. Green Building, 75 participants.

In 2012, competency standards for an additional three new fields were prepared for implementation on 2013, comprising:a. Inventory of greenhouse gas emission sources,

greenhouse gas emission control and greenhouse gas emission verification;

b. Environmental analysis for commercial banks (with Bank Indonesia);

c. Sample collecting for environmental parameter testing.

Dalam penerapan standar kompetensi itu terdapat

tiga fase: :

a. perolehan kompetensi sesuai standar yang

ditetapkan; antara lain: melalui pelatihan berbasis

kompetensi dan pengumpulan pengalaman kerja

sesuai kompetensi;

b. verifikasi terhadap pemenuhan standar kompetensi,

pemberian sertifikat/registrasi kompetensi, serta

pemuatan dalam informasi publik; dan

c. pemeliharaan dan peningkatan kompetensi secara

berkelanjutan bagi pemegang sertifikat/registrasi

kompetensi, yag mengarah pada profesi dengan

Kode Etik Profesi.

Ikhtiar peningkatan kapasitas sumberdaya manusia—

terutama penanggung jawab usaha, personil ataupun

lembaga penyedia jasa, Kementerian Lingkungan

Hidup mengembangkan dan menerapkan standar

kompetensi dan sertifikasi/registrasi kompetensi

secara berkelanjutan. Sampai 2012 bidang kompetensi

yang telah dilaksanakan meliputi :

a. Penyusun dokumen Amdal, bagi 700 orang dan 94

lembaga jasa Amdal;

b. Auditor Lingkungan Hidup, kepada 17 orang;

c. Penanggungjawab Pengendalian Pencemaran Air,

kepada 1000 orang;

d. Penanggungjawab Pengendalian Pencemaran

Udara, kepada 100 orang;

e. Teknisi Servis Refrigerasi (perlindungan ozon),

kepada 2.500 orang;

f. “Green Building”, kepada 75 orang.

Selain itu, pada 2012 juga disusun standar kompetensi

untuk tiga bidang baru, yang penerapannya dimulai

pada 2013, meliputi:

a. Inventarisasi sumber emisi gas rumah kaca,

pengendalian emisi gas rumah kaca dan verifikasi

emisi gas rumah kaca;

b. Analis lingkungan hidup di bank umum (bersama

Bank Indonesia);

c. Pengambil sampel untuk uji parameter

lingkungan.


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Peran Indonesia di Forum Internasional

Indonesia’s Role in International Forums

Internasionalisasi Lingkungan Hidup

The Internationalization of the Environment

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

PROGRAM PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

Partisipasi aktif di forum internasional merupakan

salah satu strategi Indonesia menjalankan diplomasi

di bidang lingkungan hidup yang memberi peluang

bagi Indonesia untuk menunjukkan kepemimpinannya

dalam persoalan global sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh

Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Langkah ini

untuk memperkuat diplomasi ekonomi, perdagangan,

dan politik, yang mendukung kepentingan Indonesia

di dunia internasional.

Active participation in international forums is one strategy employed by Indonesia to conduct environmental diplomacy in a way that ascertains the country’s leadership in global affairs, as practiced by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. This measure enhances diplomacy in the fields of economy, trade and politics, and furthers Indonesia’s interests within the international community.

Pembangunan Berkelanjutan

Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Rio+20 di Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil, 20 – 22 Juni 2012, merupakan refleksi 20 tahun

penerapan KTT Bumi 1922 dan 10 tahun kesepakatan

World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD).

Topik bahasan KTT Rio+20 adalah ekonomi hijau

dalam pembangunan berkelanjutan dan penghapusan

kemiskinan, kelembagaan bagi pembangunan

berkelanjutan (Institutional Framework for Sustainable

Development - IFSD), dan kerangka aksi pembangunan

berkelanjutan.

KTT Rio+20 dihadiri 29.373 peserta dari 191 negara, yang

terdiri dari 105 kepala negara dan pemerintahan, 487

menteri, wakil bisnis dan organisasi kemasyarakatan,

pejabat PBB, akademisi, wartawan dan masyarakat

umum (Delegasi sekitar 12.000 orang, LSM dan

Kelompok Utama 10.047 orang dan Media 3.989 orang).

Delegasi Indonesia dipimpin Presiden, didampingi

sejumlah menteri. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

menjadi penanggungjawab substansi bersama dengan

Menkokesra dan menjadi Ketua Sekretariat Rio+20.

KTT Rio+20 menyepakati Dokumen The Future We Want

yang memuat kesepahaman pandangan terhadap masa

depan yang diharapkan oleh dunia (common vision)

dan penguatan komitmen menuju pembangunan

berkelanjutan (renewing political comitment).

Sustainable DevelopmentThe Rio+20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 20 –22 Juni 2012, reflected on the 20 years since the 1992 Earth Summit and the 10 years that had passed since the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD). The themes of the Rio+20 Summit were “Green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”, “The institutional framework for sustainable development –IFSD” and “The action framework for sustainable development”.

The Rio+20 summit was attended by 29,373 participants from 191 countries, comprising 105 heads of state and government, 487 ministers, delegates from the private sector and community organizations,UN officials, academics, journalists and members of the public (delegates approximately 12,000, NGOs and major groups 10,047, media 3,989). The Indonesian delegation was led by the Indonesian President, who was accompanied by several ministers. The Ministry of Environment in cooperation with the Coordinating Minister for the People’s Welfare was responsible for the preparation of material to be presented and headed the Rio+20 Summit Secretariat. The summit produced the outcome document “The Future We Want”, which outlined a common vision about the world’s future that included renewing political commitment to sustainable development.


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Dalam sesi debat umum, Presiden RI menekankan

untuk mewujudkan tujuan utama pembangunan

berkelanjutan yaitu pengentasan kemiskinan. Tidak

hanya diperlukan pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun juga

pertumbuhan berkelanjutan dengan pemerataan atau

Sustainable Growth with Equity. Indonesia memegang

peran penting dalam menentukan pembangunan

berkelanjutan ke depan, dengan terpilihnya Presiden

RI sebagai salah satu ketua High Level Panel on Eminent

Person for 2015 Post Development Agenda.

Konsumsi dan Produksi Berkelanjutan (Sustainable

Consumption and Production/SCP)

Penerapan Konsumsi dan Produksi Berkelanjutan (SCP)

sejak 2012 dengan fokus sebagai berikut:

1. Instrumen penerapan Konsumsi dan Produksi

Berkelanjutan;

2. Sinergi program riil antar-instansi dan pemangku

kepentingan;

3.Penyiapan kompetensi Konsumsi dan Produksi

Berkelanjutan dan ‘green economy’.

Peningkatan penerapan Konsumsi dan Produksi

Berkelanjutan di Indonesia dilakukan melalui Forum

SCP Indonesia yang terdiri wakil kementerian terkait,

dunia usaha dan UKM, lembaga swadaya masyarakat,

dan akademisi.

During an open debate session, the Indonesian President emphasized the importance of poverty eradication as the main goal of sustainable development. Attainment of this goal would necessitate not just economic growth, but sustainable growth with equity. With the appointment of the Indonesian President as co-chair of the High Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, Indonesia plays an important role in shaping the future of sustainable development.

Sustainable Consumption and Production/SCPSince 2012, the implementation of sustainable consumption and production has focused on the following:1. Instruments for the implementation of sustainable

consumption and production;2. Synergy between government agencies and

stakeholders;3. Preparation of sustainable consumption and

production and green economy competencies.

The implementation of sustainable consumption and production in Indonesia is being promoted by the Indonesia SCP Forum, which consists of representatives of related ministries, the private sector, SMEs, NGOs and academics

Gambar Pavillion Indonesia di Rio DeJaneiro, 2012Foto: D ok KLH

The Indonesian Pavillion in Rio DeJaneiro, 2012Photo: MoE documentation


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Perlindungan Lapisan Ozon

Masyarakat dunia pada 1985 telah menyepakati Konvensi

Wina sebagai kerangka kerjasama perlindungan lapisan

ozon. Pada 1987, langkah-langkah aksi sebagai upaya

perlindungan lapisan ozon lantas dijabarkan dalam

Protokol Montreal.

Indonesia telah meratifikasi Konvensi Wina dan

Protokol Montreal beserta amendemennya melalui

Keputusan Presiden No. 23 Tahun 1992 tentang

pengesahaan Vienna Convention for the Protection of

The Ozone Layer and Montreal Protocol on Protocol on

Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as adjusted and

Amended by The Second Meeting of The Parties London.

Sejak 1 Januari 2008, Indonesia telah melarang impor

beberapa jenis BPO yaitu jenis CFC, CTC, TCA, halon dan

metil bromida untuk keperluan non-karantina dan pra-

pengapalan. Sedangkan untuk HCFC dan metil bromida

untuk keperluan karantina dan pra-pengapalan masih

diperkenankan untuk diimpor dengan pengaturan

melalui sistem lisensi dan kuota.

Pertemuan 24th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol

on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MOP-24)

diselenggarakan di Jenewa, Swiss, pada 12 – 16 November

2012. Pemerintah Indonesia telah bekerja sama dengan

pemangku kepentingan dalam pelaksanaan percepatan

penghapusan HCFC dan menerapkan sistem kuota impor

sebagai aspek kunci untuk mencapai target pembekuan

(freeze) atau kembali ke angka baseline 2013.

Dengan mengikuti konvesi ini, Indonesia mendapatkan

pendanaan bidang ozon yang tergabung dalam the

Implementation of Indonesia Ozone Layer Protection

Project melalui program Institutional Strengthening

Phase (ISP). Program ISP untuk peningkatan kapasitas

bagi upaya penghapusan BPO; penghapusan CFC

untuk sektor refrigerator; dan program penghapusan

HCFC untuk sektor AC dan refrigerator.

Pengelolaan Bahan Kimia dan Limbah B3

Indonesia telah meratifikasi Stockholm Convention

tentang pengelolaan POP’s (Persistent Organic

Pollutants) dan menyusun NIP (National Implementation

Plan) yang merupakan kewajiban dalam konvensi ini.

Sedangkan, Konvensi Basel untuk mencegah pengiriman

limbah B3 dari negara maju ke negara berkembang.

Indonesia telah menandatangani konvensi Basel, dan

meratifikasinya melalui Keppres Nomor 61 Tahun 1993

tentang Pengesahan Basel Convention On The Control of

Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their

Protection of the Ozone LayerIn 1985, the global community agreed upon the Vienna Convention as the framework for cooperation to protect the ozone layer. In 1987, further steps for the protection of the ozone layer were formulated in the Montreal Protocol. Indonesia has ratified the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol along with its amandments trough Presidential Decree No. 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as adjusted and amended by the Second Meeting of The Parties London. Since 1 January 2008, Indonesia has prohibited the import of several ozone depleting substances, namely CFC, CTC, TCA, halon and methyl bromide for non-quarantine and pre-shipment purposes. The import of HCFC and methyl bromide for quarantine and pre-shipment purposes is still permitted and is regulated by a license and quota system.

The 24th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MOP-24) was held in Geneva, Swiss, 12-16 November 2012. The Indonesian government cooperated with stakeholders to accelerate phasing out of HCFCs and implement an import quota system as a key aspect to achieve the baseline freeze in 2013. By becoming a party to the convention, Indonesia obtained funding for ozone layer protection through the Institutional Strengthening Phase (ISP) program of the Implementation of Indonesia Ozone Layer Protection project. The ISP program aims to increase capacities for the phasing out of ODS; the phasing out of CFC for refrigeration; and the phasing out of HCFC for air conditioning and refrigeration.

Management of Chemicals and Hazardous WasteIndonesia has ratified the Stockholm Convention on the Management of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and developed a National Implementation Plan (NIP) as required in the convention.

Indonesia has also signed the Basel Convention, which aims to prevent shipment of B3 waste from developed countries to developing countries, and has ratified itu through Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 regarding the Ratification of the Basel Convention on The Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and the Disposal.


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Disposal. Sebagai implementasinya, Indonesia bersama

pemerintah Swiss telah memprakarsai Indonesia-Swiss

Country Led Initiative (CLI) dan berperan aktif sebagai

Sekretariat Basel Convention Regional Center untuk

Asia Tenggara.

Untuk mengurangi penggunaan merkuri yang

digunakan penambangan emas skala kecil, Indonesia

melalui International Negotiating Committee (INC), aktif

dalam penyusunan legally binding untuk pelarangan

merkuri yang berisi isu-isu Artisanal and Small Scale Gold

Mining (ASGM), Supply and Trade, Product and Process,

Emission and Release, Storage Waste and Contaminated

Site, pendanaan, dan teknologi transfer. Diharapkan

keputusan legally binding ini dapat disepakati pada

2013.

Perdagangan dan Lingkungan

Isu lingkungan dalam forum WTO (Doha Development

Agenda/DDA) adalah harmonisasi kesepakatan

lingkungan multilateral dengan WTO, perdagangan

barang dan jasa, dan hak atas kekayaan intelektual

untuk sumber daya genetik.

Pada tahun 2012 dihasilkan dokumen “Khabarovsk

Statement” yang memuat kesepahaman bersama atas

isu keanekaragaman hayati, pendekatan Green Growth,

pengelolaan sumber daya air dan sumber daya alam

yang berkelanjutan, pencemaran udara lintas batas,

mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim.

Di Forum APEC, agenda kerja fokus pada studi berbagai

instrumen kebijakan yang diterapkan bagi negara

APEC, dan moda harmonisasi pengakuan profesi jasa

dengan jangkauan layanan lintas negara. Sementara

itu, di Forum WTO Committee on Trade in Services,

perundingan fokus pada negosiasi pembukaan akses

pasar dan prinsip yang disepakati dalam regulasi

domestik di bidang jasa dalam kerangka Doha

Development Agenda.

Sampai 2012, telah terlaksana standar dan sertifikasi/

kompetensi di enam bidang: Analisis Mengenai

Dampak Lingkungan, Auditor Lingkungan Hidup,

Penanggungjawab Pengendalian Pencemaran Air,

Penanggungjawab Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara,

Teknisi Servis Refrigerasi (perlindungan Ozon), dan

Green Building. Selain itu, telah disiapkan juga tiga

bidang baru, yaitu: Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca,

Pengelolaan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun,

dan Analis Lingkungan Hidup di Bank Umum, yang

penerapannya dimulai pada 2013.

As an implementation, Indonesia and the Swiss government have launched the Indonesian-Swiss Country Led Initiative (CLD). Indonesia also plays an active role as the Basel Convention Regional Centre for South-East Asia.

To reduce the use of mercury in small-scale gold mining, Indonesia, as a member of the UN International Negotiating Committee (INC) on mercury, is actively involved in the development of legally binding instrument on mercury that addresses the issues of artisanal and small-scale gold mining (AGSM); supply and trade; product and process; emission and release; storage, waste and contaminated sites; funding; and transfer of technology. It is hoped that a legally binding instrument can be agreed upon in 2013.

Trade and the Environment

Environmental issues discussed at the WTO Forum (Doha Development Agenda/DDA) included the harmonization of multilateral environmental agreements with WTO rules, trade of environmental goods and services, and intellectual property rights on genetic resources.

In 2012, the Khabarovsk Statement was issued. The document focused on issues of biodiversity, green growth, sustainable water and natural resources management, transboundary air pollution and climate change mitigation and adaptation.

At the APEC Forum, the work agenda focused on studying a variety of policy instruments used by APEC member countries and on efforts to harmonize professional recognition in the service sector for transnational application. Negotiations of the WTO Committee on Trade in Services focused on opening access to markets and agreeing on principles for domestic regulations of the service sector in the framework of the Doha Development Agenda.

Competency standards and certification for the following six areas of expertise have been introduced until 2012: Environmental impact analysis, environmental auditor, water pollution control manager, air pollution control manager, refrigeration service technician (ozone protection), and green building. Three new fields are being prepared and will be introduced in 2013: Inventory of greenhouse gases, management of toxic and hazardous waste, and environmental analysis for banks.


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There are also a number of other important issues that are related to international diplomacy, such as climate change and protection of the atmosphere, biodiversity and maritim affairs. These will be addressed in the following sub-chapters.

Ada juga beberapa isu penting lain terkait dengan

diplomasi internasional, yaitu Perubahan Iklim dan

Perlindungan Atmosfir, Keanekaragaman Hayati dan

Kelautan. Hal tersebut akan dibahas pada Sub-Bab

selanjutnya.

Indonesia sebagai Tuan Rumah Dalam Pertemuan Internasional

Indonesia as Host International Meeting

Sampai 2012, Indonesia dipercaya menjadi tuan rumah

berbagai pertemuan internasional yang berkaitan

dengan pembangunan berkelanjutan dan lingkungan

hidup. Berikut ini beberapa peristiwa penting.

COP 13 UNFCCC 2007

Konferensi PBB untuk Perubahan Iklim pada 2007 (COP

13/CMP 3) merupakan perhelatan lingkungan hidup

terbesar yang pernah diselenggarakan Indonesia.

Konferensi yang direncanakan berlangsung 3-14

Desember 2007 ini, akhirnya diperpanjang, dan baru

berakhir pada 15 Desember 2007. Perhelatan ini dihadiri

lebih dari 180 negara, dengan 10.000 peserta lebih,

termasuk pengamat dari antar-pemerintah, lembaga

swadaya, serta media massa. Pertemuan COP 13/CMP

3 telah mengadopsi Bali Roadmap, supaya negara-

negara pihak dapat memulai negosiasi baru. Walau

hingga akhir 2012 belum tercapai kesepakatan yang

diharapkan, Bali Roadmap selalu menjadi landasan

bagi tercapainya konsensus.

Joint 9th Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the

Vienna Convention dan 23rd Meeting of the Parties to

the Montreal Protocol

Pertemuan penting lain yang diadakan di Bali November

2011 ini menghasilkan Bali Declaration on Transitioning

to Low Global Warming Potential Alternatives to

Ozone Depleting Substances. Deklarasi itu memuat

kesepakatan penerapan transisi penggunaan bahan

perusak ozon (BPO) alternatif.Deklarasi Bali adalah

jalan tengah bagi alternatif teknologi untuk transisi

penggunaan BPO alternatif.

Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program

Menteri Lingkungan Hidup ASEAN mendukung

Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program dan

mendirikan Kelompok Kerja untuk Kota Berwawasan

Lingkungan (Working Group on Environmentally

Sustainable City/AWGESC). Salah satu programnya,

pengembangan Penghargaan ESC Award.

To date, Indonesia has hosted several international meetings related to sustainable development and the environment. The following are some important events:

COP 13 UNFCCC 2007The UN Climate Change Conference 2007 (COP13/CMP3) was the largest environmental event ever to be held in Indonesia. The conference was originally planned to take place from 3-14 December 2007, but was eventually extended until 15 December 2007. The event was attended by more than 10,000 participants from more than 180 countries, including observers from intragovernmental and non-governmental organizations and mass media. The COP 13/CMP 3 meeting adopted the Bali Roadmap in order to advance negotiations between parties. Even though the envisioned agreement was not reached until the end of 2012, the Bali Roadmap continued to function as basis for concensus.

Joint 9th Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Vienna Convention and 23rd Meeting of theParties to the Montreal ProtocolThis important meeting was held in Bali in November 2011 and produced the Bali Declaration on Transitioning to Low Global Warming Potential Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Substances. The Bali Declaration presented a middle ground for alternative technologies on the way to transitioning to ODS alternatives.

Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) ProgramThe ASEAN ministers of environment have endorsed the Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program and formed the Working Group on Environmentally Sustainable Cities (AWGESC). One of its programs was the establishment of the ESC Award.


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Konferensi Asia Pacific Roundtable for Sustainable

Consumption and Production (APRSCP) ke-10

Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan di Yogyakarta, November

2011, atas kerjasama APRSCP, Kementerian Lingkungan

Hidup dengan Co-Host InSWA (Indonesia Solid Waste

Association). Konferensi ini juga mendapat dukungan

UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), UNIDO

(United Nations Industrial Development Organization),

IGES, EU SWITCH Asia, Kementerian Perindustrian,

Kementerian Energi dan Sumberdaya Mineral,

BPPT, serta berbagai pihak lainnya. Pertemuan ini

menghasilkan Yogyakarta Declaration on SCP sebagai

masukan bagi Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Sustainable

Development di Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (Konferensi

Rio+20) pada Juni 2012.

10th Asia Pacific Roundtable for SustainableConsumption and Production (APRSCP)This event was held in Yogyakarta in November 2011 and was a cooperation between APRSCP, the Ministry of Environment and InSwa (Indonesia Solid Waste Association) as co-host. The conference was also supported by UNEP (United Nations Environmental Program), UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization), IGES, EU SWITCH Asia, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the Agency for the Assessment of and Application of Technology (BPPT ), and several other parties. The meeting produced the Yogyakarta Declaration on SCP, which later would provide inputs for the United Nationes Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Rio+20 Summit), in June 2012.

Figure 3.18 The UN Climate Change Conference, Bali 2007

Gambar 3.18 Konferensi PBB Untuk Perubahan Iklim, Bali 2007


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Partisipasi Aktif Indonesia dalam berbagai Organisasi Regional/Internasional

Indonesia’s Active Participation in Regional/International Organizations

Kerjasama BilateralBilateral Cooperation

UNEPIndonesia is actively involved in UNEP activities. In 2006-2008, the Indonesia Minister of Environment served as President of the UNEP Governing Council. Indonesia has also served as member of the Steering Committee of the International Resource Panel (SC-IRP) and has chaired a number of UNEP meetings.

ASEANIn 2012, Indonesia’s involvement in environmental affairs included the following:1. The Indonesian delegation deflected pressure from

other member countries concerning the issue of ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AHTHP); supported Timor Leste’s bid for ASEAN membership; explained Indonesia’s reason for not yet ratifying the establishment agreement of the ASEAN Center for Biodiversity.

2. As chair of ASOEN, Indonesia has coordinated a number of ASEAN Working Group (AWG) follow-up activities on the national level.

OECDIndonesia is active in the APEC Forum, and also participated in the Meeting of the OECD Environmental Policy Committee at Ministerial Level in Paris. To purpose of the participation was to obtain input from the ministers of environment of OECD member countries, Enhanced Engagement (EE5) countries, and OECD partner countries regarding the OECD Environmental Outlook 2050.

UNEP

Indonesia berperan aktif pada organisasi UNEP. Pada

tahun 2006 – 2008 Menteri Lingkungan Hidup RI

berperan sebagai Presiden Governing Council. Dan,

terakhir berperan sebagai anggota Steering Committee

International Resources Panel (SC-IRP) UNEP dan

memimpin berbagai sidang UNEP.

ASEAN

Di bidang lingkungan pada 2012 Indonesia telah

berkiprah dalam:

1. Delegasi Indonesia telah menghela tekanan dari

negara anggota lainnya soal isu ratifikasi ASEAN

Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution

(AATHP); mendukung Timor Leste masuk sebagai

anggota ASEAN; menjelaskan posisi alasan

Indonesia belum meratifikasi perjanjian ASEAN

Center for Biodiversity.

2.Selaku Ketua ASOEN, Indonesia telah

mengkoordinasikan tindak lanjut beberapa

kegiatan ASEAN Working Group (AWG) di tingkat

nasional.

OECD

Indonesia aktif dalam forum APEC, di antaranya dalam

Pertemuan Tingkat Menteri Forum OECD’s Environment

Policy Committee di Paris. Partisipasi dalam forum

itu untuk memperoleh masukan dari para menteri

lingkungan hidup negara-negara OECD dan Enhanced

Engagement (EE5) serta negara mitra OECD terhadap

OECD Environmental Outlook 2050.

Pengembangan kerjasama bilateral untuk mempererat

hubungan dua negara dengan adanya pertukaran

pengalaman, teknologi, hingga bantuan pendanaan,

di antara adalah:

Korea Selatan

Kerjasama intensif dengan negara ini dimulai sejak

Desember 2011 dan dibentuknya kantor bersama

Indonesia – Korea Environmental Cooperation Center

(IKECC). Salah satunya, dibangun Pilot Project di Istiqlal

yang akan berakhir pada 2015.

Bilateral cooperation aims to strengthen ties between two countries through a number of measures ranging from the exchange of experiences and technology to the provision of fincancial aid. Indonesia’s bilateral cooperation partner include:

South KoreaIntensive cooperation with South Korea began in December 2011 with the establishment of the Indonesia-Korea Environmental Cooperation Center Indonesia (IKECC), and has been implemented in the form of a pilot project in the vicinity of the Istiqlal Mosque that will run until 2015.


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Amerika Serikat

Kerjasama dengan US-EPA telah dimulai kembali pada

akhir 2011 dengan fokus pada peningkatan kapasitas

dan pertukaran informasi dalam pengendalian

pencemaran udara, pengelolaan bahan dan limbah

berbahaya beracun, pengelolaan data dan informasi,

analisis resiko lingkungan dan perizinan.

Kerjasama Bilateral Lainnya

Selain itu, ada kerjasama dengan Jerman untuk

kebijakan mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim

(PAKLIM); Denmark melalui kerjasama teknis

Environmental Suport Program Phase II sebesar Rp 45

miliar untuk kajian lingkungan hidup strategis, analisis

dampak lingkungan dan pengembangan instrumen

ekonomi; serta kerjasama dengan Australia, Swedia,

Selandia Baru, Belanda, Singapura, Meksiko, dan

Inggris. Terakhir, bersama Timor Leste membantu

peningkatan kapasitas staf lingkungan Timor Leste

untuk pengembangan AMDAL.

United States of AmericaCooperation with U.S. EPA has been restarted at the end of 2011 and focuses on capacity building and information exchange in air pollution control, toxic and hazardous materials and waste management, data and information management, environmental risk analysis and licensing.

Other Bilateral CooperationIn addition to the above, Germany provided policy advice on climate change mitigation and adaptation through the PAKLIM cooperation program, while Denmark gave assistance in strategic environmental research, environmental impact analysis and development of economic instruments through the Rp45 billion Environmental Support Program Phase II. Other bilateral cooperation partners include Australia, Swedia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Singapore, Mexico and the UK. Lastly, Indonesia assisted Timor Leste in capacity building of its environmental staff in regard to environmental impact analysis.

Forests and Lands Hutan dan Lahan

Menyadari betapa penting hutan bagi kesejahteraan

bangsa, pada Oktober 2009 Presiden Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono menegaskan komitmen Indonesia untuk

mengurangi emisi CO2 hingga 26 persen pada 2020.

Sementara dengan dukungan internasional, Indonesia

berkomitmen mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca

sampai 41 persen. Pengurangan emisi ini dalam skema

yang sudah terverifikasi dalam Reducing Emission

from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+).

Komitmen Indonesia ini disampaikan usai UNFCCC

(United Nations Frameworks Convention on Climate

Change) COP 13 di Bali pada 2007.

Strategi REDD+ di Indonesia bertujuan memelihara

sumber daya alam secara berkelanjutan, sebagai

aset nasional demi kesejahteraan bangsa. Tujuan itu

dapat tercapai melalui implementasi di lima area

fungsional pembangunan institusi dan proses yang

menjamin peningkatan tata kelola hutan dan lahan

gambut, pengkajian ulang dan peningkatan kerangka

peraturan, meluncurkan program strategis termasuk

untuk manajemen lansekap, merubah paradigma lama

dan melibatkan pemangku kepentingan utama secara

bersamaan. Sebagai provinsi percontohan dipilih

Kalimantan Tengah.

Acknowledging the importance of forests for the welfare of the nation, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in October 2009 affirmed Indonesia’s commitment to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 26 percent until 2020. Meanwhile, with international support, Indonesia was committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 41 percent. These reductions would follow a verified scheme under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) program. Indonesia’s commitment was expressed after UNFCCC (United Nations Frameworks Convention on Climate Change) COP 13 in Bali in 2007.

The REDD+ strategy in Indonesia was to maintain natural resources in a sustainable manner as national assets for the welfare of the nation. This goal could be achieved by implementing the strategy in five functional areas of institution-building and process-development, namely improvement of forest and peatland governance, re-assessment and improvement of the regulatory framework, launch of a strategic program that includes landscape management, paradigm shifting, and simultaneous involvement of key stakeholders. Central Kalimantan was selected as pilot province.


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Dalam menerapkan COP 13, pemerintah membentuk

Indonesian Forest Climate Alliance (IFCA) pada

Juli 2007. Aliansi ini suatu forum komunikasi,

koordinasi, dan konsultasi bagi sekelompok ahli

kehutanan dan perubahan iklim di Indonesia,

terutama untuk menganalisis praktik REDD di Tanah

Air. Dengan koordinator Kementerian Kehutanan,

IFCA beranggotakan pemerintah, pihak swasta,

masyarakat sipil, lembaga-lembaga ilmu pengetahuan

dan mitra internasional.IFCA didukung pemerintah

Australia, Jerman, dan Inggris, dibawah koordinasi

Bank Dunia (World Bank). Lembaga-lembaga lainnya

yang berkontribusi: CIFOR dan ICRAF, the Australian

Greenhouse Office, Australian National University,

Winrock International, World Resources Institute, URS,

Ecosecurities, The Nature Conservacy, WWF, Sekala dan

Wetlands International.

Melalui IFCA, Indonesia menetapkan road map REDD

yang terbagi dalam tiga fase:

- Fase persiapan/Readiness (2007/sebelum COP-13)

untuk penyiapan perangkat metodologi/arsitektur

dan strategi implementasi REDD, komunikasi/

koordinasi/konsultasi stakeholder, termasuk

penentuan kriteria untuk pemilihan lokasi pilot

activities.

- Fase pilot/transisi (2008 – 2012): menguji metodologi

dan strategi, dan transisi dari non market ke

mekanisme pasar.

- Fase implementasi penuh (dari 2012 atau lebih awal

tergantung perkembangan negosiasi dan kesiapan

Indonesia) dengan tata cara berdasarkan keputusan

COP dan ketentuan di Indonesia.

Pada 26 Mei 2010, pemerintah Indonesia dan Kerajaan

Norwegia menandatangani Letter of Intens(LoI) untuk

mewujudkan upaya pengurangan emisi gas rumah

kaca dari penggundulan dan kerusakan hutan, serta

konservasi hutan gambut.

Pelaksanaan REDD+ diwadahi dalam lima kegiatan

utama: mengurangi laju deforestasi, mengurangi

degradasi hutan, menjaga ketersediaan karbon

melalui konservasi hutan, menerapkan pengelolaan

hutan berkelanjutan, dan meningkatkan stok karbon

hutan dengan project proponent baik dari pemerintah,

swasta, lembaga masyarakat adat, lokal, LSM maupun

mitra pembangunan internasional.

Upaya mengurangi laju kerusakan hutan dan lahan

juga dilakukan dengan program Menuju Indonesia

Hijau (MIH). Ini merupakan program pembinaan

To implement the results of COP 13, the government established the Indonesian Forest Climate Alliance (IFCA) on July 2007. This alliance is a communication, coordination and consultation forum for a group of forestry and climate change experts in Indonesia, especially to analyze REDD practices in the country. With the Ministry of Forestry as coordinator, IFCA comprises government institutions, the private sector, civil society, scientific institutions and and international partners. IFCA is supported by the governments of Australia, Germany, and the UK under the coordination of the World Bank. Other contributing agencies are CIFOR and ICRAF, the Australian Greenhouse Office, the Australian National University, Winrock International, World Resources Institute, URS, Ecosecurities,The Nature Conservacy, WWF, Sekala and Wetlands International.

Through IFCA, Indonesia established a REDD road map that was divided into three phases:- A preparation/readiness phase (2007/prior to COP

13) to setup the methodology/architecture and strategy for REDD implementation, to engage in communication/coordination/consultation with stakeholders, and to determine the criteria for selecting the location of the pilot activities.

- A pilot/transition phase (2008 - 2012) to test the methodology and strategy as well as the transition from non-market tomarket mechanisms.

- A full implementation phase (starting 2012 or earlier, depending on negotiations and Indonesia’s readiness) according to procedures based on COP decisions and Indonesian provisions.

On May 26, 2010, the Government of Indonesia and the Kingdom of Norway signed a Letter of Intent (LoI) to implement efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as engage in peatland conservation.

The implementation of REDD+ was accommodated in five main activities, namely reducing deforestation rates, reducing forest degradation, maintaining the capacity of conservation forests as carbon sinks, implementing sustainable forest management, and enhancing the role of forests as media of carbon stock. Project proponents included the Indonesian government, the private sector, indigenous institutions, local communities, NGOs and international development partners.

Efforts to reduce the rate of forest and land


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dan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan konservasi,

pengendalian kerusakan lingkungan hidup dan

penanganan perubahan iklim.Tujuan program ini,

untuk perbaikan kualitas lingkungan, salah satunya

penambahan tutupan lahan setiap tahun. Melalui MIH

mendorong pemerintah daerah mengembangkan

program pemberdayaan keberlangsungan hutan

dan lahan, seperti yang telah dilakukan di beberapa

kabupaten pemenang Trofi Raksaniyata Program

Menuju Indonesia Hijau 2011.

Dari 103 kabupaten peserta MIH, 88 di antaranya

mempertahankan tutupan hutan di kawasan

berfungsi lindung (kawasan tangkapan dan resapan

air, kemiringan lahan di atas 40 persen, sempadan

sungai dan pantai serta sekitar danau/waduk).

Kabupaten penerima trofi telah melakukan program

mempertahankan tutupan hutannya. Selain itu telah

melakukan program pendukung dalam peningkatan

pengelolaan hutan dan lahan, seperti bedah desa atau

kampung, dengan penghijauan dan program sosial.

Pemanfaatan hasil hutan nonkayu, seperti pemanfaatan

aren, lebah madu, budidaya ulat sutera, getah damar

mata kucing, dan lainnya.Kegiatan ini mendorong

perbaikan, tidak hanya tutupan vegetasi, tetapi juga

peningkatan ekonomi bagi masyarakat lokal.

Kebijakan lain untuk melindungi hutan dan lahan

denganInstruksi Presiden Nomor 10 Tahun 2011 tentang

Penundaan Pemberian Izin Baru dan Penyempurnaan

Tata Kelola Hutan Alam Primer dan Lahan Gambut.

Inpres ini dikenal juga dengan program moratorium,

yang memberi kesempatan bagi Indonesia mengkaji

pertumbuhan ekonomi dan implikasinya bagi

sumberdaya alam. Selama jeda ini, Indonesia akan

berupaya agar implikasi negatif yang muncul semakin

berkurang dan mencari jalan keluar menuju langkah

pembangunan yang baru.

Pemerintah juga menerbitkan Peraturan Presiden

tentang Rencana Tata Ruang per pulau di Indonesia.

Seperti Perpres Nomor 13 Tahun 2012 tentang Rencana

Tata Ruang Pulau Sumatera, yang pada Pasal 5 ayat

f disebutkan kelestarian kawasan berfungsi lindung

bervegetasi hutan tetap paling sedikit 40 persen dari luas

Pulau Sumatera sesuai dengan kondisi ekosistemnya.

Begitu juga dengan Perpres Nomor 3 Tahun 2012

tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Pulau Kalimantan,

yang dalam Pasal 6 ayat 1 disebutkan kebijakan

untuk mewujudkan kelestarian kawasan konservasi

keanekaragaman hayati dan kawasan berfungsi lindung

degradation were also carried out through the Towards Green Indonesia (Menuju Indonesia Hijau/MIH) program. The purpose of this support and supervision program for conservation implementation, environmental damage control and handling of climate change was to improve the quality of the environment, among other things by increasing the extent of land cover from year to year. The MIH program encouraged regional governments to develop empowerment programs for forest and land sustainability, as has been done in several regencies that won the Raksaniyata Award of the 2011 Toward Green Indonesia Program.

Of the 103 regencies that participated in MIH, 88 had preserved forest cover in protected areas (water catchment areas, land with slopes exceeding 40 percent, riparian zones). In addition to that, the award-winning regencies had also introduced support programs known as bedah kampong/desa (accelerated rural area development programs) to improve forest and land management. The programs featured greening measures and efforts to promote the utilization of non-timber forest products such as palm sugar, honey bees, silkworms for cultivation, dammar gum, etc. These activities brought improvement, not only in terms of vegetation cover, but also in regard to the economies of local communities.

Another policy to protect forests and lands is Presidential Instruction No. 10 of 2011 regarding Suspension of Granting of New Licenses and Improvement of Governance of Natural Primary Forests and Peatland, also known as the moratorium. This policy provides Indonesia with the opportunity to assess economic growth and its implication for natural resources. During the moratorium, Indonesia would attempt to reduce negative implications and search for a way toward new development solutions.

The government also issued a number of presidential regulations on spatial planning by island in Indonesia, including Presidential Regulation No. 13/2012 on Sumatra Island Spatial Planning, which in Article 5, paragraph f stipulates that protected areas with forest vegetation should be at least 40 percent of the total area of Sumatra Island, in accordance with the condition of the ecosystem.

Presidential Regulation No. 3/2012 regarding Kalimantan Island Spatial Planning stipulates in


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yang bervegetasi hutan tropis basah paling sedikit 45

persen dari luas Pulau Kalimantan.

Begitu juga, Perpres Nomor 28 tahun 2012 tentang

Rencana Tata Ruang Pulau Jawa Bali. Pada pasal 13 ayat

1 a, untuk mewujudkan kapasitas daya dukung dan

daya tampung lingkungan hidup yang memadai untuk

pembangunan, maka peningkatan luasan kawasan

berfungsi lindung paling sedikit 30 persen dari luas

pulau Jawa Bali. Untuk Sulawesi, Perpres Nomor

88 Tahun 2011 tentang Tata Ruang Pulau Sulawesi

pada pasal 5 (i) ditegaskan penataan pulau ini untuk

mewujudkan kelestarian kawasan berfungsi lindung

yang bervegetasi hutan tetap paling sedikit 40 persen

dari luas pulau, sesuai dengan kondisi ekosistemnya.

Sementara peraturan presiden tentang Tata Ruang

Pulau Papua hingga saat ini belum diterbitkan.

Article 6, paragraph 1, that at least 45 percent of the total area of Kalimantan Island must be set aside as conservation areas for biodiversity and shall remain covered by tropical rainforest as protected areas.

Presidential Regulation No. 28/2012 on Java-Bali Spatial Planning stipulates in Article 13, paragraph1 a, that the extent of protected areas must be increased to at least 30 percent of the total area of the islands of Java and Bali to adequate environmental carrying capacities. Presidential Regulation No. 88/2011 regarding Sulawesi Island Spatial Planning stipulates in Article 5 (i) that protected areas with forest cover should be at least 40 percent of the total area of Sulawesi Island, in accordance with the condition of the ecosystem. The presidential regulation on spatial planning of Papua Island has yet to be issued.

Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Kementerian Kehutanan

Environmental Management Capacities at the Ministry of Forestry

Kementerian Kehutanan dalam rencana strategis 2012

melakukan program penyuluhan dan pengembangan

sumberdaya manusia. Capaian program ini adalah

meningkatnya kapasitas pelaku utama dan pelaku

usaha melalui penyuluhan, serta peningkatan kapasitas

aparatur Kementerian Kehutanan dan sumberdaya

kehutanan lainnya. Indikator kinerja utama dari

program ini: (1) Terbentuknya 50 kerjasama kemitraan

dalam rangka peningkatan peran-serta pelaku utama

dan pelaku usaha dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat;

(2) Terbentuknya 500 kelompok masyarakat produktif

mandiri; (3) Sertifikasi penyuluh kehutanan, sebanyak

1.500 orang; (4) Pendidikan dan pelatihan aparatur

Kementerian Kehutanan dan SDM kehutanan lainnya,

sebanyak 15.000 orang; (5) Pendidikan menengah

kehutanan, sebanyak 1.440 orang.

Pada 2011, direncanakan akan dibentuk 100 kelompok

masyarakat produktif mandiri, peningkatan peran

serta masyarakat dan dunia usaha dalam upaya

pemberdayaan masyarakat sebanyak 2 kerjasama.

Upaya peningkatan kapasitas penyuluh, pada 2011

akan disertifikasi 200 orang dan pembentukan

lembaga koordinasi penyuluhan di tingkat provinsi,

di 1 provinsi dan 5 lembaga koordinasi penyuluhan

kabupaten/kota.

Dalam rangka peningkatan kapasitas aparatur,

dilakukan pendidikan dan latihan yang pada 2010

As part of its 2012 strategic plan, the Ministry of Forestry conducted an extension and development program for human resources. The outcome of this program was increased capacities of main actors and business actors, as well as enhanced capacities of Ministry of Forestry staff and other resources in the forestry sector. Key performance indicators of the program included: (1) The establishment of 50 cooperation partnerships in order to increase the participation of main actors and business actors in community development; (2) Establishment of 500 independent productive community groups, (3) Certification of 1,500 forestry extension officers; (4) Education and training for Ministry of Forestry staff and other human resources in the forestry sector with 15,000 participants; (5) Secondary education in forestry with 1,440 participants.

For 2011, the ministry plans to set up 100 independent productive community groups and to increase participation of the public and the business sector by establishing two cooperation partnerships for community empowerment. To add to existing capacities, 200 persons will be certified as extension officers in 2011, and 1 extension coordination center at province level and 5 more at regency/city level will be established.

To increase capacities, the ministry conducted


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Table 3.8 Number of forestry workers at Timber Plantation Concessions By educational background until 2011 Tabel 3.8. Tenaga Kerja Kehutanan Pada IUPHHK HT Berdasarkan Latar Belakang Pendidikan s/d 2011 (sumber statistic Kehutanan 2011)

No. Province Provinsi

Number of workers based on hiring status (persons) Jumlah Tenaga Kerja Berdasarkan Status Tenaga Kerja (orang)

Monthly Bulanan

Daily Harian

Contracted Borongan Total

WNI WNA Jml WNI WNA Jml WNI WNA Jml WNI WNA Jml

1 Aceh Aceh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 347 0 347 257 0 0 0 0 0 604 0 604

3 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 219 0 219 203 0 0 120 0 120 542 0 542

4 Riau Riau 351 0 351 156 0 0 126 0 126 633 0 633

5 Riau Archipelago Kep. Riau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 Jambi Jambi 82 0 82 12 0 0 0 0 0 94 0 94

7 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 173 0 173 20 0 0 10 0 10 203 0 203

8 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 Bengkulu Bengkulu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 Lampung Lampung 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 Banten Banten 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 West Java Jawa Barat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 Central Java Jawa Tengah 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

16 East Java Jawa Timur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

17 Bali Bali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

18 West Nusa Tenggara N T B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

19 East Nusa Tenggara N TT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

20 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 1.169 1 1.170 657 0 0 738 0 738 2.564 1 2.565

21 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 4.168 0 4.168 1.076 0 0 1.159 0 1.159 6.403 0 6.403

22 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 610 0 610 6 0 0 0 0 0 616 0 616

23 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 5.250 0 5.250 1.134 0 0 0 0 0 6.384 0 6.384

24 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 77 0 77 24 0 0 101 0 101 202 0 202

25 Gorontalo Gorontalo 177 0 177 38 0 0 57 0 57 272 0 272

26 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

27 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 489 0 489 122 0 0 173 0 173 784 0 784

28 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 77 0 77 10 0 0 13 0 13 100 0 100

29 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 257 0 257 85 0 0 86 0 86 428 0 428

30 Maluku Maluku 336 0 336 179 0 0 416 0 416 931 0 931

31 North Maluku Maluku Utara 543 0 543 193 0 0 226 0 226 962 0 962

32 Papua Papua 1.863 6 1.869 771 0 0 629 0 629 3.263 6 3.269

33 West Papua Papua Barat 1.362 0 1.362 640 0 0 944 0 944 2.946 0 2.946

Amount Jumlah 17.550 7 17.557 5.583 0 5.583 4.798 0 4.798 27.931 7 27.938

Source: Ministry of Forestry in 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan 2012

*WNI: Indonesian citizens*WNA: Foreign citizens


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education and training measures for 4,679 participants in 2010, comprising education and training measures for staff members (preservice, technical and leadership) as well as education and training measures for non-staff members. In 2011, there were 3,000 participants for education and training. while 570 students will be educated at vocational schools for forestry. Education and training for functional positions in 2010 included training for 206 forest ecosystem controllers, 160 forestry extension officers, 330 forest rangers and 42 teachers (Ministry of Forestry).

telah dilakukan bagi 4.679 orang, terdiri atas diklat

aparatur (pra-jabatan, teknis dan kepemimpinan) dan

diklat nonaparatur. Pada 2011, akan dilaksanakan

diklat sebanyak 3.000 orang, dan 570 siswa dalam

penyelenggaraan SMK Kehutanan. Sementara diklat

fungsional selama 2010 meliputi pengendali ekosistem

hutan, 206 orang; penyuluh kehutanan, 160 orang;

polisi kehutanan, 330 orang; serta guru, 42 orang

(Kementerian Kehutanan).

One Billion Indonesian Trees Program Gerakan Penanaman 1 Miliar Pohon

The emergence of environmental awareness among the public and stakeholders has prompted the government to launch the One Billion Indonesian Trees for the World program in 2010. This program is expected to reduce the impact of climate change and carbon emissions. One tree can produce 20 million times the amount of oxygen inhaled by one person. This movement is supported by the government, the public, the private sector and community organizations. This is indicated by that fact that only a part of the tree seedlings were provided by the government. The government allocated DIPA (Preparation and Ratification of Budget Allocation List) funds to provide 36 million seedlings. Three hundred million seedlings were donated by the private sector, state enterprises, NGOs, regional governments, and other donors; 320 million by social and village forest programs; 330 million by forest and watershed rehabilitation programs; and 50 million by forest community partnerships. This program also intended to improve the welfare of the people, especially those living around forests. Several schemes adopted by The Ministry of Forestry included community forests, covering an area of 210,749.64 hectares in 2010; forest community partnerships, covering an area of 203,833 hectares; village forests, 10,310 hectares, and lands set aside for community plantation forest, 480,303 hectares. The total extent of forest amounted to 905,1895.64 hectares. If one head of family was given permission to manage an average of 15 hectares and brought with him 4 workers, forest management would absorb at least 60,346 heads of families or 241,384 workers. If each hectare of community-managed forest were

Munculnya kesadaran masyarakat dan para pemangku

kepentingan terhadap kondisi lingkungan hidup,

mendorong pemerintah menggerakkan program

penanaman 1 miliar pohon pada 2010. Dengan gerakan

ini diharapkan bisa mengurangi dampak perubahan

iklim dan emisi gas karbon. Satu pohon dapat

menghasilkan 20 juta kandungan oksigen yang dihirup

manusia. Gerakan ini mendapat dukungan dari seluruh

komponen bangsa, mulai dari pemerintah, masyarakat,

kalangan swasta dan organsasi kemasyarakatan.

Buktinya, penyediaan bibit pohon yang tak semua dari

pemerintah. Pemerintah melalui anggaran DIPA BA

2010, hanya menyediakan 36 juta batang.Partisipasi

para pihak (swasta, BUMN, LSM, pemda, lembaga donor)

mencapai 300 juta batang; Hutan Kemasyarakatan dan

Hutan Desa: 320 juta batang; Rehabilitasi Hutan dan

Lahan Daerah Aliran Sungai: 300 juta batang; serta

Hutan Rakyat Kemitraan sebanyak 50 juta batang.

Program ini juga bertujuan meningkatkan kesejahteraan

masyarakat, terutama yang tinggal di sekitar hutan.

Beberapa skema yang ditempuh Kementerian

Kehutanan adalah melalui Hutan Kemasyarakatan,

yang pada 2010 seluas 210.749,64 hektar; Hutan Rakyat

Kemitraan, seluas 203.833 hektar; Hutan Desa, seluas

10.310 hektar; dan pencadangan Hutan Tanaman

Rakyat, mencapai 480.303 hektar. Total luas mencapai

905.195,64 hektar. Bila setiap kepala keluarga diberikan

izin kelola rata-rata seluas 15 hektar, dan melibatkan

empat orang sebagai tenaga kerja, maka sedikitnya

60.346 KK atau 241.384 tenaga kerja terserap dalam

pengelolaan hutan. Bila setiap hektar yang dikelola

masyarakat dapat menghasilkan 200 meter kubik

kayu dengan harga Rp. 500.000 per kubik, maka dapat

menghasilkan Rp 100 juta, atau Rp 1,5 miliar setiap


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Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Dirjen Sumber Daya Air

Environmental Management Capacities at the Directorate-General of Water Resources

Air Water

Pengelolaan sumberdaya air terpadu sesuai Undang-

Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumberdaya Air,

yang menjelaskan air harus dikelola secara menyeluruh,

terpadu dan berwawasan lingkungan hidup, dengan

tujuan kemanfaatan secara berkelanjutan.

Secara menyeluruh, landasan kebijakan nasional

sumberdaya air, adalah:

- UUD 1945

- UU Nomor 7 Tahun 2004, tentang Sumberdaya Air

- UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan

Daerah

- UU Nomor 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang

- UU Nomor 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanggulangan

Bencana

- UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan

Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

- PP Nomor 35 Tahun 1991 tentang Sungai

- PP Nomor 16 Tahun 2006 tentang Pengembangan

Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum

- PP Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 tentang Irigasi

- PP Nomor42 Tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan

Sumber Daya Air

- PP Nomor 43 Tahun 2008 tentang Air Tanah

- PP Nomor 37 Tahun 2010 tentang Bendungan

- Perpres Nomor 12 Tahun 2008 tentang Dewan

Nasional Sumber Daya Air

- Permen PU Nomor 04 Tahun 2008 tentang

Pembentukan Wadah Koordinasi Pengelolaan Sumber

Daya Air tingkat Provinsi, Kabupaten/Kota & Wilayah

Sungai

Ketentuan penyusunan pola dan rencana pengelolaan

sumberdaya airdiatur lebih lanjut dengan: PP Nomor

42 Tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Air,

PP Nomor 43 Tahun 2008 tentang Air Tanah, PP Nomor

37 Tahun 2010 tentang Bendungan, Perpres Nomer 12

Integral water resources management is regulated by Law No. 7 of 2004 regarding Water Resources, which states that water resources must be managed comprehensively and integrally with an environmental concept, with the aim of realizing sustainable water resources benefits.

The national policy on water resources is based on:- The 1945 Constitution- Law No. 7/ 2004 regarding Water Resources- Law No. 32/ 2004 regarding Local Government- Law No. 26/ 2007 regarding Spatial Planning- Law No. 24 / 2007 regarding Disaster Management- Law No. 32/ 2009 regarding the Environmental

Protection and Management- Government Regulation No. 35 Year 1991 regarding

Rivers- Government Regulation No. 16 Year 2006 regarding

Development of Drinking Water Supply Systems- Government Regulation No. 20 Year 2008 regarding

Irrigation - Government Regulation No. 42/2008 regarding

Water Resources Management- Government Regulation No. 43 / 2008 regarding

Groundwater- Government Regulation No. 37 / 2010 regarding

Dams- Presidential Decree No. 12 / 2008 regarding the

National Water Resources Council- Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 04 / 2008

regarding the Establishment of Water Resources Coordinating Bodies at Provincial, Regency/City and River Basin Levels

Further provisions for water resources management are set forth in Government Regulations No. 42/2008 regarding Water Resources Management;, No. 43/2008

to produce 200 cubic meters of wood at Rp500,000 per cubic meter, it would yield Rp100 million or Rp1.5 billion per head of family. Until mid-April 2013 approximately 1.2 billion trees had been planted.

kepala keluarga. Hingga medio April 2013, pohon yang

telah ditanam mencapai 1,2 miliar


142

This Dutch-built dam from the 1930s is the main dam for irrigation purposes in the Regency of Pinrang, South Sulawesi Gattang Bendungan peninggalan belanda yang di bangun tahun 1930an tersebut merupakan bendungan utama

untuk mengairi irigasi yang ada di kabupaten Pinrang, Sulawesi SelatanPhoto Foto: TEMPO/Suardi Gattang

Tahun 2008 tentang Dewan Nasional Sumberdaya Air,

Permen PU Nomor 04 Tahun 2008 tentang Pembentukan

Wadah Koordinasi Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Air tingkat

Provinsi, Kabupaten/Kota dan Wilayah Sungai, PP Nomor

20 Tahun 2006 tentang Irigasi.

regarding Groundwater, No. 37/2010 regarding Dams; Presidential Decree No. 12/2008 regarding the National Water Resources Council; Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 04/2008 regarding the Establishment of Water Resources Coordinating Bodies at Provincial, Regency/city and River Basin Levels; and Government Regulation No. 20/2006 regarding Irrigation.


143

Pengelolaan sumberdaya air berbasis wilayah sungai

tanpa dipengaruhi batas administratif.Isu yang kian

kompleks ditambah ketidakpahaman penegak hukum

mengenai substansipengelolaan sumberdaya air,

melatarbelakangi pembentukan Penyidik Pegawai

Negeri Sipil bidang Sumberdaya Air (PPNS SDA).Hal ini

diamanatkan Pasal 93 Undang-Undang Sumberdaya

Air.Pembentukan PPNS SDA di setiap wilayah sungai

ditargetkan selesai pada 2013. Kewenangan PPNS

SDA:

- memeriksa kebenaran laporan atau keterangan

tentang adanya tindak pidana sumberdaya air,

- memeriksa orang atau badan usaha yang diduga

melakukan tindak pidana sumberdaya air,

- memanggil orang untuk didengar dan diperiksa

sebagai saksi atau tersangka dalam perkara tindak

pidana sumber daya air,

- melakukan pemeriksaan prasarana sumberdaya air

dan menghentikan peralatan yang diduga untuk

tindak pidana,

- menyegel dan/atau menyita alat kegiatan yang

digunakan untuk melakukan tindak pidana sebagai

alat bukti,

- meminta bantuan ahli dalam rangka pelaksanaan

tugas penyidikan tindak pidana sumber daya air,

- membuat dan menandatangani berita acara dan

mengirimkannya kepada penyidik Kepolisian Negara

Republik Indonesia,

- menghentikan penyidikan bila tidak terdapat cukup

bukti atau peristiwa tersebut bukan merupakan

tindak pidana.

Sedikitnya 50 orang calon PPNS SDA telah dilatih pada

2011 dalam dua gelombang.Gelombang pertama

sebanyak 28 orang, pada 22 September-25 November

2011, sedangkan gelombang kedua, 22 orang pada 21

Oktober-19 Desember 2011.

Untuk mewujudkan konsep pengelolaan sumberdaya

air secara menyeluruh dibentuk pula Balai Besar

dan Balai Wilayah Sungai (BBWS dan BWS) sesuai

UU Sumberdaya Air Pasal 14, 15, dan 16.Lembaga

ini bertugas mengelola sumberdaya air yang

meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan konstruksi, serta

operasi dan pemeliharaan dalam rangka konservasi,

pendayagunaan sumberdaya air, dan pengendalian

daya rusak air.

Sedangkan penentuan wilayah sungai mengacu

Water resources management is based on river areas and not subject to administrative boundaries. Complex issues and the ignorance of law enforcement officers was the background of the formation of Civil Servants Investigators in the field of Water Resources (PPNS SDA). This was mandated by Article 93 of the Law regarding Water Resources. Formation of PPNS SDA in each river basin is targeted for completion in 2013. PPNS SDA have the following authorities:• Perform an examination on the correctness of a

report or information regarding the occurrence of a water resources criminal act;

• Perform an examination on individuals or business entities that are suspected to have committed a water resources criminal act;

• Summon persons for hearings and investigation as witnesses or suspects in a water resources criminal acts;

• Perform an examination on water resources infrastructure and stop operation of equipment that is suspected of being used for committing a criminal act;

• Seal and/or seize for evidence any activity instruments which are used to commit a criminal act;

• Request for expert assistance in the execution of an investigation of a water resources criminal act;

• Write and sign official investigation reports and send them to the Republic of Indonesia State Police; and/or

• Discontinue an investigation if there is not enough evidence or the event does not constitute a criminal act.

At least 50 PPNS SDA candidates were trained in two groups in 2011. The first group of 28 candidates on 22 September-25 November 2011, the second group of 22 candidates on 21 October-December 19, 2011.

To implement the concept of comprehensive water resource management, river basin organizations (Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai/BBWS and Balai Wilayah Sungai/BWS) were established in accordance with Articles Section 14, 15, and 16 of the Law regarding Water Resources. These institutions are responsible for managing water resources, including planning, construction, as well as operation and maintenance in the context of conservation, utilization of water resources, and control of the destructive force of water.

Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Sumber Daya Air

Civil Servant Investigators for Water Resources


144

Keputusan Presiden Nomor 12 Tahun 2012 tentang

Penetapan Wilayah Sungai, yang membagi 131 wilayah

sungai di Indonesia. Seluruh wilayah sungai itu terdiri

dari: 5 wilayah sungai Lintas-negara, 29 wilayah sungai

Lintas-provinsi, 29 wilayah sungai Strategis Nasional, 53

wilayah sungai Lintas-kabupaten/Kota dalam provinsi

dan 15 wilayah sungai dalam kabupaten/kota.

Sampai saat ini telah dibentuk 12 Balai Besar dan

21 Balai Wilayah Sungai yang tersebar di berbagai

provinsi, dan 2 BWS pada awal 2011 di Maluku Utara

dan Papua Barat (Buku Tahunan Sumber Daya Air,

2012). Dan, untuk menjalankan tugasnya, Direktorat

Jenderal Sumberdaya Air saat ini membawahi 33 UPT/

Balai Besar dan Balai Wilayah Sungai, yang didukung

8.639 pegawai dan pejabat (PU, 2012).

Sebagai tindak lanjut Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 16

Tahun 2006 tentang Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan

Air Minum, pemerintah melakukan pengembangan

Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum (PAM) di pusat dan

daerah. Badan usaha milik negara dan badan usaha milik

daerah ini merupakan penyelenggara pengembangan

sistem penyediaan air minum.

Berbagai upaya pengelolaan sumberdaya air juga

tercermin dalam Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia

Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 Bab II pasal 21 tentang konservasi

sumberdaya air, menjaga kelangsungan keberdayaan

daya dukung, daya tampung dan fungsi sumberdaya

air.

Sementara itu, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 42 Tahun

2008 Pasal 7 ayat 1 menjadi pengarah pengelolaan di

tingkat nasionalselama 2011 – 2030, menjadi acuan

bagi menteri atau pemimpin lembaga pemerintah

dalam menetapkan kebijakan sektoral dan menjadi

acuan penyusunan kebijakan pengelolaan sumberdaya

airdi provinsi.

Peran pemerintah pusat sebagai pengarah mutlak

diperlukan bagi pemerintah daerah.Pemerintah

pusat harus mengontrol penuh kebijakan di daerah,

untuk mencegah pengelolaan sumberdaya air yang

hanya mementingkan pemasukan daerah (PAD) tanpa

menimbang dampaknya.

Hingga kini pengelolaan sumberdaya air secara

nasional menghadapi berbagai masalah di antaranya:

- Kinerja pelayanan jaringan irigasi belum optimal: dari

7,46 juta hektar daerah irigasi yang dibangun, sekitar

1,34 juta hektar belum berfungsi optimal karena

The determination of river basin areas is pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 12/2012 on River Basin Areas, which classifies 131 river basins in Indonesia. In total there are 5 cross-country river basins, 29 cross-provincial river basins, 29 national strategic river basins, 53 cross-regency/city rivers basins inside on province, and 15 river basins inside one regency/city.

To date, 12 BBWS and 21 BWS have been established in various provinces, with another 2 BWS in early 2011 in North Maluku and West Papua (Yearbook of Water Resources, 2012). To carry out its duties, the Directorate General of Water Resources currently oversees 33 UPT/BWS and BBWS with 8,639 employees and officials (PU, 2012).

As a follow-up to Government Regulation No. 16 Year 2006 regarding the Development of Drinking Water Supply Systems, the government developed Drinking Water Supply Systems (PAM) on the national and regional level. The development of drinking water supply systems is carried out by state-owned enterprises and regional government-owned enterprises.

Various efforts to manage water resources also reflect Article 21, Chapter II, of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 7/2004 regarding the conservation of water resources, which stipulates that carrying capacities and functions of water resources must be preserved.

Meanwhile, Government Regulation No. 42/2008 Article 7, paragraph 1 directs management at the national level from 2011-2030 and acts as reference for ministers or leaders of government agencies in setting sectoral policies as well as for formulation of policies for water resources management in the regions.

The role of the central government as the steering body is absolutely necessary for local governments. The central government should fully control regional policies to prevent water resource management practices that are profit oriented without consideration of any environmental impacts.

Until now, national water resource management has faced a variety of problems, among others:- The performance of irrigation network is not yet

optimal: Of the 7.46 million hectares that are


145

kerusakan jaringan irigasi, karena bencana alam,

kurangnya pemeliharaan, rendahnya keterlibatan

petani dan pihak lain dalam pengelolaan jaringan

irigasi,

- Kinerja pelayanan jaringan reklamasi rawabelum

optimal: dari 33,4 juta hektar lahan rawa pasang

surut dan rawa lebak termasuk gambut, baru sekitar

1,8 juta hektare jaringan reklamasi rawa yang

dikembangkan pemerintah,

- Perubahan garis pantai akan menimbulkan masalah

bagi perlindungan sarana dan prasarana sepanjang

pantai dan batas negara.

Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, ke depan perlu dilakukan

(PU, 2012):

- Mengembalikan fungsi infrastruktur sumber daya air

yang mengalami kerusakan karena bencana alam;

- Menyelenggarakan pembinaan lebih intensif kepada

pemerintah daerah dan parapihak lainnya dalam

pengelolaan irigasi;

- Mempertahankan kemampuan penyediaan air dari

sumber-sumber air, karena berkurangnya areal

terbuka hijau dan menurunnya kapasitas wadah air

alami maupun buatan dengan cepat;

- Melakukan penataan organisasi pengelola

sumberdaya air, seperti Unit Pelaksana Teknis Balai

Besar Wilayah Sungai (BBWS)/Balai Wilayah Sungai

(BWS) maupun Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah/Balai

Prasarana sumberdaya air;

- Meningkatkan koordinasi dan ketatalaksanaan

penanganan untuk mengurangi konflik

antarpengguna sumberdaya air;

- Meningkatkan kinerja pengelolaan Sistem Informasi

Sumberdaya air (SISDA) pada Balai Besar dan Balai

WS, dinas, serta melengkapi data dan informasi

untuk digunakan dalam proses pengambilan

keputusan serta memperluas akses publik;

- Mengupayakan pengarusutamaan gender dalam

pelaksanaan kegiatan sumberdaya air, baik dari segi

akses, kontrol, partisipasi, maupun manfaatnya;

- Mencari peluang investasi baru dalam pengembangan

infrastruktur sumber daya air.

covered by the irrigation network, approximately 1.34 million hectares cannot function optimally due network damage, natural disasters, lack of maintenance, lack of involvement of farmers and others parties in managing the irrigation network,

- Performance of swamp reclamation networks is not optimal: of 33.4 million hectares of tidal swamps and non-tidal swamps including peatlands, only about 1.8 million hectares are covered by the government-build swamp reclamation networkt,

- Changes in shoreline will cause problems for the protection of facilities and infrastructure along the coast and national borders.

The following steps are necessary to tackle future problems (MoPW, 2012): - Restore the function of water resource infrastructure

damaged by natural disasters ;- Provide more intensive irrigation management

advancement measures to local governments and other stakeholders

- Maintain water supply capacities of water despite decreasing open areas and rapid declining capacities of natural and artificial water reservoirs;

- Restructure of water resource management organizations such as Large River Basin Organization ( BBWS)/River Basin Organizations (BWS) Technical Implementation Units and Regional Technical Implementation Units/Center of Water Resources Infrastructure;

- Improve coordination and handling management to reduce conflicts among users of water resources;

- Improve performance of Water Resources Information Systems (SISDA) management at BBWS and BWS as well as at agencies, supply data and information for decision making and expand public access;

- Promote gender mainstreaming in the implementation of water resources activities in terms of access, control, participation, and benefits;

- Identify new investment opportunities in the development of water resources infrastructure.


146

Keanekaragaman HayatiBiodiversity

Lebih 11 persen daratan Indonesia (sekitar 21,5 juta

hektar) dicanangkan sebagai wilayah dilindungi, dalam

bentuk suaka alam, suaka margasatwa, taman nasional,

taman rekreasi alam, taman hutan raya, dan taman

buru yang dikelola Kementerian Kehutanan. Selain itu,

Indonesia memiliki tambahan 6,3 juta hektar taman

laut (Direktur Konservasi dan Taman Laut Nasional,

Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2009).

Upaya pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati juga

dilakukan di kebun raya, kebun binatang, taman

safari, pusat penangkaran dan budidaya, serta

arboretum. Kementerian Kehutanan juga mendirikan

“bank genetika” untuk tanaman pangan, sementara

Kementerian Pertanian memiliki koleksi sel dan plasma

untuk ternak dan tanaman pertanian.

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup telah merumuskan

Strategi dan Rencana Aksi Keanekaragaman Hayati

Indonesia (Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy and Action

Plan, IBSAP) untuk memandu penerapan program

keanekaragaman hayati hingga 2020. IBSAP memuatlima

sasaran, empat di antaranya berupa mengembangkan

kesadaran masyarakat, mengembangkan sikap

berorientasi-konservasi, dan melibatkan warga negara

dalam masalah tata kelola. Sayangnya, IBSAP bukan

dokumen yang mengikat secara hukum, dan karenanya

tanpa kekuatan dan kewenangan hukum dalam

pelaksanaannya

Sebagai negara megabiodiversity, Indonesia turut

memperjuangkan pengembangan Produk Rekayasa

Genetik (PRG) pada Konferensi PBB XI tentang

Keanekaragaman Hayati (Convention on Biological

Diversity/CBD), yang diawali dengan pertemuan

parapihak pada Protokol Cartagena mengenai

Keamanan Hayati VI di Hyderabad, India.

Pertemuan ini menghasilkan 16 keputusan yang

menekankan pada kesepakatan pentingnya kajian

dampak sosial ekonomi pengembangan Produk

Rekayasa Genetik (PRG), upaya peningkatan kapasitas

nasional dalam deteksi dan identifikasi PRG; serta

perlunya sistem identifikasi dalam proses penanganan,

transportasi, pengemasan dan identifikasi PRG.

Pada Konferensi PBB XI itu diadopsi 33 keputusan dan

beberapa keputusan yang pada intinya mencakup:

perlunya percepatan proses ratifikasi Protokol Nagoya,

More than 11 percent of Indonesia’s land area (approximately 21.5 million hectares) were declared protected areas in the form of nature reserves, wildlife reserves, national parks, natural recreation parks, grant forest parks, and hunting parks managed by the Ministry of Forestry. In addition, Indonesia has an additional 6.3 million hectares of marine parks (Director of Conservation and Marine National Parks, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, 2009).

Biodiversity conservation efforts also take place in the botanical gardens, zoos, safari parks, breeding and cultivation centers, as well as arboretums. The Ministry of Forestry also set up a “genetic bank” for food crops, while the Ministry of Agriculture has a collection of cells and plasmas for livestock and agricultural crops.

The Ministry of Environment has formulated an Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (IBSAP) to guide the implementation of the biodiversity program until 2020. IBSAP contains five goals including developing community awareness, developing conservation-oriented attitudes, and involve citizens in governance issues. IBSAP is not a legally binding document nor has it , the power and authority of the law in its implementation.

As a mega-biodiversity country, Indonesia supported the development of Genetically Engineered Products (GEPs) at the 11th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity/CBD, which was precluded by the 6th Meeting of Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in Hyderabad, India.

The meeting produced 16 decisions which emphasized the importance of socio-economic impact assessments of Genetically Engineered Product (GEP) development, efforts to increase national capacities in GEP detection and identification, as well as the need for identification system in handling, transportation, packaging and GEP identification processes.

COP XI adopted 33 decisions, among others the need to accelerate the ratification process of the Nagoya Protocol, to monitor the implementation of the 2011-2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and


147

Keanekaragaman Hayati implementasi Strategic Plan 2011-2020 dan pencapaian

Aichi Target, serta Mobilisasi Sumber Daya (Resource

Mobilisation).

Negara-negara maju sepakat akan meningkatkan dua kali

lipat total aliran sumber pendanaan international kepada

negara berkembang untuk implementasi Strategic Plan.

Adapun negara berkembang berkewajiban memasukkan

keanekaragaman hayati pada prioritas nasional serta

melaporkan pengeluaran domestik dan mempersiapkan

national financial plans terkait keanekaragaman hayati

pada 2015. Indonesia menginginkan agar negara maju

berlaku fair terhadap setiap pemanfaatan sumber daya

genetik dan agar negara-negara sumber memperoleh

manfaat yang sepadan dalam prinsip kesetaraan dalam

masyarakat dunia.

the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, as well as Resource Mobilization.

Developed countries agreed to increase two-fold the total flow of international funding to developing countries for the mplementation of the Strategic Plan. Meanwhile, the developing countries are under an obligation to include biodiversity programs as national priorities, as well as to report domestic spending and to prepare national financial plans related to biodiversity by 2015. Indonesia hoped that developed countries would be fair in utilizating genetic resources and that source countries would reap commensurate benefits based on the equality principle of the world community.

Figure 3.18 Biodiversity Management Flowchart Gambar 3.18.Alur Proses Pengelolaan Keanekaragaman Hayati

Sumber: Kementerian KehutananSource: Ministry of Forestry

MoE KLH

Governors Gubernur

GLOBAL

Regents/Mayors Bupati/Walikota

Conditions and Potential of Biodiversity Utilization Kondisi dan Potensi pemanfaatan Kehati

Ministry of Forestry

DEPHUT

Natural Resources

Conservation Center BKSDA

Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology

BPTP

Research and Development

Litbang

Watershed Management

Agency BPDAS

National Park Center

BTN

Ministry of Agriculture

DEPTAN

Ministry of Marine Affairs

and Fishing DKP

Indonesian Institute of

Sciences LIPI

Responsibilities Kewajiban

Coordination Koordinasi

Coordination Koordinasi

Reports Laporan

Reports Laporan

Reports Laporan

Reports Laporan

Utilization value/ utilizationNilai manfaat/ pemanfaatan

- PoliciesKebijakan

-SupervisionPengawasan

- PoliciesKebijakan -SupervisionPengawasan

- PoliciesKebijakan -SupervisionPengawasan

- Coordination Koordinasi

- NSPK Norms, Standards, Guidelines, Criteria

- Sosialisasi & Asistensi Promotion & Assistence

Support for sustainableutilizationKelestarian tata nilai kelangsungan kehidupan dan penopang keberhasilan pemanfaatan berkelanjutan

Reg./City Gov. Agency: SKPD Kab/Kota:

- Environment

- Forestry

- Agriculture

- Marine & Fisheries

- etc

Lingkungan hidup

Kehutanan

Pertanian

Kelautan & Perikanan

dll

Prov. Gov. Agency: SKPD Provinsi:

- Environment

- Forestry

- Agriculture

- Marine & Fisheries

- etc

Lingkungan hidup

Kehutanan

Pertanian

Kelautan & Perikanan

dll


148

Balai Kliring Keamanan HayatiBiosafety Clearing House

Taman Keanekaragaman HayatiBiodiversity Parks

Protokol NagoyaThe Nagoya Protocol

Balai Kiring Keamanan Hayati (BKKH) atau Biosafety

Clearing House adalah salah satu persyaratan yang

harus dipenuhi setiap negara yang meratifikasi

Protokol Cartagena. Indonesia sudah meratifikasinya

melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 21 tahun 2004

tentang Pengesahan Protokol Cartagena. Protokol

Cartagena bertujuan memberi jaminan perlindungan

yang memadai dalam penanganan dan pemanfaatan,

perpindahan lintas batas organisme hasil modifikasi

genetik, termasuk pangan, pakan, dan pengolahan.

The establishment of a Biosafety Clearing House (BCH) is one of the requirements that must be met by each country which ratified the Cartagena Protocol, as Indonesia has done through Law No. 21/2004 regarding the Ratification of Cartagena Protocol. The Cartagena Protocol aims to ensure the safe handling, use and transboundary movement of genetically modified organisms for food, feed and processing.

Untuk mendukung pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati,

KLH mengembangkan Taman Keanekagargaan Hayati

di berbagai daerah. Taman Kehati diluncurkan pada

2007 yang menekankan pencadangan dan pelestarian

keanekaragaman hayati dengan memperhatikan

fungsi ekosistem. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

memfasilitasi provinsi-provinsi yang mengembangkan

Taman Kehati, yakni Sulawesi Utara, Jawa Timur, Jawa

Tengah, Yogyakarta, Jawa Barat dan Lampung. Aneka

tanaman untuk Taman Kehati diutamakan jenis lokal,

langka, atau terancam punah, atau flora yang menjadi

identitas provinsi dan kabupaten/kota.

Flora yang menjadi identitas daerah misalnya, gandaria

bagi Jawa Barat; salak bagi DKI Jakarta;bunga kantil

maskot Jawa Tengah;pohon kepel bagi DI Yogyakarta;

lontar bagi Sulawesi Selatan, eboni bagi Sulawesi

Tengah, bunga bangkai bagi Bengkulu, ataupun pinang

merah bagi Jambi. Sedangkan flora terancam punah

antara lain cendana,bayur,ulin,jelutung, mimba dan

tembesu.Untuk menjamin Taman Kehati suatu ketika

tidak tergusur untuk kepentingan lain, sebaiknya lahan

dimiliki pemerintah daerah atau perguruan tinggi.

To support the conservation of biodiversity, The Ministry of Environment has developed Biodiversity Parks in a number of regions. The Biodiversity Park Development Program was launched in 2007 with an emphasis on the reservation and conservation of biodiversity with regard to ecosystem functions. The Ministry of Environment has facilitated the establishent of biodiversity parks in North Sulawesi, East Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, West Java and Lampung. Biodiversity parks prioritize local, rare or endangered plants, or flora that is representative of a province or regency/city.

Flora that represent regional identity include plum mango in West Java, snake fruit in Jakarta, white champaca in Central Java, the kepel tree in Yogyakarta, the palmyra palm in South Sulawesi, the ebony tree Central Sulawesi, the titan arum in Bengkulu, and the red palm in Jambi. Endangered flora include cendana, bayur, ulin, jelutung, mimba and tembesu. To ensure that Biodiversity Parks are not converted to other uses, their land should be owned by regional governments or universities.

To protect its biological assets, Indonesia should immediately ratify the Nagoya Protocol, which previously had been signed by the Minister of the Environment. Ratification of the protocol will protect genetic resources from intellectual theft by foreign parties and will be followed up by inventory taking of genetic resources and traditional knowledge.

Indonesia signed the Nagoya Protocol on May 11, 2011 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York

Salah satu upaya menjaga aset hayati, Indonesia segera

meratifikasi Protokol Nagoya, yang sebelumnya telah

ditandatangani Menteri Lingkungan Hidup. Ratifikasi

itu untuk menjaga sumberdaya genetik dari pencurian

intelektual pihak asing. Bila telah diratifikasi, akan

ditindaklanjuti dengan inventarisasi sumberdaya

genetik dan pengetahuan tradisional.

Pada 11 Mei 2011 di Markas PBB, New York, Indonesia

bersama Jepang, Guatemala, India, Norwegia,


149

Afrika Selatan, Swiss dan Tunisia menandatangani

Protokol Nagoya. Kedelapan negara itu menyusul

Kolombia, Yaman, Aljazair, Brasil, Meksiko, Rwanda,

Ekuador, Republik Afrika Tengah, Seychelles, Mali,

Sudan, Panama dan Peru, yang sudah lebih dahulu

menandatangi Protokol.

Protokol Nagoya berfungsi apabila ditandatangani

sedikitnya 50 negara.Sampai saat ini, dari 193 negara

anggota Konvensi Keanekaragaman Hayati, 92

negara telah menandatangani dan baru 14 negara

yang meratifikasinya, yaitu Afrika Selatan, Rwanda,

Meksiko, Yordania, Panama, Fiji, Ethiopia, Gabon, Laos,

Seychelles, India, Mauritius, Mikronesia, dan Albania.

Protokol Nagoya akan menjadi instrumen yang

mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan sumber daya

genetik dan menghentikan pencurian sumber daya

genetik (biopiracy). Hingga 2012, protokol ini sudah

ditandatangai 92 negara. Bagi Indonesia, sebagai

negara megabiodiversity, Protokol Nagoya penting

bagi pemanfaatan keanekaragaman hayati yang

optimal dan adil.

Indonesia perlu meratifikasinya dalam hukum nasional

seiring dengan percepatan Rancangan Undang-undang

Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetik (RUU PSDG). Dengan

begitu,akan memperkuat legislasi nasional dalam

pemanfaatan SDG untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat

terutama masyarakat yang memiliki kearifan atau

pengetahuan tradisional dalam pengolahan sumber

daya genetik.

Pada 11 April 2013, RUU Pengesahan Protokol Nagoya

tentang Akses pada Sumber Daya Genetik dan

Pembagian Keuntungan yang Adil dan Seimbang sudah

disetujui DPR untuk disahkan sebagai Undang Undang.

Protokol Nagoya memberi akses dan pembagian

keuntungan terhadap pemanfatan sumberdaya genetik

dan pengetahuan tradisional, termasuk komersialisasi

produk turunannya.Akses terhadap sumberdaya

genetik tetap mengedepankan kedaulatan negara

dan sesuai hukum nasional berdasarkan prinsip prior

informed consent (PIC) dengan pemilik atau penyedia

sumberdaya genetik.

Salah satu contoh keanekaragaman hayati yang

patut mendapat perhatian sungguh-sungguh adalah

tumbuhan obat. Berbagai jenis tumbuhan obat

Indonesia bernilai US$14,6 miliar atau lebih dua kali

lipat nilai produk kayu hutan.

along with Japan, Guatemala, India, Norway, South Africa, Switzerland and Tunisia. Colombia, Yemen, Algeria, Brazil, Mexico, Rwanda, Ecuador, Central African Republic, Seychelles, Mali, Sudan, Panama and Peru, had already signed the Protocol.

The Nagoya Protocol enters into force when 50 states have ratified it. To date, of the 193 member countries of the Biodiversity Convention only 92 have signed and 14 have ratified it, namely South Africa, Rwanda, Mexico, Jordan, Panama, Fiji, Ethiopia, Gabon, Laos, Seychelles, India, Mauritius, Micronesia , and Albania.

The Nagoya Protocol will become an instrument to optimize the utilization of genetic resources and stop biopiracy of genetic resources (biopiracy). Until 2012, this protocol has been signed by 92 countries. For Indonesia as a megabiodiversity country, the Nagoya Protocol important for optimum and fair use biodiversity.

Indonesia needs to ratify the protocol into national law in line with the acceleration of the Bill on Genetic Resources Management (RUU PSDG). By doing so, it will strengthen national legislation on the use of genetic resources for the welfare of the people, especially in regard to communities with traditional wisdom or knowledge in processing genetic resources.

On 11 April 2013, the Bill on Ratification of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits was approved by the House of Representatives to be enacted as law.

Nagoya Protocol provides access to and benefit-sharing of the utilization of genetic resources and traditional knowledge, including the commercialization of its derivatives. Access to genetic resources must prioritize state sovereignty and be compliant with national laws based on the principle of prior informed consent (PIC) of the owners or providers of genetic resources.

One example of biodiversity that deserves serious attention is medicinal plants. The value of Indonesian medicinal plants is estimated at US$14.6 billion, or more than twofold the value of timber products.


150

Rancangan Undang-Undang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetik

Bill on Management of Genetic Resources

The Bill on Management of Genetic Resources is the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol as obligated by the signing of the Protocol in May 2011 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. This law is very important in view of the close relationship between the issue of ownership of traditional knowledge and genetic resources and intellectual property rights.

The Bill on Ratification of the Nagoya Protocol has been approved by the House of Representatives for enactment as law in April 2013. Indonesia is now waiting for the Law on Genetic Resource Management, which is very important for the management of biodiversity.

The government has undertaken various efforts to protect flora and fauna from extinction. The number of nature reserves has increased from 183 in 2001 to 238 in 2009, extending the total area from 2.6 million to 4.3 million hectares. The number of wildlife reserves was increased from 50 in 2001 to 74 in 2009, with a total area increasing from 3.6 million to 5.1 million hectares.

The number of marine national parks, on the other hand, decreased from 8 in 2003 to 7 in 2009, with a total area of just 4.0 million hectares. The number of terrestrial national parks increased from 40 to 43 units in 2003-2009, but their total area decreased from 14.7 million to 12.3 million hectares.There are at least 50 national parks in Indonesia, spread all over the country. Indonesia also has a 73 wildlife reserves with a total area of 5,422,922.79 hectares.

There are at least 22 grand forest parks in various locations in Indonesia. Grand forest parks are conservation areas that combine ex-situ and in-situ approaches. Both natural and man-made forests can be declared grand forests parks. These parks highlight biodiversity and are used for research, breeding and tourism purposes.

Rancangan Undang-Undang Pengelolaan Sumber

Daya Genetik, yang masih dalam pembahasan

DPR, merupakan implementasi Protokol Nagoya,

sebagai konsekuensi penandatangan Protokol itu

pada Mei 2011, di Markas PBB, New York. Undang-

Undangini sangat penting mengingat isu kepemilikan

pengetahuan tradisional dan sumberdaya genetik

terkaitan erat dengan hak kekayaan intelektual.

Rancangan UU Pengesahan Protokol Nagoya sudah

disetujui DPR untuk disahkan sebagai UU pada

April 2013. Kini, Indonesia menunggu kehadiran

UU Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetik, yang sangat

penting bagipengelolaan keanekaragaman hayati.

Untuk melindungi flora dan fauna dari kepunahan,

pemerintah melakukan berbagai upaya. Di antaranya

menambah jumlah cagar alam, yang dari 2001 hingga

2009 bertambah dari 183 unit menjadi 238 unit, dengan

luas dari 2,6 juta hektar menjadi 4,3 juta hektar. Jumlah

suaka margasatwa, dari 2001 hingga 2009 bertambah

dari 50 unit menjadi 74 unit, dengan luas bertambah

dari 3,6 juta hektar menjadi 5,1 juta hektar.

Sedangkan untuk Taman Nasional Laut yang terjadi

justru penurunan. Bila pada 2003 terdapat 8 unit, seluas

4,2 juta hektar, tahun 2009 berkurang menjadi 7 unit,

seluas hanya 4,0 juta hektar. Sementara jumlah Taman

Nasional Darat pada 2001 hingga 2009 bertambah

dari 40 unit menjadi 43 unit, tetapi luas kawasan

konservasinya turun dari 14,7 juta hektar menjadi 12,3

juta hektar. Di Indonesia terdapat paling sedikit 50

Taman Nasional, yang tersebar di seluruh pulau. Untuk

Suaka Margasatwa, terdapat 73 lokasi, dengan total

luas 5.422.922,79 hektar.

Taman Hutan Raya di Indonesia sedikitnya ada 22

lokasi, sebagai bentuk pelestarian kombinasi, antara

ex-situ dan in-situ.Sehingga, Tahura dapat ditetapkan

baik dari hutan alam maupun hutan buatan. Namun

demikian, fungsi taman hutan raya adalah sebagai

‘etalase’ keanekaragaman hayati, tempat penelitian,

tempat penangkaran jenis, serta tempat wisata.


151

Konservasi Tumbuhan di Kawasan Ex-Situ Konservasi

Plant Conservation in Ex-Situ Conservation Areas

The threat on biodiversity in natural habitats is high and needs serious attention. Conservation outside natural habitats (ex- situ conservation) becomes the best alternative as the last resort prior to extinction. Ex-situ conservation may involve species, genetic or molecular conservation.

The development of regional botanical garden has the purpose to facilitate local plant conservation, education, research and nature tourism. Presidential Decree No. 3 of 2009 provides the legal basis for ex-situ plant conservation activities in the form of botanical gardens. This ensures that regional governments give more attention and allocate more funds for the management of botanical gardens.

The development of botanical gardens also refers to: - the United Nations Convention on Biological

Diversity (CBD) of 1992,- Law No. 5/1994 regarding the ratification of the

CBD,- Chapter 16 of Agenda 21 Indonesia of 1996,- the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC),- the Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action

Plan,- Speech of the Indonesian President in 2004 to

launch the the development of regional botanical gardens,

- Circular Letter of the Minister of Research and Technology to all governors No. 77/M/VIII/2004.

A total of 21 regional botanical gardens have been developed (Figure 3.19), and some of them have been legally declared Technical Implementation Units (UPT). The total area of the botanical gardens under the management of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences in 17 provinces amounted to 3,000 hectars. This raised Indonesia’s position from 17th to 13th in the world.

Regional governments and the Ministry of Public Works have provided physical assistance to accelerate the development of regional botanical gardens. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences’s four botanical gardens have been giving advice and guidance for the development of regional botanical gardens for years. Various training for botanical garden management training and human resource development are being carried out, but the development of managers of the botanical garden still needs more attention.

Ancaman kelestarian keanekaragaman hayati di habitat

aslinya sangat tinggi hingga perlu penanganan serius.

Konservasi di luar habitat asli (ex-situ konservasi)

menjadi alternatif terbaik sebagai benteng terakhir

sebelum terjadi kepunahan. Ex-situ konservasi

dapat berupa konservasi spesies, genetik ataupun

molekuler.

Pembangunan kebun raya daerah antara lain untuk

konservasi tumbuhan lokal, pendidikan, penelitian

dan wisata alam. Dengan Inpres Nomor 3 Tahun 2009

kegiatan ex-situ konservasi tumbuhan dalam bentuk

kebun raya mempunyai kekuatan hukum. Hingga

perhatian dan alokasi dana daerah untuk pengelolaan

kebun raya di daerah lebih terjamin.

Selain itu, pembangunan kebun raya mengacu pada:

- United Nation Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD) 1992,

- Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1994 tentang

pengesahan CBD,

- Agenda 21 Indonesia tahun 1996 Bab 16,

- Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC),

- Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action

Plan,

- Pidato Presiden RI tahun 2004, yang mencanangkan

pembangunan Kebun Raya di provinsi,

- Surat Edaran Menteri Ristek kepada seluruh

gubernur Nomor 77/M/VIII/2004.

Sebanyak 21 Kebun Raya Daerah telah terbangun

(Gambar 3.19), di antaranya sudah berkekuatan hukum

sebagai Unit Pelaksana Teknis (UPT ). Total luas kebun

raya di 17 provinsi dan yang dikelola Lembaga Ilmu

Pengetahuan Indonesia mencapai 3.000 hektar. Jumlah

ini menaikkan posisi Indonesia, dari ke-17 menjadi ke-

13 dunia.

Keterlibatan pemerintah daerah dan Kementerian

Pekerjaan Umum dalam bantuan fisik ikut mempercepat

pembangunan kebun raya daerah, sehingga konservasi

jenis lokal cukup punya harapan. Empat kebun raya-

LIPI yang sudah lama berkembang berperan sebagai

pengarah dan pembina pengembangan kebun raya

daerah. Berbagai pelatihan managemen kebun raya

dan pengembangan sumberdaya manusia kini sedang

dilakukan. Namun, pengembangan pengelola kebun

raya masih perlu mendapat perhatian lebih.


152

Source : Development of Botanical Gardens in Indonesia Sumber : Perkembangan Pembangunan Kebun Raya di Indonesia

Table 3.9 Name and Area of Botanical Gardens Tabel 3.9 Nama Dan Luas Kebun Raya

NO NAME NAMA

PROVINCE PROVINSI

AREA (hectare) LUAS (hektar)

1 Sungai Wain Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Sungai Wain East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 140

2 Batam Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Batam Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 85,71

3 Baturraden Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Baturraden Central Java Jawa Tengah 150

4 Bukit Sari Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Bukit Sari Jambi Jambi 425

5 Danau Lait Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Danau Lait West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 328

6 Enrekang Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Enrekang South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 300

7 Katingan Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Katingan Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 200

8 Kendari Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Kendari South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 113

9 Kuningan Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Kuningan West Java Jawa Barat 175

10 Liwa Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Liwa Lampung Lampung 100

11 Lemor Lombok Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Lemor Lombok West Nusa Tenggara NTB 130

12 Minahasa Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Minahasa North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 186

13 Puca Botanical Garden, Maros Kebun Raya Puca, Maros South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 120

14 Sambas Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Sambas West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 300

15 Samosir Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Samosir North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 100

16 Solok Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Solok West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 112

17 Purwodadi Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Purwodadi East Java Jawa Timur 84,47

18 Cibodas Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Cibodas West Java Jawa Barat 125

19 Bogor Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Bogor West Java Jawa Barat 87

20 Eka Karya Bedugul Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bedugul Bali Bali 154,5

Source: Indonesian Institute of Sciences Sumber: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

Figure 3.19 Development of the Botanical Gardens

Gambar 3.19 Pengembangan Kebun Raya

Botanical Garden under LIPI management

Botanical Garden under regional government management

Kebun Raya di bawah pengelolaan LIPI

Kebun Raya di bawah pengelolaan Pemerintah Daerah


153

Dari tabel terlihat kebun raya terbesar yang akan

dibangun adalah Kebun Raya Bukit Sari Jambi seluas

425 hektar. Lahan ini sebelumnya berupa Taman Hutan

Raya.Selain untuk kawasan konservasi, penelitian,

studi dan wisata, Kebun Raya Bukit Sari juga sebagai

pelindung bagi hutan di sekitarnya dari ekspansi

perkebunan sawit. Sementara Kebun Raya Purwadadi,

Jawa Timur, sekitar 85 hektar merupakan yang terkecil,

yang menjadi pusat konservasi dan studi tanaman

dataran rendah kering.

The above table shows that the largest botanical garden to be built is the 425-hectares Bukit Sari Botanical Garden in Jambi. This site was previously used as grand forest park. In addition to facilitating conservation, research, education and tourism, Bukit Sari Botanical Garden also serves to protect surrounding forests from expansion of palm oil plantations. Meanwhile, Purwadadi Botanical Garden in East Java is the smallest at about 85 hectares and will become a conservation and research center for dry lowland plants.

Pesisir dan Laut Coastal and Marine

Program Rantai Emas—Rehab Pantai, Entaskan Masyarakat Setempat

The Golden Chain Program – Coastal Rehabilitation Benefits Local Communities

Forum pertemuan para menteri East Asian Seas

(EAS) Congress pada Juli 2012 di Korea Selatan yang

dihadiri 12 negara ini untukmembahas pembangunan

berkelanjutan pengelolaan laut.Pertemuan ini

menyepakati Deklarasi Changwon yang merupakan

platform berbagi pengetahuan dan perumusan

tindakan kolaboratif dalam menyelesaikan tantangan

di pesisir dan lautan. Pada 2012, telah disusun Status

Lingkungan Pesisir dan Laut atau State of the Coast

(SOC), sebuah laporan pelaksanaan pengelolaan

lingkungan pesisir dan laut secara terpadu di 22 lokasi

di Indonesia.

Dalam kegiatan regional kawasan Asia timur, Indonesia

mendapatkan bantuan dana melalui GEF untuk

mengembangkan kemitraan dalam pengelolaan

lingkungan di kawasan laut di regional Asia Timur

(PEMSEA) sejak 2008. Bagi Indonesia, program ini untuk

melaksanakan Strategi Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di

Wilayah Pesisir dan Laut yang menekankan pemantapan

dan pengembangan National Interagency Coordinating

Mechanism (NICM) di perairan Jakarta.

The Ministerial Forum of the East Asian Seas (EAS) Congress in July 2012 in South Korea was attended by 12 countries to discuss the sustainable development on marine management. The meeting agreed upon the Changwon Declaration, which provided a platform to share knowledge and formulate collaborative action to resolve challenges in coastal areas and oceans. In 2012, The State of Coastal and Marine Environments, or State of the Coast (SOC), report on the implementation of coastal and marine environmental management in 22 locations in Indonesia was published.

In the context of East Asian regional activities, Indonesia has been receiving funding from the GEF since 2008 to develop partnerships for environmental management in East Asian marine regions (PEMSEA). Indonesia implements the program as part of its Sustainable Development Strategy for Coastal and Marine Areas which emphasizes the consolidation and development of the National Interagency Coordinating Mechanism (NICM) in the waters off Jakarta.

Program Rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang - COREMAP

Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program – COREMAP

Program Rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang

atau COREMAP adalah program yang diparkarsai

pemerintah Indonesia untuk melindungi, merehabilitasi,

dan mengelola pemanfaatan lestari terumbu karang

serta ekosistemnya. Pada gilirannya, program ini

menunjang kesejahteraan masyarakat pesisir.

The Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program or COREMAP was initiated by the Indonesian government to protect, rehabilitate, and manage the sustainable use of coral reefs and their ecosystem. In turn, this program supports the welfare of coastal communities.


154

COREMAP semula dirancang untukkegiatan selama 15

tahun, terdiri dari tiga tahap. Setelah diluncurkan awal

September 1998, terjadi beberapa perubahan dalam

tata pemerintahan di Indonesia. Program ini pun perlu

penyesuaian, antara lain dengan perubahan tahapan.

Tahap Inisiasi (1998 – 2004); Tahap II Desentralisasi dan

Akselerasi (2004 – 2009); dan Tahap III, Pelembagaan

(2010 – 2015).

COREMAP didanai pemerintah Indonesia, dengan

dukungan World Bank, Asian Development Bank,

dan Australia Agency for International Development

(AusAID), yang hanya untuk COREMAP Tahap I.

Lembaga Pelaksana (Executing Agency) COREMAP

Tahap I adalah Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia.

Dengan dibentuknya Departemen Kelautan dan

Perikanan (DKP) pada 1999—kini Kementerian

Kelautan dan Perikanaan, Lembaga Pelaksana Tahap

II beralih ke kementerian yang baru ini. LIPI tetap

berperan, tapi fokus pada bidang informasi, ilmiah,

pelatihan serta pendidikan.Dalam pelaksanannya,

Lembaga Pelaksana bekerjasama dengan lembaga

pemerintah terkait di pusat maupun daerah, dengan

lembaga swadaya masyarakat dan masyarakat lokal.

Gagasan COREMAP bermula dari keprihatinan para

peneliti kelautan LIPI terhadap nasib terumbu karang

yang makin memburuk.Pada 1980-an, Indonesia

ikut dalam Program ASEAN-Australia, Living Coastal

Resources, untuk memantau sumberdaya laut di Asia

Tenggara. Survei pendahuluan pada 1984 menemukan

terumbu karang dalam keadaan baik tinggal sekitar 5

persen; kondisi lumayan, 29 persen; buruk, 25 persen;

dan sangat buruk, 40 persen.

Temuan ini menumbuhkan kesadaran para pengambil

keputusan perlunya langkah komprehensif untuk

melestarikan ekositem sumberdaya perikanan dan

kelautan ini. Dengan dorongan Badan Perancang

Pembangunan Nasional (Bappenas), penelitian

terumbu karang mulai ditingkatkan, melibatkan 10

universitas dari berbagai provinsi, yang membentuk

jejaring informasi, cikal bakal Coral Reef Information

and Training Centre (CRITIC).

COREMAP tahap I(1998-2004) menetapkan landasan

kerja sistem pengelolaan terumbu karang. Tahap ini

dilaksanakan LIPI bersama beberapa provinsi dan

kabupaten sebagai pelaksana. Pada COREMAP tahap

II, penanggung jawab program adalah Direktorat

Jenderal Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil, Kementerian

COREMAP was originally designed to have a duration of 15 years and was divided into three phases. After its launch in early September 1998, there are some changes within governance in Indonesia. The program’s phasing was re-adjusted into a initiation first phase (1998 - 2004) a decentralization and acceleration second phase (2004 - 2009), and a institutionalization third phase (2010-2015).

COREMAP was funded by the Indonesian government, with World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) support for COREMAP Phase I only.

The executing agency of COREMAP Phase I was the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. With the establishment of the Department of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (DKP) in 1999 – now the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries - implementation of Phase II was switched to the other agency. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences continued to play a role, but focused on the areas of information, science, training and education. In practice, the executing agency cooperated with related central and regional government agencies, as well as with non-governmental organizations and local communities.

The idea for COREMAP stemmed from several Indonesian Institute of Science marine researchers who were concerned by deteriorating condition of coral reefs. In the 1980s, Indonesia participated in the ASEAN-Australian Living Coastal Resources Program for monitoring marine resources in Southeast Asia. A preliminary survey in 1984 found that coral reefs in good condition amounted to just about 5 percent, while 29 percent were in fair condition, 25 percent in poor condition, and 40 percent in very poor condition.

These findings raised the awareness of decision makers about the need for comprehensive measures to conserve marine ecosystems and the fisheries resources. Backed by the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), the study of coral reefs was intensified and involved 10 universities from various provinces. They formed an information networkwhich eventually became the Coral Reef Information and Training Centre (CRITIC).

COREMAP Phase I (1998-2004) established the foundation for a coral reef management system. This phase was executed by the Indonesian Institute of Science in cooperation with several provinces


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Kelautan dan Perikanan. Pelaksana program Ditjen

Kehutanan dan Perlindungan Alam, Kementerian

Kehutanan, LIPI, 8 provinsi dan 15 kabupaten.

Pada tingkat desa terdapat Lembaga Pengelolaan

Sumberdaya Terumbu Karang. Untuk membantu

kegiatan, masyarakat menunjuk fasilitator dan

motivator desa sebagai staf penasihat.

Jaringan pengelolaan terumbu karang ini dilengkapi

Tim Pengarah Nasional dan Tim Pengarah Teknis

dengan anggota dari Bappenas, LIPI, Kementerian

Kehutanan, Kementerian Dalam Negeri, Kementerian

Lingkungan Hidup, Polisi Perairan dan Udara (Airud),

TNI Angkatan Laut, World Bank, Asian Development

Bank, Global Environmental Facility (GEF) dan Japan

Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR).

Program pengelolaan terumbu karang inidari Nias,

Sumatera Utara, sampai Raja Ampat dan Biak di Papua

Barat dan Papua telah membuahkan hasil. Data dari

penelitian tahun 2012 menunjukkan kondisi terumbu

karang sangat baik, 5,30 persen;kondisi baik, 27,19

persen; cukup baik, 37,29 persen; dan kurang baik

27,19 persen.

Masyarakat pesisir semakin sadar dan bertanggung

jawab melindungi dan melestarikan terumbu karang

dan ekosistemnya. Desa-desa pesisir memiliki

peraturan desa yang melindungi terumbu karang.

Banyak nelayan mantan pengebom ikan malah menjadi

motivator pelestarian terumbu karang. Penangkapan

ikan dengan bahan peledak dan racun kimia semakin

menurun, terutama di wilayah program COREMAP.

Terumbu karang Teluk Maumere, Sikka, NTT,

misalnya, yang hancur akibat gempa dan tsunami

pada 1992, kini sudah pulih. Bahkan pada 2010, di

sana diselenggarakan lomba fotografi bawah laut,

menampilkan keindahan terumbu karang. Teluk

Maumere pernah menjadi sentra produksi rumput

laut di NTT yang berkembang sangat baik pada 1990-

an. Tapi lantas merosot tajam akibat pencemaran dari

pupuk green tonic oleh pembudidaya rumput laut.

Setelah COREMAP turun tangan memberikan bantuan

bibit dan pendampingan, usaha rumput laut kembali

berkembang.

Di Raja Ampat, program COREMAP mendorong

masyarakat desa pesisir mengembangkan budidaya

kerapu atau lobster, mengembangkan usaha kecil,

mengelola usaha homestay, dan tidak bergantung

sepenuhnya pada penangkapan ikan. Setelah

and regencies. The Directorate General of Coasts and Small Islands of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries was in charge of Coremap Phase II, which was implemented by the Directorate General of Forestry and Nature Protection of the Ministry of Forestry, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, 8 provinces and 15 regencies. Coral reef management boards (LPSTK) were introduced at village level. Villagers appointed facilitators and motivators as advisory staff to assist them in their activities.

The coral reef management network is supported by a National Steering Committee and a National Technical Steering Committee consisting of representatives from the National Development Planning Agency; the Indonesian Institute of Sciences; the Ministries of Forestry, Home Affairs, and Environment; Water and Air Police, the Navy, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR).

The coral reef management program that extends from Nias, North Sumatra, to Raja Ampat and Biak in West Papua and Papua has been successful. 2012 research data has showed 5.30 percent of coral reefs were in excellent condition, 27.19 percent in good condition, 37.29 percent in fair condition and 27.19 percent in poor condition.

Coastal communities are becoming increasingly aware and committed to protecting and conserving coral reefs and their ecosystems. Coastal villages have village regulations that protect coral reefs. Many fishermen who used to practice blast fishing have become motivators for reef conservation instead. Fishing with explosives and toxic chemicals is declining, especially in areas covered by the COREMAP program.

Coral reefs in Maumere Bay in the Sikka regency of East Nusa Tenggara, for example, were destroyed by a 1992 earthquake and tsunami but have now recovered. There even was a underwater photography competition in 2010, featuring the beauty of the coral reefs. Seagrass cultivation once flourished in Maumere Bay during 1990s, but then production declined sharply due to pollution caused by green tonic fertilizers used by seagrass farmers. After COREMAP stepped in by providing assistance in the form of seeds and mentoring, the seagrass business eventually recovered.


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Udara Air

Sampai saat ini, BMKG memiliki 44 jaringan stasiun

pemantau kualitas udara. Dari 44 unit kerja pemantau

kualitas udara itu, 42 mengamati parameter SPM

(Suspended Particulate Matter), 31 stasiun parameter

kimia air hujan (KAH), 7 stasiun parameter SO2 dan

NO2, 4 stasiun parameter PM10, 3 stasiun parameter

Aerosol, dan 2 stasiun melakukan pengamatan

parameter Ozon (O3) permukaan, serta 1 stasiun

lainnya memonitoring gas rumah kaca (GRK).

Program Kampung Iklim (ProKlim) yang diinisiasi

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup merupakan upaya

memperkuat berbagai inisiatif lokal terkait perubahan

iklim. Melalui ProKlim, pemerintah memberi

penghargaan bagi partisipasi aktif masyarakat yang

melakukan upaya mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan

iklim yang terintegrasi di tingkat lokal. Sehingga,

dapat mendukung target penurunan emisi GRK

nasional dan meningkatkan ketahanan masyarakat

terhadap dampak perubahan iklim.

Dalam konteks perubahan iklim, produksi dan

konsumsi manusia dapat berdampak pada pemanasan

global sekaligus membuat penipisan lapisan ozon,

seperti pemakaian HCFC dan CFC sebagai bahan

perusak ozon (BPO). Untuk mengatasinya, Indonesia

berperan aktif di tingkat global melalui Protokol

Montreal tentang Pengendalian Bahan Perusak Ozon

(BPO). Penghapusan BPO akan berkontribusi, tidak

saja untuk perlindungan lapisan ozon, namun juga

mereduksi CO2 ekuivalen, yang secara langsung dan

tidak langsung melindungi sistem iklim.

Pemerintah Indonesia telah menghapus BPO jenis

chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Halon, Carbon tetrachloride

(CTC), Methyl chloroform ( TCA) dan Methyl

bromide (MBr) untuk keperluan non-karantina dan

The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysic Agency has a network of 44 air quality monitoring stations. Of these 44 stations, 42 monitor Suspended Particulate Matter, 31 monitor rainwater chemistry (KAH) parameters, 7 monitor SO2 and NO2 concentrations, 4 monitor PM10 levels, 3 measure monitor aerosol parameters, 2 measure monitor surface ozone (O3), and 1 measures monitors greenhouse gases (GHG).

The Climate Village Program (ProKlim), initiated by the Ministry of the Environment, was an effort to strengthen local initiatives related to climate change. Through ProKlim, the government gave recognition to the active participation of communities that had engaged in integrated climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts at the local level. Such efforts supported the achievement of the national GHG emission reduction targets and increased community resilience against climate change impacts.

In the context of climate change, human production and consumption may have an impact on global warming and cause thinning of the ozone layer, through the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) such as HCFCs and CFCs. To avert this, Indonesia is active at the global level through the Montreal Protocol on Controlling Ozone-Depleting Substances. The phase-out of ODS will not only support the protection of the ozone layer but also reduce CO2-eq, which directly and indirectly protects the climate system.

The Indonesian government has phased out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halon, varbon tetrachloride (CTC), methyl chloroform (TCA) and methyl bromide (MBR) for non-quarantine and pre-shipment uses since December 31, 2007, or two years

COREMAP II berakhir, dan dilanjutkan dengan Tahap

Kelembagaan,harus terus memupuk kesadaran

bagi ekosistem laut, menyebarluaskan pemahaman

melestarikan terumbu karang kepada masyarakat

pesisir lain yang tidak terlibat langsung dalam

COREMAP.

In Raja Ampat, the COREMAP program encouraged rural coastal communities to engage in grouper or lobster cultivation, develop small businesses, managing homestays, and not depend entirely on fishing. As the institutionalization phase superseded COREMAP II, it remained important to continue fostering awareness about marine ecosystems and provide information about coral reef conservation to other coastal communities that were not directly involved in COREMAP.


157

Figure 3.20 Network of Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Indonesia Gambar 3.20 Jaringan Stasiun Pemantau Kualitas Udara di Indonesia

prapengapalan sejak 31 Desember 2007. Ini berarti

2 tahun lebih cepat dari jadwal yang ditetapkan

Protokol Montreal. Untuk itu, pada 2011 UNEP dan

Sekretariat Protokol Montreal memberikan apresiasi

kepadaIndonesia.Dalam upaya mencapai target

Protokol Montreal, Indonesia menyusun strategi

percepatan penghapusan HCFCs melalui HCFC Phase-

out Management Plan (HPMP) dengan dana hibah

Multilateral Fund.

Demi keberhasilan penghapusan HCFCs, Pemerintah

Indonesia telah merevisi Peraturan Menteri

Perdagangan Nomor 24/M-DAG//PER/6/2006 tentang

Ketentuan Impor Bahan Perusak Lapisan Ozon menjadi

Peraturan Menteri Nomor 3 /M-DAG/PER/1/12 tentang

Ketentuan Impor Bahan Perusak Lapisan Ozon. Selain

itu, pemerintah akan menetapkan regulasi pelarangan

penggunaan HCFC pada industri manufaktur dan

larangan impor barang yang mengandung HCFC.

Pemerintah juga akan melaksanakan alih teknologi

HCFC menjadi non-HCFC pada industri manufaktur Air

Conditioning (AC), refrigerasi dan foam. Berdasarkan

perhitungan dalam proposal HPMP, kontribusi

penghapusan HCFC dapat menurunkan jumlah CO2-

eq sebesar dari 1.954.170 ton CO2-eq menjadi 385.640

ton CO2-eq.

Hal lain yang juga berkontribusi meningkatkan

ahead of the schedule set in the Montreal Protocol. Because of that, in 2011 the UNEP and the Secretariat of the Montreal Protocol gave appreciation to Indonesia. To achieve the targets of the Montreal Protocol, Indonesia has developed a HCFC phase-out acceleration strategy through the HCFC Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP) with grants from multilateral funds.

To ensure successful phase-out of HCFCs, the Indonesian government has revised Regulation of the Minister of Trade No. 24/M-DAG/PER/6/2006 on Provisions regarding the Import of Ozone Depleting Substances into Minister Regulation No. 3/M-DAG/PER/1/12 on Provisions on the Import of Ozone Depleting Substances. In addition, the government will impose regulations on the prohibition of the use of HCFCs in the manufacturing industry and on the prohibition of the import of goods containing HCFCs. The government will also implement the conversion from HCFC to non-HCFC technology in the air conditioning (AC) manufacturing, refrigeration and foam sectors. Based on the calculations in the HPMP proposal , the phase-out of HCFC could reduce the amount of CO2-eq from 1,954,170 million tonnes to 385,640 tonnes.

The transportation sector was also contributing to


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konsentrasi gas rumah kaca adalah dari sektor

transportasi, khususnya di perkotaan. Bertambahnya

jumlah kendaraan bermotor pada kisaran 10 persen

(BPS, 2012), meningkatkan konsumsi bahan bakar

fosil, yang menaikkan konsentrasi gas rumah kaca.

Pemantauan kualitas udara jalan raya di beberapa

kota besar pada 2012, menunjukkan beberapa

parameter pencemar udara cenderung meningkat—

namun masih dibawah baku mutu. Penurunan kualitas

udara akan berdampak burukbagi kesehatan manusia,

merusak tanaman dan bangunan, pertumbuhan hutan

terganggu dan berkurangnya jarak pandang.

Untuk itu, program Langit Biru dikemas sebagai upaya

pengendalian pencemaran udara untuk sumber

bergerak meliputi:

1. Penetapan baku mutu emisi,

2. Penggunaan bahan bakar bersih,

3. Manajemen kebutuhan transportasi (Transport

Demand Management),

4. Pemeriksaan emisi dan perawatan kendaraan

bermotor.

Program langit biru bertujuan mengendalikan dan

mencegah pencemaran udara dan mewujudkan

perilaku sadar lingkungan baik dari sumber tak

bergerak (industri) maupun sumber bergerak. Program

Langit Biru diluncurkan pada 1996 oleh Kementerian

Lingkungan Hidup, melalui Keputusan Menteri Nomor

15 Tahun 1996.

Saat ini sistem transportasi mengalami krisis energi dan

krisis lingkungan, terutama pencemaran gas buang

kendaraan bermotor. Hal ini telah menjadi perhatian

Kementerian Perhubungan yang bertanggung jawab

moral kepada pengguna jasa angkutan maupun

masyarakat umum.

Upaya Ditjen Perhubungan Darat Kementerian

Perhubungan untuk meningkatkan kualitas emisi gas

buang kendaraan bermotor antara lain: pendekatan

teknologi ramah lingkungan, inspeksi kendaraan

bermotor, penetapan standar emisi gas buang

kendaraan, serta manajemen lalu-lintas yang baik.

Teknologi otomotif saat ini terus diupayakan menuju

teknologi berwawasan lingkungan. Salah satunya,

penyempurnaan desain maupun perlengkapan

treatment emisi gas buang. Selain itu, penyempurnaan

motor bensin maupun diesel juga akan diimbangi

dengan pemanfaatan bahan bakar ramah lingkungan.

Pengembangan lain adalah teknologi hibrida bensin-

concentrations of greenhouse gases, particularly in urban areas. The increase by 10 percent in the number of vehicles (BPS, 2012) caused consumption of fossil fuels to rise, which in turn increased the concentration of greenhouse gases.

Roadside air quality monitoring in several major cities in 2012 showed that some parameters of air pollutants tended to worsen, but still complied with the quality standard. Deterioration of air quality will negatively affect people’s health, damage crops and buildings, hinder forest growth and reduce visibility.

The Blue Sky program was launced to control air pollution from moving sources and included the following measures:1. Establishment of emission standards,2. Use of clean fuels,3. Transportation demand management,4. Emissions inspection and motor vehicle

maintenance.

The Blue Sky Program aimed to control and prevent air pollution and reduce environmental loads from both stationary sources (industry) and mobile sources. The Blue Sky Program was launched in 1996 by the Ministry of Environment through Ministerial Decree No. 15 of 1996.

These days, the transportation system is in the midst of an energy crisis and an environmental crisis, especially in regard to pollution from motor vehicle exhaust gases. This has come to the attention of the Ministry of Transportation, which bears a moral responsibility towards public transport users and the general public.

Efforts by the Ministry of Transportation’s Directorate General of Land Transportation to improve the quality of motor vehicle exhaust emissions include application of environmentally-friendly technologies, motor vehicle inspection, establishment of standards for vehicle exhaust emissions, as well as improvement of traffic management.

There are ongoing efforts to make today’s automotive more environmentally-friendly, for instance by improving the design and performance of exhaust systems. Improvement in the design of gasoline and diesel engines will be compounded by the use by the use of environmentally- friendly fuels. Another development is the application of gasoline-electric


159

listrik atau ecocar, yang tidak banyak memakai bahan

bakar fosil. Pengembangan yang lebih canggih adalah

teknologi fuel cell yang tidak menghasilkan gas buang

beracun. Teknologi terakhir ini menjadi harapan bagi

teknologi kendaraan ecocar.

Dalam hal inspeksi dan pemeliharaan, pemerintah

telah menyiapkan rancangan program uji semua

kendaraan bermotor.Emisi gas menjadi bagian dari

kelaikan kendaraan yang harus diuji terlebih dahulu.

Persyaratan ambang batas kelaikan menyebutkan

ketebalan asap kendaraan yang penyalaan kompresinya

berbahan bakar solar, ditentukan maksimum sebesar

50 persen. Upaya yang dilakukan antara lain dengan:

- Penerapan standar emisi CO2 untuk mobil

penumpang,

- Pemasangan Converter Kit (gasifikasi angkutan

umum),

- Penerapan Congestion Charging dan Road Pricing,

- Pembinaan Peningkatan Pelayanan Angkutan

Umum.

Dengan pengujian itu, para pemilik kendaraan

merawat kendaraannya dengan baik dan teratur

sehingga laik jalan. Penetapan standar emisi gas

buang untuk kendaraan yang sudah berjalan juga

tengah diupayakan pemerintah.

Menteri Lingkungan Hidup menetapkan standar

baru emisi gas buang untuk kendaraan bermotor

baru dengan keputusan Nomor 141 Tahun 2003

tentang ambang batas emisi gas buang kendaraan

bermotor yang sedang diproduksi. Dalam ketentuan

itu disebutkan kendaraan bermotor tipe baru yang

diproduksi harus memenuhi syarat uji emisi sesuai

standar EURO 2, yang jauh lebih ketat dibanding aturan

sebelumnya. Untuk pelaksanaannya, Kementerian

Perhubungan telah menandatangani kerjasama

dengan BTMP dan BPPT untuk uji emisi melalui

kerjasama Nomor AJ.402/4/19/DRJD/2005 dan Nomor

080/KB/BTMP/BPPT/IV/2005 pada 6 April 2005.

Pendekatan lainnya, menata manajemen lalu lintas

yang baik sehingga jalan menjadi lebih lancar.

Kemacetan menyebabkan emisi gas buang kendaraan

meningkat lebih besar. Upaya yang dilakukan di

antaranya:

- Reformasi sistem transit - Bus Rapid Transit (BRT )/

semi BRT,

- Pemanfaatan teknologi untuk lalu lintas di jalan

nasional (ATCS-Area Traffic Control System),

- Penerapan pengendalian dampak lalu lintas di

hybrid technology to limit the consumption of fossil fuels. More sophisticated is fuel cell technology, which does not produce toxic exhaust gases and is the most promising technology for eco-cars.

The government has prepared a draft test program for all motor vehicles in regard to inspection and maintenance. Emissions testing will be required to determine the roadworthiness of a vehicle. A provision regarding threshold values stipulates that smoke opacity of vehicles with diesel-fueled compression-ignition engines shall not exceed 50 percent. Other efforts include:- Application of CO2 emission standards for

passenger cars,- Installation of converter kits (use of natural gas

for public transport),- Application of congestion charging and road

pricing,- Improvement of public transport services

With the introduction of testing, vehicle owners will be inclined to maintain their vehicles properly and regularly to ensure their roadworthiness. Establishment of exhaust emission standards for vehicles that are already in operation is also being prepared by the government.

The Minister of Environment has set a new standard for exhaust emissions of new type motor vehicles in Decree No. 141/2003 regarding Emission Standard Limits for Vehicles in Current Production. This provision stipulates that new types of motor vehicles must comply with emission testing requirements according to the EURO 2 standard, which is much stricter than previous rules. Testing is conducted in cooperation with the Laboratory for Thermodynamic Engines and Propulsion (BTMP-BPPT ) in accordance with cooperation agreement No. AJ.402/4/19/DRJD/2005 and No. 080/KB/BTMP/BPPT/IV/2005 signed on 6 April 2005.

Other approaches include improvement of traffic management to reduce traffic congestion, which is a major cause for the increase in vehicle emissions. Efforts undertaken included:- Overhaul of the transit system - Bus Rapid Transit

(BRT )/semi BRT ,- Use of traffic control technology on national

roads (ATCS - Area Traffic Control System) ,- Application of traffic impact control on national

roads ,


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jalan nasional,

- Penerapan manajemen parkir di jalan nasional,

- Mendorong pembinaan dan pengembangan

sistem transit - BRT/Semi BRT,

- Pembangunan budaya smart driving (ecodriving),

- Pengembangan prasarana kendaraan tidak

bermotor dan pejalan kaki (Nonmotorize

transport):

- Pengembangan fasilitas pejalan kaki

- Pembangunan jalur sepeda

- Pembangunan fasilitas integrasi moda

(pedestrian)

- Penerapan Car Labelling.

Sementara itu, upaya implementasi kebijakan dalam

pengendalian pencemaran dari emisi kendaraan

bermotor terus dilakukan melalui:

• Penetapan baku mutu emisi sepeda motor (EURO3)

yang akan mulai pada Agustus 2013. Hl ini

diperkirakan akan menurunkan emisi sepeda motor

untuk parameter CO sebesar 5,5 persen, HC sebesar

2,7 persen dan NOx sebesar 4,04 persen pada 2014.

• Evaluasi kualitas udara perkotaan (EKUP) dilaksanakan

di 45 lokasi: 14 kotametro, 14 kota besar, serta 17

ibu kota provinsi. Kegiatan ini mengevaluasi upaya

pengendalian pencemaran udara oleh pemerintah

kota. Harapannyabisa memicu pemerintah kota

menurunkan beban pencemaran udara.

• Evaluasi penaatan baku mutu emisi kendaraan

bermotor tipe baru sebanyak 28 kendaraan roda

empat berbahan bakar bensin, 5 kendaraan roda

empat berbahan bakar solar, dan motor sebanyak

10. Kegiatan ini untuk mengevaluasi konsistensi

produk yang lulus uji emisi, dan memberi informasi

kepada masyarakat mengenai kendaraan bermotor

ramah lingkungan.

• Pedoman pengendalian pencemaran udara dari

transportasi air, udara, kereta api, dan alat berat.

Adanya pedoman menjadi acuan bagi para pihak

mengendalikan pencemaran udara.

- Application of parking management on national roads,

- Support for the formation and development of transit systems - BRT/Semi BRT ,

- Introduction ecodriving- Development of infrastructure for non-motorized

vehicles and pedestrians - Construction of pedestrian facilities- Construction of a bike paths- Construction of mode integration facilities

(pedestrian)- Application of car labelling .

Meanwhile, efforts to implement policies regarding control of pollution from motor vehicle emissions continue through:• Establishment of motorcycle emission standards (

Euro3 ) which will be applied in August 2013. This is expected to reduce CO, HC and NOx emissions from motorcycles by 5.5 percent, 2.7 percent and 4.04 percent respectively by 2014.

• Evaluation of urban air quality (EKUP) in 45 locations , comprising 14 metropolitan cities , 14 big cities and 17 provincial capitals. The purpose of this activity is to evaluate air pollution control efforts by city governments in order to encourage them to reduce air pollution loads.

• Testing of 28 gasoline-fueled four-wheel vehicle types, 5 diesel-fueled four-wheel vehicle types, and 10 motorcycle types to evaluate compliance with motor vehicle emission standards for new types of vehicles. This purpose of this activity was to evaluate the consistency of products that passed the emissions test, and provide information to the public about environmentally-friendly motor vehicles .

• Development of guidelines for the control of air pollution from water, air and rail transportation, as well as from heavy equipment. These guidelines will act as reference for the parties in controlling air pollution.


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Perubahan IklimClimate Change

Pemerintah Indonesia melalui Undang-Undang No.

6 Tahun 1994 telah meratifikasi konvensi perubahan

iklim. Selain itu, Indonesia juga telah meratifikasi

Protokol Kyoto melalui Undang-undang No. 17 Tahun

2004.

Pada COP-18/CMP-8 UNFCCC, para pihak menyepakati

“Paket Keputusan Doha” (Doha Climate Gateway)

dengan beberapa keputusan,antara lain mengadopsi

amandemen Protokol Kyoto yang akan menjadi

dasar hukum berlakunya Periode Komitmen Kedua

Protokol Kyoto (Kyoto Protocol’s Second Commitment

period/CP-2 KP), dengan jangka waktu mulai 1 Januari

2013 sampai 31 Desember 2020 (8 tahun).

Bagi Indonesia, periode Komitmen Kedua Protokol

Kyoto membuka kesempatan untuk melanjutkan

pengembangan Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

yang merupakan salah satu mekanisme fleksibel

perdagangan karbon dalam Protokol Kyoto.Sebagai

informasi, saat ini Indonesia memiliki 96 proyek CDM

yang telah terdaftar di UNFCCC dengan potensi reduksi

emisi sebesar 11,3 juta ton CO2 per tahun.

Pencemaran udara telah terjadi secara masif. Ini

ditunjukkan dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi gas

The Government of Indonesia has ratified the Convention of Climate Change through Law No. 6/1994. In addition, Indonesia has also ratified the Kyoto Protocol through Law No. 17 of 2004.

At the COP-18/CMP-8 UNFCCC, the parties agreed on the “Doha Package” (Doha Climate Gateway) which included several decisions, among others,to adopt amendments to the Kyoto Protocol, which will serve as the legal basis for the enactment of the Second Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol (CP-2 KP) from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2020 (8 years).

The second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol provides Indonesia with the opportunity to continue the development of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), one of the flexible mechanisms for carbon trading defined in the Kyoto Protocol. To date Indonesia has 96 UNFCCC-registered CDM projects, with an annual potential for emission reduction of 11.3 million tonnes of CO2.

Concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is increasing, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), which increased 80 percent from 1970 to 2004

Catatan: 1Emisi dari kebakaran gambut diambil dari van der Werf et al (2008).

2Estimasi berdasarkan KLH (2009) dan Bappenas (2009).Sumber: SNC, 2010

Notes: 1Emission from peat fires taken from van der Werf et al (2008).2Estimation based on MoE (2009) and Bappenas (2009)Source: SNC 2010

Table 3.10 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Gg CO2e) in Indonesia, 2000-2005 Tabel 3.10 Perkembangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Indonesia Tahun 2000-2005 (Gg CO2e)

Sector Sektor

Year Tahun

2000 2005 Energy (Gg CO2e) Energi (Gg CO2e) 280.937,58 369.799,88 Industrial Processes (Gg CO2e) Proses Industri (Gg CO2e) 42.813,97 48.733,38 Agriculture (Gg CO2e) Pertanian (Gg CO2e) 75.419,73 80.179,31 Forestry and Land Use Change (Gg CO2e) Kehutanan dan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan(Gg CO2e) 649.254,17 674.828,00

Peat Fires (Gg CO2e) Kebakaran Gambut (Gg CO2e) 172.000,00 451.000,00 Waste (Gg CO2e) Limbah (Gg CO2e) 157.327,96 166.831,32 Total (incl. Forestry and Land Use Change & Peat Fires) Gg CO2e)Total (dengan Kehutanan dan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan & Kebakaran Gambut)1 (Gg CO2e) 1.377.753,41 1.791.371,892

Total (not incl. Forestry and Land Use Change & Peat Fires) (Gg CO2e) Total ( tanpa Kehutanan dan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan & Kebakaran Gambut 2 (Gg CO2e) 556.499,24 665.543,89


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rumah kaca di atmosfer, terutama karbon dioksida (CO2)

yang meningkat 80 persen selama 1970–2004 (IPCC

Fourth Assessment Report, 2007).Berdasarkan dokumen

Second National Communication (SNC) Indonesia 2010,

emisi GRK Indonesia pada 2000 mencapai 1.38 Gigaton

CO2e.

Pada 2005, emisi GRK mencapai 1,79 Gigaton CO2e,

dengan sektor-sektor utama sumber emisi meliputi

perubahan tata guna lahan dan kehutanan, energi,

kebakaran gambut, limbah, pertanian dan industri.

Menurut IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarious

(SRES 2000) diproyeksikan emisi GRK akan meningkat

dari 25 persen – 95 persen CO2-eq selama jangka 2000

- 2030, dengan bahan bakar fosil tetap menduduki

posisi dominan penyebab perubahan iklim.

Karena itu, pada pertemuan G-20 di Pittsburg 2009,

Indonesia secara sukarela telah menetapkan target

nasional untuk menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca

sebesar 26 persen dengan usaha sendiri, dan 41 persen

jika mendapat bantuan internasional pada 2020 dari

kondisi tanpa adanya rencana aksi (bussines as usual/

BAU).

Untuk pelaksanaan kebijakan penurunan emisi GRK,

Indonesia menerbitkan dua peraturan presiden:

Nomor 61 Tahun 2011 Tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional

Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca dan Nomor 71 Tahun

2011 tentang Pelaksanaan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah

Kaca Nasional. Selanjutnya, pada 19 Oktober 2011

presiden memberi arahan kepada Menteri Lingkungan

Hidup untuk memastikan penurunan emisi 26 persen

bersamaan dengan menjaga kestabilan pertumbuhan

ekonomi pada tingkat 7 persen.

Dalam Perpres Nomor 61 Tahun 2011, Pasal 7, Menteri

Lingkungan Hidup bersama Menteri PPN/Kepala

Bappenas dan Menteri Dalam Negeri dimandatkan

untuk memfasilitasi penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah

untuk Penurunan Emisi GRK (RAD-GRK) Provinsi.

Kegiatan fasilitasi tersebut telah dilaksanakan

sepanjang 2012 dan menghasilkan RAD-GRK dari 27

provinsi. Implementasi Perpres itu untuk menurunkan

emisi GRK dari kegiatan energi, transportasi, industri,

kehutanan, pertanian, dan limbah.

Kebijakan dan langkah penurunan emisi dan

inventarisasi GRK telah dilaksanakan di sektor-sektor

terkait:

1. Di sektor kehutanan, penurunan deforestasi

rata-rata periode 2000-2006 ke periode 2009-

(IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007). Based on the documents of the Second National Communication (SNC) Indonesia 2010, Indonesia’s GHG emissions in 2000 reached 1.38 Gigatonnes CO2e.

In 2005, GHG emissions reached 1.79 Gigatonnes of CO2e. Main sources of emission included land-use change and forestry, peatland fires, waste, as well as the energy, agriculture and industry sectors. According to the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES 2000), GHG emissions are projected to increase from 25 percent - 95 percent of CO2e over the period of 2000 to 2030, with fossil fuels remaining the dominant cause of climate change.

Therefore, during the G-20 meeting in Pittsburg in 2009, Indonesia voluntarily set a national target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 26 percent on its own, and by 41 percent if it receives international aid, by the year 2020, with all reductions based on conditions in the absence of an action plan (business as usual/BAU).

For the implementation of GHG emission reduction policies, Indonesia has issued two presidential regulations: No. 61/2011 on regarding the National Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction and No. 71/ 2011 regarding the Implementation of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Subsequently, on October 19, 2011, the President gave a briefing to the Minister of the Environment to ensure that the 26 percent emissions reduction was aligned with the need to maintain economic growth at a rate of 7 percent.

Article 7 of Presidential Decree No. 61/2011 mandates the Minister of the Environment together with the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of the National Development Planning Agency and the Minister of Home to facilitate the compilation of Regional Action Plans for GHG Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK). The facilitation of activities was carried out in 2012 and resulted in Regional Action Plans from 27 provinces. The implementation of the Presidential Decree aims to reduce GHG emissions from activities related to energy, transportation, industry, forestry, agriculture, and waste.

GHG policies, actions and inventories have been implemented in the following sectors:1. In the forestry sector, a decrease of 0.675 million

hectares per year in the average deforestation rate


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2011 sebesar 0,675 juta hektare per tahun, telah

menurunkan emisi GRK sebesar 0,489 Gigaton CO2e,

setara 72,8 persen dari target penurunan emisi GRK

sektor kehutanan dan lahan gambut pada 2020,

sebesar 0,672 Gigaton CO2e. Terkait lahan gambut,

peningkatan, rehabilitasi dan pemeliharaan

jaringan reklamasi rawa di 23 provinsi, diperkirakan

menurunkan emisi GRK 2,02 juta ton CO2e.

2. Di sektor pertanian, penurunan emisi GRK sebesar

10,3 juta ton CO2e pada 2011 dari kegiatan

pengelolaan tanaman terpadu dan penggunaan

varietas padi Ciherang. Penurunan emisi GRK pada

lahan gambut ditargetkan sebesar 334 juta ton CO2e

dilakukan dengan pengembangan pertanian di

lahan marjinal dan lahan terdegradasi, pengelolaan

gambut berkelanjutan, rehabilitasi, revitalisasi dan

revitalisasi lahan gambut terdegradasi. Selain itu,

dilakukan perbaikan dan pemeliharaan jaringan

irigasi di 24 provinsi, dengan perkiraan penurunan

emisi GRK 0,042 jutaton CO2e.

3. Di sektor energi, hasil perhitungan tingkat emisi

GRK sektor energi pada 2010 sebesar 0,427 Gigaton

CO2e. Melalui penerapan Kebijakan Energi Nasional

(KEN), target penurunan emisi GRK pada 2020

sebesar 0,038 Gigaton CO2e diharapkan dapat

tercapai.

4. Di sektor transportasi, dilakukan kebijakan dan

langkah penurunan emisi GRK dan inventarisasi GRK

di subsektor perhubungan darat, perkeretaapian,

perhubungan laut, dan perhubungan udara.Saat

ini sedang proses pengajuan program Sustainable

Urban Transport sebagai Nationally Appropriate

Mitigation Action (NAMAs) ke United Nations

Frameworks Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC).

5. Di sektor industri, dilakukan kebijakan penurunan

emisi GRK melalui identifikasi potensi penerapan

konservasi energi, pemberian penghargaan

industri hijau, penerapan Program Restrukturisasi

Permesinan Industri Tekstil dan Produk Tekstil,

Alas Kaki dan Gula. Melalui Peraturan Menteri

Perindustrian Nomor 12 Tahun 2012 tentang

Pedoman Teknis Pengurangan Emisi CO2 Industri

Semen, diperkirakan penurunan gas rumah kaca

secara sukarela sebesar 2 persen selama 2011-2015,

dan secara wajib sebesar 3 persen selama 2016-

2020.

6. Di sektor limbah, telah dilakukan pembangunan

sarana prasarana air limbah dengan system off-site

dan on-site dengan perkiraan penurunan emisi GRK

13,85 juta ton CO2e.

from 2000-2006 and 2009-2011 has reduced GHG emissions by 0.489 gigatonnes of CO2e. This equals 72.8 percent of GHG of the 2020 emissions reduction target of 0.672 gigatonnes CO2e in the forestry and peatlands sector. Improvement, rehabilitation and maintenance of wetlands reclamation networks in 23 provinces was estimated to reduce GHG emissions by 2.02 million tonnes of CO2e.

2. In the agricultural sector, GHG emission reductions of 10.3 million tonnes of CO2e were achieved in 2011 due to integrated crop management practices and the use of the Ciherang rice varietiy. Efforts to reach the GHG emission reduction target in peatlands of 334 million tonnes of CO2e included cultivation of marginal and degraded lands, sustainable peatland management, as well as rehabilitation and revitalization of degraded peatlands. In addition, irrigation network repair and maintenance work was carried out in 24 provinces, resulting in an estimated reduction in GHG emissions of 0.042 million tonnes of CO2e.

3. GHG emissions in the energy sector in 2010 were calculated at 0.427 gigatonnes of CO2e. The implementation of the National Energy Policy (KEN) is expected to make possible the achievement of the 2010 GHG emissions reduction targets of 0.038 gigatonnes of CO2e.

4. In the transport sector, policies and measures related to GHG emissions reduction and GHG inventories were undertaken in the land, rail, maritime and air transportation sub-sectors. At present the Sustainable Urban Transport Program is in the process of submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMAs).

5. GHG emission reduction policies in the industrial sector were implemented through the identification of potential benefits of energy conservation, green industry awards, and the implementation of machinery restructuring programs in the textile and textile products, footwear, and sugar industries. Minister of Industry Decree No. 12/2012 on Technical Guidelines for the Reduction of CO2 Emissions in the Cement Industry estimated voluntary greenhouse gas reductions at 2 percent in 2011-2015, and mandatory reductions at 3 percent in 2016-2020.

6. In the waste sector, construction of off-site and on-site wastewater facilities and infrastructure was carried out, with an estimated reduction in GHG emissions of 13.85 million tonnes of CO2e.


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Surat Edaran Bersama (SEB) Menteri Dalam Negeri,

Menteri PPN/Kepala Bappenas dan Menteri Negara

Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 660/95/SJ/2012, Nomor

0005/M.PPN/01/2012 dan Nomor 01/MENLH/01/2012,

tentang Penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah Penurunan

Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (RAD-GRK). Surat edaran ini

sebagai tindak lanjut dari Peraturan Presiden Nomor 61

Tahun 2011 (sesuai amanat Pasal 7) dan Perpres Nomor

71 Tahun 2011 yang harus ditindaklanjuti dengan

penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah dan pelaksanaan

program setiap sektor. Provinsi telah menyusun RAD-

GRK sebanyak 29, yang ditetapkan dengan peraturan

gubernur.

Beberapa inisiatif program untuk menurunkan emisi

GRK di antaranya: Menuju Indonesia Hijau (MIH),

Pengelolaan Ekosistem Gambut, Penilaian Peringkat

Kinerja Lingkungan (PROPER), Gerakan Indonesia

Bersih (GIB), Bank Sampah, Adipura, dan lainnya.

Menuju Indonesia Hijau (MIH) merupakan program

pengawasan dalam pelaksanaan perbaikan kualitas

lingkungan. Ada empat sasaran yang ingin dicapai.

Pertama, meningkatnya tutupan vegetasi, diikuti

perbaikan tata air dan kuantitas sumber air,

menurunnya risiko bencana banjir dan tanah longsor,

serta tertahannya laju kerusakan wilayah pesisir. Kedua,

meningkatnya konservasi energi melalui pemanfaatan

energi biofuel dan energi biomassa dari berbagai

kegiatan penambahan tutupan vegetasi. Ketiga,

menurunnya laju kemerosotan keanekaragaman

hayati. Keempat, meningkatnya perlindungan lapisan

atmosfer.

Program MIH untuk memberi apresiasi kepada

kabupaten dan provinsi dalam meningkatkan dan

mempertahankan tutupan vegetasi di wilayahnya.

Dalam kurun 2007-2011, KLH telah melakukan

pembinaan dan pengawasan sekitar 260 kabupaten

dengan parameter fisik, manajemen, peran-serta

masyarakat dan inovasi para pihak.

Melalui Program Menuju Indonesia Hijau (MIH) dapat

dihitung perubahan cadangan karbon (carbon stock).

Selama periode 2005 – 2010, KLH telah melakukan

perhitungan di 21 kabupaten. Kabupaten Banyumas

berhasil mempertahankan cadangan karbon tertinggi,

sedangkan yang paling rendah adalah Kabupaten

Pacitan.

The Joint Circular Letter (SEB) between the Ministers of Home Affairs, National Development Planning/Head of the National Development Planning Agency and Environment No. 660/95/SJ/2012, No. 0005/M.PPN/01/2012 and No. 01/MENLH/01/2012 concerned the preparation of Regional Action Plans for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK). This circular letter was a follow up to Presidential Decree No. 61/2011 (as mandated by Article 7) and Presidential Decree No. 71/2011, which mandated the preparation of Regional Action Plans and the implementation of sectoral programs. A total of 29 provinces have compiled Regional Action Plans as stipulated in regulations by the respective governor.

Programs initiatives to reduce GHG emissions include: Towards Green Indonesia (MIH), Peatland Ecosystem Management, Environmental Performance Rating (PROPER), Clean Indonesia Movement (GIB), Waste Bank, Adipura Award, and others.

Towards Green Indonesia (MIH) is a supervision program on the implementation of environmental quality improvement. The program has four objectives. First, increased vegetation cover, improved water management and numbers of water sources, reduced risk of floods and landslides, as well as reduced rates of coastal degradation. Second, increased energy conservation through the use of biofuels and biomass energy from vegetation cover extension activities. Third, less loss in biodiversity. Fourth, enhanced protection of the atmosphere.

The MIH program gives appreciation to regencies and provinces that improve and maintain vegetation cover in their regions. In 2007-2011, the Ministry of Environment provided guidance and supervision to approximately 260 regencies in relation to physical parameters, management, community participation and innovations by the parties.

The Towards Green Indonesia Program (MIH) facilitates calculation of changes in carbon stock. In 2005 - 2010, the Ministry of Environment carried out calculations in in 21 regencies. The Regency of Banyumas had the highest carbon stock, the Regency of Pacitan the lowest.


165

Upaya Sektor IndustriEfforts in the Industrial Sector

Berdasarkan hasil inventarisasi sumber pencemar

dari agroindustri melalui Program Penilaian Kinerja

Perusahaan (PROPER) 2008 – 2011, diperoleh data rata-

rata intensitas CO2 eq per tahun sekitar 3.136 ton dan

CH4 sekitar 149,3 Gg gr saban tahun. Potensi emisi dari

sektor agroindustri untuk penanganan limbah setiap

tahun cenderung meningkat, seiring meningkatnya

kapasitas total produksi nasional. Pengurangan

emisi GRK pada sektor ini hanya dapat dijalankan

melalui upaya seperti CDM, perbaikan sistem instalasi

pengolahan air limbah (IPAL), implementasi methane

capture dan pemanfaatan gas methane menjadi

biogas.

Berdasarkan hasil inventarisasi sumber pencemar

dari pengawasan industri manufaktur prasarana dan

jasa tahun 2008 – 2011 diperoleh data total rata-

rata intensitas CO2 eq per tahun sekitar 11.174,85

ton dan CH4 sekitar 532,14 Gg gr. Sementara itu,

perhitungan penurunan emisi CO dari sektor limbah

kegiatan RU/Unit Pengolahan/Kilang migas (4 kilang)

dapat disimpulkan: emisi GRK (CO2) turun sebesar 9,70

persen dengan basis perhitungan tahun 2010, yang

dihitung dari parameter BOD dan COD.

Kegiatan penurunan beban pencemaran pada sektor

usaha skala kecil selama 2007-2011 difokuskan pada

pemanfaatan limbah dan pengolahan industri tahu

dan usaha ternak sapi. Reduksi GRK dari penggunaan

IPAL biogas di 14 sentra tahu diperkirakan 9.572,05 ton

per tahun. Sedangkan dari penggunaan biodigester di

13 sentra ternak sapi sebesar 2.424,33 ton per tahun.

Alhasil, total reduksi GRK dari pengelolaan limbah

usaha skala kecil yang dibantu KLH sebesar 11.996,38

ton per tahun.

Upaya di sektor limbah domestik untuk mengurangiGRK

dilakukan melalui pengelolaan sampah sesuai Undang-

Undang No. 18 Tahun 2008 dan Peraturan Pemerintah No.

81 tahun 2012. Untuk jelasnya lihat pada bagian Sampah.

Data obtained from a 2008-2011 PROPER inventory of pollution sources within the agro-industry showed that the average intensity of CO2 eq per year to reach approximately 3,136 tonnes and that of CH4 to amount to approximately 149.3 Gg gr every year. Potential emissions from waste handling in the agro-industry sector tend to increase each year, in line with an increase in total national production capacity. The reduction of GHG emissions in this sector can only be achieved through CDM, improvement of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) systems, the implementation of methane capture and utilization of methane gas for conversion into biogas.

Data obtained from a 2008-2011 inventory of pollution sources based on monitoring of manufacturing industries, infrastructure and services showed that the average total intensity of CO2 eq per year was about 11,174.85 tonnes and that of CH4 about 532.14 Gg. Meanwhile, CO emissions reduction calculations from waste of RU activities/Processing Unit/Oil and Gas Refinery (4 refineries) can be concluded as follows: GHG emissions (CO2) fell by 9.70 per cent compared to 2010 calculations of 2010, which was calculated for from BOD and COD parameters.

Pollution load reduction activities on a small-scale businesses sector during 2007-2011 focused on the utilization and waste treatment from the tofu and cattle cattle industries. Reductions of GHG emissions through WWTP biogas in 14 tofu production centres was estimated at 9,572.05 tonnes a year. Meanwhile, reductions with biodigesters in 13 lifestock centers amounted to 2,424.33 tonnes a year. Total reductions of GHG emissions from waste management of small-scale businesses that received assistence from the Ministry of Environment amounted to 11,996.38 tonnes a year.

GHG reduction in the domestic waste sector was, implemented through waste management, pursuant to Law No. 18/2008 and Government Regulation No. 81/2012. For details, see the section on Waste.


166



167

Sistem Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional (SIGN)

National Greenhouse Gases Inventory System (SIGN)

Untuk koordinasi inventarisasi GRK, perubahan emisi

dan serapan GRK, simpanan karbon nasional,monitoring

proses dan hasil inventarisasi GRK, pemerintah sedang

membangun Sistem Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca

Nasional (SIGN) yang diharapkan akan mulai berjalan

efektif pada akhir 2012. SIGN menjadi simpul dari

berbagai laporan inventarisasi GRK dari instansi terkait

dan pemerintah daerah.Sistem pelaporan inventarisasi

GRK Nasional secara umum dapat digambarkan seperti

pada Gambar 3.21.

Penyusunan Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Inventarisasi

GRK Nasional, yang diadopsi dari IPCC (Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change) 2006 Guidelines, untuk

menyediakan informasi berkala mengenai tingkat,

status, dan kecenderungan perubahan emisi dan

serapan gas rumah kaca nasional dan daerah serta

informasi pencapaian penurunan emisi GRK dari

mitigasi perubahan iklim

To coordinate GHG inventory, the change of GHG emission and sink, the national carbon stock, monitoring processes, and the results of GHG inventories, the government is building the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System (SIGN), which is expected to become effective at the end of 2012. SIGN is a node for various GHG inventory reports from relevant agencies and local governments. The national GHG inventory reporting system can be illustrated as in Figure 3.21.

Guidelines for the Implementation of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory were was adopted from the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2006 Guidelines, to provide regular information on the rates, status, and trends of emissions and sink of greenhouse gas on the national and regional leves, as well as information on the achievement of GHG emissions reduction from the mitigation of climate change.


Figure 3.21 The National Greenhouse Gases Inventory Reporting System Gambar 3.21 Sistem Pelaporan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional

Ministry of Energy andMineral Resources

Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral

Ministry of Forestry Kementerian Kehutanan

Ministry of IndustryKementerian Perindustrian

Ministry of Agriculture Kementerian Pertanian

Ministry of TransportationKementerian Perhubungan

Ministry of PublicWorks

Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum

Regional Goverment Pemerintah Daerah

Ministry of EnvironmentKementerian Lingkungan Hidup

Other sources:Indonesia Statistics; National

Development Planning Agency;National Institute of Aeronautics

And Space; Meteorological,Climatological and GeophysicalAgency, National Coordination

Agency for Surveys and Mapping;Universites; other Institutions

Sumber lain:BPS, Bappenas, LAPAN, BMKG,

Bakesurtanal, Universitas, Lembaga Lainnya

ExpertsSteering

Committee

National GHGInventory

ReportLaporan Inventarisasi

GRK Nasional

NCCC DNPI Coordinating Ministr For People’s Welfare

Kemenko Kesra

UNFCCC

KLHSIGN Center


168

Sampah Solid Waste

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup mencatat penduduk

rata-rata menghasilkan sekitar 2,5 liter sampah per hari

atau 625 juta liter dari total jumlah penduduk. Volume

sampah ini dalam tiga tahun terakhir meningkat tajam.

Volume sampah per hari pada 2010 mencapai 200.000

ton, dan pada 2012 meningkat dua kali lipat lebih:

490.000 ton per hari atau 178.850.000 ton setahun.

Dari total sampah itu, lebih dari 50 persen merupakan

sampah rumah tangga.

Sampah rumah tangga ternyata belum ditangani

dengan baik. Baru sekitar 24,5 persen yang ditangani

secara benar, yaitu diangkut petugas kebersihan dan

dikomposkan. Sisanya (75,5 persen) belum ditangani

dengan baik. Fakta itu ditunjukkan data RISKESDAS

2010 (Kantor Utusan Khusus Presiden RI untuk MDGs,

2012) yang menyatakan rumah tangga umumnya

menerapkan enam metode penanganan sampah,

yaitu:

1. diangkut petugas kebersihan (23,4 persen)

2. dikubur dalam tanah (4,2 persen)

3. dikomposkan (1,1 persen)

4. dibakar (52,1 persen)

5. dibuang di selokan, sungai, laut (10,2 persen)

6. dibuang sembarangan (9 persen)

Sampah menjadi ancaman serius bagi upaya peningkatan

kualitas hidup masyarakat. Badan Perencanaan dan

Pembangunan Nasional (Bappenas) mencatat volume

sampah di Indonesia sekitar 1 juta meter kubik setiap

hari, namun hanya 42 persen yang bisa terangkut dan

diolah dengan baik. Sampah yang tidak diangkut setiap

harimencapai 348.000 meter atau sekitar 300.000 ton

diurus masyarakat secara swadaya, atau tercecer dan

secara sistematis terbuang ke mana saja.

Karena itu, upaya mengelola sampah yang volumenya

terus bertambah harus dilakukan secara bersama-sama.

Seluruh lapisan masyarakat melaksanakan pembatasan

timbulan sampah, pendauran ulang dan pemanfaatan

kembali sampah (3R) melalui upaya-upaya cerdas,

efisien dan terprogram.

Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2008 dan Peraturan

Pemerintah Nomor 81 Tahun 2012 mendorong

perubahan paradigma dalam pengelolaan sampah:

dari paradigma kumpul–angkut–buang, menjadi

pengolahan yang bertumpu pada pengurangan dan

penanganan sampah.

Ministry of Environment records show that the average citizen produces about 2.5 liters of solid waste per day, which translates into 625 million liters for the entire population. The volume of solid waste has increased sharply in the last three years. It was 200,000 tons a day in 2010, and more than doubled to 490,000 tonnes a day in 2012, amounting to 178.85 million tonnes a year. Of the total volume of waste, more than 50 percent is household waste.

Household waste is not yet managed properly. Only about 24.5 percent is handled appropriately, namely collected by garbage men and composted. The remaining 75.5 percent is not handled well. This was revealed by 2010 RISKESDAS data (Office of the Special Envoy of the President for the MDGs, 2012), which showed that households generally apply six methods of domestic waste management:1. Collection by garbage men (23.4 percent)2. Burial in the soil (4.2 percent)3. Composting (1.1 percent)4. Burning (52.1 percent)5. Disposal into sewers, rivers, sea (10.2 percent)6. Indiscriminate disposal (9 percent)

Waste has become a serious threat to efforts to improve people’s quality of life. The National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) stated that the daily volume of waste in Indonesia was around 1 million cubic meters, of which only 42 percent could be collected and treated properly. Uncollected waste amounted to 348,000 cubic meters or about 300,000 tonnes each day and was handled independently by communities, left scattered or dumped indiscreminately.

Therefore, any attempt to manage the growing amount of waste should be carried out collectively. The whole population should engage in waste reduction, recycling and reuse (3R) through intelligent, efficient and programmed efforts.

Law No. 18/2008 and Government Regulation No. 81/2012 encourage a shift of paradigm in waste management from collecting-transporting-dumping to treatment that is based on waste reduction and management.

Waste remains a serious problem in many urban


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Masalahnya, hingga kini sampah masih menjadi

masalah serius di berbagai wilayah perkotaan maupun

permukiman. Pengelolaan sampah masih jauh dari

amanat UU dan Peraturan Pemerintah tersebut. Meski

Indonesia memiliki Hari Peduli Sampah yang diambil

dari peristiwa longsornya bukit sampah Leuwigajah,

Cimahi, 21 Februari 2005, urusan sampah masih sering

memusingkan pemerintah.

Hingga kini kegiatan 3R masih menghadapi kendala

rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat untuk memilah sampah.

Salah satu solusinya, pengembangan Bank Sampah yang

bersifat social engineering untuk mengajarkan masyarakat

memilah sampah serta menumbuhkan kesadaran

mengolah sampah secara bijak. Pada gilirannya akan

mengurangi sampah yang diangkut ke TPA.

Keberadaan Bank Sampah menjadi penting dengan

terbitnyaPeraturan Pemerintah No. 81 Tahun 2012.

Aturan ini mewajibkan produsen melakukan 3R dengan

menghasilkan produk berkemasan yang mudah diurai,

sampah sesedikit mungkin, berbahan bakuyang dapat

didaur ulang dan diguna ulang. Atau, menarik kembali

sampah dari produk dan kemasan untuk didaur ulang

dan diguna ulang.

Bank Sampah dapat berperan sebagai dropping point

bagi produsen untuk produk dan kemasan produk yang

masa pakainya telah usai.Sehingga sebagian tanggung

jawab pemerintah dalam pengelolaan sampah juga

menjadi beban pelaku usaha.Dengan menerapkan

pola ini, diharapkan volume sampah yang dibuang

ke TPA berkurang. Penerapan prinsip 3R sedekat

mungkin dengan sumber sampah diharapkan dapat

menyelesaikan masalah sampah secara terintegrasi

dan menyeluruh, sehingga tujuan akhir kebijakan

pengelolaan sampah dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik.

Pembentukan bank sampah yang sampai Desember 2012

mencapai 1195 bank sampah, tersebar di 55 kabupaten/

kota, melibatkan 96.203 penabung dengan omzet

sekitar Rp 15,1 milyar per bulan dan sampah anorganik

yang terkelola mencapai 2.262 ton per bulan.

Keberhasilan pengelolaan sampah tergantung

pada upaya bersama:pemerintah, pelaku usaha dan

masyarakat. Kemauan ini dimulai dari pemahaman dan

kesadaran pentingnya masalah sampah sebagai salah

satu infrastruktur yang menceminkan keberhasilan

mengelola lingkungan.Sampah bukan hanya masalah

lingkungan, kesehatan, dan estetika, tapi juga

gambaran keberadaban masyarakat.

areas and settlements. Waste management is still a long way from the mandate provided by laws and regulations. Even though Indonesia has designated a National Waste Day, which commemorates the landslide at Leuwigajah landfill in Cimahi on February 21, 2005, waste related matters are still an issue.

Until now 3R activities still face the obstacle of low public awareness about sorting waste. One solution might be the development of the Waste Bank, a social engineering effort aimed at teaching people how to sort waste and raising awareness about smart waste treatment. This in turn will reduce the amount of waste dumped in landfills.

The Waste Bank program became important with the issuance of Government Regulation No. 81/2012. This regulation required manufacturers to incorporate 3R concepts by providing products with biodegradable packaging that would generate as little waste as possible and use raw materials which could be recycled and reused. Alternatively, they could collect waste generated by their products and packaging to be recycled and reused.

Waste Banks may act as collection points manufacturers to dispose of products and product packaging that have past their due dates. This means that some of the government’s responsibility in waste management is transfered to business actors. Application of this scheme is expected to reduce the volume of waste to be dumped at landfills. Application of the 3R principles as close as possible to the source of waste is expected to solve the waste problem in an integrated and comprehensive manner, so that the ultimate objective of waste management policies can be achieved.

Per December 2012 there were 1,195 waste banks in 55 regencies/cities, with 96,203 customers and a monthly turnover of approximately Rp15.1 billion. The volume of inorganic waste managed reached 2,262 tonnes per month.

Successful waste management depends on the joint efforts of the government, business actors and the public., and is based on understanding of the importance of proper waste handling as part of an infrastructure that reflects the successful environmental management. Waste is not just an environmental, a health and an aesthetic problem, but also indicates the degree of civilization in a society.


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Kendati memakai pengelolaan dengan 3R, tetap saja

sampah akhirnya perlu diolah di TPA, yang sebagian

besar masih memakai sistem open dumping. Dengan

adanya UU Nomor 18 Tahun 2008 sistem itu sudah

dilarang, sehingga perlu menuju pengolahan yang

lebih ramah lingkungan, yaitu controlled landfill, dan

idealnya sanitary landfill. Terbatasnya lahan untuk TPA

menuntut pengelolaan sampah secara regional, yang

saat ini masih terbatas di beberapa daerah, seperti

Yogyakarta (Kartamantul), Denpasar (Sarbagita) dan

Gorontalo (Buku Informasi Statistik Pekerjaan Umum,

Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, 2012).

Berdasarkanevaluasi Program Adipura 2011-2012,

kinerja penanganan TPA di kota-kota besar secara

umum belum menunjukkan performa yang baik. Hanya

14 persen kota-kota besar yang menunjukkan kinerja

penanganan TPA yang baik, dengan nilai di atas atau

sama dengan 71, seperti ditunjukkan Gambar 3.22.

Untuk mempercepat upaya pengelolaan sampah,

dikembangkan Gerakan Indonesia Bersih (GIB) melalui

konsep 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) yang melibatkan

kementerian, perusahaan dan masyarakat.

Despite applying 3R management, waste ultimately still needs to be processed at landfills, the majority of which still use the open dumping system. This system has been banned by Law No. 18/2008 and must be replaced by more environmentally-friendly alternatives such as controlled landfills or, ideally, sanitary landfills. Scarcity of land for landfills neccesitates regional waste management, which to date is available in just a few areas, for instance Yogyakarta (Kartamantul), Denpasar (Sarbagita) and Gorontalo (Statistical Information of Public Works, Ministry of Public Works, 2012).

Based on assessments by the 2011-2012 Adipura Program, the overall performance of landfills in big cities was low. Only 14 percent of big cities had well-managed landfills that reached a score of 71 or higher, as shown in Figure 3.22.

To accelerate waste management improvement efforts, the Clean Indonesia Movement (GIB) was establishd using the 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) concept and involving ministries, companies and the public.


Figure 3.22 Performance of Landfill Sites, 2011-2012 Gambar 3.22 Kinerja Penanganan Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Tahun 2011-2012

30 – 45 Very poor Sangat Jelek46 – 60 Poor Jelek61 – 70 Fair Sedang71 – 80 Good Baik

81 – 90 Excellent Sangat Baik

Note Keterangan:P1 = Monitoring Pemantauan 1

P2 = Monitoring Pemantauan 2


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Program Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan - PROPER

Corporate Environmental Performance Rating Program - PROPER

AKSES PARTISIPASI PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN

ACCESS TO PARTICIPATIONIN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Dunia UsahaThe Private Sector

Peningkatan kualitas lingkungan hidup perlu intervensi

teknologi, kebijakan, metode, teknik pengelolaan,

sumberdaya manusia dan kelembagaan yang baik. Dan

peningkatan partisipasi bertujuan mengembangkan

inisiatif berbagai pihak seluas mungkin, mulai dari

masyarakat, organisasi kemasyarakatan, lembaga

profesi, dunia usaha, lembaga legislatif, yudikatif

hingga eksekutif.

To improve the quality of the environment, the proper technological interventions, policies, methods, management techniques, human resources and institutions were required. Another important factor was increased participation aimed at developing initiatives involving as many parties as possible, ranging from the public, community organizations, professional bodies and the private sector, to legislative, judicial and executive institutions.

Pihak swasta semakin melibatkan diri dalam aksi

perlindungan, pengelolaan lingkungan dan pelestarian

alam.

The private sector has become increasingly involved in actions of environmental protection and management and nature conservation.

Program Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan (PROPER)

adalah program pengawasan dan penilaian kinerja

perusahaan dalam mengelola lingkungan. PROPER

dilaksanakan KLH bersama Badan Lingkungan Hidup

provinsi mengawasi dan menilai kinerja perusahan

manufaktur, pertambangan, energi dan migas, sektor

kawasan dan jasa. Awalnya, PROPER fokus pada

pengendalian pencemaran air, namun kini mencakup

udara, limbah B3 dan akan dikembangkan pada aspek

kerusakan lingkungan.

Pengawasan dan penilaian meliputi ketaatan

pelaksanaan AMDAL, pengendalian pencemaran air

dan udara, pengelolaan limbah B3, penanggulangan

kerusakan lingkungan, terutama bagi pertambangan.

Jumlah perusahaan yang ikut dalam PROPER terus

meningkat setiap tahun. Pada 2011-2012 terdapat 1.317

perusahaan,meningkat dari 1.002 pada 2010-2011. Tapi,

jumlah perusahaan yang pengelolaan lingkungannya

buruk meningkat dari 49 pada 2010-2011, menjadi 79

pada 2011-2012. Perusahaan yang mendapat peringkat

The Corporate Environmental Performance Rating Program (PROPER) monitors and assesses the environmental management performance of companies. PROPER is implemented by the Ministry of Environment in cooperation with provincial environmental agencies. It supervises and assesses the performance of companies in the manufacturing; mining; energy, oil and gas; and estate and services sectors. Initially, PROPER focused on water pollution control, but now also covers air and B3 waste. It will be developed to include environmental destruction as well. Supervision and assessment include: compliance in implementing EIA, water and air pollution control, B3 waste management, prevention of environmental damage, especially in mining. The number of companies participating in PROPER continues to increase every year. In 2011-2012 there were 1,317 companies, increasing from 1,002 in 2010-2011. However, the number companies with poor


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Rating categories : (source : Minister of Environment Regulation no. 5 of 2011 concerning PROPER)• Gold: consistently showing environmental excellence• Green: environmental management beyond compliance• Blue: environmental management efforts compliant with laws and regulations• Red: environmental management efforts not compliant with laws and regulations• Black: in violation of regulations and suspected of causing pollution and/or environmental damage.Keterangan Peringkat : (sumber : PerMenLH No. 5 Tahun 2011 tentang PROPER)• Peringkat Emas: secara konsisten menunjukkan keunggulan lingkungan • Peringkat Hijau: pengelolaan lingkungan lebih dari yang dipersyaratkan dalam peraturan (beyond compliance) • Peringkat Biru: upaya pengelolaan lingkungan sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan.• Peringkat Merah: upaya pengelolaan lingkungan tidak sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan• Peringkat Hitam: tidak taat peraturan dan diindikasikan mengakibatkan pencemaran dan/atau kerusakan lingkungan.

Figure 3.23 Number of Companies Participating in PROPER Gambar 3.23 Jumlah Perusahaan Peserta PROPER

69 %

85

251

466519

627

2003-2009 Average increase109 companies/year2003-2009 Kenaikan rata-rata109 perusahaan/tahun

2010-2012 Average increase313 companies/year2010-2012 Kenaikan rata-rata313 perusahaan/tahun

690

1002

1317

49 %52 %

76 % 70% 71%66%

69 %

2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012

1.400

1.200

1.000

800

600

400

200

0Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

Figure 3.24 Waste Balance Sheet; Mining, Energy, Oil & Gas Gambar 3.24 Neraca Limbah B3 Kegiatan Pertambangan Energi Migas

Tonnes Ton

Produced Dihasilkan

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

1.726.623,84 6.854.645,41 6.897.117,00 13.005.458,3 20.368.948,1

Managed Dikelola 1.097.765,65 2.134.785,00 3.898.072,00 12.311.267,7 20.342.814,4


environmental management ratings increased from 49 in 2010-2011 to 79 in 2011-2012. Most companies with Black PROPER ratings are found in the mining; energy, oil and gas; and agro-industry sectors. .

Hitam PROPER umumnya bergerak di pertambangan,

energi dan migas, serta agroindustri.


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PROPER 2010(Produced : 219,151,968 Tonnes

Dihasilkan : 219151.968 Ton)

Managed218,883,678 Tonnes

100 %Dikelola

218883.678 Ton100 %

Not managed268.29 Ton

0%Belum Dikelola

268.29 Ton0 %

Figure 3.25 B3 Waste Balance Sheet; Estates and Services Gambar 3.25 Neraca Limbah B3 Sektor Kawasan dan Jasa


Table 3.11 Waste Balance Sheet Based on PROPER Monitoring of 1002 Companies, 2010-2011 Tabel 3.11 Neraca Limbah B3 yang Diperoleh Dari Hasil Pengawasan PROPER Pada Periode 2010-2011 Dengan Jumlah Perusahaan yang

Dipantau Sebanyak 1002 perusahaan.

Sector Sektor

Unit Satuan

Produced Dihasilkan

Managed DikelolaNot managed Belum DikelolaOn-site

DI TPS3d Party

Pihak Ke-3Treated Diolah

Internal use Pemanfaatan

Internal

Mining, oil PEM Tonne Ton 87.333.422.820 73.831.764.170 13.501.658.650

Manufacture Manufaktur Tonne Ton 3.017.281.341 14.214.325 58.946.591 4.492.675 2.032.762.434 906.865.316

Estate services KawasanJasa Tonne Ton 4.008.245.690 34.304 3.870.602.450 126.732.049 10.587.500 289.387

Agro-Industry Agro Industri Tonne Ton 86.670.751 26.933.203 29.889.336 0.627 37.526 29.810.059

Total Tonne Ton 94.445.620.602 73.872.946.002 3.959.438.377 131.225.351 2.043.387.460 14.438.623.412

Total Tonne Ton 94.445.620.602 80.006.997.191 14.438.623.412

Table 3.12 Hazardous Waste Balance Sheet Based on PROPER Monitoring of 1317 Companies, 2011-2012 Tabel 3.12 Neraca Limbah B3 yang Diperoleh dari Hasil Pengawasan PROPER Pada Periode 2011-2012 Dengan Jumlah Perusahaan

yang Dipantau Sebanyak 1317 Perusahaan.

Sector Sektor

Unit Satuan

Produced Dihasilkan

Managed DikelolaNot

managed Belum

Dikelola

On-site DI TPS

3d Party Pihak Ke-3

Treated Diolah/landfill

Internal use Pemanfaatan

Internal

Dumpedin sea

Dumping ke Laut

Mining, oil PEM

Tonne Ton 59.651.473.45 596.514.73 2.982.573.67 22.071.045.18 1.789.544.20 31.615.280.93 596.514.73

Manufacture Manufaktur

Tonne Ton 4.604.561.44 1.749.733.35 2.440.417.56 0 414.410.53 906.865.316

Estate services KawasanJasa

Tonne Ton 576.499.90 80.709.99 443.904.92 0 23.060.00 28.825.00

Agro-Industry Agro Industri

Tonne Ton 1.138.077.45 68.284.65 864.938.86 113.807.75 91.046.20 0

Total Tonne Ton 65.970.612.24 2.495.242.71 6.731.835.02 22.184.852.92 2.318.060.93 31.615.280.93 625.339.73

Total Tonne Ton 65.970.612.24 65.345.272.51 625.339.73






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Pengembangan Industri HijauDevelopment of Green Industry

Mengikuti jejak PROPER, Kementerian Perindustrian

turut mengembangkan Industri Hijau dengan upaya

yang telah dilakukan :

1. Penggunaan mesin ramah lingkungan melalui

program restrukturisasi permesinan industri tekstil

dan produk tekstil, alas kaki, dan gula. Program

ini berdampak signifikan berupa penghematan

energi sampai 25 persen, peningkatan

produktivitas sampai 17 persen, peningkatan

penyerapan tenaga kerja danmeningkatkan

efektivitas giling pada industri gula;

2. Penerapan produksi bersih dengan pelatihan

bagi pelaku industri danaparatur, menyusun

pedoman teknis produksi bersih untuk beberapa

komoditas industridan bantuan teknis kepada

beberapa industri;

3. Kebijakan teknis, perlindungan lapisan ozon

melalui kontrolproduk, bahan baku atau bahan

penunjang secara bertahap (Peraturan Menteri

Perindustrian Nomor 33/M-IND/PER/4/2007);

4. Penyusunan Data Inventori Emisi CO2 equivalent

di 700 perusahaan dari 8 sektorindustri untuk

penetapan baseline emisi GRK;

5. Penyusunan Konsep Grand Strategi Konservasi

Energi;

6. Implementasi konservasi energi pada 35 industri

baja dan 15 industri pulp dan kertas;

7. Penyusunan Pedoman Teknis Penurunan Emisi

GRK pada industri semen;

8. Pemberian penghargaan industri hijau, yang

pada 2010 kepada 9 perusahaan industri dan

2011 kepada 10 perusahaan.

Selanjutnya, upaya yang akan dilakukan adalah:

1. Menyusun standar industri hijau;

2. Menyiapkan skema insentif fiskal dan nonfiskal;

3. Membangun lembaga sertifikasi industri hijau;

4. Membangun kerjasama nasional dan

internasional;

5. Peningkatan kapasitas SDM;

6. Meningkatkan pengembangan kualitas

penelitian dan pengembangan;

7. Memberikan bantuan teknis penerapan produksi

bersih;

8. Memfasilitasi pembiayaan pengembangan

industri hijau;

9. Membangun sistem informasi industri hijau;

Following PROPER, the Ministry of Industry participated in developing Green Industry through the following efforts:1. The use of environmentally friendly machinery

through the restructuring of machinery in the textile industry and textile products, footwear, and sugar industries. The program had a significant impact in the form of energy savings of up to 25 percent, a 17-percent increase in productivity, higher employment and improved effectiveness of presses in the sugar industry;

2. The implementation of clean production, with training for industry actors and officials, preparation of technical guidelines for clean production of several industrial commodities and provision of technical assistance to several industries;

3. Technical policies, protection of the ozone layer through phased control on products, raw materials or auxiliary materials (Minister of Industry Regulation No. 33/M-IND/PER/4/2007);

4. Inventory of CO2 equivalent emissions data from 700 companies from eight sectors of industry for the determination of a GHG emissions baseline

5. Preparation of a Grand Strategy for Energy Conservation Concept;

6. Implementation of energy conservation in 35 steel and 15 pulp and paper companies;

7. Preparation of technical guidelines for GHG emissions reduction in the cement industry;

8. Presentation of the Green Industry award to 9 industrial companies in 2010 and to 10 companies in 2011.

Further efforts will include:1. Establishing green industry standards;2. Preparing fiscal and non-fiscal incentives

schemes;3. Establishing a green industry certification

agency;4. Establishing national and international

cooperation;5. Increasing the capacities of human resources;6. Improving the quality of research and

development;7. Providing technical assistance for the

implementation of clean production;


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8. Facilitating the financing for development of green industries;

9. Building a green industry information system;10. Drawing-up guidelines for GHG emissions

reduction;11. Monitoring of GHG emissions.

10. Menyusun pedoman-pedoman dalam rangka

penurunan emisi GRK;

11. Monitoring emisi GRK.

Pengkajian Industri Hijau dan Lingkungan Hidup

Assessment on Green Industry and the Environment

A.Pengembangan dan Perumusan Kebijakan

Industri Hijau

1. Penyusunan rencana induk pengembangan industri

hijau

Tersedianya grand strategy, roadmap, rencana aksi

dan standar industri hijau.

2. Penyusunan katalog bahan baku dan bahan

penolong

Tersedianya katalog bahan baku dan bahan

penolong untuk industri tekstil, keramik dan IKM

makanan yang ramah lingkungan guna terwujudnya

industri hijau.

3. Penganugerahan penghargaan industri hijau

Mendorong pelaku industri menerapkan proses

produksi ramah lingkungan

B. Pengurangan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK)

1. Penyusunan pedoman pengurangan GRK melalui

implementasi konservasi energi

Tersedianya pedoman teknis pengurangan emisi

GRK melalu implementasi konservasi energi di

industri pupuk dan keramik.

C.Kebijakan Pencegahan dan Pengendalian

Pencemaran Industri :

1. Pemetaan teknologi pengolah limbah elektronik

Tersedianya peta teknologi pengolahan limbah

elektronik.

2. Kajian teknologi dan bahan alternatif dalam phase

out HCFC dan POPs

Rekomendasi kebijakan teknologi dan bahan

alternatif pengganti HCFC dan POPs di sektor

industri.

3. Kajian pengelolaan limbah udara pada industri

berbahan bakar batubara

A.Development and Formulation of Green Industry Policy

1. The preparation of a master plan for green industry development.

Availability of grand strategy, roadmap, action plan and the green industry standards.

2. Preparation of raw materials and auxiliary materials catalogs.

Availability of of raw materials and auxiliary materials catalogs to make the textileand ceramics industries as well as SMEs in the food industry more environmentally friendly in order to implement green industry.

3. The presentation of the green industry award. Encouragement of industry actors to implement

environmentally-friendly production processes.

B. Reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

1. Preparation of guidelines for GHG reduction through the implementation of energy conservation.

Availability of technical guidelines on reducing GHG emissions through the implementation of energy conservation in fertilizer and ceramic industries.

C. Policy on Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution:1. Mapping of electronic waste treatment technology. Availability of electronic waste treatment

technology map.2. Assessment of alternative technologies and

materials for the phase-out of HCFCs and POPs Recommendation on policy on alternative

technology and materials for replacement of HCFCs and POPs in the industrial sector.


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Tersedianya pedoman teknis pengelolaan limbah

udara di industri berbahan bakar batubara dalam

penerapan program EPCM sektor industri.

Melalui Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) yang

diamanatkan UU Nomor 40 Tahun 2007, berbagai

perusahaan swasta melibatkan diri dalam berbagai isu

lingkungan. Pasal 74Undang Undang itu menegaskan,

perseroan di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan

sumber daya alam wajib melaksanakan tanggung jawab

sosial dan lingkungan. Juga disebutkan, tanggung

jawab sosial dan lingkungan itu merupakan kewajiban

perseroan yang dianggarkan dan diperhitungkan

sebagai biaya perseroan yang pelaksanaannya

memperhatikan kepatutan dan kewajaran.

Berbagai kegiatan peduli lingkungan pihak swasta

antara lain menanam pohon, melestarikan bambu,

mengalokasikan dana pelestarian badak jawa, badak

sumatera, orangutan, anoa, babirusa, burung maleo

dan penyu, atau berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan

transplantasi terumbu karang.

Kampanye menyelamatkan penyu sisik, penyu

belimbing, penyu hijau sudah dilakukan pihak swasta

dengan mendidik generasi muda.Ada juga pihak swasta

yang bekerjasama dengan Kementerian Kehutanan

menyebar 550.000 bibit pohon. Sejak 2005 hingga 2009

telah ditanam lebih dari 6.600 pohon melalui Program

Hijau Jakartaku, bagian Program Penanaman Sejuta

Pohon. Selain itu, juga dibangun dua taman kota, yaitu

di Jl. Galunggung, Jakarta Pusat, dan di Kompleks

Perumahan Cirendeu Permai, Tangerang.

Dunia usaha ada yang lebih mengarahkan CSR

lingkungannya pada konservasi sumber daya air.

Selain terlibat dalam berbagai kampanye lingkungan,

ada kegiatan Water for School, Program Cinta Air, dan

penanaman pohon.Tak jarang juga diterapkan konsep

penghijauan melalui penggunaan biopori, daur ulang

sampah organik menjadi pupuk organik di pabrik dan

lingkungan sekitarnya.

Bekerja sama dengan Universitas Padjadjaran dan

Universitas Islam Bandung serta masyarakat sekitar,

perusahaan membangun Green Organic Farm (Rumah

hijau) sebagai sarana pembibitan untuk penghijauan

dan pembelajaran bagi warga setempat. Sementara

itu, di Bali terdapat perusahaan yang telah mengganti

kendaraan operasional karyawan dengan E-Bike: sepeda

motor listrik. Sepeda motor ini mampu mereduksi

karbondioksida ke udara hingga 78 persen per unit,

3. Assessment of air pollution control in coal-burning industries.

Availability of technical guidelines on pollution control in coal-burning industries for EPCM programs in the industrial sector.

To implement Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as mandated by Law No. 40 of 2007, private companies became concerned with environmental issues. Article 74 of the Act stipulates that companies in the field of and/or related to natural resources are required to implement their social and environmental responsibility. Social and environmental responsibility efforts are to be budgeted and accounted for as corporate expenses cost of the company and must heed appropriate and reasonable in their implementation.

Private sector environmental awareness activities include tree planting, preserving of bamboo, allocation of funds for the conservation of the Javan rhino, Sumatran rhino, orangutan , anoa , babirusa , maleo birds and sea turtles, as well as participation in coral transplantation.

Campaigns to save hawksbill sea, leatherback and green sea turtles have been launced by the private sector to educate the young. The private sector also collaborates with the Ministry of Forestry to distribute 550,000 tree seedlings. From 2005 to 2009, more than 6,600 trees have been planted through the Jakartaku Hijau initiative as part of One Million Tree Planting Program. Apart from that, two urban parks were built, one at Jl. Galunggung in Central Jakarta, the other in the Cirendeu Permai housing complex in Tangerang.

Some businesses direct their environmental CSR activities at the conservation of water resources. In addition to get involved in various environmental campaigns, they also engage in programs such as Water for Schools, Cinta Air (Love Water), and tree planting. Greening efforts using biopores and composting of organic waste into organic fertilizer in and around factories are further examples of activities.

In collaboration with the Padjadjaran University, the Islamic University of Bandung and surrounding communities, several companies developed a Green Organic Farm (green house) as a nursery for reforestation and learning center


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tanpa polusi suara, serta memiliki kendali kecepatan

sehingga aman dan efesien.

Konservasi sumber daya air dan hutan menjadi

target CSR sejumlah perusahaan. Tidak hanya terlibat

konservasi daerah aliran sungai di 12 lokasi pabriknya

di Indonesia, namun juga aktif mereboisasi dan

konservasi hutan melalui penanaman ratusan ribu

pohon di kawasan hutan lindung, lahan kritis, dan

pegunungan di Jawa. Salah satu kegiatan CSR dalam

penyediaan air bersih bertajuk Program Satu untuk

Sepuluh yang hingga saat ini masih dilakukan.

Program ini menyediakan bak-bak penampung air

bersih bagi masyarakat Nusa Tenggara Timur yang

sering mengalami kekeringan.

Kegiatan CSR sebuah perusahaan minuman kopi

lebih banyak diterapkan secara langsung, baik

melalui produk dan pelayanan, fasilitas toko, maupun

kampanye lingkungan bersama komunitasnya.Adapun

strateginya adalah energi terbarukan, konservasi

energi, kolaborasi, dan advokasi.Perusahaan

iniberupaya mengecilkan dampak lingkungan melalui

menghemat energi dan air, mengurangi limbah tisu,

cangkir, maupun pembungkus produk, daur ulang,

serta memakai konsep green building pada gerai-gerai

di seluruh dunia.

Perusahaan yang bergerak dalam makanan instan

terjun memulihkan pantai-pantai di Jawa Tengah

dengan pohon cemara laut. Bekerjasama dengan Pusat

Penelitian Konservasi dan Rehabilitasi, Kementerian

Kehutanan, ada perusahaan yang melestarikan badak

jawa di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, inokulasi

gaharu dan penangkaran rusa.Dan di Lampung

Tengah, perusahaan nenas olahan mengembangkan

kebun pelestarian 200 spesies bambu lebih, sekaligus

melindungi kebun nenas dari erosi dan mencegah

sedimentasi sungai di sekitarnya.

Banyak yang dilakukan berbagai perusahaan swasta

nasional. Berbagai perusahaan multinasional yang

beroperasi di Indonesia melalui CSR melakukan aksi


Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup menilai paling kurang

10 perusahaan telah menerapkan CSR meliputi kegiatan

yang dikembangkan KLH, antara lain konservasi energi

dan sumberdaya alam, pengelolaan sampah dengan 3R,

adaptasi perubahan iklim, dan pendidikan lingkungan.

Kesepuluh perusahaan itu: PT Adaro, Kalimantan

Selatan; PT Badak NGL, Kalimantan Timur; PT Bio Farma,

for local residents. Meanwhile, companies in Bali have replaced operational vehicles for employees with E-Bikes. These electric motorcycles emit 78 percent less carbon dioxide per unit, cause no noise pollution, and are safe and efficient due to built-in speed control.

A number of companies target conservation of water and forest resources through their CSR activities. They are involved in the conservation of watersheds where 12 of their factories are located in Indonesia, and also actively conduct reforestation and forest conservation efforts by planting hundreds of thousands of trees in protection forests, critical areas, and mountain areas on Java. One CSR program for clean water supply was named One for Ten and continues until today. This program provided clean water reservoirs for communities in East Nusa Tenggara that often suffer from droughts.

A coffee company chose a more direct approach and implemented its environmental CSR through its products, services and shop facitilies as well as through environmental campaigns aimed at its customers, focusing on renewable energy, energy conservation, collaboration and advocacy. The company seeks to minimize its environmental impact by saving energy and water; reducing waste in the form of paper tissues, cups, and product packaging; practisings recycling, and applying green building concepts to its outlets all over the world.

An instant food companiy participated in beach rehabilitation activities in Central Java by planting she-oak trees. Other companies are collaborating with the Conservation and Rehabilitation Research Center of the Ministry of Forestry and support Javan Rhino conservation in Ujung Kulon National Park, agarwood inoculation and deer breeding. Meanwhile, a pineapple processing company in Central Lampung established a conservation area for more than 200 species of bamboo, which at the same time protected the pineapple plantation from erosion and prevented silting of a nearby river.

Much has already been achieved by Indonesian private companies. Several multinational companies operating in Indonesia are also engaged in the protection and management of the environment through their CSR efforts.

The Ministry of Environment considers at least 10


178

Figure 3.26 Budget for Community Development

Gambar 3.26 Jumlah Anggaran Community Development


Badan Usaha Milik Negara State-Owned Enterprises

Berbagai Badan Usaha Milik Negara juga berkiprah

dalam aksi perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan

hidup. Perusahaan-perusahaan plat merah itu berusaha

menerapkan amanat UU Nomor 19 Tahun 2003 tentang

BUMN dan Peraturan Menteri BUMN 05/MBU/207.

Aturan itu menyebutkan BUMN menyisihkan sebagian

laba bersihnya untuk pembinaan usaha kecil dan

pembinaan lingkungan. Kementerian BUMN merilis

dari 130 perusahaan BUMN yang menyalurkan dana

tanggung jawab sosial (CSR) dari Program Kemitraan

Bina Lingkungan (PKBL) sepanjang 2012 sebesar Rp

6,15 triliun.

A number of State-Owned Enterprises have also participated in environmental protection and management in order to implement the provisions of Law Number 19/2003 on State-Owned Enterprises and Minister of State-Owned Enterprises Regulation No. 05/MBU/207. These regulations required state-owned enterprises to set aside a portion of their net profits for small business development and environmental stewardship. The Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises has announced that in 2012, 130 state-owned enterprises have channeled CSR funds totalling Rp6.15 billion to the Environmental Partnership Program (PKBL).

companies to have implemented CSR through activities that were developed by the ministry, among others in the fields of energy and natural resources conservation, 3R waste management, climate change adaptation, and environmental education. The ten companies were PT Adaro, South Kalimantan; PT Badak NGL, East Kalimantan; PT Bio Farma, West Java; PT Chevron, Mount Salak, West Java; PT Holcim, Cilacap, Central Java; PT Indonesia Power, Banjarnegara, Central Java; PT Kaltim Prima Coal, East Kalimantan; PT Pertamina Hulu Energy, West Java; PT Sebuku Iron Ores Lateric, South Kalimantan; and PT Unilever, Jakarta.

Jawa Barat; PT Chevron, Gunung Salak, Jawa Barat; PT

Holcim, Cilacap, Jawa Tengah; PT Indonesia Power,

Banjarnegara, Jawa Tengah; PT Kaltim Prima, Coal,

Kalimantan Timur; PT Pertamina Hulu Energi, Jawa

Barat; PT Sebuku Iron Lateric Ores, Kalimantan Selatan;

dan PT Unilever, Jakarta.

Year Tahun

731

928

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1.000

800

600

400

200

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2010 2011 2012


179

Sejumlah perusahaan migas misalnya, sering

melaksanakan program bina lingkungan, terlibat aksi

perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dengan

menanam pohon, merehabilitasi mangrove, kampanye

penurunan gas rumah kaca, dan mengembangkan

program air bersih dan sanitasi publik.

Pada 2009 perusahaan plat merah juga

membagikan 100.000 bibit pohon produktif seperti

mangga,rambutan, belimbing, dan jati serta berbagai

jenis mangrove untuk masyarakat di sekitar wilayah

operasinya. Selain itu, juga ada aksi bersih-bersih

pantai di Balikpapan, Cilacap, dan Balongan.

Pun membagikan 12.300 bor biopori untuk resapan air

danmenampung sampah organik untuk menyuburkan

tanah di DKI Jakarta, Tangerang, Yogyakarta dan Jawa

Tengah. Antara 2010 - 2011 untuk Cilacap saja ditanam

147.000 pohon hutan mangrove. Perusahaan plat

merah ini juga berperan dalam Green Festival 2009

dengan kampanye 5R (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle, Rethink

dan Replace.)

Badan usaha milik negara bidang telekomunikasi tak

ketinggalan menjalankan bisnis ramah lingkungan.

Salah satunya, layanan Smart Building Solution,

gabungan infrastruktur sadar lingkungan dan nilai

tambah perkantoran di gedung pencakar langit.

Perusahaan ini menawarkan konsep gedung hijau yang

memanfaatkan teknologi komunikasi untuk otomatisasi

operasional gedung untuk menghemat energi.

Teknologi Smart Building memungkinkan penghematan

energi pada fase konstruksi dan operasi gedung,

karena teknologi itu berjalan pada platform jaringan

yang terintegrasi dengan pengontrolan gedung, yaitu

jaringan TCP/IP berbasis serat optik yang memberi

solusi mewujudkan gedung ramah lingkungan.

Kehandalan teknologi itu telah diakui secara global,

sehingga dijadikan norma bagi bangunan hijau.

Perusahaan ini mengenalkan konsep ini untuk

mendorong gerakan bangunan ramah lingkungan,

sekaligus membangun kekuatan baru dalam

perencanaan bisnisnya.

Secara proaktif, perusahaan ini membina budaya

tanggung jawab lingkungan bagi masyarakat dan

mengurangi dampak kegiatan manusia, sebagai

dukungan terhadap perubahan iklim melalui :

1. Program penghijauan dan penanaman kembali

terkait program pemerintah dalam:

A number of oil and gas companies, for example, often carry out environmental programs and participate in environmental protection and management activities such as tree planting, mangrove rehabilitation, greenhouse gas reduction campaigns, and clean water and public sanitation development.

In 2009, state -owned enterprises distributed 100,000 productive tree seedlings like mango, rambutan starfruit, and teak, as well as various types of mangrove, to communities around their operation areas. In addition, there were also beach clean-up activities in Balikpapan, Cilacap, and Balongan .

Other efforts included the distribution of 12,300 biopore drills for water catchment as well as collection of organic waste for fertilizers in DKI Jakarta, Tangerang, Yogyakarta and Central Java. Between 2010-2011, 147,000 mangrove trees were planted in Cilacap alone. State-owned enterprises also supported the 2009 Green Festival 2009 with a Reuse, Reduce, Recycle, Rethink and Replace (5R) campaign.

State-owned telecommunication companies engaged in environmentally-friendly business ventures as well. One such venture, the Smart Building Solution service, applied environmentally-sound infrastructure to generate added value for high-rise offices. The company offered a green building concept that utilized communication technology for automation of building operations in order to save energy.

Smart Building technology enables energy savings during both construction and operation of a building. The technology is integrated with the building control system through a fiber optics-based TCP/IP network that provides solutions to realize the eco-friendly building. Globally acknowledged for its reliability, the technology has become been the standard for green buildings. The company is introducing this concept to encourage a environmentally-friendly building movement, as well as to create new advantages for its business.

The company is proactively fostering a culture of environmental responsibility towards the community and lessening the impacts of human activities, and addresses the issue of climate change through :

1. Greening and replanting programs related to


180

Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat

Non-Governmental Organizations

Lembaga swadaya masyarakat di Indonesia mulai

munculpada 1970-an sebagai bentuk kesadaran

partisipasi masyarakat dalam pembangunan.

Keberadaan LSM sudah diakui Undang-Undang Nomor

4 Tahun 1982 tentang ketentuan-ketentuan pokok

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Pasal 19 UU tersebut

menyatakan LSM berperan dalam pengelolaan

lingkungan hidup. Kemudian Instruksi Menteri Dalam

Negeri Nomor 8 Tahun 1990 kepada semua gubernur

menyebutkan ihwal pembinaan LSM.

Dalam perkembangannya, peran LSM menentukan

dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup.LSM berperan

mengajak anggota masyarakat dalam mencapai tujuan

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Sebagai pendamping

masyarakat, lembaga swadaya masyarakat memiliki

banyak fungsi, sebagai pendidik, motivator, fasilitator,

dinamisator, mediator, dan konselor.

Saat ini tercatat ada sekitar 298 LSM yang bergerak

dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Selain tingkat

nasional, juga berkembang LSM lokal yang peduli pada


Salah satu LSM adalah Wahana Lingkungan Hidup

Indonesia (WALHI) yang independen, non-profit dan

terbesar di Indonesia. WALHI didirikan sebagai reaksi

dan keprihatinan atas ketidakadilan pengelolaan

sumberdaya alam dan sumber kehidupan akibat

Non-governmental organizations in Indonesia first emerged in the 1970s to enable public participation in development. The presence of NGOs was acknowledged by Law No. 4/1982 regarding Basic Provisions of Environmental Management. Article 19 of said Law stated that NGOs could participate in environmental management. Minister of Home Affairs Instruction No. 8/1990 to all governors further elaborated on guidance for NGOs.

Over time, the role of NGOs became more decisive in environmental management. NGOs invite the participation of community members in to achieve environmental management objectives. In providing support for the public, non-governmental organizations function as educators, motivators, facilitators, dynamists, mediators, and counselors.

Currently there are about 298 NGOs engaged in environmental management. In addition to NGOs at the national level, there are also local NGOs that are concerned with the protection and management of the environment.

One such NGO is Wahana Lingkungan Hidup (WALHI), an independent, non-profit NGO, and also the largest in Indonesia. WALHI was established as a response to injustices in the management of natural resources due to an unsustainable and inequitable

government programs:• participation in the planting of one billion trees across Indonesia ,• one man one tree program.2 . Cleanup and revitalization of public facilities3 . Waste water treatment :• waste water treatment in waste water treatment plant (WWTP) to prevent river pollution, and• recycling grey water into clean water for watering plants and washing vehicles.

Awareness to maintain and preserve a healthy environment is growing not only in government circles, but also within the public. Elements of society such as non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) and private companies play increasingly important roles.

• partisipasi dalam penanaman satu miliar pohon

di seluruh Indonesia,

• program one man one tree.

2. Pembersihan dan revitalisasi sarana publik

3. Pengolahan air limbah:

• air kotor diolah terlebih dahulu dengan instalasi

pengolahan air limbah (IPAL) guna menghindari

polusi sungai; dan

• air limbah didaur ulang menjadi air bersih yang

dimanfaatkan untuk menyiram tanaman dan

mencuci kendaraan bermotor.

Selain lembaga pemerintah, kesadaran masyarakat

menjaga dan melestarikan lingkungan yang sehat

semakin meningkat. Elemen masyarakat seperti

lembaga swadaya masyarakat (LSM) dan perusahaan

swasta makin berperan penting.


181

paradigma pembangunan yang tidak berkelanjutan

dan berkeadilan. WALHI merupakan forum kelompok

masyarakat sipil yang terdiri dari organisasi non-

pemerintah, kelompok pecinta alam dan kelompok

swadaya masyarakat (KSM).

WALHI hadir di 27 provinsi dengan 479 organisasi

anggota dan 156 anggota individu (Desember 2011)

yang secara aktif berkampanye di tingkat lokal dan

nasional. Di tingkat internasional, WALHI berkampanye

melalui jaringan Friends of the Earth Internasional yang

beranggotakan 71 organisasi akar rumput di 70 negara,

15 organisasi afiliasi, dan lebih dari 1 juta anggota.

Lembaga swadaya masyarakat lainnya yang menonjol

dalam isu lingkungan antara lain, Yayasan Kehati,

Jatam, Sawit Watch. Selain itu, terdapat sejumlah

organisasi nonpemerintah luar negeri, misalnya WWF

Indonesia, WCS dan TNC.

Yayasan Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia (Yayasan

KEHATI) yang didirikan di Jakarta 12 Januari 1994

adalah organisasi nirlaba pengelola dana hibah

mandiri, yang memfasilitasi upaya pelestarian

dan pemanfaatan keanekaragaman hayati secara

berkelanjutan. KEHATI bertindak sebagai katalisator

untuk menemukan cara-cara inovatif dalam mengelola

dan memanfaatkan keanekaragaman hayati secara

berkelanjutan. Berbagai bentuk kerjasama terus dijalin

dengan lembaga-lembaga yang dapat mendukung

visi organisasi, seperti lembaga swadaya masyarakat,

perguruan tinggi, pemerintah daerah, asosiasi profesi,

komunitas bisnis maupun media massa.

Dengan dukungan banyak pihak, Kehati melakukan

berbagai kegiatan menyelamatkan keanekaragaman

hayati dari berbagai aktivitas maupun kebijakan

yang dapat memusnahkannya. KEHATI membantu

memfasilitasi berbagai upaya dan dukungan bagi

pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati, agar manfaatnya

dapat dirasakan hingga generasi penerus kelak.

Sementara itu, Indonesian Center for Environmental Law

(ICEL) melaksanakan pelatihan bagi anggota peradilan

Indonesia tentang hukum lingkungan, proses gugatan,

dan isu terkait lainnya. Sejak itu, Ketua Mahkamah

Agung mengisyaratkan kepada pengadilan tinggi

bahwa hanya hakim yang pernah mengikuti pelatihan

yang ditunjuk memimpin kasus lingkungan.

Pola pemberdayaan masyarakat berbasis penguatan

ekonomi dapat dikombinasikan dengan pola

development paradigm. WALHI is a forum for civil society groups and consists of non-governmental organizations , groups of naturalists and community self-help groups.

WALHI is present in 27 provinces with 479 organization members and 156 individual members per December 2011) and actively campaigns at local and national level. At the international level, WALHI campaign via the Friends of the Earth International network, which consists of 71 grassroots organizations in 70 countries, 15 affiliate organizations and more than 1 million members.

Other prominent environmental NGOs are Yayasan Kehati, Jatam (Mining Advocacy Network) and Sawit Watch (Palm-oil Watch). In addition, there are a number of foreign non-governmental organizations such as WWF Indonesia, WCS and TNC.

Yayasan Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia (KEHATI Foundation) was established in Jakarta on January 12, 1994, as non-profit organization and independent grant manager, which facilitates the conservation and utilization of biodiversity in a sustainable manner. KEHATI acts as a catalyst to formulate innovative ways to manage and utilize biodiversity in a sustainable manner. Various forms of cooperation are continually being forged with institutions that can support the vision of the organization, such as non-governmental organizations, universities, local governments, professional associations, the business community and the mass media.

With the support of many parties, KEHATI takes various measures to save biodiversity from various activities and policies that can destroy it. KEHATI helps facilitate and support efforts for biodiversity conservation, so that future generations can benefit from it.

Meanwhile, the Indonesian Center for Environmental Law (ICEL) conducts training for members of the Indonesian judiciary on environmental law, the lawsuit, and other related issues. The Chief of Supreme Court has since indicated to the high courts that only judges who had attended training should be appointed to preside over environmental cases.

The approach of community empowerment based on economic strengthening can be combined with environmental awareness and environmental


182

A Brief History of WALHISepenggal Jejak WALHI

Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (WALHI), or the Indonesian Forum for Environment, was declared on October 15, 1980, at the closing of the Indonesian Environmental Study Center conference. The concern over government indoctrination was marked by the agreement by activists of non-governmental organization to establish three principles of the organization: independence, non-binding cooperation, and real work with and for the society.

NGO activitsts declared WALHI as a forum that was acceptable at that time, a forum of environmental NGO, having egalitarian and loose membership, and serving as a communication forum. WALHI formed a presidium run by an executive secretary to facilitate coordination.

As a forum, WALHI emerged as a formidable force. Gradually, its membership reached 350 institutions in 1983. In its early stages, WALHI served to promote public awareness in the society regarding environmental issues.

Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (WALHI)

dideklarasikan pada 15 Oktober 1980, bertepatan

dengan penutupan konferensi Pusat Studi Lingkungan

(PSL) seluruh Indonesia. Ketakutan atas indoktrinasi

pemerintah ditandai dengan kesepakatan aktivis

organisasi non-pemerintah menetapkan tiga asas

organisasi: asas mandiri, bekerjasama tanpa ikatan,

dan bekerja nyata bersama dan untuk masyarakat.

Para aktivis LSM mendeklarasikan WALHI dalam

bentuk forum yang dapat diterima saat itu, yaitu

forum LSM lingkungan, dengan sifat keanggotaan

egaliter dan longgar, dan berperan sebagai forum

komunikasi. Untuk memudahkan koordinasi,WALHI

membentuk presidium yang dijalankan oleh seorang

sekretaris eksekutif.

Kelahiran WALHI sebagai sebuah forum mempunyai

kekuatan cukup besar. Secara bertahap pada1983-an

jumlahnya mencapai 350 lembaga. Padamasa awal,

peran WALHI adalah melakukan ’public awareness’

kepada masyarakat tentang isu-isu lingkungan.

Perlahan, WALHI mendapat legitimasi dari

preservation. There are many schemes and studies on the subject developed by local, national and international NGOs, among others:

- Coastal rehabilitation by Wetlands International-IP in Pemalang, Central Java, involving the formation of community-based economic groups and the provision of capital as compensation for cultivation of mangrove seedlings and coastal rehabilitation activities. Similar programs were carried out by JICA on the Benoa Ccoast, Bali; Mangrove Foundation on Sumatra and Kalimantan; Bentera Karya Foundation in Belu, East Nusa Tenggara; groups of naturalists at Karangsong village, Indramayu.

- Rehabilitation of peatlands in South Sumatra, Jambi and Kalimantan as a cooperation between the Government of Canada (CIDA, Wetlands International-IP, WBH Foundation in South Sumatra and PINSE in Jambi.

penyadaran lingkungan dan pelestarian lingkungan.

Ada banyak skema dan pembelajaran yang pernah

dilakukan LSM lokal, nasional maupun Internasional.

Di antaranya :

- Rehabilitasi pantai yang dilakukan Wetlands

Internasional-IP di Pemalang, Jawa Tengah, dengan

membentuk kelompok usaha ekonomi masyarakat,

pemberian modal ekonomi sebagai kompensasi

masyarakat melakukan pembibitan bakau dan

rehabilitasi pantai. Begitu juga, JICA di pantai Benoa,

Bali; Yayasan Mangrove di Sumatera dan Kalimantan;

Yayasan Bentera Karya di Belu, NTT; kelompok pecinta

alam Desa Karangsong, Indramayu.

- Rehabilitasi lahan gambut di Sumatera Selatan, Jambi

dan Kalimantan, atas kerja sama antara pemerintah

Kanada (CIDA) dengan Wetlands Internasional-

IP, Yayasan WBH di Sumatera Selatan dan PINSE di

Jambi.


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masyarakat dan pemerintah sebagai representasi LSM

lingkungan dan diundang DPR untuk pembahasan

UU Lingkungan Hidup. Pada 1982, WALHI bersama

lembaga swadaya masyarakat lainnya membahas

dan memberi masukan bagi Undang-undang Pokok

Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup/Undang-undang

Nomor 4 Tahun 1982. Masukan yang diadopsi adalah

pasal 6 tentang peran serta masyarakat.

Dari sekitar 80-an LSM pada 1980, tercatat 320 pada

1982. Dan pada 1985 bergabung lebih 400 LSM.

Ketika WALHI menggelar Pertemuan Lingkungan

Hidup III pada 1986, dari 486 LSM lingkungan yang

ada, 350 di antaranya bergabung (Tanah Air, Edisi

Khusus, April 1986 No.61 tahun VI) .

Kampanye WALHI tak hanya mendapatkan legitimasi

pemerintah dan masyarakat, namun juga media

massa.

Setelah beberapa kali mengajukan gugatan, akhirnya

legal standing WALHI diterima di pengadilan.

Akhirnya, legal standing LSM ini ditampung dalam

UU Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan

Lingkungan Hidup, yang diartikan sebagai hak gugat

organisasi lingkungan.

Sejak awal, terlihat keanggotaan WALHI sangat

beragam. Dia terlahir bukan hanya dari LSM

lingkungan, namun juga dari kelompok HAM,

konsumen, kelompok keagamaan, perempuan,

pecinta alam, jurnalis, kelompok masyarakat adat, dan

anggota profesi lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan WALHI

merupakan representasi dari keragaman masyarakat

Indonesia, yang berkomitmen terhadap lingkungan.

WALHI then earned legitimation from the society and the government as a representative of environmental organizations, and was invited by the Indonesian parliament (DPR) to discuss Laws on the Environment. In 1982, WALHI and several other NGOs discussed and gave recommendations for the Basic Law on Environmental Management/Law Number 4 of 1982. The recommendation that was adopted was included in Article 6 on public participation.

There were around 80 NGOs in 1980, while 320 were recorded in 1982. More than 400 NGOs joined in 1985. When WALHI organized the Third Meeting on the Environment in 1986, 350 of 486 environmental NGOs that existed at that time joined their cause. ( Tanah Air, Edisi Khusus, April 1986 No.61 tahun VI).

WALHI’s campaigns were granted legitimation not only by the government and the society, but also by the mass media.

After a number of lawsuits, WALHI’s legal standing was finally accepted by the court. This NGO’s legal standing was finally listed in Law Number 23 of 1997 on Environmental Management, which was defined as environmental legal standing.

Since the beginning, WALHI’s membership has always been diverse. It was born not only from environmental NGOs, but also from human right groups, consumers, religious groups, women, nature lovers, journalists, indigenous people alliances, and other professionals. This indicates that WALHI represents the diversity of Indonesian people who are committed to the environment.

Masyarakat Hukum Adat Indigenous People

Masyarakat adat memiliki pranata sosial, ekonomi,

dan hukum serta kearifan lokal patut dihargai dalam

upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan

hidup. Undang Undang No. 32 Tahun 2009 Pasal

70 menyebutkan, masyarakat memiliki hak dan

kesempatan yang sama dan seluas-luasnya untuk

berperan aktif dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan

lingkungan hidup. Peran masyarakat dapat berupa

pengawasan sosial, pemberian saran, pendapat, usul,

Indigenous peoples possess social, economic, and legal institutions as well as local wisdom that are commendable in protecting and managing the environment. Law No. 32/2009 Article 70 states that communites shall have the equal and broad rights and opportunities to participate actively in the protection and management of the environment. Public participation may be in the form of social control, suggestions, opinions, recommendations,


184

keberatan, penyampaian informasi dan/atau laporan.

Masyarakat adat yang bermukim di wilayah geografis

tertentu, secara turun-temurun adaikatan leluhur.

Masyarakat adat meliputi 30 juta jiwa, terdiri dari

1.163 masyarakat hukum adat terdaftar dalam Aliansi

Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (AMAN) dan 1.062

masyarakat adat lainnya tergabung dalam Lembaga

Masyarakat Adat (LMA) tersebar di berbagai daerah.

Masyarakat adat ini memiliki hubungan yang kuat

dengan lingkungan hidup.

Masyarakat adat menghuni daerah pedalaman, pesisir,

pulau-pulau kecil bahkan pulau-pulau perbatasan.

Kedudukan masyarakat adat di pulau terluar sangat

strategis sebagai penunggu wilayah negara. Dan karena

hubungan kuat dengan lingkungan, kearifan lokal

masyarakat adat menyelamatkan ekosistem pesisir dan

laut, ekosistem lahan basah dan hutan, melestarikan

sumber daya air dan keanekaragaman hayati.

Komunitas masyarakat adat Baduy di Banten misalnya,

memiliki kearifan lokal sangat baik bagi pelestarian

lingkungan. Bagi orang Baduy, gunung tak boleh

digempur, lembah tak boleh dirusak. Masyarakat

Baduy menerapkan larangan: menebang pohon hutan,

mengubah jalan air, menangkap ikan dengan tuba,

sejenis racun dari bahan alami. Berbagai kawasan hutan

disakralkan,tidak boleh dimasuki selain untuk ziarah.

Kearifan lokal Baduy telah melestarikan sumber-sumber

air sungai-sungai yang berhulu di kawasannya.

Kearifan lokal Baduy dalam menjaga dan melindungi

lingkungan mendapat payung hukum peraturan

daerah Kabupaten Lebak Nomor 32 Tahun 2001 tentang

Perlindungan Atas Hak Ulayat Masyarakat Badui,

dan Surat Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Barat 2003/B.V/

SK/68 tentang Penetapan Status Hutan Larangan Desa

Kenekes sebagai Hutan Lindung Mutlak dalam Kawasan

Hutan Ulayat.

Kearifan serupa sama dimiliki masyarakat adat

di Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa

Tenggara Timur, dan Papua. Di Kepulauan Raja Ampat,

Papua Barat, misalnya, masyarakat melambangkan

alam sebagai ibu, karena itu harus dihormati dan

diperlakukan penuh perhatian. Masyarakat pesisir masih

teguh menerapkan sasi, larangan adat mengambil

hasil kebun kelapa dan larangan menangkap ikan

pada periode tertentu. Larangan adat ini memberi

kesempatan buah kelapa berkembang, ikan serta

berbagai biota laut berkembang biak. Sasi laut

complaints, delivery of information and/or reports.

Indigenous peoples living in a particular geographic area are bound by hereditary ancestral ties. They comprise 30 million people and consist of 1,163 communities registered with the Indigenous Peoples Alliance of the Archipelago (Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara/AMAN) and 1,062 other communities that are members of the Organization of Indigenous Peoples (Lembaga Masyarakat Ada/LMA). Indigenous peoples have a strong relationship with the environment.

Indigenous peoples inhabiting hinterlands, coastals, small islandsand even border islands. The position of indigenous peoples in the outer islands is very strategic as guardians of the country’s territory. And because of their strong relationship with the environment, indigenous local knowledge saves coastal and marine ecosystems, wetlands and forest ecosystems, and conserves water resources and biodiversity.

The indigenous Baduy community in Banten, for example, has local wisdom that is very conducive to environmental conservation. The Baduy believe that mountains should not be assaulted and that valleys should not be destroyed. They impose bans on cutting dow forest trees, diverting the flow of water and catching fish with poison. A number of forest areas are held sacred and should not be entered except for worship. Baduy local wisdom was instrumental in protecting sources of rivers in their region.

Baduy local wisdom in maintaining and protecting the environment received legal protection through Lebak Regency Regulation No. 32 of 2001 regarding the Protection of Customary Rights of the Baduy Community, and regarding the Declaration of the Kenekes Village Forbidden as Absolute Protection Forest within the Communal Forest Zone.

Similar wisdom is found among the indigenous peoples of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, East Nusa Tenggara and Papua. In the Raja Ampat Archipelago of West Papua, for example, the locals perceive nature as mother to be treated with respect and care. Coastal communities still hold on firmly to the custom of sasi, which prohibits coconut harvesting and fishing during certain periods. The allows coconut trees to reproduce and other marine


185

Perguruan TinggiUniversities

Peran perguruan tinggi dalam lingkungan hidup

dapat dilihat dari perspektif pelaksanaan Tri Darma:

‘Pendidikan, Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada

Masyarakat. Berbagai perguruan tinggi telah

berperan aktif dalam pengembangan pendidikan

lingkungan hidup. Diantaranya Universitas Gadjah

Mada, Universitas Indonesia, Institut Pertanian

Bogor, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Institut Teknologi

Surabaya, Universitas Diponegoro, Universitas

Brawidjaya Malang, Universitas Negeri Jakarta,

Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta dan Universitas Negeri

Malang.

Perguruan tinggi memiliki peran penting dalam

memulai gerakan pendidikan lingkungan di

Indonesia. Selama 1970-an dan 1980-an, perguruan

tinggi menjadi gerbang utama gerakan pendidikan

lingkungan. Forum-forum diskusi telah mendorong

perkembangan berbagai pendidikan lingkungan.

Beberapa universitas mulai menyediakan kursus

pendidikan lingkungan dalam program sarjana dan

pascasarjana, baik sebagai program studi pilihan atau

wajib.

Penting dicatat, peranlembaga swadaya masyarakat,

seperti WALHI, Klub Indonesia Hijau (KIH), yang

merangsang pendidikan lingkungan di kalangan

mahasiswa. Sejumlah besar aktivis lingkungan dan

pendidikan lingkungan berasal universitas besar.

Banyak orang yang terlibat dalam isu lingkungan dan

pendidikan lingkungan telah aktif sejak belajar di

universitas.

Pada 1979, Pusat Studi Lingkungan (PSL) pertama

kali dibentuk diberbagai perguruan tinggi. Dalam

perkembangannya, PSL menjadi alat perluasan kerja

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup di bidang penelitian,

pelatihan dan pengelolaan lingkungan di daerah.

Semakin beratnyamasalah lingkungan dan kebutuhan

keahlian, PSL menjadi sarana peningkatan kemampuan

dan pelayanan. Meski secara struktural tetap dibawah

dan bertanggungjawab kepada perguruan tinggi,

PSL berperan besar dalam pendidikan lingkungan

The role of universities in the environment can be viewed in terms of the implementation of the Three Duties of Universities (Tri Darma Perguruan Tinggi): Education, Research and Community Services. Various universities have played active roles in the development of environmental education, among others Gadjah Mada University , University of Indonesia, Bogor Agricultural University, Bandung Institute of Technology, Surabaya Institute of Technology, Diponegoro University, Brawidjaya University of Malang, State University of Jakarta, State University of Yogyakarta and State University of Malang.

Universities have had an important part in initiating environmental education in Indonesia. During the 1970s and 1980s, universities became the main gate for environmental education. Discussion forums have prompted the development of a variety of environmental education institutions. Several universities began providing environmental education courses in undergraduate and graduate programs, both as elective and mandatory courses.

It is important to note the role of non-governmental organizations, such as WALHI and Klub Indonesia Hijau (KIH), which stimulated environmental education among the students. A large number of environmental activists and environmental education efforts come from large universities. Many people who are involved in environmental issues and environmental education have been active since their university days.

In 1979, the first Centers for Environmental Studies (Pusat Studi Lingkungan) were established at various universities. Over the years, the Centers have become an extension of the Ministry of Environment in the fields of research, training and environmental management in the regions. Responding to increasingly severe environmental problems and the need for expertise, the Centers became a means for the improvement of capabilities and services. Although structurally under and responsible to

biota to breed. Maritime sasi regulates the utilization of marine resources, imposes restrictions on fishing gear, on fish species that may be captured, and on the location and times of harvesting the sea.

mengatur pemanfaatan sumberdaya laut, menetapkan

pembatasan alat tangkap, jenis yang boleh ditangkap,

lokasi dan waktu panen hasil laut.


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hidup di daerah. Saat ini tercatat tak kurang 88 PSL

di Indonesia.universities, the Centers have played a major role in environmental education in the regions. Today there are 88 Center for environmental studies in Indonesia.

Centers for Environmental Studies at UniversitiesPusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Perguruan Tinggi

Several university have established Centers for Environmental Studies, which can be regarded as examples of institutions oriented at making new discoveries in the field of environment and realizing sustainable development. The Centers organize and facilitate critical and holistic assessment of the environment. In addition, they also publicize and implement the results of the studies within the framework of the Three Duties of Universities.

The Centers have libraries with collections of books, journals/magazines and reports, storage space for portable laboratory equipment research on environmental quality. Furthermore, the Centers are also supported by other laboratories within the campus and provide research facilities for students at the magister and doctoral levels. Centers for Environmental Studies collaborate with various stakeholders, both domestic and foreign. This includes the Ministry of Environment, the National Development Planning Agency, the Assessment and Application of Technology Agency, local governments, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation. In 1978-1994, Centers for Environmental Studies also managed education funds for lecturers from five universities who wanted to continue their studies in management of natural resources and the environment. This eventually evolved into Graduate Programs for Management of Natural Resources and Environment at seven universities. When the education fund project continued to grow, it was taken over by the DG of Higher Education at the Ministry of Education and Culture in 1994.

Beberapa perguruan tinggi mendirikan Pusat Studi

Lingkungan Hidup, yang bisa sebagai contoh

lembaga yang berorientasi menghasilkan penemuan

baru dalam lingkungan hidup dan mewujudkan

pembangunan berkelanjutan. Pusat Studi ini

menyelenggarakan dan memfasilitasi kajian kritis

dan holistik lingkungan hidup. Selain itu, lembaga

ini juga menyebarkan dan menerapkan hasil kajian

itu dalam kerangka Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi,

utamanya penelitian.

Pusat Studi dilengkapi perpustakaan dengan

koleksi buku, jurnal/ majalah dan laporan, ruang

penyimpanan alat laboratorium portabel, yang

dapat digunakan untuk penelitian kualitas

lingkungan. Selain itu, Pusat Studi juga didukung

laboratorium lain di lingkungan kampus setempat

dan menyediakan fasilitas untuk penelitian

mahasiswa S2 dan S3.

Dalam kegiatannya, Pusat Studi menjalin kerjasama

dengan berbagai pihak, baik dalam maupun luar

negeri. Di antaranya dengan KLH, Bappenas, BPPT,

pemerintah daerah, Yayasan Rockefeller dan Ford

Foundation. Dalam kurun 1978-1994, Pusat Studi

juga mengelola dana pendidikan bagi dosen-

dosen dari lima universitas yang ingin melanjutkan

pendidikan ilmu pengelolaan sumberdaya alam

dan lingkungan. Dengan demikian, telah terbentuk

Program Pascasarjana Pengelolaan Sumberdaya

Alam dan Lingkungan di tujuh universitas tersebut.

Dengan semakin besar proyek dana pendidikan ini,

DIKTI-Depdikbud mengambil alih pengelolaannya

dari PPLH pada 1994.


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Pengembangan Pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan di Indonesia

Development of Environmental Engineeringin Indonesia

Salah satu indikasi pengarusutamaan lingkungan

hidup di Indonesia adalah dari perkembangan disiplin

ilmu di pendidikan formal tingkat perguruan tinggi.

Hal ini dapat dilihat dari pengembangan pendidikan

Teknik Lingkungan di Indonesia.Dalam perjalanan

waktu, pendidikan Teknik Sipil berkembang di ITB

(didirikan tahun 1959), melahirkan Departemen

Teknik Penyehatan pada 10 Oktober 1962. Sebagai

yang pertama di Indonesia, lahirnya Departemen

Teknik Penyehatan ini merupakan tonggak resmi

berdirinya pendidikan tinggi Teknik Lingkungan (TL) di

Indonesia.

Pada tahun 1984, seiring dengan peningkatan

permasalahan di bidang lingkungan terutama

dengan semakin cepatnya era industrialisasi maka

lingkup kajian keilmuan Teknik Penyehatan kemudian

diperluas menjadi Teknik Lingkungan, sehingga nama

departemen ini berubah menjadi Departemen Teknik

Lingkungan.

Pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan kemudian berkembang

ke perguruan-perguruan tinggi lain yang ada di

Indonesia. Sampai saat ini perguruan tinggi yang

memiliki program studi TL di Indonesia berjumlah

sekitar 30 perguruan tinggi yang tersebar di pulau

Jawa, Bali, Sumatera, Kalimantan dan Sulawesi.

Program studi Teknik Lingkungan merupakan lembaga

pendidikan tinggi dalam bidang rekayasa dan

pengelolaan lingkungan binaan, yaitu di lingkungan

permukiman, perkotaan dan pedesaan, perindustrian,

pertambangan, minyak dan gas, serta lingkungan

alami yang terkait dengan lingkungan binaan.

Body of knowledge dari Program Studi Teknik

Lingkungan sebagai sebuah disiplin ilmu teknik antara

lain bergerak dalam bidang: penyediaan air; kesehatan

lingkungan, termasuk keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja;

pengendalian pencemaran, konservasi sumber-sumber

daya air yang dapat diperluas dengan sumber daya

alam;sistem manajemen lingkungan; dan penilaian

dampak dan resiko lingkungan.

Beberapa perguruan tinggi di Indonesia membuka

jenjang pendidikan S-1, S-2 dan S-3 di bidang

One indication of environmental mainstreaming in Indonesia is the development of environmental engineering in Indonesia. The Department of Civil Engineering at ITB (founded in 1959) eventually established the Department of Sanitary Engineering on October 10, 1962. This was the offcial beginning of higher education in the field of environmental engineering in Indonesia.

In 1984, due to increasingly complex environmental issues, especially in regard to the rapid industrialization at the time, the scope of issues studied was expanded to include environmental engineering, and so the name of the department was changed to Department of Environmental Engineering.

Environmental engineering then spread to other universities in Indonesia. Until now, universities offering courses in environmental engineering number about 30 and are located on Java, Bali, Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. Environmental engineering departments are institutions of higher education that are concerned with the engineering and management of built environments, including housing; urban and rural settlements; industrial, mining, and oil and gas facilities; as well as natural environments related to built environments.

The body of knowledge of environmental engineering programs as an engineering discipline covers among others the fields of water supply; environmental health, including occupational safety and health; pollution control, conservation of water resources that can be expanded to include natural resources; environmental management systems; and environmental impact and risk assessment.

Several universities in Indonesia offer courses at the undergraduate,magister, and doctoral levels in environmental engineering and have produced many graduates who are now active in environmental management and other fields. For example, to date ITB has produced approximately 2,600 graduates at


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pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan dan telah banyak

melahirkan lulusan-lulusan yang bergerak di bidang

pengelolaan lingkungan dan bidang lainnya.Sebagai

contoh di ITB, sampai saat jumlah lulusan yang

dihasilkan adalah sekitar 2.600 lulusan S-1, 600 lulusan

S-2 dan 30 lulusan S-3 dan bekerja pada berbagai

bidang terutama di bidang keciptakaryaan dan

industri khususnya industri pertambangan. Jumlah

lulusan yang dihasilkan tersebut masih belum mampu

menjawab kebutuhan sarjana Teknik Lingkungan.

undergraduate level, 600 at magister level and 30 at doctoral level, who work in a number of different fields, especially in housing and urban development as well as in various industries, particularly the mining industry. The number of graduates is still not sufficient to fulfil the need for environmental engineers.


Mass Media Media Massa

Upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan

hidup membutuhkan peran banyak pihak: pemerintah,

swasta, lembaga swadaya masyarakat, media massa dan

masyarakat luas. Media massa bisa aktif berperan dalam

menyadarkan masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi dalam

pelestarian lingkungan hidup. Media bertanggung

jawab memberikan informasi yang benar, mendidik,

dan mendorong masyarakat dalam berbagai upaya

pelestarian lingkungan.

Sebagai bagian dari masyarakat, media memiliki hak dan

kesempatan yang sama berkiprah dalam perlindungan

dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Selain itu, media

Environmental protection and management efforts require the participation of various parties: the government, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, the mass media and the public. The mass media can play an active role in raising public awareness to participate in environmental conservation. The media is responsible to provide information correctly and in a manner that is educative and encourages people to participate in various efforts of environmental conservation.

As part of society, the mass media have equal rights and opportunities to take part in environmental


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Figure 3.27 Environmental News/Information in the Mass Media

Gambar 3.27 Media Massa Dalam Pemberitaan/Informasi Lingkungan Hidup

Top 10 Environmental Themes/Issues 2009 - 2011 10 Besar Tema/Isu LH 2009 - 2011

No 2009 % 2010 % 2011 %

1 Forests and lands Hutan dan Lahan

15 Environmental campaigns Kampanye Lingkungan


13

2 Biodiversity Keanekaragaman Hayati

14 Other topics Isu lainnya


11

3 Climate change Perubahan Iklim


13 Env. law enforcement Penegakan Hukum LH

7


11 Environmental disasters Bencana Lingkungan


6

5 Rivers and lakes Sungai dan Danau


8 Environmental disasters Bencana Lingkungan

6

6 Spatial planning Tata Ruang


7 Waste Sampah

6

7 Waste Sampah

6 Waste Sampah


5




4

9 Environmental technology Teknologi Lingkungan

5 Environmental standards Standar Lingkungan

4 Hazardous waste Limbah B3

4

10 Coastal and marine Pesisir dan Laut


4 Water pollution Pencemaran Air

4

Environmental News/Information in the Mass Media

Media Massa dalam Pemberitaan/Informasi Lingkungan Hidup

• Space for environmental news/information has increased (9 national newspapers)

Ruang Pemberiitaan/Informasi LH menigkat (9 Surat Kabar Nasional)

∙ 2009: +/- 16 news/information items per day Tahun 2009: +/- 16 berita/info per hari

∙ 2010: +/- 18 news/information items per day Tahun 2010: +/- 18 berita/info per hari

• Media for environmental issues Special columns/programs, activities (biking, tree planting), green office

Media Peduli isu lingkungan : Kolom/program khusus, Aksi (bersepeda, menanam pohon), green office

juga memiliki peran menyelesaikan kasus lingkungan

hidup, baik yang ditempuh melalui jalur pengadilan

atau luar pengadilan. Secara umum, media massa

bisa menjalankan peran edukasi, kampanye, advokasi,

mediasi dan aksi lingkungan hidup.

Dari analisis berita media terlihat tren kesadaran

lingkungan yang meningkat. Bila pada 2009 tema

hutan, lahan dan kehati yang menjadi isu utama media,

pada 2010 dan 2011, kampanye lingkungan menjadi

topik yang banyak dibahas dan menjadi perhatian

media.

protection and management. In addition, the mass media also plays a role to resolve environmental cases, whether pursued in-court or out-of-court. In general, the mass media’s involvement comprises education, campaigns, advocacy, mediation and environmental action.

The analysis of news indicates that environmental awareness is on the rise. If forests, land and biodiversity-related themes were the major issues covered by the mass media in 2009, in 2010 and 2011 the focus of attention had shifted to environmental campaigns.


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Masyarakat UmumGeneral Public

Peran-serta masyarakat dalam perlindungan dan

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup didasarkan mandat

UUD 1945 pasal 28 H ayat (1) serta UU Nomor 32 Tahun

2009. Undang undang Nomor 32 itu menyatakan,

lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat adalah hak semua

masyarakat. Dengan demikian, lingkungan hidup yang

baik dan sehat merupakan hak asasi manusia.Selain itu

dijelaskan pula bahwa masyarakat memiliki hak dan

kesempatan yang sama dan seluas-luasnya berperan

aktif dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan

hidup.

Penyertaan masyarakat dimaksudkan agar :

a. Meningkatkan kepedulian;

b. Meningkatkan kemandirian, keberdayaan,

kemitraan;

c. Menumbuh kembangkan kemampuan dan

kepeloporan;

d. Menumbuh kembangkan ketanggapsegeraan untuk

melakukan pengawasan sosial;

e. Mengembangkan dan menjaga budaya dan kearifan

lokal.

Dalam pelaksanaan peran itu, masyarakat dapat

melakukan 3 hal:

a. Pengawasan sosial;

b. Pemberian usul, saran, keberatan dan pengaduan;

c. Penyampaian informasi dan laporan.

Untuk memfasilitasi peran-serta masyarakat dilakukan

pendekatan melalui:

a. Pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir;

b. Pemberdayaan masyarakat sekitar DAS;

c. Pemberdayaaan masyarakat daerah rentan.

Kelompok masyarakat di pesisir utara Jawa misalnya,

melakukan gerakan bersamapenyelamatan pesisir

didaerahnya. Di Gresik dan Tuban, Jawa Timur, pada 2012

telah memperlihatkan kegiatan konkrit melindungi

lingkungan pesisir. Di antaranya:penanaman dan

memanfaatakan mangrove untuk peningkatan

pendapatan. Begitu juga, ada gerakan aksi dalam

mendorong perilaku ramah terhadap pesisir.

Kelompok organisasi masyarakat melakukan aksi

di beberapa DAS stretegis, seperti: DAS Bengawan

Solo, DAS Brantas, Das Ciliwung, DAS Musi, dan DAS

Mahakam. Kegiatannya berupa kampanye dan gerakan

Community participation in the protection and management of the environment is mandated in Article 28 H paragraph (1) of the Constitution of 1945 and in Law No. 32/2009. Law No. 32 states that a proper and healty environment constitutes a human right of every Indonesian citizen, and that communities have the equal and broad right and opportunity to participate actively in environmental protection and management. Public participation shall aim at :a. Increasing awareness;b. Enhancing independence, empowerment,partnership;c. Developing capacity and initiave;d. Developing responsiveness in regard to socialcontrol;e. Developing and preserving local culture and

wisdom Public participation can be implemented in three ways:a. Social control;b. Submission of suggestions, recommendations,

objections and complaints;c. Submission of information and reports.

The following approaches are used to facilitate public participation:a. Empowerment of coastal communities;b. Empowerment of communities living near rivers;c. Empowerent of communities in vulnerable areas.

Communities on the north coast of Java, for example, have jointly saved coastal regions in their areas. In 2012, the cities of Gresik and Tuban in East Java introduced concrete actions to protect coastal environments. These included mangrove planting and utilization to increase income. There have also been several actions to promote coastal-friendly behavior.

A number of community-based organizations are active in strategic watersheds such as those of the Bengawan Solo, Brantas, Ciliwung, Musi and Mahakam rivers. Their activities comprise campaigns and protection efforts along the watershed. Several community-based organizations and NGOs have


191

perlindungan sepanjang DAS. Beberapa organisasi

masyarakat dan LSM tertentu mempunyai daerah binaan

di sepanjang DAS danmengajak masyarakat melindungi

DAS itu. Berbagai aksi juga digelar: perlindungan

DAS dengan melindungi sempadan sungai dengan

penanaman kembali tanaman produktif.

Di Sungai Ciliwung terdapat 23 kelompok masyarakat

yang bekerja dari hulu ke hilir, yang melakukan kegiatan

terpadu menyelamatkan sungai ini. Untuk itu, telah

dilakukan penilaian masalah DAS Ciliwung dan jenis

kegiatan yang perlu dilakukan kelompok masyarakat.

Perencaanaan partisipatif dan gerakan aksi bersama

didukung Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, menjadi

kunci kegiatan di DAS. Kelompok Pencinta Bambu di

Kabupaten Bogor misalnya, telah banyak berkiprah

di Sungai Ciliwung dan berupaya mengembangkan

bambu di daerah lain, di luar Jawa Barat.

Penguatan masyarakat di daerah rentan diarahkan

pada daerah sekitar industri dan kota. Surabaya dan

Balikpapan menjadi contoh pengembangan kelompok

daerah rentan. Di Surabaya fokus pada masyarakat

sekitar industri, di Balikpapan diarahkan pada

masyarakat sekitar pertambangan.

Peran-serta masyarakat dikembangkan dengan

memperkuat tiga akses: akses atas informasi, akses

terhadap partisipasi, serta akses keadilan dalam

pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam, di dua daerah tersebut.

Lokasi binaan ini bakal menjadi contoh bagi sekitarnya

dalam upaya penguatan kelompok binaan.

Selain itu, melalui pendekatan keagamaan, khususnya

bersama Nahdatul Ulama serta Muhammadiyah,

dikembangkan Ecopesantren atau pesantren ramah

lingkungan.Untuk mengembangkan program ini

dilaksanakan sosialisasi dan pelatihan teknis kepada

para pengurus pesantren di berbagai tempat.

percontohan Ecopesantren di 10 tempat, masing-

masing dua Ecopesantren setiap ekoregion. Selanjutnya,

setiap Ecopesantren contoh melakukan pembinaan 10

pesantren lainnya. Alhasil,dicapai 100 Ecopesantren.

Begitu juga dikembangkan Eco-Church (gereja hijau)

di berbagai daerah. Dua gereja di Kupang dan Medan

dijadikan percontohan pengembangan Eco-Church.

Dalam pelaksanaannya, disusun buku sebagai bahan

khotbah lingkungan bagi umat Kristen. Bersama

Persekutuan Gereja Indonesia (PGI), buku tersebut

dijadikan buku pegangan pendeta agar memahami

specific target areas along watersheds and encourage local communities to protect these areas. Actions to protect watersheds included replanting of riverbanks with plants of economic value.

Along the Ciliwung River there are 23 community groups engaged in a variety of integrated activities to save the river. An inventory of problems in the Ciliwung watershed was conducted to determine what activities were needed. Participative planning and joint actions with the support of the Ministry of Environment were instrumental in the implementation of activities. The Bamboo Lovers group in the Regency of Bogor, for example, has been very active along the Ciliwung and intends to grow bamboo in other regions outside West Java.

Community building efforts for vulnerable areas are focused on areas near industry and cities. Surabaya and Balikpapan are examples of community development in vulnerable areas. In Surabaya, the focus is on communities living near industrial estates, whereas in Balikpapan efforts are geared towards communities living near mining operations.

Public involvement is being encouraged by providing access in three areas, namely access to information, access to participation and access to equality in the utilization of natural resources in the respective areas. Efforts in the above-mentioned locations will become examples for the strengthening of local communities..

A religious approach is employed by organizations such as Nadhatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah in developing eco-pesantren or environmentally-friendly Islamic boarding schools. To implement this program, various outreach efforts and technical training measures were provided for the management of such schools.

Ten environmentally-friendly Islamic boarding schools have been established as pilot projects. Each of these pilot boarding schools will provide guidance to ten other boarding schools, so that eventually there will be 100 eco-pesantren.

Environmentally-friendly churches are also


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masalah lingkungan dari perspektif teologi.

Selanjutnya, setiap gereja percontohan diberi bantuan

listrik tenaga surya empat unit, sebagai penyadaran

umat bahwa sinar matahari dapat digunakan sebagai

energi alternatif. Harapannya, setiap umat gereja

percontohan, bukan hanya peduli lingkungan, tapi

juga dapat memanfaatkan energi surya dirumahnya.

Berbagai upaya mendidik masyarakat telah dilakukan

berbagai pihak. Namun selama ini belum ada ukuran

keberhasilannya. Karena itu, diperlukan indeks

yang memakai variabel nonfisik perilaku manusia

pada tingkat yang berpengaruh terhadap kualitas

lingkungan. Indeks perilaku masyarakat ini merupakan

determinan terhadap baik buruknya kualitas

lingkungan (Oh, et al, 2005). Indeks Perilaku Peduli

Lingkungan (IPPL) adalah indeks yang disusun untuk

mengukur perilaku kehidupan masyarakat terhadap

lingkungan, mencakup perilaku terhadap sumberdaya

air dan udara.

Air dapat terjaga keseimbangannya melalui pemanfaatan

yang tepat, ada area tangkapan hujan dan ruang terbuka

hijau. Pemanfaatan air yang tepat memperhatikan

keberlanjutan,seperti membuang air limbah di

tempatnya, memanfaatkan air bekas untuk keperluan

lain, tidak membiarkan air mengalir saat tidak digunakan,

serta perilaku lainyang menghemat air.

Sementara itu, udara sangat dipengaruhi oleh

komponen lainnya. Perilaku berkendara,pemakaian

bahan bakar, pembakaran sampah dan barang

elektronik yang mengandung CFC, dapat memicu emisi

karbon.Sejalan dengan itu, perilaku sehari-hari sangat

menentukan kualitas udara.

Angka indeks berkisar dari 0,0 hingga 1,0. Semakin

mendekati 1 berarti semakin peduli masyarakat

terhadap lingkungan, dan sebaliknya.Terdapat enam

indikator penyusun indeks, yang dijabarkan berikut ;

1.Perilaku Konsumsi Energi, diukur melalui pemakaian

lampu hemat energi dalam rumah, dalam rasio antara

lampu hemat energi yang terpasang dengan lampu

biasa yang terpasang terhadap ruang. Asumsinya:

semakin besar rasio lampu hemat energi terhadap

lampu biasa yang terpasang, semakin baik perilaku

masyarakat.

2. Perilaku Membuang Sampah, diukur dengan

mekanisme pemilahan sebelum di buang (menurut

jenisnya: sampah membusuk dan tidak) dan

perlakuan rumah tangga terhadap barang bekas

being established. Two churches in Kupang and Medan have been selected as pilot projects for this purpose. Special materials have been prepared as reference material for environmental sermons. With the support of the Indonesian Communion of Churches (PGI), these materials will help priests to understand environmental issues from a theological perspective.

Each pilot church will receive four solar cell unit to make people aware of solar power as an alternative energy source. Hopefully, each pilot church member will not only become environmentally-conscious, but also use solar power at home.

Many parties have undertaken efforts of community education, but so far there has been no measure of success. It is therefore necessary to develop an index that relates non-physical human behavior variables to environmental quality. This index of community behavior will become a measure of environmental quality (Oh, et al, 2005). The Environmentally-Friendly Behavior Index (IPPL) measures the community behaviour against environmental quality, and includes behavior toward water and air resources.

Water balance can be maintained through proper use, and by providing water catchment areas and green open space. Sustainable use of water such as the proper disposal of waste water, the reuse of grey water for other purposes, prevention of water squandering, and other behaviors to save water.

Meanwhile, air quality is affected by many other components. Driving behavior, fuel consumption, burning of CFC-containing waste and electronic devices can all trigger carbon emissions. This means that daily behaviors have a large effect on air quality. The index ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. The closer to 1, the higher the concern of the community for the environment, and vice versa. There are six indicators that constitute the index:1. Energy Consumption Behavior, measured by the

use of energy-saving lamps at home and expressed as the ratio between energy-saving lamps and normal lamps by area. The assumption is that the higher the ratio of energy-saving lamps against normal lamps, the better the behavior of the community.

2. Waste Disposal Behavior, measured by the practice of sorting waste prior to disposal (putriscible/inert


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layak pakai.

3. Perilaku Pemanfaatan Air, diukur melalui peralatan

yang digunakan untuk mengatur penggunaan air

ketika mandi,cara mencuci pakaian, dan seberapa

sering rumah tangga membiarkan air mengalir ketika

tidak digunakan. Asumsi yang dibangun: pentingnya

perilaku hemat air bersih, semakin minimal air bersih

yang digunakan, semakin baik nilai indeksnya.

4. Perilaku Penyumbang Emisi Karbon, diukur dengan

pernah tidaknya melakukan uji emisi kendaraan

dan perawatan mesin dalam setahun terakhir,

penggunaan AC di rumah maupun saat berkendara.

5. Perilaku Hidup Sehat, diukur dari kebiasaan

membuang air besar, tempat pembuangan akhir

tinja, pemanfaatan cahaya matahari di dalam rumah,

pemeliharaan tanaman sekitar rumah, penyediaan

area resapan air, sumber utama air untuk mandi,

masak, dan mencuci. Selain itu, juga kebiasaan

mengonsumsi makanan impor, makanan yang

dimasak dari tanaman sendiri, kebiasaan makan

buah, sayur dan ikan. Dalam hal ini, semakin sering

konsumsi dilakukan, semakin rendah nilainya,

sedangkan konsumsi sayur, buah, ikan dan makanan

dari bahan makanan yang ditanam sendiri akan

semakin tinggi nilainya.

6. Perilaku Penggunaan Bahan Bakar, diukur melalui

banyaknya konsumsi bahan bakar per kapita. Asumsi

yang dibangun: semakin banyak bahan bakar untuk

kendaraan bermotor, semakin rendah kepedulian

terhadap lingkungan.

waste) and attitudes of household against used goods in good condition.

3. Water Use Behavior, measured based on equipment used to regulate water flow when taking a bath, method of washing clothes, and how often a household lets water run unused. The assumption is that the less clean water is used, the better the score on the index.

4. Carbon Emission Contributing Behavior, measured by how often vehicle emissions testing and vehicle maintainence was carried out within the last year, and use of air conditioning at home and on the road.

5.Healthy Living Behavior, measured by defecation habits; excreta disposal facilities; use of sunlight within the home; number of plants around the house; availability of water infiltration areas; main source of water for bathing, cooking and washing. Also evaluated are consumption patterns of imported foods, food prepared with ingredients from own garden; habit of eating fruit, vegetables and fish. In relation to imported foods, the higher the consumption, the lower the score, whereas for consumption of vegetables, fruit and fish, and also foodstuff from own garden, the higher the consumption, the higher the score.

6. Fuel Consumption Behavior, measured by fuel consumption per capita based on the assumption that the higher the use of fuel for motor vehicles, the lower the concern for the environment.

Table 3.13 Environmentally-Friendly Behavior Index (IPPL) Tabel 3.13 Indeks Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan

Province Provinsi

Energyconsumption

behaviorPerilaku

Konsumsi energi

WastedisposalbehaviorPerilaku

membuang sampah

Clean

water use

behavior

Perilaku

pemanfaatan

air bersih

Fuelconsumption

behaviorPerilaku

pemanfaatan bahan bakar

Carbon emissions

contributingbehaviorPerilaku

penyumbang emisi karbon

Healthyliving

behaviorPerilaku

hidup sehat

IPPL

East Java Jawa Timur 0,8 0,64 0,43 0,35 0,62 0,74 0,6

Central Java Jawa Tengah 0,82 0,67 0,41 0,31 0,61 0,64 0,58

West Java Jawa Barat 0,91 0,67 0,39 0,31 0,63 0,62 0,59

DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 0,89 0,75 0,47 0,34 0,68 0,69 0,62

North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 0,98 0,65 0,39 0,34 0,63 0,66 0,61

South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 0,94 0,66 0,4 0,31 0,61 0,61 0,59

Bali Bali 0,96 0,66 0,44 0,34 0,67 0,69 0,63

East Nusa Tenggara NT T 0,9 0,52 0,34 0,15 0,52 0,7 0,52

West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 0,63 0,63 0,37 0,28 0,61 0,62 0,52

South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 0,99 0,65 0,4 0,25 0,58 0,65 0,59

Maluku Maluku 0,93 0,57 0,42 0,17 0,5 0,65 0,54

Papua Papua 0,86 0,6 0,46 0,26 0,56 0,62 0,56

National Nasional 0,88 0,64 0,41 0,28 0,60 0,66 0,57



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Secara umum indeks perilaku masyarakat terhadap

lingkungan masih pada angka sedang yaitu 0,57.

Ini menunjukkan perilaku masyarakat masih

belum sepenuhnya baik. Hasil ini memang belum

menggambarkan kondisi nyata, karena masih perlu

disempurnakan konsepsinya maupun metodologi

surveinya. Saat ini, baru mencakup 6.048 responden dan

12 provinsi, sehingga belum dapat merepresentasikan

penduduk Indonesia. Namun begitu, hasil ini dapat

dijadikan indikasi awal perilaku masyarakat terhadap

lingkungan hidup.

Meski secara nasional nilai IPPL relatif rendah, sejatinya

berbagai komunitas aktif meningkatkan kesadaran

masyarakat peduli lingkungan. Komunitas Mahasiswa

Teknik Lingkungan ITB misalnya, pada awal 2008

melancarkan kampanye anti-kantong plastik dengan

penyebaran “Plastic Phobia’—Takut Plastik. Kampanye

yang mendapat dukungan pelajar di Bandung, Dewan

Pemerhati Kehutanan dan Lingkungan Tatar Sunda

serta WALHI ini bergaung luas, terutama di Jawa dan

Bali. Masyarakat dianjurkan saat berbelanja membawa

sendiri kantong katun atau keranjang dari rumah, dan

menghindari memakai kantong plastik.

Pada 2010 kampanye “Diet Kantong Plastik” juga

dilakukan kaum muda Greeneration Indonesia atau

Generasi Hijau Indonesia. Kampanye dilanjutkan

pada 2012 di berbagai kota di Jawa, Sumatera dan

Bali. Di Bali, kampanye Say No to Plastic Bag didukung

Yayasan Bali Cantik Tanpa Plastik dan Eco Bali, juga

mendapat respon luas masyarkat.

Kantong biodegradable terbuat dari singkong dan

minyak nabati, yang bisa diurai mikroorganisme,

hanya bertahan dalam beberapa minggu atau bulan

di alam. Sedangkan kantong plastik dari polyolefin

atau polivinil klorida, yang dipakai beberapa menit

atau jam sebelum dibuang, ternyata perlu 500 tahun,

bahkan 1.000 tahun, untuk terurai di alam.

Pada 1980-an kantong biodegradable sudah

diproduksi Indonesia, tapi untuk melayani permintaan

supermarket di luar negeri, antara lain di Hongkong.

Dalam tiga tahun terakhir, kantong yang bergamabr

proses penghancuran dan keterangan “Tas ini

dapat hancur dengan sendirinya” sudah digunakan

luas, mengganti kantong plastik.Kini masyarakat

berbelanja di berbagai pasar swalayan, yang barang

belanja dimasukkan dalam tas yang dapat hancur

sendiri. Sekitar 16.000 minimarket,midimarket dan

hypermarket di seluruh Indonesia, umumnya sudah

The average score on the community behavior versus environmental quality index is at a moderate 0.57. This shows that community behavior is not yet fully as desired. The above result is not yet representative of real conditions, because its concept and methodology still need improvement. Currently, the number of respondents totals 6,048 in 12 provinces and is therefore not representative of the entire population of Indonesia. Nevertheless, the result can be viewed as an early indication of society’s behavior toward the environment.

Even though the national IPPL score is relatively low, many communities are actively engaged in efforts to raise the public’s environmental awareness. A group of ITB environmental engineering students, for example, launched a campaign entitled “Plastic Phopia” in early 2008. The campaign, which was supported by Bandung school students, the Tatar Sunda Council for Forestry and Environment Issues and WALHI, was well received, especially on Java and Bali. The public was encouraged to bring their own cotton bags or basket when shopping and avoid using plastic bags.

In 2010, the “Plastic Bag Diet“ was launched by young people members of Green Generation Indonesia or Greeneration. In 2012, the campaign was extended to several cities on Java, Sumatra and Bali. In Bali, the Say No to Plastic Bags campaigne was supported by Yayasan Bali Cantik Tanpa Plastik and Eco Bali, and well-received by the public.

Biodegradable bags made from cassava and vegetable oil, which can be decomposed by microorganisms, last for just a few weeks or months in nature. Plastic bags made of polyolefin or polyvinyl chloride, which are used for several minutes or hours before being disposed of, need 500 or even 1,000 years to decompose in nature.

In the 1980s, Indonesia already produced biodegradable bags, but only to meet demand from supermarkets abroad, for example from Hongkong. In the last three years, bags featuring the decomposing logo and the note “This bag will decompose by itself ” have replaced plastic bags and have become widely used. People now in supermarkets that provide degradable bags for groceries. About 16,000 minimarkets, midimarkets and hypermarkets in Indonesia use bags that decompose easily in nature.


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memakai kantong yang mudah diurai alam.

Di bidang transportasi, komunitas Bike To Work, yang

dibentuk di Jakarta pada 2004 baru memiliki 150

pendukung, kini sudah lebih dari 10.000 orang, yang

tersebar di banyak kota. Komunitas hemat bahan

bakar ini, sebagian pendukung fanatik setiap hari

bersepeda ke tempat kerja dan sebagian lagi sesering

mungkin bersepeda.Komunitas ini terus berkembang

walau masih menghadapi tantangan di jalan raya

yang tak ramah sepeda.

Ada pula komunitas pencinta mangrove yang

melakukan studi dan merehabitasi hutan mangrove

yang rusak. Namanya Kelompok Studi Ekosistem

Mangrove Teluk Awur (Kesemat). Komunitas

mahasiswa ini terjun langsung merehabilitasi hutan

mangrove di beberapa kawasan pantai utara Jawa

Tengah.

Komunitas ini memiliki cabang di Jakarta, melibatkan

pencinta mangrove dari luar kampus, bahkan pelajar.

Jakarta Kemangteer (Kesemat Mangrove Volunteer)

merehabilitasi hutan mangrove Teluk Jakarta dan

Kepulauan Seribu, serta mengembangkan ekowisata

hutan mangrove, sambil menanam.

Untuk menghargai kiprah dan kerja keras masyarakat

ada penghargaan Kalpataru, yang diberikan kepada

individu atau kelompok masyarakat yang menunjukkan

kepeloporan dan sumbangsihnya bagi pemeliharaan

lingkungan hidup. Anugerah ini diberikan untuk

mendorong dan memotivasi peran masyarakat dalam

melestarikan fungsi lingkungan hidup menurut

bentuk pengabdiannya masing-masing.

Penghargaan Kalpataru terdiri dari empat kategori:

Perintis Lingkungan, Pengabdi Lingkungan,

Penyelamat Lingkungan dan Pembina Lingkungan.

Perintis Lingkungan diberikan kepada seseorang

warga masyarakat, bukan pegawai negeri dan tokoh

organisasi formal, yang berhasil merintis pelestarian

fungsi lingkungan hidup secara luar biasa dan

kegiatan baru sama sekali bagi daerahnya.

Pengabdi lingkungan diberikan kepada petugas

lapangan dan/atau pegawai negeri yang mengabdikan

diri dalam pelestarian, jauh melampaui tugas

pokoknya dan berlangsung cukup lama.Penyelamat

Lingkungan diberikan kepada kelompok masyarakat

yang berhasil melakukan upaya pelestarian dan

pencegahan kerusakan lingkungan.

In the transport sector, the Bike To Work that was established with just 150 members in 2004 not has more than 10,000 in several cities. A number of fanatic members of this fuel saving community use their bikes every day to reach their workplace, while others take their bikes for a ride as often as possible. The community continues to grow, even though facing many obstacles on roads that are less than friendly to bikes.

There is also a group of mangrove lovers that study and rehabilitate damaged mangrove formations, and goes by the name of Kesemat (Kelompok Studi Ekosistem Mangrove Teluk Awur/Teluk Awur Mangrove Ecosystem Study Group). This community of university students actively engages in mangrove formation rehabilitation in several locations on the north coast of Java.

The community has a branch in Jakarta and also invites mangrove lovers from outside the campus, even high school students. The Jakarta Kemangteer (Kesemat Mangrove Volunteer) group rehabilitates mangrove formations in the Bay of Jakarta and the Thousand Islands, and develops mangrove eco-tourism while planting mangrove trees.

To appreciate the public’s efforts and hard work, the Government launched the Kalpataru Award. The award is presented to individuals or community groups that have shown initiative and contributed to the preservation of the environment. The purpose of the award is to encourage and motivate the public to preserve environmental functions in line with their chosen forms of dedication.

The Kalpataru Awards are presented in four categories: Environmental pioneer, environmental devotee, environmental savior and environmental patron. Awards in the environmental pioneer category are given to members of society that are not civil servants or leaders of formal organizations and that have had extraordinary success in initiating environmental preservation efforts and in promoting new types of activities in their respective areas.

Awards in the environmental devotee category are presented to field officers and/or civil servants who have devoted their time to environmental preservation over and outside their job descriptions for a long time. Awards in the environmental savior category are given to communities that successfully engaged in efforts to perserve the environment and to prevent environmental damage.


196

Figure 3.28 Kalpataru Award Gambar 3.28 Penghargaan Kalpataru

Pembina Lingkungan diberikan kepada

pemimpin organisasi sosial-politik dan

keagamaan, pejabat, pengusaha, peneliti,

dan tokoh masyarakat yang berhasil

melestarikan fungsi lingkungan hidup

dan mempunyai pengaruh dan prakarsa

untuk membangkitkan kesadaran

lingkungan dan peran masyarakat guna

melestarikan fungsi lingkungan

hidup atau berhasil menemukan

teknologi baru yang ramah

lingkungan.

Sedangkan kriteria khusus,antara lain

jenis upaya pelestarian, terutama

mencegah kerusakan dan pencemaran

lingkungan. Kriteria lain adalah lokasi

kegiatan, ukuran kegiatan, frekuensi

dan intensitas, lama kegiatan, tingkat keberhasilan,

swadaya dan pengorbanan, prakarsa dan motivasi,

manfaat, prospek replikatif, dampak lingkungan

alam-lingkungan sosial budaya dan ekonomi, banyak

yang meniru, dan popularitas atau penghargaan yang

diterima.Sejak 1980 hingga 2012, jumlah penerima

penghargaan Kalpataru sebanyak 297orang/

kelompok.

Awards in the environmental patron category are given to leaders of sociopolitical and religious organizations, government officials, businessmen, researchers and community leaders who successfully engaged in environmental preservation, promoted or initiated environmental awareness and community participation in environmental preservation, or invented new, environmentally friendly technologies. One important evaluation criteria is type of preservation efforts, especially prevention of environmental damage and pollution. Other criteria include location, scope, frequency, intensity, duration and level of success of activities, self-help and sacrifice ; initiative and motivation; replication prospects; impact on natural, sociocultural and economic environment; number of emulators; popularity and number of awards received. Kalpataru Awards have been presented to 297 individual/groups from 1980 to 2012.

Pemangku Kepentingan Pro Lingkungan Hidup

Pro-Environment Stakeholders

Sudah banyak masyarakat yang peduli lingkungan,

namun masih sulit mengetahui secara keseluruhan

di Indonesia, dan utamanya melihat sebarannya

per provinsi. Hasil survei yang dilakukan KLH masih

memiliki kekurangan dari sisi representasi yang diwakili

responden. Dengan begitu,masih sulit melihat tingkat

kepedulian masyarakat terhadap lingkungan hidup.

Untuk gambaran dari sisi lain, dapat dilihat beberapa

unsur pemangku kepentingan dengan beberapa

kriteria yang terukur, yaitu dari peraih penghargaan

Sekolah Adiwiyata, Kalpataru, serta tingkat ketaatan

industri yang dievaluasi melalui PROPER (Emas, Hijau

dan Biru).

Nowadays many people care about the environment, but it is still difficult toobtain specific numbers for the whole of Indonesia, in particular for distribution by province. Surveys conducted by the Ministry of Environment are still unsatisfactory in terms of the representativeness of respondents, and so it remains difficult to measure people’s concern for the environment.Another way to view the situation is to focus on achievements by stakeholders that are based on measurable criteria. These include winning the Adiwiyata environmental award for schools, winning the Kalpataru environmental award, and industrial compliance rates as evaluated by the PROPER environmental performance rating program (Gold, Green and Blue categories).

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SPECIAL NOTES ONENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT4

CATATAN KHUSUS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

Special Notes on Environmental Management4

200

“Kualitas lingkungan hidup Indonesia cenderung menurun karena berbagai tekanan.Namun di sela catatan ihwal mutu lingkungan yang menurun, bisa dijumpai upaya-upaya yang berpihak kepada lingkungan hidup. Ini ibarat dua sisi yang saling berpacu, antara ancaman dan harapan bagi lingkungan hidup”.

Di beberapa lokasi dijumpai pula praktik perlindungan

dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang patut diberi

catatan khusus. Aksi-aksi tersebut digelar berbagai

lembaga, komunitas, maupun dunia usaha. Praktik

dapat menjadi pendorong, mampu memberi inspirasi,

bahkan menjadi model upaya perlindungan dan

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup.

Ketika deforestasi masih terjadi, luas area tutupan

hutan malah meningkat di beberapa pulau besar.

Mengapa demikian? Jawabannya, antara lain adanya

moratorium izin pemanfaatan hutan, pengembangan

hutan tanaman rakyat, hutan rakyat, dan hutan desa.

Ketika mata air di lereng Gunung Ciremai harus

dijaga, Pemerintah Kota Cirebon sepakat membayar

jasa lingkungan kepada Kabupaten Kuningan demi

menjaga kelanggengan sumber air bagi warga

Cirebon. Di tempat lain, ada perusahaan swasta aktif

melestarikan ratusan spesies bambu, bahkan menjadi

tujuan peneliti dari berbagai negeri. Di pelosok lain, di

Raja Ampat,peraturan lingkungan hidup yang hanya

ditandatangani kepala kampung, dengan dukungan

masyarakat,dapat mengawal upaya perlindungan

terumbu karang dan ekosistemnya.

Juga patut dicatat, kerjasama koordinatif dan

integratif antar-kementerian dan lembaga dalam

perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan, seperti

aksi penyelamatan danau-danau yang bermasalah,

aksi pengelolaan Teluk Tomini dan pengelolaan Selat

Bali. Demikian pula catatan khusus perlu diberikan

bagi penegakan hukum dalam kasus dan penanganan

sengketa lingkungan—termasuk sengketa lingkungan

lintas-batas negara.

“The quality of the environment in Indonesia tends to decline due to various kinds of pressures. However, while the matters regarding the declining environmental quality, there are many initiatives in favor of the environment. This is like two sides racing against each other, between threats to and hopes for the environment”.

A number of environmental protection and management practices found in several locations deserve to be given special notes. Such actions were taken by various institutions, communities, and businesses. These practices can motivate, inspire, and even be a model for the efforts on environmental protection and management.

While deforestation is still taking place, areas covered by forests in several big islands are increasing in size. This is possible because, among others, the moratorium of forest utilization permits,development of community plantation forests, community forests, and village forests. To ensure that the water spring at Mount Ciremai is protected, Cirebon City Government has agreed to pay for environmental services to Kuningan Regency to preserve the water source.

In other locations, several private companies play an active part in preserving hundreds of bamboo species, and they become destinations of researchers from many countries. Other areas, such as Raja Ampat in West Papua, have environmental regulations signed by the village chiefs supported by the community to monitor the efforts to preserve coral reefs and their ecosystems.

It is also important to note the coordinative and integrated cooperation between ministries and institutions in environmental protection and management, such as actions to save lakes, Tomini Bay and Bali Strait. Also worthy of note is the law enforcement in cases and handling of environmental conflicts-including environmental conflicts involving national borders.

4Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

201

PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN

CHANGES IN LAND COVER

The Island of Sumatra Pulau Sumatera

Terletak di dataran sunda (Sunda Land), Sumatera

memiliki tipe ekosistem hutan yang lengkap: dari

mangrove dan gambut di pantai timur hingga hutan

pegunungan di bukit barisan di bagian barat Sumatera.

Ekosistem ini menyimpan kekayaan flora dan fauna

yang tidak ternilai harganya. Beberapa tempat

menyimpan tingkat endemisitas yang tinggi, seperti

terlihat pada gambar 4.1. Total luas hutan pada 2011 di

pulau ini sekira 13,7juta hektar.

Provinsi Riau memiliki hutan terluas, disusul Nanggroe

Aceh Darusalam dan Sumatera Barat. Namun bila

dibandingkan dengan luas provinsi, proporsi hutan

Aceh paling tinggi (56 persen) disusul Sumatera

Barat (47 persen) dan Bengkulu (37 persen). Lampung

memiliki proporsi penutupan hutan terkecil, 9,5

persen.

Dibandingkan dengan kondisi tahun 2000, luasan

tutupan hutan Pulau Sumatera turun kurang lebih 3

juta hektar. Deforestasi tertinggi terjadi di Riau, disusul

Jambi dan Sumatera Utara (Gambar 4.2). Penurunan

luasan hutan itu lantaran alih fungsi untuk lahan lain,

terutama hutan tanaman, perkebunan dan pertanian,

serta lahan tidak produktif berupa lahan terbuka dan

semak belukar.

Degradasi hutan primer menjadi hutan sekunder juga

cukup luas (Gambar 4.3). Lahan terbuka, ladang, semak

belukar dan hutan sekunder mungkin bagian tahapan

suksesi dari pertanian lahan berpindah (shifting

cultivation) yang sudah lama dipraktikkan masyarakat

adat (Burgers, Ketterings, & Garrity, 2005; Stolle et

al. 2003; Imbernon, 1999, Ketterings, Wibowo, van

Noordwijk & Eric Penot, 1999) .

Situated on Sunda land, Sumatra has complete types of forest ecosystems: from mangrove and peat lands on the east coast to montane forests on the mountain range west of Sumatra. This ecosystem is home to priceless wealth of flora and fauna. A number of locations have a high level of endemicity as shown on figure 4.1. The total forest area on this island in 2011 was approcimately 13.7 million hectares.

Riau Province has the largest forest area, followed by Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and West Sumatra. However, when compared to the province area, Aceh has the largest proportion of forest (56 percent), followed by West Sumatra (47 percent) and Bengkulu (37 percent). Lampung has the smallest proportion of forest at 9.5 percent.

Compared to the situation in 2000, the area of forest cover on the Island of Sumatra has declined by approximately 3 million hectares. The highest rate of deforestation occurred in Riau, followed by Jambi and North Sumatra (Figure 4.2). The decline of the forest cover area was caused by land use change into other land purposes, particularly those of crops, plantations, and farming, as well as nonproductive land which included open land and shrub.

Degradation of primary forests into secondary ones was also expanding (Figure 4.3). Bare lands, fields, shrub, and secondary forests are probably parts of the succession stage from shifting cultivation that has been long practiced by indigenous communities (Burgers, Ketterings, & Garrity, 2005; Stolle et al. 2003; Imbernon, 1999, Ketterings, Wibowo, van Noordwijk & Eric Penot, 1999) .


202


f.

a. b.

c. d.

e.

Figure 4.1 Forest Cover Change on Sumatra Island (a) 2000, (b) 2003, (c) 2006, (d) 2009, (e) 2011, (f) Deforestasion 2000 – 2011

Gambar 4.1. Perubahan tutupan hutan P. Sumatera (a) 2000, (b) 2003, (c) 2006, (d) 2009, (e) 2011, (f ) Deforestasi 2000 – 2011


203



Figure 4.3 Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover on Sumatra, 2011Gambar 4.3. Perubahan hutan tahun 2000 menjadi tutupan lahan lain di tahun 2011 di Pulau Sumatera

Penutupan Lahan Lain

Transmigrasi

Permukiman

Tambang

Lahan Terbuka

Semak Belukar/Savana

Tambak

Sawah

Pertanian Lahan Kering

Perkebunan

HTI

Hutan Sekunder

Hutan Primer

Other Land Cover

Transmigration

Settlements

Mining

Bare Lands

Shrub/Savanna

Fish Ponds

Paddy Fields

Dryland Farming

Plantations

Industrial Forest

Secondary Forests

Primary Forests

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Percent Persen

Figure 4.2 Forest Cover Change by Province on Sumatra Island Gambar 4.2. Perubahan tutupan hutan Provinsi di Pulau Sumatra

- 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 thousands hectare

ribu hektar

Prov

ince

Pr

ovin

si

2011

2009

2006

2003

2000

Lampung

Sumatera Selatan

Bengkulu

Sumatera Barat

Jambi

Riau

Sumatera Utara

Daerah Istimewa Aceh

South Sumatra

West Sumatra

North Sumatra

Aceh


204

a.

b.

Kalimantan IslandPulau Kalimantan

Figure 4.4 Forest Cover Change on Kalimantan (a) 2000 dan (b) 2011Gambar 4.4 Perubahan tutupan Hutan P. Kalimantan (a) 2000 dan (b) 2011



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Sumber: Kementerian KehutananSource: Ministry of Forestry

Setelah Greenland dan Papua, Kalimantan merupakan

pulau terbesar ketiga di dunia yang menjadi bagian

dataran Sunda. Kalimantan dianugerahi berbagai

ekosistem hutan dengan keanekaragaman tinggi,

diantaranya hutan mangrove, hutan kerangas, hutan

rawa gambut, hutan rawa air tawar, hutan dataran

rendah dan hutan pegunungan. Luas total hutan

Kalimantan pada 2011 mencapai 29 juta hektar atau

sekira 54 persen dari luas daratan. Kalimantan Timur

mempunyai tutupan hutan terluas, 13,6 juta hektar (69

persen dari luas wilayah); disusul Kalimantan Tengah,

8,4 juta hektar (53,6 persen); dan Kalimantan Barat, 6,3

juta hektar (42,9 persen). Sementara Kalimantan Selatan

mempunyai tutupan hutan yang paling rendah, 0,9

juta hektar (24,1 persen) (Gambar 4.4).Dibandingkan

kondisi pada 2000, tutupan hutan turun sebesar 2,8

juta hektar, dengan penurunan tertinggi di Kalimantan

Tengah (0,98 juta hektar), diikuti Kalimantan Timur

(0,87 juta hektar) (Gambar 4.5).

After Greenland and Papua, Kalimantan is the world’s third largest island which is part of Sunda land. Kalimantan is blessed with a wide variety of highly diverse forest ecosystems, including mangrove, kerangas, peatland, freshwater swamp, lowland and montane forests. Total forest area in Kalimantan in 2011 reached 29 million hectares or around 54 percent of its land area. East Kalimantan has the largest forest cover, 13.6 million hectares (69 percent of the land area); followed by Central Kalimantan, 8.4 million hectares (53.6 percent); and West Kalimantan, 6.3 million hectares (42.9 percent). On the other hand, South Kalimantan has the smallest area of forest covers, only as much as 0.9 million hectares (24.1 percent) (Figure 4.4). Compared to the situation in 2000, the forest covers have declined by 2.8 million hectares, the highest rate of deline being in Central Kalimantan (0.98 million hectares), followed by East Kalimantan Timur (0.87 million hectares) (Figure 4.5).

Figure 4.5 Forest Cover Change by Province on KalimantanGambar 4.5. Perubahan tutupan hutan Provinsi di Pulau Kalimantan

Kalimantan Timur

Kalimantan Tengah

Kalimantan Selatan

kalimantan Barat

East Kalimantan

Central Kalimantan

South Kalimantan

West kalimantan

0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000

Hectare Hektar

2011

2009

2006

2003

2000

Sejarah perubahan tutupan lahan di Kalimantan

terkait erat dengan pola perubahan iklim. Pada

periode tertentu,musim kering (ELNino) menyebabkan

kekeringan panjang dan kebakaran hutan—seperti

pada 1982 dan 1997. Saat itu, jutaan hektar hutan dan

lahan terbakar. Kebakaran menciptakan tutupan hutan

sekunder, semak belukar dan padang alang-alang.

The history of changes in forest cover in Kalimantan is closely related to the patterns of climate changes. In certain periods, the dry season (El Nino) causes prolonged draught and forest fires—as occurred in 1982 and 1997. At that time, millions of hectares of forest land was ablaze. The flame resulted in secondary forest covers, shrub, and alang-alang fields.


206

Selain itu, masyarakat tradisional dengan pertanian

berpindah juga akrab dengan api,sebagai alat bantu

pembukaan lahan (Mertz et al., 2008). Peladang

berpindah membuka hutan untuk dijadikan ladang,

dan meninggalkannya untuk beberapa tahun (bera),

hingga bersukses menjadi hutan lagi. Introduksi

pertanian lahan basah menetap di ekosistem gambut

dalam skala luas (1 juta hektar) pernah dilakukan

pada 1997 - 1998, yang mengubah ekosistem gambut

menjadi sawah. Sayangnya, proyek raksasa ini gagal dan

berdampak besar. Hingga saat, proyek itu menyisakan

semak belukar di ekosistem gambut Kalimantan

Tengah. Gambar 4.6 menunjukkan perubahan hutan

pada 2000, menjadi berbagai penutupan lahan

pada 2011. Sebagian besar hutan primer pada 2000

berubah menjadi hutan sekunder, semak belukar

dan perkebunan, dan sebagian kecil menjadi hutan

tanaman, lahan pertanian dan permukiman.

In addition, traditional communities practicing shifting cultivation often utilize fire to help them open new lands (Mertz et al., 2008). Shifting cultivators cut down forests to transform them into fields, and leave those areas for a few years until they become forests again. Introduction of wetland farming that settle in peatland ecosystems in large scale (1 million hectares) was once conducted in 1997 - 1998, which transformed peatland ecosystems into paddy fields. Unfortunately, this giant project failed to make any significant impact. Today, the project only leaves shrub in the peat blog ecosystems in Central Kalimantan. Figure 4.6 shows the change of forests in 2000 into numerous land covers in 2011. Most primary forests in 2000 have been transformed into secondary forests, shrub, plantations, and some of them were tranformed into plantation forests, farmlands, and settlements.


0 10 20 30 40 50 60


Transmigrasi

Permukiman

Tambang

Lahan Terbuka


Tambak

Sawah


Perkebunan

HTI

Hutan Sekunder

Hutan Primer

Other Land Cover

Transmigration

Settlements

Mining

Bare Lands

Shrub/Savanna

Fish Ponds

Paddy Fields

Dryland Farming

Plantations

Industrial Forest

Secondary Forests

Primary Forests

Percent Persen

Figure 4.6 Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover In 2011 on KalimantanGambar 4 .6. Perubahan hutan tahun 2000 menjadi tutupan lahan lain di tahun 2011 di Pulau Kalimantan


207

Pulau PapuaThe Island of Papua

Provinsi Papua dan Papua Barat di dataran Sahul,

dipisahkan garis Wallace dan garis Weber dengan

dataran Sunda. Sumber daya hutan kedua provinsi

ini sangat kaya dan memiliki endemisitas tinggi.

Pada 2011, tutupan hutan di Papua dan Papua Barat

mencapai 34 juta hektar, atau mencakup 82,2 persen

wilayah kedua provinsi itu (Gambar 4.7). Sampai

kini, tekanan terhadap hutan di kedua provinsi ini

relatif kecil dibandingkan dengan provinsi lain. Tak

mengherankan, perubahan tutupan hutan di Papua

dan Papua Barat selama 2000 – 2011 sangat kecil

(Gambar 4.8). Eksploitasi sumber daya hutan sebagian

besar bersifat subsisten, sehingga tutupan hutan pada

2000 sebagian menjadi hutan sekunder, dan sangat

sedikit yang berubah menjadi semak belukar, lahan

perkebunan, pertanian dan permukiman (Gambar

4.9).

Penutupan lahan yang cenderung menurun

menuntutupaya menjaga dan meningkatkan tutupan

hutannya perlu ditingkatkan. Di antaranya, kebijakan

moratorium hutan, seperti Instruksi Presiden Nomor

10 Tahun 2011 tentang penundaan pemberian izin

baru dan penyempurnaan tata kelola pada hutan alam

primer dan lahan gambut—kini diperpanjang lagi.

Kunci keberhasilannya terletak pada kesadaran

bersama untuk mengembalikan fungsi hutan yang

rusak, menekan laju degradasi hutan dan deforestasi.

Kesadaran itu mewujud dalam bentuk rehabilitasi,

penanaman satu miliar pohon, pembangunan hutan

tanaman rakyat, hutan rakyat, hutan kemasyarakatan

serta hutan desa. Begitu jugapenegakan hukum serta

standar verifikasi legalitas kayu.

Papua provinces on the land of Sahul are separated by the Wallace line and the Weber line with Sunda land. Forest resources in these two provinces are very rich and have high endemicity. In 2011, forest covers in Papua and West Papua reached 34 million hectares, or covering 82.2 percent of the areas in those two provinces (Figure 4.7). Until now, pressures against the forests in these two provinces are relatively low compared to those against other provinces. No wonder the changes in forest covers in Papua and West Papua in 2000 – 2011 are very few (Figure 4.8). Exploitation of forest resources are mostly subsistent so that some of the forest covers in 2000 became secondary forests, and very few of them that changed into shrub, plantations, farmlands, and settlements (Figure 4.9).

Land covers that tends to decline requires stronger efforts to preserve and increase the extent of forest cover. The efforts include, among others, the policy on forest moratorium, such as Presidential Instruction Number 10 of 2011 regarding new permit postponement and improvement of primary natural forest and peatland management—which is now reinstated.

The key to success lies in collective consciousness to restore the forests function, suppress the rate of forest degradation and deforestation. Such consciousness is implemented in forest rehabilitation, planting of one billion trees, establishment of community plantation forests,community forests, social forests, and village forests. This is also shown through law enforcement and standards for timber legality verification.

Wamena Photo foto : Don


208

Figure 4.7 Deforestation on Papua, 2000 - 2011 Gambar 4.7. Deforestasi Hutan Pulau Papua 2000 - 2011

Forest Hutan

Deforestation Deforestasi

Other Land Cover Tutupan Lahan lainnya



209

Figure 4.8 Forest Cover Change by Province on Papua Gambar 4.8. Perubahan tutupan hutan Provinsi di Pulau Papua

Papua

West

Papua

0 5.000.000 10.000.00 5.000.000 20.000.000 25.000.000

Hectare hektar

2011

2009

2006

2003

2000



Figure 4.9 Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover in 2011 on PapuaGambar 4.9. Perubahan hutan tahun 2000 menjadi tutupan lahan lain di tahun 2011 di Pulau Papua

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Transmigrasi

Permukiman

Tambang

Lahan Terbuka


Tambak

Sawah


Perkebunan

HTI

Hutan Sekunder

Hutan Primer

Other Land Cover

Transmigration

Settlements

Mining

Bare Lands

Shrub/Savanna

Fish Ponds

Paddy Fields

Dryland Farming

Plantations

Industrial Forest

Secondary Forests

Primary Forests

Percent Persen

Barat


210

Success Story of Forest Conservation in Kuningan RegencyKeberhasilan Kuningan Dalam Konservasi Hutan

Jawa yang dihuni 1.026 orang per km2 menjadi pulau

terpadat di muka Bumi. Laju pertambahan penduduknya

pun sangat tinggi: 2 persen lebih per tahun. Kepadatan

dan peningkatan penduduk yang cepat dikhawatirkan

memicu deforestasi. Contoh serupa dapat dilihat di

Cina (Zhang, Uusivuori, and Kuuluvainen, 2000), Brazil

(Andersen, 1996), Mexico (Barbier and Burgess, 1996),

Thailand (Cropper, Griffiths, and Mani, 1997), Tanzania

(Kaoneka and Solberg,1997) dan di Papua Nugini (Ningal,

Hartemink and Bregt, 2008). Menurut Badan Planologi

(2010), laju deforestasi di Jawa mencapai 13.520 hektar

setiap tahun.

Meski begitu, sebuah contoh menarik di Kabupaten

Kuningan, Jawa Barat, bisa menjadi teladan bagi

upaya perbaikan lingkungan. Antara 1997 hingga

2009, tutupan hutan Kuningan justru mengalami

reforestasi (penghutanan kembali). Hal itu bisa

dilihat pada Gambar 4.10, sedangkan peta penutupan

lahannya disajikan Gambar 4.11.

Perubahan dari deforestasi menjadi reforestasi dikenal

dengan istilah forest transition (Transisi hutan). Teori

forest transition pertama kali dikemukakan Mather

(2004) ketika meneliti perubahan tutupan hutan di

Skotlandia. Reforestasi di sana terjadi sebagai upaya

untuk melepaskan ketergantungan kayu impor dari

Inggris.

Ada beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan reforestasi

Kabupaten Kuningan terjadi:

a)Keberhasilan program pengelolaan hutan

bersama masyarakat (PHBM) Perhutani Program

ini memberi keuntungan ekonomi bagi peserta

PHBM. Selain boleh mengolah lahan hutan selama

beberapa tahun, petani juga mendapatkan bagi-

hasil saat kayu dipanen. Program ini juga memberi

kepastian batas kawasan hutan dan lahan milik.

b) Insentif ekonomi

Harga kayu sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria)

yang terus meningkat membuat petani bergairah

menanam pohon. Siregar et al.(2007) menyatakan

The Island of Java, occupied by 1,026 people per km2 is the most densely populated island in the world. Its population growth rate is also very high: more than 2 percent each year. Population density and rapid growth is suspected to encourage deforestation. A similar case takes place in China (Zhang, Uusivuori, and Kuuluvainen, 2000), Brazil (Andersen, 1996), Mexico (Barbier and Burgess, 1996), Thailand (Cropper, Griffiths, and Mani, 1997), Tanzania (Kaoneka and Solberg,1997) and Papua New Guinea (Ningal, Hartemink and Bregt, 2008). According to the Forestry Planology Agency, (2010), the rate of deforestation in Java reached 13,520 hectares every year.

Nevertheless, an interesting case in Kuningan Regency, West Java, can be a model for efforts to improve the environment. Between 1997 and 2009, Kuningan forest cover underwent some reforestation (replanting). This can be viewed on Figure 4.10, while the map of land covers is presented on Figure 4.11.

The change from deforestation into reforestation is known as forest transition. The theory of forest transition was first proposed by Mather (2004) when he was investigating the change in forest covers in Scotland. Reforestation there occurred to stop dependency on imported timber from England.

Reforestation in Kuningan Regency took place due to several factors, including:

a) The success of Perhutani’s forest management programs with the community (Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat = PHBM) This program has brought economic benefits to PHBM participants. In addition to being permitted to cultivate the forested land for several years, farmers also received some share of the profit when the timber was harvested. Besides, this program provides fixed borders between the forest and the land owned by the locals.


211

pada 2003 satu kubik kayu sengon seharga Rp

250 ribu, dan pada 2008, sudah mencapai Rp 600

ribu. Selama lima tahun mendatang, harganya

akan mencapai Rp 1 juta per meter kubik.

Strategi pengurangan kemiskinan melalui PHBM,

juga berpengaruh pada rata-rata pendapatan

rumah tangga.Dari penelitian di Kalimati, Japara,

diketahui pendapatan rumah tangga atas akses

lahan PHBM mencapai Rp 43.664,16 atau 6,60

persen dari total pendapatan per bulan. Sementara

itu, nilai ekonomi dari akses lahan di luar lahan

PHBM hanya Rp 3.383,33 (0,50 persen). Untuk Desa

Jabranti mencapai Rp 33.664,58 atau 3,6 persen

dari total pendapatan pendapatan per bulan,

dengan perolehan dari pendapatan di luar lahan

PHBM, Rp 35.197,56 (3,77 persen).

c) Urbanisasi

Banyak petani Kuningan juga bekerja di beberapa

kota besar sebagai pekerja informal. Para petani

ini memilih menanam pohon di ladangnya ketika

bekerja di kota, karena tidak perlu perawatan

intensif.

d)Dukungan pemerintah daerah, Perhutani,

lembaga donor dan LSM

Berbagai program reforestasi dilakukan melalui

PHBM, baik oleh pemerintah daerah, Perhutani,

lembaga donor dan LSM. Tercatat pada 2003, para

pihak tersebut mengalokasikan dana Rp 2,4 miliar

untuk PHBM (Setiamihardja 2003).

Dorongan lebih lanjut atas kehendak politik

Kabupaten Kuningan pada saat menggagas dan

menggulirkan PHBM, semakin dimantapkan melalui

alokasi program PHBM dalam kebijakan Rencana

Pembangunan Jangka Panjang (RPJP) 2005-2025

yang dimasukkan dalam Rencana Pembangunan

Jangka Menengah Daerah (RPJMD) 5 tahunan.

Selain itu,pengarus-utamaan konservasi sumber

daya alam juga dilakukan di berbagai bidang:

(a) Deklarasi sebagai kabupaten konservasi dan

telah dituangkan dalam visi dan misi Kabupaten

Kuningan.

(b) Penanaman pohon bagi pasangan yang akan

menikah (Pengantin Peduli Lingkungan/

PEPELING). Program ini digagas pada 2005, untuk

membangun tanggungjawab dan kesalehan sosial

b) Economic incentives The price of sengon ood (Paraserianthes

falcataria) that kept increasing encouraged the farmers to plant more trees. Siregar et al.(2007) explained that in 2003, one cubic meter of sengon wood worth Rp 250 thousand went up to Rp 600 thousand in 2008. In the next five years, the price is predicted to reach Rp 1 million per cubic meter. The strategy of poverty reduction through PHBM has also influenced average household income. Research in Kalimati, Japara, indicated that household income obtained from the access to PHBM land reached Rp 43,664.16 or 6.60 percent of total monthly income. At the same time, time, the economic value of land access other than PHBM land was worth only Rp 3,383.33 (0.50 percent). The village of Jabranti got Rp 33,664.58 or 3.6 percent of the total monthly income, of which the income from the land other than PHBM totalling Rp 35,197.56 (3.77 percent).

c) Urbanization A lot of Kuningan farmers also work in several big

cities as informal workers. These farmers choose to plant trees on their fields while working in the city as the trees do not require intensive maintenance.

d) Support from the regional government, Perhutani, donor institutions, and NGOs

Various reforestation programs are carried out through PHBM by the regional government, Perhutani, donor institutions, and NGOs. In 2003, these parties allocated Rp 2.4 billion worth of funds for PHBM (Setiamihardja 2003).

Further encouragement based on the political will of the Kuningan Regency government when initiating and rolling out PHBM was even more established through allocation of PHBM program in the policy of Long Term Development Plan (RPJP) 2005-2025 which was included into five-year Medium Term Regional Development Plan (RPJMD).

Moreover, mainstreaming of natural resources conservation was also carried out in a variety of aspects:

(a) A declaration as a conservation regency, which has been included into the vision and mission of


212

30.000,00

25.000,00

20.000,00

15.000,00

10.000,00

5.000,00

0,00

Figure 4.10 Land Cover Change in Kuningan Regency 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009Gambar 4.10. Diagram perubahan penutupan lahan Kab. Kuningan 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009

1997 1999 2002 2009

Year Tahun

Exte

nt o

f Lan

d C

over

(Hec

tare

)Lu

as T

utup

an L

ahan

(ha)

Figure 4.11 Land Cover Change Map For Kuningan Regency 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009Gambar 4.11. Peta perubahan tutupan lahan Kabupaten Kuningan tahun 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009


Source: Prasad, Damayanti and Masuda, 2013 Sumber : Prasetyo, Damayanti dan Masuda, 2013


213

para calon pengantin bagi upaya penanganan

lahan kritis,

(c) Penanaman pohon setiap promosi jabatan

(Aparatur Peduli Lingkungan/APEL). Program

ini khusus seluruh PNS Kabupaten Kuningan,

(d) Program Seruan Siswa Baru Peduli Lingkungan

(SERULING). Program ini mendorong kesadaran

siswa untuk mencintai pelestarian sumeber

daya alam dan lingkungan, melalui gerakan

penanaman siswa baru, SLTP dan SLTA, minimal

2-5 pohon tiap siswa,

(e) Program Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi

Bersama Masyarakat (PKKBM). Program ini

diterapkan di Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai,

dalam bentuk modifikasi sistem pengelolaan

taman nasional, ke arah yang berbasis komunitas.

Diharapkan konsep PKKBM Kabupaten Kuningan

akan menjadi teladan bagi konsep pengelolaan

kawasan konservasi di Indonesia, yang cenderung

kaku aturan,

(f ) Pengembangan Model Desa Konservasi (MDK).

Sampai 2013, telah terbangun 10 MDK di sekitar

Gunung Ciremai, kerja sama antara Pemkab

Kuningan dengan Dirjen Bangda (Kemendagri)

dan satu desa kawasan hutan rakyat melalui

peran APBD Kabupaten. Dampak positif yang

diharapkan:terciptanya budaya konservasi,

melalui optimalisasi pemanfaatan sumberdaya

hutan berimbang antara ekologi, sosial dan

ekonomi,

(g) Pembangunan dan pengembangan hutan

kota. Kebijakan membangun hutan kota 1 lokasi

di setiap kecamatan, masih terus dilaksanakan.

Sampai 2013, telah dibangun 17 hutan kota,

seluas 71,5 hektar. Hutan-hutan kota ini dibangun

sesuai karakteristik dan tipologi setiap wilayah.

Selain sarana rekreasi, juga bisa sebagai kantong-

kantong konservasi.

(h) Kerjasama hulu-hilir dalam pemanfaatan

air. Mekanisme kerja sama dibangun untuk

menumbuhkan komitmen pengguna di hilir

(Kabupaten Cirebon dan Kota Cirebon) agar

berkontribusi upaya-upaya pemeliharaan

catcment area di hulu (Kabupaten Kuningan).

Kuningan Regency.

(b) Planting trees by couples who are getting married (Pengantin Peduli Lingkungan/ PEPELING). This program was initiated in 2005 to develop a sense of responsibility and social awareness of brides and bridegrooms in the efforts to manage critical land.

(c) Planting trees at every job promotion (Aparatur Peduli Lingkungan/APEL). This program is particularly aimed at all civil servants in Kuningan Regency.

(d) The Program called Seruan Siswa Baru Peduli Lingkungan (SERULING). This program encourages students’ awareness to care about the conservation of natural resources and the environment through a tree planting movement for new students of junior and senior high schools, at least 2-5 trees by each student.

(e)The Program of Conservation Area Management with the Community (PKKBM). This program was implemented at Mount Ciremai National Park, taking the form of modifications to the national park management towards a more community-based system. The PKKBM concept adopted by Kuningan Regency is expected to be a model for conversation area management in Indonesia.

(f ) Development of Conservation Village Model (MDK). Until 2013, 10 MDK have been established around Mount Ciremai through cooperation between Kuningan Regency Government with the Directorate General of Regional Development (Ministry of Home Affairs) and a village in a community forest area funded by the regency’s Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD). Positive impacts expected from this cooperation included: people will develop a conservation culture by optimizing forest resources utilization with a balance between ecology, social, and economy.

(g) Development and growth of urban forests. The policy to develop urban forest in one location in every district still continues. Until 2013, 17 urban forest areas had been established, covering 71.5 hectares. These urban forests


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Naiknya konsumsi air minum menuntut PDAM Kota

Cirebon meningkatkan sumber air dari Kabupaten

Kuningan. Lantas, Kuningan berupaya mengajak

Kota Cirebon bekerja sama memelihara kelestarian

Gunung Ciremai sebagai kawasan resapan air yang

selama ini memasok kebutuhan air masyarakat Kota

Cirebon.

Kesepahaman untuk konservasi sumber mata air bisa

diraih karena komitmen politik dari kedua pemimpin

wilayah. Komitmen politik, dengan dukungan publik,

mampu mendorong penyelesaian masalah air lintas-

wilayah yang saling menguntungkan. Kerja sama

ini disepakati pada 17 Desember 2004, berupa

Perjanjian Kerja sama antara Pemerintah Kabupaten

Kuningan dengan Pemerintah Kota Cirebon, tentang

Pemanfaatan Sumber Mata Air Paniis, Kecamatan

Pasawahan, Kabupaten Kuningan.

Perjanjian pembayaran jasa lingkungan itu

merupakan bentuk kepedulian terhadap nilai

hidrologis dan kelangsungan sumber air. Dana

konservasi dimanfaatkan untuk pemeliharaan hutan,

guna menyelamatkan sumber air lintas-wilayah.

Dalam skema pembayaran jasa lingkungan ini diatur

kewajiban masing-masing pihak. Besarnya dana

kompensasi konservasi dihitung dengan menimbang

produksi air dari sumber air, tarif yang berlaku

sebelum diolah bagi pelanggan di Kota Cirebon, dan

tingkat kebocoran air. Untuk 2005 misalnya, dana

kompensasi konservasi Gunung Ciremai disepakati

Rp1,75 miliar. Dengan satu catatan: dana kompensasi

ini secara khusus untuk mendanai konservasi di zona

resapan air Paniis sebagai sumber mata air.

Skema pembayaran jasa lingkungan muncul karena

Kota Cirebon tak punya sumber air baku air bersih

yang memenuhi syarat. Skema ini seiring dengan UU

Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah,

dan UU Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya

Air. Dengan begitu, pemerintah kabupaten dan kota

yang memiliki sumber daya air memiliki wewenang

mengupayakan menjadi sumber pendapatan asli

daerah (PAD).Contoh pembayaran jasa lingkungan

Kota Cirebon kepada Kabupaten Kuningan mungkin

dapat dikembangkan di daerah lain dalam berbagai

variasi.

Pengarusutamaan konservasi juga berbentuk produk

hukum konservasi. Sejauh ini, produk hukum terkait

were grown according to the characteristics and typologies of each region. Besides being recreational facilities, they may also serve as conservation area.

(h) Upstream-downstream cooperation in water utilization. A mechanism for cooperation was set up to build user commitments in downstream (Cirebon Regency and Cirebon City) area to contribute in preservation of upstream catchment areas (Kuningan Regency).

Increasing drinking water consumption required the water company (PDAM) of Cirebon City to increase water sources from Kuningan Regency. Kuningan then tried to invite Cirebon City to work together to preserve water catchment areas on Mount Ciremai that had been supplying water to Cirebon City.

The agreement to conserve water sources could be obtained because of a political commitment from the leaders of the two regions. A political commitment, supported by the public, was able to encourage a solution to the problem of cross-region water supply which was mutually beneficial. This collaboration was signed on Desember 17, 2004, through an Agreement for Cooperation between the Government of Kuningan Regency and the Government of Cirebon City, concerning Utilization of Paniis Water Spring, Pasawahan District, Kuningan Regency.

The agreement on payment for this environmental service was a form of concern for hydrological values and continuity of water sources. Funding for conservation was used for forest preservation in order to preserve cross-region water sources.

This scheme on payment for environmental services regulates the obligations of each party. The amount of compensation fund for conservation was calculated based on water production and applicable rates before treatment as well as the water loss. For 2005, for instance, the compensation fund for Mount Ciremai conservation was agreed at Rp 1.75 billion on one condition: this compensation fund was specifically intended to fund conservation of Paniis water catchment area as the source of water.


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konservasi yang dihasilkan Kabupaten Kuningan di

antaranya:

- Peraturan daerah Nomor 13 Tahun 2007 tentang

Konservasi Sumberdaya Air,


Pelestarian Satwa Burung dan Ikan,


Penyelenggaraan Kebun Raya Kuningan,

- Perjanjian Kerja sama antara Kabupaten Kuningan

dengan Kotamadya Cirebon Nomor 44 Tahun 2002

tentang Pemanfaatan Sumber Mata Air Paniiss,

- Keputusan Bersama antara Bupati Kuningan

dengan Bupati Cirebon Nomor 690/Kep.08-

Huk/2011 tentang Kerja sama Pemanfaatan

Sumber Mata Air Cigusti, Cibodas, dan Talaga

Nilam,

- Surat Keputusan Bupati Kuningan Nomor 522/

Kep.01-HUTBUN/2006 tentang Penetapan

Tanaman Endemik dan Langka Lokal Kabupaten

Kuningan.

The payment for environmental services scheme is needed because Cirebon City did not have any quality standard for clean water.

that met the requirements. This scheme was compliant to the Law Number 32 of 2004 regarding Regional Government and Law Number 7 of 2004 regarding Water Resources. Therefore, governments of the regency and the city with water resources had the authority to add water to their regional revenues (PAD). The case of payment for environmental services by Cirebon City to Kuningan Regency might be implemented in other regions with certain variations.

Conservation mainstreaming also took the form ofconservation law. Thus far, laws on conservation enacted by Kuningan Regency included:- Regional regulation Number 13 of 2007

regarding Conservation of Water Resources- Regional regulation Number 10 of 2009

regarding Preservation of Birds and Fish,- Regional regulation Number 11 of 2012

regarding Management of Kuningan Botanical Garden,

- Cooperation Agreement between Kuningan Regency and Cirebon City Number 44 of 2002 regarding the Utilization of Paniis Water Spring,

- Joint Decree by the Head of Kuningan Regency and the Head of Cirebon Regency Number 690/Kep.08-Huk/2011 regarding the Cooperation for the Utilization of Cigusti, Cibodas, and Talaga Nilam Water Springs,

- The Head of Kuningan Regency’s Decree Letter Number 522/Kep.01-HUTBUN/2006 regarding the Stipulation of Local Endemic and Rare Plants in Kuningan Regency.


216

PENGENDALIAN KERUSAKAN SUNGAI

CONTROL OVER RIVER DESTRUCTION

Sungai CiliwungCiliwung River

Ciliwung merupakan sungai lintas-batas provinsi yang

mengalir di Jawa Barat dan DKI Jakarta. Daerah Aliran

Sungai (DAS) Ciliwung seluas 521 km2, sungai utamanya

mengalir sepanjang 109,7 km, dengan kemiringan

rata-rata 1/70 (6,3 – 1.500 m dpl). Daerah Aliran Sungai

Ciliwung membentang dari kaki Gunung Pangrango

di Puncak, Kabupaten Bogor, sampai ke Teluk Jakarta,

seperti nampak pada gambar 4.12.Topografi Sungai

Ciliwung di bagian hulu berupa perbukitan atau

pegunungan, sedangkan di hilir berupa dataran

rendah.

Berdasarkan PP Nomor 47 Tahun 1997, tentang Rencana

Tata Ruang dan Wilayah Nasional (RTRWN),kawasan

sepanjang Sungai Ciliwung diperuntukkan: 1) Wilayah

hulu, kawasan konservasi dan pendayagunaan sumber

daya alam, seperti penghijauan, sumur resapan, parit,

revitalisasi situ dan penyediaan air baku pedesaan;

2) Wilayah tengah, kawasan andalan penyangga DKI

Jakarta dan kawasan tertentu Jabodetabek (konservasi

dan pendayagunaan sumberdaya air); dan 3) Wilayah

hilir, kawasan andalan DKI Jakarta (mencakup

pengendalian daya rusak: normalisasi sungai dan

muara, pembuatan waduk pengendali banjir, dan

pembuatan kanal banjir)

Selain sebagai kawasan resapan air utama bagi

Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang,

Bekasi) dan penyangga bagian hilir, bagian hulu DAS

Ciliwung juga berkembang menjadi kawasan wisata,

perdagangan dan jasa. Selain itu, di sebagian bantaran

Sungai Ciliwung bagian hulu telah dipadati penduduk.

Kondisi DAS Ciliwung semakin memprihatinkan dan

menanggung beban pencemaran dengan menyusutnya

luas tutupan lahan di hulu. Hal itu lantaran tingginya

alih fungsi lahan serta masuknya limbah domestik,

limbah peternakan dan pertanian, maupun limbah

industri.

Sekitar 80 persen air Sungai Ciliwung telah tercemar

air limbah domestik.Sementara itu, sisa limbah berasal

dari usaha skala kecil (peternakan dan pertanian) dan

industri. Sampah yang bertumpuk di DAS Ciliwungtak

bisa dipungkiri, mengingat kesadaran masyarakat yang

relatif rendah.

Ciliwung is a river that crosses the borders of two provinces, flowing in West Java and DKI Jakarta. Ciliwung watershed (DAS) has an area of 521 km2, the main river being 109.7 kilometers long, with an average slope of 1/70 (6.3 – 1,500 m ASL). Ciliwung watershed stretches from the foot of Mount Pangrango in Puncak, Bogor Regency, to Teluk Jakarta, as shown on figure 4.12. In terms of topography, the upstream of Ciliwung River comprises hills or mountains, while the downstream of the river comprises lowlands.

Based on Government Regulation Number 47 of 1997 regarding National Spatial and Regional Planning (RTRWN), the area along Ciliwung River is intended for: 1) Upstream area, conservation area, and utilization of natural resources such as reforestation, infiltration well, ditches, lake revitalization, and village fresh water supply; 2) Central area, reliable buffer zones in DKI Jakarta and certain areas in Jabodetabek (conservation and utilization of water resources); and 3) Downstream area, reliable zones in DKI Jakarta (including control of destructive capacity: normalization of rivers and estuaries, building flood control dams, and building flood canals)

In addition to being the main water catchment area for Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi) and a buffer for the downstream area, the upstream of Ciliwung Watershed also flourishes as an area for tourism, trade, and services. Moreover, certain parts of Ciliwung riverbanks are densely populated. The condition of Ciliwung Watershed is getting worse and more polluted due to the decline of the land cover area upstream. This is caused by the high rate of land use changes as well as domestic waste, livestock and farm waste, and industry.

Around 80 percent of the water in Ciliwung River has been contaminated by domestic waste. The rest of the waste comes from small-scale businesses (livestock and farming) and industry. Accumulation of garbage in Ciliwung Watershed is undeniable


217

Beberapa lokasi sepanjang bantaran sungai di bagian

hulu, telahmenjadi permukiman padat, sehingga

meningkatkan volume sampah dan pencemaran air. Hal

ini lantaran kurangnya fasilitas pembuangan sampah

dan pengolahan air limbah domestik. Sayangnya, hal

serupa juga terjadi di beberapa lokasi di bagian hilir,

dengan tumpukan sampah di sejumlah titik bantaran

sungai.

Secara umum, kondisi DAS Ciliwung semakin memburuk,

dengan meningkatnya sedimentasi karena erosi dan

penyempitan sungai karena rumah-rumah liar yang

berjejer di bantaran sungai. Limbah cair dan limbah

padat manusia, secara langsung dan tidak, masuk

ke badan air. Dampaknya bisa ditebak: menurunkan

kualitas air sungai dan kualitas lingkungan secara umum.

Merosotnya kualitas air dan daya dukung lingkungan

ini juga dipengaruhi kesadaran masyarakat dan pelaku

usaha terhadap lingkungan.

Dari analisis dan ekstraksi Citra Satelit Landsat dari 2000

sampai 2010, diketahui DAS Ciliwung telah mengalami

degradasi lahan, yang ditunjukkan dengan alih fungsi

lahan yang signifikan. Hal itu terlihat pada Gambar 4.13.

Gambar 4.14 memperlihatkan tutupan lahan DAS

Ciliwung pada 2010. Konversi fungsi lahan telah

considering the low public awareness.

Many locations along the riverbanks upstream have turned into crowded settlements that increases he volume of garbage and water pollution. This is due to lack of waste disposal and domestic waste water treatment plants. Unfortunately, the same problem also occurs in a number of locations downstream where piles of garbage can be seen in some spots along the riverbanks.

In general, the condition of Ciliwung Watershed is getting worse with the increased sedimentation from erosion and river constriction because of illegal houses lining up along the riverbanks. Human liquid waste and solid waste, both directly and indirectly, enter the body of water. This would cause the quality of the river water and the quality of the environment in general to decline. Deterioration of water quality and environmental carrying capacity is also influenced by public and business awareness towards the environment.

Analysis and extracts from Landsat Satellite Images from 2000 to 2010 indicated that Ciliwung Watershed was suffering from land degradation, which was suggested by significant land use change. This is shown in Figure 4.13.

Figure 4.12 Ciliwung River Location Map Gambar 4.12. Peta lokasi Sungai Ciliwung



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menyebabkan DAS Ciliwung semakin dikepung

permukiman penduduk. Pemukiman di bantaran sungai

juga menyebabkan penyempitan dan pendangkalan

di bagian hilir. Permukiman padat berdampak pada

naiknya laju aliran permukaan, karena tidak adanya

resapan air. Akhirnya,debit Sungai Ciliwung sangat

tinggi pada musim hujan, namun saat musim kemarau,

menjadi surut. Konversi lahan itu meningkatkan potensi

bencana lingkungan: banjir dan tanah longsor.

Pencemaran yang tinggi karena meningkatnya sumber

pencemar ke arah hilir turut menurunkan kualitas

air DAS Ciliwung. Berdasarkan perhitungan Storet

(KepMenLH Nomor 115 Tahun 2003) yang dibandingkan

dengan Kriteria Mutu Air Kelas II—PP Nomor 82 Tahun

2001, status mutu air aliran utama DAS Ciliwung telah

tercemar berat, seperti terlihat pada gambar 4.16.

Pencemaran kian memburuk di wilayah hilir Ciliwung.

Beratnya beban pencemar dipengaruhi tingginya

jumlah bakteri Fecal Coliform maupun Total Coliform

dari limbah padat manusia dan binatang. Pencemaran

berat, atau kadar BOD dan COD yang tinggi,terutama

di bagian hilir, membuat ketersedian oksigen sangat

rendah.Bahkan tidak ada. Tentu saja, hal ini sangat

mengganggu kehidupan biota air sungai.

Hasil penelitian Puslit Biologi LIPI selama 1910-2009

menyimpulkan, 92 persen ikan di Ciliwung sudah

punah, sementara 66,7 persen mollusca, udang dan

kepiting juga telah mengalami kepunahan (Kompas,

15/11/2011). Saat ini, hanya dijumpai 20 jenis ikan,

padahal di era 1910-an Sungai Ciliwung memiliki 187

jenis ikan (Tim puslit Biologi-LIPI, 2009).

Figure 4.14 shows the land covers of Ciliwung Watershed in 2010. Land use change has caused Ciliwung Watershed to be surrounded by settlements. Houses along the riverbanks also cause constriction and silting up in downstream area. Crowded settlements cause the rate of surface runoff to increase due to the absence of catchment area. Eventually, the water debit of Ciliwung River is very high during the rainy season, but much lower during the dry season. Such land conversion increases the risk of environmental disasters such as: floods and landslides.

Severe pollution caused by additional sources of pollutants to downstream area also contributes to the decline of the quality of Ciliwung Watershed. Based on Storet calculation (Minister of Environment Decree No. 115/2003) compared to the Criteria Class II Water Quality — Government Regulation Number 82 of 2001, the status of water quality in the primary flow of Ciliwung Watershed has been heavily polluted, as shown on figure 4.16.

The pollution level is worse in the upstream area of Ciliwung. The heavy pollution is influenced by the large number of Fecal Coliform bacteria and Total Coliform from solid waste of humans and animals. Heavy pollution, or high levels of BOD and COD, especially downstream, has caused oxygen availability to be very low or even zero. Obviously, this seriously disrupts the life of water biota in the river.

Results of research by LIPI Biology Research Center during the period of 1910-2009 concluded that 92 percent of fish in the Ciliwung were extinct, while 66.7 percent of the mollusca, shrimps, and crabs were also extinct (Kompas, 15/11/2011). Today there are only 20 species of fish, whereas there Ciliwung River had 187 species of fish in the 1910s (Team from LIPI Biology Research Center, 2009).


219

2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010

24.832

31.169 32.195

35.167 35.503 35.503

4.918 4.162

Exte

nt (H

acta

re)

Luas

(Ha)

Year Tahun

1.662 1.265 1.245 1.245

40.000

35.000

30.000

25.000

20.000

15.000

10.000

5.000

0

Forest

SettlementsHutan

Pemukiman

Figure 4.13 Change in Forest and Settlement Areas in The Ciliwung Watershed, 2000-2010 Gambar 4.13. Perubahan Luasan Hutan dan Permukiman DAS Ciliwung, Tahun 2000-2010

Figure 4.14 Proportion of Land Cover Change in The Ciliwung , 2000-2010 Gambar 4.14. Proporsi Perubahan Tutupan Lahan DAS Ciliwung Tahun 2000-2010

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220

Figure 4.15 Land Cover Map for the Ciliwung Watershed, 2010 Gambar 4.15. Peta Tutupan Lahan DAS Ciliwung .tahun 2010

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Compliant Memenuhi

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2011

2012



Compliant Memenuhi

Figure 4.16 Water Quality Along the Ciliwung Watershed 2010-2012 According to Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001

Gambar 4.16. Status mutu hulu-hilir DAS Ciliwung Tahun 2010-2012 berdasarkan KMA Kelas II PP 82/2001






221

Kerusakan dan merosotnya kualitas air yang terjadi di

DAS Ciliwung melecut adanya program pengendalian

kerusakan dan pencemaran lingkungan yang tertuang

dalam lampiran Raperpres Ciliwung, Rencana Umum

(Kualitatif ) Pengendalian Pencemaran Air Sungai

Ciliwung ( Tahun 2010-2030). Program ini melibatkan

berbagai pihak secara terpadu sebagai berikut:

a) Program Pengendalian Pencemaran Air

1. Penanganan limbah domestik, meliputi:

a) Pengolahan limbah cair komunal,

b)Pembangunan jaringan drainase air limbah

perkotaan, serta

c) Pembuatan septictank komunal.

2. Penanganan limbah industri, meliputi:

a) Identifikasi sumber dan jenis pencemar, serta

b) Pelaksanaan PROKASIH dan PROPER.

3. Pengelolaan sampah (3R), meliputi :

a) Pengelolaan sampah terpadu,

b) Pengomposan sampah, serta

c) Pemusnahan sampah dengan incinerator.

4. Pengendalian penggunaan pupuk pertanian, yang

meliputi :

a) Penggunaan pupuk ramah lingkungan (substitusi

pupuk kimia dengan pupuk organik),

b) Pengendalian penggunaan pestisida sintetis.

b) Program Pengendalian Kerusakan Lingkungan

1. Penanganan lahan kritis, meliputi:

a) Reboisasi/ penghijauan lahan terbuka/kritis,

b) Rehabilitasi dan penanaman kanan-kiri sungai

yang masih terbuka,

c) Hutan kota dan penghijauan lingkungan,

d) Agroforestry,

e) Konservasi tanah pada lahan pertanian, serta

f ) Penerapan insentif dalam gerakan penghijauan

wilayah hulu sungai.

2. Penanganan daerah resapan, meliputi :

a) Pemeliharaan situ,

b) Pembuatan sumur resapan, serta

c) Perbanyakan waduk-waduk resapan.

3. Pengendalian penyempitan sungai, yang meliputi :

a) Penetapan sempadan sungai, serta

b) Pembebasan dan penataan sempadan.

c) Program penataan ruang

Program penataan kawasan, meliputi:

a) Revisi tata ruang, serta

b) Sistem monitoring dan pengawasan tata ruang.

d) Program Penegakan Hukum

Program penegakan hukum, meliputi:

The degradation of water quality that occurs in Ciliwung Watershed has triggered a program for controlling environmental damage and pollution as stipulated in the attachments of Draft Presidential Regulation (Raperpres) on Ciliwung, General Plan (Qualitative ) on Pollution Control of Ciliwung River Water (Years 2010-2030). This program involves and brings together numerous parties including:

a)Water Pollution Control Program1.Management of domestic waste, which includes:

a) Treatment of community wastewater,b) Setting up a municipal sewage system,andc) Constructing community septic tanks.

2.Management of industrial waste, which includes:a) Identification of sources and types of pollutants,

andb) Execution of PROKASIH and PROPER.

3.Solid waste management (3R), which includes :a) Integrated solid waste management,b) Composting, andc) Solid waste removal by using incinerators.

4.Controlling the use of farm fertilizers, which includes:a) Use of environment-friendly fertilizers

(substitution of chemical fertilizers by organic fertilizers),

b) Controlling the use of synthetic pesticides.

b) Environmental Damage Control Program1.Management of critical land, which includes:

a) Reforestation of open/critical land,b) Reforestation and replanting the riverbanks that

are still exposed,c) Urban forest and environmental greening,d) Agroforestry,e) Land conservation on farms, andf ) Implementation of incentives in greening

movements upstream.2. Management of catchment areas, which includes:

a) Maintenance of lakesb) Constructing infiltration wells, andc) Constructing more catchment reservoir systems

3.Controlling constrictions of rivers, which includes:a) Establishing riverbank limitsb) Freeing and regulating riverbank limits

c) Spatial planning programRegional spatial planning program, which includes:

a) Revision of spatial planning, andb) Spatial planning monitoring and controlling

system.


222

a) Penegakan hukum pelanggar tata ruang,

b) Penegakan hukum bagi kasus pencemaran

lingkungan,

c) Peneguran dan pencabutan izin operasi bagi

setiap industri yang tidak memiliki IPAL,

d) Sentralisasi dan pengolahan limbah cair industri

kecil.

e) Program Peningkatan Peran serta Masyarakat

1. Pembinaan dan partisipasi masyarakat, meliputi:

a) Pembentukan dan pembinaan forum (kelompok)

peduli Ciliwung,

b) Pelibatan forum peduli Ciliwung dalam berbagai

kegiatan pengelolaan Sungai Ciliwung,

c) Penyertaan forum/masyarakat dalam demplot

(pembuatan terasering, bangunan konservasi,

kompos dari sampah, gas bio dari kotoran

hewan),

d) Sosialisasi (bahaya akibat pembuangan

sampah ke sungai, pentingnya gas bio sebagai

pengganti bahan bakar, IPAL industri skala kecil

dan domestik terpadu),

e) Pelatihan (pembuatan gas bio, kompos,

septictank komunal, pengelolaan limbah secara

sederhana), serta

f ) Pelibatan dunia usaha/swasta dalam kegiatan

pengelolaan lingkungan Sungai Ciliwung.

2. Pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat, meliputi:

a) Pelatihan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan

produktif masyarakat, serta

b) Pembinaan ekonomi (usaha produktif ) masyarakat.

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, sepanjang 2006 – 2011

melakukan pemulihan kualitas air Sungai Ciliwung,

seperti tertuang dalam gambar 4.18.

d) Law Enforcement ProgramLaw enforcement program, which includes:

a) Law enforcement against spatial planning violations,

b) Law enforcement against cases of environmental pollution,

c) Issuance of warning and revocation of operational license for industries that do not have WWTP,

d) Centralization and small industry communal waste water treatment plant.

e)Community Participation Improvement Program

1.Community development and public participation, which includes:a) Forum (group) establishment and development

for Ciliwung,b) Involvement of forums for Ciliwung in a variety

of events related to management of Ciliwung River,

c) Participation of forums/communities in experimental plots (terracing, conservation structures, composting, biogas from animal dung),

d) Information dissemination (dangers of untreated waste disposal to the river, the importance of biogas as a substitute for fuel, WWTP for small-scale and integrated domestic industries),

e) Training sessions (generating biogas, composting, community septic tanks, simple waste management), and

f ) Involvement of businesses/private enterprises in events related to environmental management of Ciliwung River.

2.Empowerment of people’s economy, which includes:a) Training sessions to improve the people’s

productive skills, andb) Development of people’s economy (productive

businesses).

During 2006-2011, the Ministry of Environment attempted to restore the quality of the water in Ciliwung River, as shown on figure 4.18.


223

Figure 4.17 Outline of Ciliwung River Restoration Plan 2012 - 2015 Gambar 4.17. Garis Besar Rencana Restorasi Sungai Ciliwung Tahun 2012 - 2015

Restorasi Sungai Ci l iwung

Start of Pilot Project Awal Pelaksanaan Percontohan

Waste water treatment plant design (6 month starting November) Desain IPAL (6 Bulan dari bulan November)

*1 WWTP (Q = 500 m3/d)Landscaping using water*1 IPAL (Q=500 m3/d)Fasilitas Landscape menggunakan air

Waiting for construction of WWTP and main facilities to

be completed Selama menunggu

penyelesaian pembangunan konstruksi IPAL dan Sarana

Utama

Preparation of advanced plansPenyiapan Rencana Lanjutan

Finishing of Pilot Model Penyelesaian Model

Percontohan

Evaluation of Pilot ModelEvaluasi Model PercontohanOperation of Learning Center Pengoperasian Pusat PembelajaranHandover Serah Terima

Plan for “Indonesian River Restoration Model”

Rencana “ Indonesian River Restoration Model”

Start of implementation Awal dimulainya Pelaksanaan

Construction & Main facilities Konstruksi & Sarana

Utama

Dredging of river Pengerukan Sungai

Construction of foundation Pembangunan Pondasi

2015

2013

2012

2014 Awal pelaksanaan per

contohan

Desain IPAL (6 bulan dari bulan November)

* 1 IPAL (Q=500m3/d) * Fasilitas Landscape menggunakan air limbah IPAL

Konstruksi dan Sarana Utama

• Pengerukan sungai

• Pembangunan Pondasi

IPAL

Selama menunggu penyelesaian pembangunan konstruksi IPAL dan Sarana Utama

Penyiapan Rencana lanjutan Restorasi Sungai di Indonesia

Penyelesaian Model Percontohan

• Evaluasi Model

Percontohan • Pengoperasia

n Pusat Pembelajaran

• Serah terima pekerjaan kepada Pemerintah Daerah/ Pengelola Istiqlal

Rencana “Indonesian River Restoration Model” Awal dimulainya Pelaksanaan Restorasi Sungai Ciliwung dari Tahun 2015

Garis Besar Rencana 2012 - 2015

Restorasi Sungai Ciliwung

IPAL di bawah tanah Pusat Pendidikan Underground WWTP IPAL di bawah tanah

Learning Center Pusat Pendidikan


Ciliwung Watershed(DAS) in the Bogor area encroached upon by settlements, villas, and hotelsDaerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Ciliwung di kawasan Bogor di sejumlah titik semakin terimpit perkampungan penduduk, vila, dan hotel

Photo Foto: Kompas/Riza Fathoni


224

Ciliwung River Environmental Quality Restoration Pilot Project

2006-2011Pilot Project Pemulihan Kualitas

Lingkungan Sungai Ciliwung Tahun 2006 - 2011

Domestic Waste WWTP Model in Condet (East Jakarta)and Cilandak (South Jakarta)

Model IPAL Limbah Domestik di Condet (Jakarta timur)

dan Cilandak ( Jakarta Selatan)

Community toilet/Septictank,Domestic WWTP, WWTP Biogas from Tofu Waste

WC/Septictank Komunal, IPAL Limbah Domestik, IPAL Biogas Limbah Tahu

Cow manure biogas,community toilet/Septictank, Domestic Waste

WWTP, WWTP Solid waste/Trash (3-R)Biogas Limbah Ternak Sapi,

WC/Septictank Komunal, IPAL Limbah Domestik, IPAL Limbah Padat/Sampah (3-R)

Tofu waste biogas, tapioka waste biogas Community toilet/Septictank,WWTP Solid waste/Trash (3-R)

Biogas Limbah Tahu, Biogas dari Limbah Tapioka, WC/Septictank Komunal,

IPAL Limbah Padat/Sampah (3-R)

Cow manure biogas, Sediment Trap, Infiltration Welland Biopore Infiltration Holes

Biogas Limbah Ternak (Sapi), Penangkap Sedimen (Sediment Trap), Sumur Resapan

dan Lubang Resapan Biopori

Figure 4.18 Ciliwung River Environmental Quality Restoration Pilot Project 2006-2011 Gambar 4.18. Pilot Project Pemulihan Kualitas Lingkungan Sungai Ciliwung Tahun 2006 - 2011



225

Sungai CitarumCitarum River

Citarum adalah sungai besar dan terpanjang di Jawa

Barat,yang melintasi sejumlah kabupaten, sepanjang

300 km. Citarum berkategori sungai super-prioritas

berdasarkan keputusan bersama Menteri Dalam Negeri

Nomor 19 Tahun 1984; Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 059

Tahun 1984 dan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 124

Tahun 1984.

Luas DAS Citarum sekira 7.400 km2 yang secara fisik

ekologis terbagi menjadi tiga bagian. Pertama, bagian

hulu seluas 1.771 km2, dengan batas antara Majalaya

sampai inlet Waduk Saguling. Kedua, bagian tengah

seluas 4.242 km2, dari inlet Waduk Saguling sampai outlet

Waduk Jatiluhur. Ketiga, bagian hilir dari outlet Waduk

Jatiluhur sampai muara di Laut Jawa, seluas 1.387 km2.

Sungai Citarum bersumber di Gunung Wayang,

Cibeureum, Kecamatan Kertasari, Bandung, yang

mengalir melalui Majalaya. Selanjutnya, mengalir ke

bagian tengah Jawa Barat dari selatan ke arah utara;

dan akhirnya bermuara di Laut Jawa di Muara Gembong.

Citarum melewati empat Kabupaten: Bandung, Cianjur,

Purwakarta dan Karawang, seperti terlihat pada

gambar 4.19

Sungai Citarum pun menjadi sumber energi listrik dengan

tiga waduk besar. Pada 1963 dibangun Waduk Jatiluhur

dengan kapasitas 3.000 m3, disusul Waduk Saguling pada

1986 berkapasitas 982 juta m3, lantas Waduk Cirata yang

dibangun pada 1988, berkapasitas 2.165 juta m3. Sebagai

waduk serbaguna dan tertua di Sungai Citarum, Jatiluhur

juga memasok air baku PDAM di Jakarta, air baku industri,

irigasi, perikanan, penggelontoran, pengendali banjir

dan sarana rekreasi.

Secara hidrologis, DAS Citarum memiliki curah hujan

rata-rata 2.300 mm per tahun, atau berdebit hingga

5,7 miliar m3 per tahun. Debit Citarum sangat fluktuatif

antara musim hujan dan musim kemarau. Ini berarti

DAS Citarum tergolong kritis.

Lantaran alirannya melewati pemukiman dan industri

yang luas dan beragam, kondisi Citarum kian menurun.

Populasi yang tinggal di DAS Citarum meningkat pesat,

yang memberi tekanan bagi kualitas dan kuantitas

sungai. Pada 2000, penduduk wilayah ini 6.178.955 jiwa,

meningkat 7.867.006 jiwa pada 2010. Jumlah ini akan

terus berkembang, yang bisa mencapai 11.382.200

jiwa pada 2025. Populasi ideal yang mendiami kawasan

Citarum is the biggest and longest river in West Java, stretching across a number of regencies, 300 km long. Citarum belongs to the category of super-priority river based on the joint decree by the Minister of Domestic Affairs Number 19 of 1984, Minister of Forestry Number 059 of 1984, and Minister of Public Works Number 124 of 1984.

The area of Citarum Watershed is approximately 7,400 km2, which is divided into three parts according to physical ecology: First, the upstream part, covering an area of 1,771 km2, bordering Majalaya down to the inlet of Saguling Reservoir. Second, the middle part covering an area of 4,242 km2, from the inlet of Saguling Reservoir to the outlet of Jatiluhur Reservoir. Third, the downstream part, from the outlet of Jatiluhur Reservoir to the estuary in the Java Sea, covering an area of 1,387 km2.

Citarum River starts in Mount Wayang, Cibeureum, District of Kertasari, Bandung, which flows through Majalaya. Then, it flows to the center of West Jawa from the south to the north, and eventually ends at the estuary in the Java Sea in Muara Gembong. Citarum flows through four districts: Bandung, Cianjur, Purwakarta, and Karawang, as shown on figure 4.19.

Citarum River is also a source of electricity with three large reservoirs. Jatiluhur Reservoir was built in 1963 with a capacity of 3,000 m3, followed by Saguling Reservoir in 1986 with a capacity of 982 million m3, and Cirata Reservoir, built in 1988, with a capacity of 2,165 million m3. Being the oldest, multipurpose reservoir in Citarum River, Jatiluhur also supplies raw water for the regional water company in Jakarta, raw water for industry, irrigation, fishery, flushing, flood control, and serves as a recreational facility.

Hydrologically, Citarum Watershed has average precipitation of 2,300 mm per year, or has a discharge up to 5.7 billion m3 per year. Citarum debit is highly fluctuating between the rainy season and the dry season. This means Citarum Watershed belongs to the critical category.

Since the water flows through vast housing and industrial areas with all their varieties, the condition of Citarum is deteriorating. Population along


226

Citarum WatershedDAS Citarum

Figure 4.19 Citarum Watershed Area Map Gambar 4.19. Peta wilayah DAS Citarum

Source: Ministry of Public Works Sumber: Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum

ini semestinya 3 - 4 juta jiwa. Masyarakat di sepanjang

Sungai Citarum mulai terancam pemenuhan air

bersihnya, karena kualitasnya terus menurun.

Penurunan kualitas air Citarum disebabkan banyak hal,

diantaranya karena aktivitas domestik, industri dan

pertanian. Kegiatan domestik menjadi penyumbang

utama pencemar. Sedikitnya 65 persen pencemar

berasal dari kegiatan domestik, sisanya dari limbah

industri dan pertanian. Beragam industri berkembang

di DAS Citarum, terutama industri tekstil yang

berlimbah warna dan logam berat. Seperti limbah

pertanian, limbah industri banyak mengandung fosfor

dan nitrogen, yang membuat perairan kaya nutrisi.

Citarum Watershed has been growing rapidly, which puts pressure on the quality and quantity of the river. In 2000, population in this area was recorded at 6,178,955, and increased to 7,867,006 in 2010. This number will keep growing, possibly reaching 11,382,200 in 2025. The ideal population settling in this area is supposed to be 3 - 4 million people. People along Citarum River have begun to suffer from lack of fresh water as its quality keeps declining.

Deterioration of the quality of Citarum water is caused by many things, including domestic activities, industry, and farming. Domestic activities are the major cause of pollution. At least 65 percent of


227

Figure 4.20 Land-use Change in the Citarum Watershed that Pressures Gambar 4.20. Perubahan tata guna lahan di

DAS Citarum yang menekan kondisi Sungai Citarum Tahun 1994 - 2005

Dampaknya, perairan mengalami penyuburan

berlebihan (eutrofikasi) yang terlihat dari pertumbuhan

alga dan gulma yang tak terkendali. Salah satu gulma

adalah enceng gondok yang mampu berkembang biak

sangat cepat. Gulma ini menyesaki Sungai Citarum,

yang menghalangi penetrasi sinar matahari dan

pelarutan oksigen. Hal ini dapat merusak ekosistem

perairan Sungai Citarum.

Karena pendangkalan, areal persawahan semakin

kekurangan air, dengan kualitas yang juga memburuk.

Tak pelak lagi, hal itu mempengaruhi kualitas hasil

pertanian. Ratusan keramba apung di tiga waduk DAS

Citarum telah meningkatkan pencemaran. Pemberian

pakan ikan yang tidak proporsional telah meningkatkan

unsur hara dan mempercepat sedimentasi waduk.

Di beberapa segmen Sungai Citarum, terutama Citarum

Hulu dan Pantai Utara, sering terjadi banjir. Ini terkait

erat dengan kawasan hulu dan alih fungsi lahan di

cekungan Bandung yang meningkatkan jumlah air

larian dan tinggi muka air sungai seperti terlihat

pada gambar 4.20. Laju sedimentasi meningkatkan

laju pendangkalan, yang mengurangi daya tampung

Sungai Citarum. Laju sedimentasi diperkirakan sebesar

0,7 - 1,7 juta ton setiap tahun.

Akibat alih fungsi lahan,jumlah air larian (run off) di

cekungan Bandung—hulu DAS ini—sebesar 3.634 juta

m3 setiap tahun. Tak mengejutkan, volume air sungai

cenderung meningkat, karena menampung air larian

seperti terlihat pada gambar 4.21.

pollutants come from domestic activities, while the rest come from industrial and farm wastes. Various industries have flourished along Citarum Watershed, especially textile industry with wastes containing coloring agents and heavy metals. Like farm waste, industrial waste contains a lot of phosphorus and nitrogen, causing the waters to be rich of nutrients.

Consequently, the waters suffer from excessive fertilization (eutrophication) that can be seen from uncontrollable growth of algae and weeds. One of the aquatic weeds is the water hyacinth that is able to multiply very quickly. These weeds fill Citarum River, blocking the sun and preventing dissolution of oxygen. This may result in the damage to the ecosystem in Citarum River.

Due to silting up, paddy fields receive less water with increasingly worse quality. It will undeniably affect the quality of farming. Hundreds of floating fish cages in three reservoirs along Citarum Watershed have made the contamination even worse. Unproportionate fish feeding has increased trace elements and accelerated sedimentation in the reservoir.

In a few segments of Citarum River, especially Citarum Hulu and the North Coast, floods often occurs. This is closely related to the upstream area and land use change in the Bandung basin that increase the amount of surface runoff and level of river elevation as shown on figure 4.20. Sedimentation rate increases silting rate, further decreasing the capacity



228

Kebutuhan air baku untuk air minum pun semakin

meningkat, sedangkan jumlah ketersediaan air tetap.

Pada saat yang sama, pengambilan air tanah-dalam

makin intensif. Hal ini membuat muka air tanah

turun dan penurunan permukaan tanah. Daerah yang

berpotensi kekurangan air baku adalah Bandung,

Bekasi, dan Karawang (Pantura). Pengelolaan air Sungai

Citarum saat ini ditangani Perusahaan Umum Jasa Tirta

(PJT ) II.

Data historis 2002 – 2012 menunjukkan hulu DAS

Citarum—antara Wangisagara dengan Nanjung, tercemar

fecal coliform, sulfida, dan fenol, yang merupakan tiga

tanda utama penurunan kualitas sungai. Fecal coliform

adalah parameter tipikal limbah domestik; fenol:

parameter tipikal limbah industri; sedangkan sulfida bisa

Source : Citarum River BasinOfficeSumber : Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Citarum

Figure 4.21 Annual Volume of the Citarum, 1963-2008 Gambar 4.21. Jumlah aliran air per tahun Sungai Citarum Tahun 1963-2008

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

9.000

8.000

7.000

6.000

5.000

4.000

3.000(5,3 Billion milyar m3)

Volu

me

(Jut

a m

3 )

(5,8 Billion milyar m3) (5,6 Billion milyar m3) (6,0 Billion milyar m3) (4,4 Billion milyar m3)

Source: Marganingrum, et al, 2013Sumber: Marganingrum, dkk, 2013

Figure 4.22. Pollution Index for the Upperin Segment of the Citarum River Gambar 4.22. Indeks pencemaran di segmen sungai Citarum hulu

Wan

gis

agar

aM

ajal

aya

Sap

anC

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ayeu

h K

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uru

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Nan

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ang

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ara

Maj

alay

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pan

Cije

ruk

Day

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Ko

lot

Bu

ruju

lN

anju

ng

Wan

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agar

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aya

Sap

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kD

ayeu

h K

olo

tB

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Nan

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Wan

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aya

Sap

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h K

olo

tB

uru

jul

Nan

jun

gW

ang

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ara

Maj

alay

aSa

pan

Cije

ruk

Day

euh

Ko

lot

Bu

ruju

lN

anju

ng

Wan

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aM

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aya

Sap

anC

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kD

ayeu

h K

olo

tB

uru

jul

Nan

jun

gW

ang

isag

ara

Maj

alay

aSa

pan

Cije

ruk

Day

euh

Ko

lot

Bu

ruju

lN

anju

ngW

ang

isag

ara

Maj

alay

aSa

pan

Cije

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Day

euh

Ko

lot

Bu

ruju

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ngW

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Maj

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Cije

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Day

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Ko

lot

Bu

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anju

ng

2002

PI IP

15

10

5

0

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

of Citarum River. Sedimentation rate is estimated at 0.7 - 1.7 million tons every year.

Due to land use change, the amount of runoff in Bandung basin—upstream of this watershed reaches 3,634 million m3 every year. Consequently, the volume of river water tends to increase as a result of the runoff as shown on figure 4.21.

The demand for raw water is also increasing while the quantity of available water is constant. At the same time, extraction of deep- ground water is increasingly intensive. This has caused the ground water elevation to become lower. Areas with raw water crisis vulnerability include Bandung, Bekasi, and Karawang (Pantura). Water management of


229

Figure 4.23 Upgrading of Sanitary Facilities in the Bandung Basin, 2000-2011 Gambar 4.23. Peningkatan fasilitas sanitasi di cekungan Bandung Tahun 2000-2011

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

102100

989694929088868482

605958575655545352515049

Num

ber

of h

ouse

con

nect

ions

Ju

mla

h SR

Year Tahun

57,21

59,05(%

)

Jumlah SR

Persentase

Number of house connections

Percentage

berasal dari domestik maupun industri.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan telah terjadi diferensiasi

polutan dari sumber domestik menjadi domestik dan

nondomestik setelah 2005. Dari indeks pencemaran

(IP) nampak Sungai Citarum, dari hulu (Wangisagara)

hingga Nanjung (sebelum masuk Waduk Saguling)

telah tercemar sedang hingga berat.

Limbah domestik memang menjadi pencemar utama

Sungai Citarum. Keterbatasan infrastruktur sanitasi

menyebabkan limbah domestik sampai ke badan air

tanpa melalui pengolahan. Pertumbuhan populasi,

yang ditandai kian banyaknya rumah, tidak diiringi

dengan peningkatan infrastruktur sanitasi. Sementara

fasilitas jaringan air kotor di cekungan Bandung hanya

terdapat di kota Bandung. Tingkat pelayanannya pun

baru mencapai kurang dari 60 persen.

Citarum River is currently handled by Perusahaan Umum Jasa Tirta (PJT ) II.

Historical data of 2002 – 2012 suggest that fecal coliform, sulfide, and phenolare the, three major pollutants in the Citarum Watershed upstream area— between Wangisagara and Nanjung. Fecal coliform is a typical parameter of domestic waste; phenol is a typical parameter of industrial waste; while sulfide may come from either domestic or industrial waste.

Research results suggested there had been a pollutant differentiation from domestic sources to domestic and nondomestic after 2005. The pollution index (IP) showed Citarum River, from its upstream (Wangisagara) to Nanjung (before entering Saguling Reservoir) was moderately to heavily polluted.

Domestic waste has been the main pollutant of Citarum River. Limited sanitary infrastructures caused untreated domestic waste to reach the body of water. Population growth, marked by increasing number of houses, is not matched by the increase in sanitary infrastructures. At the same time, sewage water facilities in Bandung basin are only located in the city of Bandung. Besides, its service level only reaches less than 60 percent.

Source: Marganingrum, et al, 2013Sumber: Marganingrum, dkk, 2013


230

Sungai CisadaneCisadane River

Kualitas air Sungai Cisadane yang melewati Tangerang

juga semakin menurun. Padahal, air sungai ini sumber

utama bahan baku air minum bagi penduduk kabupaten

itu. Berdasarkan penelitian Balai Lingkungan Hidup

(BLHI) Tangerang pada 2010, beberapa parameter telah

melampui ambang batas normal.

Secara umum, partikel kimia telah melewati ambang

batas normal, yang sebagian besar disebabkan limbah

rumah tangga, kotoran hewan, dan pasar. Itu terlihat

dari hasil monitoring di delapan titik: Intake PDAM,

Cisadane Cihuni, Cisadane Jembatan Gading Serpong,

Cisadane Jembatan Cikokol, Cisadane Jembatan

Robinson, Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru, Cisadane Bayur, dan

Cisadane-Kali Baru.

Perhitungan status mutu didasarkan pada hasil analisis

air sungai selama lima tahun terakhir selama 2004 - 2008,

dengan metoda Storet dan Indeks-Pencemaran (IP).

Berdasarkan metode Storet, dapat disimpulkan tingkat

pencemaran air Sungai Cisadane cenderung meningkat

di setiap titik pantau; kondisi terburuk terjadi pada 2008.

Untuk melihat kecenderungan status pencemaran dari

hulu ke hilir dapat dilihat pada tabel 4.1.

Dari tabel 4.1, terlihat semua titik pantau DAS Cisadane,

The water quality of Cisadane River that flows through Tangerang is also declining. The water from this river is actually the main source of drinking water for the people in that regency. Based on the research by the Environment Agency (BLHI) Tangerang in 2010, a number of parameters not comply with the standard.

In general water quality did not comply with standard, mostly due to domestic waste, animal dung, and markets. This was seen from monitoring results at eight sampling points: Waterworks company (PDAM) intake, Cisadane Cihuni, Cisadane Gading Serpong Bridge, Cisadane Cikokol Bridge, Cisadane Robinson Bridge, Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru, Cisadane Bayur, and Cisadane-Kali Baru.

Calculation of the quality status was based on results of the river water from 2004 to 2008, using Storet method and Pollution Index (IP). Based on Storet method, it can be concluded that the pollution level of Cisadane River tends to increase at every monitoring point; the worst condition was in 2008. The trend of the pollution status from upstream to downstream can be seen on table 4.1.

Table 4.1 shows all monitoring points of Cisadane

Table 4.1 Pollution Status of the Cisadane River by Segment Tabel 4.1. Status Pencemaran di Segmen Sungai Cisadane

Monitoring Points Titik Pantau

Class Kelas I Class Kelas II Class Kelas III Class Kelas IV

Score Skor Status Score

Skor Status Score Skor Status Score

Skor Status

Cisadane Intake PDAM -88 D Heavy Berat

-68 D Heavy Berat

-38 D Berat -34 D Heavy Berat

Cisadane Cihuni -100 D Heavy Berat

-76 D Heavy Berat


Cisadane Gading Serpong bridge

-100 D Heavy Berat

-80 D Heavy Berat


Cisadane Cikokol bridge -96 D Heavy Berat

-88 D Heavy Berat


Cisadane Robinson bridge

-80 D Heavy Berat

-64 D Heavy Berat


Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru -80 D Heavy Berat

-64 D Heavy Berat


Cisadane Bayur -80 D Heavy Berat

-72 D Heavy Berat


Cisadane Kali Baru bridge

-80 D Heavy Berat

-72 D Heavy Berat




231

dari hulu ke hilir, berstatus tercemar berat dan tidak

termasuk dalam kelas manapun. Parameter utama

berdasarkan baku mutu kelas III yang menyebabkan

pencemaran DAS Cisadane disajikan pada gambar

4.24.

Gangguan kualitas air Sungai Cisadane disebabkan oleh

pencemaran limbah domestik dan industri, pertanian,

fluktuasi aliran sungai, erosi, dan sedimentasi.

Parameter pencemar yang selalu muncul di tiap titik

pantau dari hulu ke hilir adalah bakteri E. coli, total

coliform, nitrit, dan oksigen terlarut.

Parameter pencemar chemical oxygen demand (COD)

hampir terdapat di setiap titik pantau, kecuali di

Cisadane Cihuni dan Cisadane Jembatan Gasing

Serpong. Parameter pencemar total seng terdapat di

titik pantau Cisadane Jembatan Gading Serpong; dan

parameter biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) hanya

di Cisadane Jembatan Cikokol. Parameter pencemar

pH terdapat di empat titik pantau: Cisadane Cihuni,

Cisadane Jembatan Gading Serpong, Cisadane

Jembatan Robinson, dan Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru.

Watershed from upstream to downstream and the severity of the pollution, including the class it belongs to. The main parameter based on class II quality standard that causes the pollution along Cisadane Watershed is presented on figure 4.24.

Deterioration of the water of Cisadane River is caused by pollutants from domestic and industrial waste, farm waste, erosion, and sedimentation. Pollutant parameters that keeps appearing at every monitoring spot from upstream to downstream are Ecoli bacteria, total coliform, nitrite, and dissolved oxygen.

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter appears at almost every monitoring point, except in Cisadane Cihuni and Cisadane Gading Serpong Bridge. The total zinc pollutant parameter was found at the monitoring points at Cisadane Gading Serpong Bridge; while the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) parameter was found only at Cisadane Cikokol Bridge. The pH pollutant parameter was found at four monitoring points: Cisadane Cihuni, Cisadane Gading Serpong Bridge, Cisadane Robinson Bridge, and Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru.

Figure 4.24. Pollution Levels of the Cisadane River Gambar 4.24. Tingkat pencemaran Sungai Cisadane

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Sungai BrantasBrantas River

Daerah aliran sungai (DAS) Brantas membentangseluas

12.000 km2, mengalir sepanjang 320 km. Sungai ini

melingkari Gunung Kelud seperti terlihat pada gambar

4.25. Sumber air Sungai Brantas bermula di lereng

Gunung Arjuna dan Anjasmara, Kota Batu, lalu mengalir

ke Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Jombang, Mojokerto,

dan akhirnya ke Surabaya (Selat Madura atau Laut

Jawa).

Penduduk yang tinggal di wilayah Kali Brantas mencapai

13,70 juta (1994) atau 43,2 persen dari populasi Jawa

Timur dengan kepadatan rata-rata 989 orang per km2.

Ini berarti 1,5 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan kepadatan

rata-rata Jawa Timur. Di sepanjang alirannya terdapat

sekitar 1.000 industri, terdiri dari industri kertas, gula,

minuman, tekstil, makanan, peternakan, daging, susu,

minyak goreng, sabun, baja dan pelapisan logam serta

industri kimia (sumber Laporan BLH Jatim).

Mirip sungai-sungai utama yang lain, kualitas daerah

aliran sungai Brantas juga semakin memburuk.

Tingginya pencemaran limbah industri, rumah tangga,

dan permukiman padat di sepanjang aliran Brantas,

membuat sungai utama di Jawa Timur ini semakin

Brantas Watershed covers an area of 12,000 km2, and flows 320 km long. This river goes round Mount Kelud as shown on figure 4.25. Brantas River starts on the slope of Mount Arjuna and Anjasmara, City of Batu, then flows to Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Jombang, Mojokerto, and finally to Surabaya (Madura Strait or the Java Sea).

Population along Kali Brantas area comprises 13.70 million people (1994) or 43.2 percent of the population in East Java, with average population density of 989 people per km2. This means 1.5 times higher than average density of East Java. There are around 1,000 industries along the riverbanks, which consist of paper, sugar, beverages, textile, food, ranches, meat, milk, cooking oil, soap, steel and metal coating, and chemical industry (source: East Java Environmental Agency Report).

Like other major rivers, the quality of the areas along Brantas River is also worsening. The high level of pollution from industrial and domestic waste and crowded settlements along Brantas watershed have caused the future of this East Java main river to be

Source: East Java Environmental Agency Sumber: Badan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Provinsi Jawa Timur

Figure 4.25 Map of Brantas River Basin Gambar 4.25. Peta DAS Brantas

Quality Status Status MutuCompliant MemenuhiLightly Polluted standard Batas Cemar RinganHeavily Polluted standard Batas Cemar Berat


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terancam masa depannya.

Sungai Brantas mengalir sepanjang 320 km dari Sumber

Brantas, lereng Gunung Arjuna dan Anjasmara, Kota

Batu, Malang, lalu mengalir ke Blitar, Tulungagung,

Kediri, Jombang, Mojokerto, dan Surabaya (Selat

Madura atau Laut Jawa). Jumlah penduduk yang

berdiam di wilayah aliran Sungai Brantas mencapai

14 juta jiwa atau 40 persen dari total populasi Jawa

Timur.

Meski berperan besar bagi kehidupan masyarakat,

namun tingkat pencemaran sungai ini telah melewati

ambang batas, yang berpengaruh negatif bagi

kehidupan masyarakat dan biota. Pencemar berasal

dari beragam sektor: domestik, pertanian, taman

rekreasi, pasar, hotel, rumah sakit, dan industri.

Pemantauan dengan metode Storet dilakukan di 25

titik sampling untuk melihat status Brantas. Air yang

tercemari sampah akan mengandung besi, sulfat, dan

bahan organik yang tinggi ditambah kondisi BOD dan

COD yang melebihi standar air permukaan.

Kebijakan operasional dalam pengelolaan sumber daya

air WS Brantas meliputi bidang :

1) Konservasi,

2) Pendayagunaan sumber daya air,

3) Pengendalian daya rusak air,

4) Sistem informasi sumber daya air, dan

5) Peran serta masyarakat.

0-10-20-30-40-50-60-70-80-90

Scor



Compliant Memenuhi

Figure 4.26 Water Quality Along the Brantas River Basin in 2012 Compared to Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001.

Gambar 4.26. Status Mutu DAS Brantas Tahun 2012 dibandingkan dengan KMA Kelas II PP 82/2001.

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Brantas River Kali Brantas

Porong River Kali Porong

Surabaya River Kali Surabaya

Tengah River Kali Tengah

Quality Status Status MutuCompliant MemenuhiLightly Polluted standard Batas Cemar RinganHeavily Polluted standard Batas Cemar Berat

threatened.

Although it plays an important role for people’s lives, the pollution level in this river has exceeded the quality standard, which adversely affects people’s lives and the biota. The pollutants come from a variety of sources: domestic, farming, recreational parks, markets, hospitals, and industry.

Monitoring using the Storet method was conducted at 25 sampling points to investigate the status of Brantas River. Water which is contaminated by garbage contains high levels of iron, sulfate, and tohigh concentrations of BOD and COD that do not comply with surface water quality standards.

Operational policy in natural water resources management in Brantas Watershed includes:1)Conservation,2)Utilization of water resources,3)Controlling destructive force of water,4)Water resources information system, and5)Public participation

Conservation of Water Resources

The concept of operational policy on conservational aspects of water resources in Brantas WS is directed, among others, towards:- Greening- Law enforcement on conservation violators,

Source: East Java Environmental Agency Sumber: Badan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Provinsi Jawa Timur


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Konservasi Sumber Daya Air

Konsep kebijakan operasional pada aspek konservasi

sumber daya air di WS Brantas diarahkan antara lain :

- Melakukan penghijauan

- Memberikan sangsi bagi pelanggar konservasi,

- Mengikutsertakan masyarakat dalam konservasi,

menjalin koordinasi antar lembaga/instansi pengelola

SDA dalam pengelolaan SDA serta meningkatkan peran

serta masyarakat dalam usaha konservasi,

- Memantau kualitas air secara rutin, mengembangkan

sistem perizinan pembuangan limbah, meningkatkan

kapasitas pengelolaan limbah industri yang ada dan

mengembangkan instalasi pengelolaan limbah cair

secara komunal,

Untuk itu, ditempuh upaya:

1. Perlindungan dan pelestarian sumber daya air, dengan

metode vegetatif dan sipil teknis melalui pendekatan

sosial, ekonomi dan budaya, serta GNKPA dan GNRHL.

2. Pengelolaan kualitas dan pengendalian pencemaran air,

untuk mempertahankan, memulihkan kualitas air serta

mencegah terjadinya pencemaran sumber air.

Pendayagunaan Sumber Daya Air

Konsep kebijakan operasional pada aspek pendayagunaan

sumber daya air di WS Brantas diarahkan untuk:

- Memantau dan mengevaluasi pengambilan air, sosialiasi

pemakaian air secara efisien dan mengembangkan

teknologi untuk efisiensi air, serta memberi sanksi bagi

yang mengambil air secara liar,

- Menyusun peraturan perundangan air tanah di tingkat

operasional, memberi pembinaan atau sanksi bagi

masyarakat yang mengambil air tanah tanpa izin,

- Memperbaiki, meningkatkan dan memelihara jaringan

irigasi yang ada, melakukan kegiatan O&P waduk secara

rutin dan berkala sesuai standar yang ditetapkan, serta

mengembangkan budidaya padi dengan metode SRI

(System of Rice Intensification)

Penanggulangan Daya Rusak Air

a. Perlindungan tebing sungai,

b. Normalisasi sungai,

c. Pemeliharaan retarding basin.

Pemulihan Daya Rusak Air

a. Rehabilitasi bangunan waduk dan bangunan air

lainnya,

- Involving the community in conservation, coordinating between institutions that concern about natural resources and natural resources management, and improving public participation in conservation efforts,

- Monitoring water quality on regular basis, developing a waste disposal permit system, increasing existing industrial waste treatment capacity and developing community wastewater treatment facilities.

For these purposes, measures are taken regarding:1. Protection and preservation of water resources

using vegetative and civil engineering methods by social, economic, and cultural approaches, as well as GNKPA (National Movement on Water Preservation Partnership).

2. Quality management and control of water pollution are intended to maintain and restore water quality as well as restore water quality as well as prevent pollution to water sources.

Utilization of Water Resources

The concept of operational policy on the aspect of water resources utilization in Brantas WS is directed towards:- Monitoring and evaluating extraction of water,

disseminating information on efficient water use, developing technology for water efficiency, and law enforcement on those who use water illegally,

- Formulating laws on ground water at operational level, providing guidance for or law enforcement on society members who use ground water without permission,

- Fixing, improving, and maintaining existing irrigation network, conducting O&P activities on regular basis according to preset standards, and developing rice cultivation using SRI (System of Rice Intensification) method.

Handling Destructive Force of Water

a. Protection of river banks,b. Normalization of rivers,c. Maintenance of retarding basin.

Restoring Destructive Force of Water

a. Rehabilitation of reservoir and other water structures,


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b. Rehabilitasi konstruksi tebing sungai dan tanggul-

tanggul,

c. Pengerukan waduk,

d. Normalisasi sungai.

Peran Serta Masyarakat & Sistem Informasi Sumber

Daya Air

Pengembangan dan pengelolaan sumber daya air

memerlukan penataan kelembagaan melalui pengaturan

kembali kewenangan dan tanggung jawab setiap pemangku

kepentingan. TKPSDA WS Brantas, Institusi Dewan Sumber

Daya Air Nasional dan Dewan Sumber Daya Air Provinsi/

Kabupaten, selain sebagai instrumen kelembagaan untuk

mengendalikan berbagai potensi konflik air, juga untuk

memantapkan mekanisme koordinasi, baik antar-institusi

pemerintah, maupun antara institusi pemerintah dengan

institusi masyarakat.

Aspek peran serta masyarakat dan sistem informasi sumber

daya air di WS Brantas diarahkan untuk:

- Melaksanakan sosialisasi sistem informasi yang

terintegrasi kepada pemangku kepentingan secara

bertahap dan menciptakan sistem basis data dan

utilitas untuk pelayanan informasi serta konsistensi

penyediaan informasi yang akuntabel,

- Membentuk Dewan Sumber Daya Air pada jenjang

propinsi dan kabupaten/kota secara bertahap,

- Meningkatkan dukungan masyarakat dalam

pengelolaan wilayah sungai dan penyediaan biaya pada

perencanaan, pelaksanaan konstruksi, pengawasan,

O&P (Sumber Departemen Pekerjaan Umum,2010).

b. Rehabilitation of river bank construction and dams,c. Dredging reservoirs,d. Normalization of rivers,

Public Participation & Water Resources Information System

Development and management of water resources require institutional restructuring by rearranging authority and responsibility distribution among the stakeholders. TKPSDA WS Brantas, National Water Resources Board and Provincial/Regency Water Resources Board, besides controlling the potential sources of conflicts regarding water, are also intended to establish coordination mechanisms, both between governmental institutions and between governmental institutions and community institutions.

Public participation and water resources information system in Brantas WS are directed towards:- Carrying out information dissemination of

integrated information system gradually to the stakeholders and creating a database and utility system for information services and consistency of providing accountable information,

- Establishing Water Resources Agencies at provincial and regency/city level gradually,

- Improving public participation in river management as well as providing funds for the planning and execution of constructions, controlling, O&P (Source: Ministry of Public Works, 2010).

Photo by courtesyFoto: Istimewa


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GERAKAN PENYELAMATAN DANAU

LAKE CONSERVATION

Gerakan Penyelamatan Danau (Germadan) merupakan

tindak lanjut Kesepakatan Bali dan Konferensi Nasional

Danau Indonesia II (KNDI II) di Semarang, 2011. Gerakan

ini dilakukan melalui upaya integrasi dan sinergi

program antarsektor pada sembilan kementerian.

Pengelolaan danau prioritas sesuai dengan Kesepakatan

Bali, dilakukan dengan:

1. Penataan ruang kawasan danau

2. Penyelamatan ekosistem perairan badan air

3. Penyelamatan ekosistem lahan sempadan danau

4. Penyelamatan DAS dan DTA danau

5. Pemanfaatan sumber daya air danau

6. Pengembangan sistem monitoring, evaluasi dan

informasi danau

7. Pengembangan kapasitas, kelembagaan dan

koordinasi

8. Peningkatan peran masyarakat

Terdapat 15 danau dengan prioritas penyelamatan:

Danau Toba (Sumatera Utara), Danau Manijau dan

Danau Singkarak (Sumatera Barat), Danau Kelinci

(Jambi), Rawa Danau (Banten), Danau Rawapening

(Jawa Tengah), Danau Batur (Bali), Danau Tempe

dan Danau Limboto (Gorontalo), Danau Sentarum

(Kalimantan barat), Danau Cascade Mahakam

(Semayang, Melintang, Jempang, Kalimantan Timur),

dan Danau Sentani (Papua).

Selain 15 danau itu, dilakukan pula penyelamatan

Danau Ayamaru di Kabupaten May Brat, Provinsi Papua

Barat. Danau ini memiliki ciri khas yang bahkan belum

tercatat dalam literatur tipologi danau. Danau Ayamaru

berada di kawasan karst yang berlimpah sumber daya

air di bawah batuan dan bersimbah keanekaragaman

hayati.

Movement to Save Lakes (Germadan) is a follow-up action to Bali Agreement and Indonesia National Lake Conference II (KNDI II) in Semarang in 2011. This movement is carried out though program integration and synergy between sectors in nine ministries.

Management of priority lakes according to Bali Agreement is done by:1.Spatial planning of lake regions2.Saving the ecosystem in the body of water3.Saving land ecosystems on lake banks4.Saving watershed and water catchment areas

of lakes5.Utilization of lake water resources6.Developing lake monitoring, evaluation, and

information system7.Developing capacity, institutions and

coordination8.Improving public participation

There are 15 lakes in the priority list: Lake Toba (North Sumatra), Lake Manijnau, and Lake Singkarak (West Sumatra), Lake Kerinci (Jambi), Rawa Danau (Banten), Lake Rawapening (Central Java), Lake Batur (Bali), Lake Tempe and Lake Limboto (Gorontalo), Lake Sentarum (West Kalimantan), Lake Cascade Mahakam (Semayang, Melintang, Jempang, East Kalimantan), and Lake Sentani (Papua).

Besides these 15 lakes, efforts are also made to save Lake Ayamaru in May Brat Regency, Papua Sumatra Province. This lake has certain unique charateristics that haven’t even been recorded in literatures on lake typology. Lake Ayamaru is located in a karst region with abundant water resources under the rocks and very high biological diversity.

Danau Limboto Lake Limboto

Danau Limboto terletak di Kabupaten Gorontalo dan

kota Gorontalo, Provinsi Gorontalo. Upaya penyelamatan

daerah tangkapan airnya dengan pembuatan trap

sedimen bersama masyarakat di delapan titik Desa

Lake Limboto is located in Gorontalo Regency and the City of Gorontalo, Gorontalo Province. Efforts to save its water catchment area by building sediment traps with the community members at


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Molamahu, Kecamatan Pulubala. Upaya menggandeng

masyarakat ini karena masyarakat sekitar danau telah

memahami teknologi pemanfaatan bambu. Sedangkan

stock pile di Desa Hutadaa dan Desa Buhu, Kecamatan

Telaga Jaya.

Sesuai komitmen Kesepakatan Bali tentang

Pengelolaan Danau Berkelanjutan, Kementerian

Pekerjaan Umum, pada 2012 melakukan kegiatan fisik

dalam menyelamatkan danau ini, meliputi pengerukan

sedimen; pengembangan sabuk hijau (green belt); dan

pembangunan jalan lingkar danau.

eight spots in Molamahu Village, Pulubala District. Community members were involved because people around the lake were already familiar with the technology for bamboo utilization. The stockpile is in Hutadaa and Buhu Village, Telaga Jaya District.

According to Bali Agreement on Sustainable Lake Management, the Ministry of Public Works carried out several physical activities in 2012 to save this lake, including sediment dredging, green belt expansion, and constructing a ring road around the lake.

Danau SingkarakLake Singkarak

Danau ini hulu Batang Ombilin yang terletak di dua

kabupaten, Solok dan Tanah Datar, Provinsi Sumatera

Barat. Airnya melewati terowongan menembus

Bukit Barisan ke Batang Anai, untuk menggerakkan

generator pembangkit listrik tenaga air (PLTA)

Singkarak berkekuatan 170 MW, di dekat Lubuk Alung,

Padang Pariaman.

Singkarak merupakan danau terluas di Sumatera

Barat, dan terluas kedua di Sumatera setelah Danau

Toba. Luasnya mencapai 107,8 kilometer persegi,

dengan panjang maksimum 21 kilometer dan lebar

7 kilometer. Danau ini berada pada 362 m di atas

permukaan laut. Kedalaman maksimum mencapai

268 meter, sementara volume air sebesar 16.1 km³

dan luas daerah tangkapan air sekira 129.000 hektar.

Inflow Danau Singkarak rata-rata 37,99 m3 per detik,

sedangkan untuk outflow: 42,02 m3 per detik.

Fungsi ekosistem danau dan ekosistem sempadannya

sebagai sumber plasma nutfah, tempat berlangsungnya

siklus hidup flora-fauna, sumber air masyarakat,

dan tempat penyimpanan air dari hujan. Ekosistem

danau juga memelihara iklim mikro, sebagai sarana

transportasi, sumber energi listrik, sarana rekreasi

dan objek pariwisata, serta pengairan pertanian.

Para ahli menemukan 19 spesies ikan di danau ini.

Salah satunya, jenis ikan endemik, yaitu, ikan bilih

(Mystacoleucus padangensis).Tiga spesies memiliki

populasi kepadatan tinggi: ikan bilih/biko, asang/

nilem (Osteochilus brachmoides) dan rinuak. Spesies

ikan lainnya: turiak/turiq (Cyclocheilichthys de

zwani), lelan/nillem (Osteochilis vittatus), sasau/

barau (Hampala mocrolepidota) dan gariang/tor (Tor

tambroides).

Batang Ombilin is the upstream of this lake, located in two regencies, Solok dan Tanah Datar, West Sumatra Province. The water flows through a tunnel penetrating Bukit Barisan to Batang Anai and is used to drive Singkarak hydropower electricity generators that have 170 MW of capacity near Lubuk Alung, Padang Pariaman.

Singkarak is the largest lake in West Sumatra, and the second largest in Sumatra after Lake Toba. It covers an area of 107.8 square kilometers, reaching maximum length of 21 kilometers and width of 7 kilometers. This lake is situated 262 meters above sea level. Its maximum depth reaches 268 meters, while the water volume is 16.1 km³ and the water catchment area is approximately 129,000 hectares. Lake Singkarak has an average inflow of 37.99 m3 per second, and average outflow of 42.02 m3 per second.

The lake ecosystem and its banks serve as a source of germplasm, where flora and fauna life cycles take place, water source for the community, and storage for rainwater. Lake ecosystem also maintains micro climate, transportation, source of electricity, reacreational facility, and tourism object, as well as irrigation for farmlands.

Experts have discovered 19 species of fish in this lake. One of them, an endemic kind of fish, is ikan bilih (Mystacoleucus padangensis). Three species are found to have high population density: ikan bilih/biko, asang/nilem (Osteochilus brachmoides) and rinuak. Other fish species are: turiak/turiq (Cyclocheilichthys de zwani), lelan/nillem (Osteochilis vittatus), sasau/barau (Hampala mocrolepidota) and gariang/tor (Tor tambroides).


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Ada juga spesies ikan kapiek (Puntius shwanefeldi) dan

balinka/belingkah (Puntius belinka), baung (Macrones

planiceps), kalang (clarias batrachus), jabuih/buntal

(Tetradon mappa), kalai/gurami (Osphronemus gurami

lac) dan puyu/betok (Anabas testudeneus). Ikan jenis

lainnya, ikan sapek/sepat (Trichogaster trichopterus),

tilan (Mastacembelus unicolor), jumpo/gabus (Chana

striatus), kiuang (Chana pleurothalmus) dan mujair

( Tilapia pleurothalmus).

Banyaknya usaha jaring terapung mengakibatkan

danau ini tercemar. Ekosistem danau terancam

hancur dan merusak kualitas air danau.Untuk

penyelamatannya dikembangkan Gerakan

Penyelamatan Danau Singkarak dengan menyusun

Rencana Aksi Daerah tentang Penyelamatan Danau

Singkarak. Masyarakat bersedia mengalihkan usaha

perikanan jaring apung, ke sektor usaha lainnya yang

tidak berdampak merusak danau.

Untuk pengelolaan ekosistem danau dibentuk

Badan Pengelolaan Kawasan Danau Singkarak

Berbasis Nagari (BPKDS) yang ditetapkan Keputusan

Gubernur Sumatera Barat Nomor. 660-398-2011

pada 6 Agustus 2011. Badan ini diharapkan mampu

memobilisasi kegiatan lintas-sektor dan daerah agar

dapat menpertahankan fungsi dan manfaat Danau

Singkarak.

Kegiatan yang telah dilakukan antara lain, mewujudkan

Singkarak go green, dengan pembersihan sampah di

badan danau oleh masyarakat dan murid di lingkungan

danau Singkarak, penanaman pohon oleh TNI, yang

merupakan kerjasama antara pemerintah daerah, PLN

dan TNI.

There is also a species of fish called kapiek (Puntius shwanefeldi) and balinka/belingkah (Puntius belinka), baung (Macrones planiceps), kalang (clarias batrachus), jabuih/buntal (Tetradon mappa), kalai/gurami (Osphronemus gurami lac) and puyu/betok (Anabas testudeneus). Other fish species include ikan sapek/sepat (Trichogaster trichopterus), tilan (Mastacembelus unicolor), jumpo/gabus (Chana striatus), kiuang (Chana pleurothalmus) and mujair (Tilapia pleurothalmus).

The high number of floating fish nets has caused the lake to be polluted. Lake ecosystem are threatened by destruction and adversely affects the quality of lake water. In order to save it, a Movement to Save Lake Singkarak was established by formulating a Regional Action Plan concerning the salvation of Lake Singkarak. The people are willing to divert their activities using floating fish nets to other business sectors that do not harm the lake.

For management of the lake ecosystem, the Nagari-based Lake Singkarak Management Agency (BPKDS) was established as stipulated in the Decree of the Governor of West Sumatra Number 660-398-2011 on August 6, 2011. The agency is expected to mobilize intersectoral and regional activities to maintain the functions and benefits of Lake Singkarak.

Activities that have been carried out include the implementation of Singkarak go green, by cleaning up the garbage in the body of the lake by the people and students around Lake Singkarak, tree planting by the military soldiers as a form of cooperation between the regional government, the state electricity company (PLN), and the Indonesian military (TNI).

Danau Rawa PeningLake Rawa Pening

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup menginisiasi Gerakan

Penyelamatan Danau Rawa Pening dengan tujuh

langkah penyelamatan:

1.Pembuatan biogas berbahan baku limbah organik

di DTA dan eceng gondok

Kegiatan ini dilakukan masyarakat Sepakung,

Kecamatan Banyubiru. Lokasi ini daerah hulu sungai

yang mengalir ke Rawapening. Masyarakatnya punya

kelompok peternak sapi yang cukup berkembang,

The Ministry of Environment initiated the Movement to Save Lake Rawa Pening with seven rescue steps:

1. Generating biogas with organic waste and water hyacinth as the raw material in water catchment areas

This activity is often done by the people of Sepakung, District of Banyubiru. It is located upstream of the river that flows to Rawapening. There are cow farmer groups with promising development, owning an


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rata-rata 5 ekor setiap rumah. Diharapkan dapat

dibangun satu model biogas yang berbahan baku

kotoran sapi.

2.Pembuatan pupuk organik berbahan baku eceng

gondok

Dilakukan kelompok masyarakat di Dusun Semurup,

Desa Asinan, Kecamatan Bawen; Desa Rowoboni,

Kecamatan Banyubiru; dan Desa Bejalen, Kecamatan

Ambarawa. Lokasi ini dipilih karena menghadapi

langsung pertumbuhan eceng gondok dan

masyarakat umumnya mencari ikan di danau. Potensi

biomassa eceng gondok yang besar, berpotensi

untuk dikembangkan dan dimanfaatkan sebagai

kompos. Kegiatan ini bersama pemerintah Kabupaten

Semarang dan masyarakat.

3.Pembuatan sarana pengeringan eceng gondok

Pemanfaatan eceng gondok sebagai bahan baku

kerajinan sudah lama dilakukan masyarakat di sekitar

Rawa Pening. Batang eceng gondok dijual dalam

berbagai bentuk.

4.Pengendalian eceng gondok melalui pemanenan,

pengomposan dengan metode stock pile

Telah dibangun percontohan integrasi antara aplikasi

sain dan teknologi, pemberdayaan masyarakat yang

ditunjang koordinasi antar-institusi pemerintah,

perguruan tinggi, dan masyarakat. Kegiatan

ini meliputi pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam

pengendalian pertumbuhan eceng gondok melalui

pemanenan, pengomposan dengan metode stock

pile. Lokasinya berdampingan dengan pembuatan

pupuk organik di Desa Asinan, Kecamatan Bawen;

Desa Bejalen, Kecamatan Ambarawa; dan Desa

Rowoboni, Kecamatan Banyubiru.

5.Pengendalian eceng gondok melalui pembuatan

tanki septik dan IPAL komunal

Saat ini, perairan Rawa Pening terkontaminasi limbah

dari hasil aktivitas penduduk, pertanian, peternakan

dan budidaya ikan. Yang terbesar adalah limbah

peternakan, yang kaya nutrient N dan P. Akibatnya,

menyuburkan eceng gondok. Salah satu cara

pengendalian eceng gondok adalah mengurangi

nutrien yang masuk ke Rawa Pening dengan

mengolah limbah penduduk. Untuk itu,dibangun WC

dan tanki septik komunal di tanah milik penduduk,

average of five cows in every home. It is expected that a biogas model made from raw materials using cow dung.

2. Making organic fertilizer from raw materials using water hyacinth

This effort has been made by people in the villages of Semurup, Asinan, Bawen District; Rowoboni Village, Banyubiru District; and Bejalen Village, Ambarawa District. These ocations were selected because they dealt directly with hyacinth growth and the people usually hunt for fish in the lake. Hyacinth has big biomass potential and can be utilized as compost. This event was organized with the government of Semarang Regency and the community.

3. Development of hyacinth drying facilities

Utilization of hyacinth as a raw material for handicraft has been done for a long time by the people around Rawa Pening. Hyacinth stems are sold in many forms.

4. Controlling water hyacinth through harvesting and and composting using the stockpile method

A pilot project has been established, involving integration of science and technology applications, community empowerment that is supported by coordination between government institutions, universities, and the society. This activity includes community empowerment in controlling hyacinth growth through harversting and composting using the stockpile method. The location is next to the place where organic fertilizers are made in Asinan Village, Bawen District; Bejalen District, Ambarawa District; and Rowoboni Village, Banyubiru District.

5. Controlling water hyacinth through constructions of community septic tanks and WWTP

The water of Rawa Pening is currently contaminated by waste from people’s activities, farming, livestock, and fish cultivation. The worst pollution is caused by waste from livestock, which is rich with N and P nutrients. Consequently, make hyacinth thrive. One of the ways to control hyacinth is by reducing nutrients entering Rawa Pening by community waste treatment. Thus, toilets and community septic tanks are built on land belonging to the locals, supported by official statements from the community. The location is in Banyubiru District, which includes Kebondowo


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yang didukung dengan pernyataan resmi masyarakat.

Lokasinya di Kecamatan Banyubiru, meliputi Desa

Kebondowo dan Tegaron.

6. Pembuatan pakan ternak dari eceng gondok

Penanganan eceng gondok menjadi program super-

prioritasyang dituangkan di dalam dokumen Gerakan

Penyelamatan Danau (Germadan) Rawa Pening.

Untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan

masyarakat dibuat demplot pembuatan pupuk

organik berbahan baku eceng gondok.

7. Kajian remidiasi nutrient danau

Kajian remidiasi nutrient Danau Rawa Pening dengan

metode HARP (High Rate Algae Pond) dilakukan

untuk mengurangi dampak eutrofikasi. Eutrofikasi

terjadi lantaran meningkatnya alga dan tumbuhan

perairan, yang mengurangi keanekaragaman akuatik,

berbahaya bagi ikan dan organisme lainnya, serta

menurunkan nilai estetika

Village and Tegaron Village.

6. Making cattle feed from water hyacinth

Water hyacinth management is a super-priority program as included in the document onMovement to Save Lakes (Germadan) Rawa Pening. To increase the people’s knowledge and improve their skills, demonstration plots for making organic fertilizer using hyacinth as the raw material have been built.

7. Study on lake nutrient remediation

The study on nutrient remediation in Lake Rawa Pening using the HARP (High Rate Algae Pond) method was conducted to reduce the effects of eutrophication. Eutrophication will lead to the increasing numbers of algae and other water plants which reduce aquatic diversity, is dangerous for fish and other organisms, and reduces aesthetics value.

Danau AyamaruAyamaru Lake

Danau ini menjadi sumber penghidupan masyarakat

setempat, yang terletak di Kabupaten Maybrat, 216

kilometer arah barat Kota Sorong, Papua Barat.Tak

hanya sebagai sumber air, danau ini menjadi sumber

pangan, ekonomi, dan transportasi masyarakat.

Namun, kondisi danau kian hari kian memprihatinkan.

Airnya terus menyusut dan ekosistem danau terancam

rusak. Air Danau Ayamaru menyurut hingga 50 meter,

bahkan sebagian sudah mengering. Sebagian arealnya

menjadi rawa, ditumbuhi rerumputan dan tumbuhan liar.

Mengeringnya danau akibat penebangan hutan dan

pengeboran minyak dan gas di lereng Gunung Ayamaru.

Selain itu, juga karena tumbuhnya rumput asing dan

dampak pemanasan global. Rumput asing itu mungkin

dari Australia yang terbawa burung-burung pelikan.

Ada tiga danau di Ayamaru sebagai satu kesatuan:

Yahu (bagian atas), Yate (bawah), dan Ikri (penampung

air dari sungai). Secara tradisional danau ini menjadi

sarana lalu lintas penduduk—sebelum ada lalu lintas

darat. Masyarakat Distrik Ayamaru, Distrik Aitinyo,

dan Distrik Aifak memanfaatkan danau sebagai jalur

menuju Teminabuan, kemudian ke Sorong.

This lake is the source of living for the local people, located in Maybrat Regency, 216 kilometers west of the City of Sorong, West Papua. Not only a source water, this lake is also a source of food, income, and transportation for the people in the area.

However, the condition of the lake is getting worse every day. The water keeps receding and the ecosystem of the lake is threatened by damage. The water of Lake Ayamaru has receded by up to 50 meters, some parts of the lake are even dry. Parts of the area have become swamps, where grass and other wild plants grow.

The lake has become dry because of deforestation and oil and gas drilling on the slope of Mount Ayamaru. Furthermore, it is also caused by growth of alien species and impacts of global warming. The foreign grass probably comes from Australia, carried by pelicans.

There are three lakes in Ayamaru acting as a unity: Yahu (upper part), Yate (lower part), and Ikri (reservoir of water from the river). Traditionally, the lake had been a means of transportation for


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Danau Ayamaru memiliki berbagai jenis ikan, seperti

ikan mas, betik, satar, salamander, udang merah, udang

kuning, udang biru, gabus, dan iklan lele. Masyarakat

setempat meyakini arwah nenek moyang memberi

sumber penghidupan di Danau Ayamaru dengan

berlimpahnya ikan. Danau ini dipandang warisan

nenek moyang bagi suku besar Maybrat—dengan

12 marga, seperti marga Solossa, Jitmau, Kambuaya,

Lemauk, dan Howae.

Pada 2012, KLH melakukan “Pemulihan dan Pelestarian

Ekosistem Danau Ayamaru” sebagai upaya penyelamatan.

Tujuannya, membangun pola pengelolaan ekosistem

Danau Ayamaru yang ramah lingkungan dan

berkelanjutan, antara masyarakat dan pemerintah

daerah, sesuai kondisinya dalam pengendalian

pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan.

Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan demplot-demplot

pengendalian kerusakan lingkungan ekosistem danau

dan pengendalian pencemaran air danau. Sebagai

percontohan, dibangun tempat pembuangan sampah

di Distrik Ayamaru; papan informasi sebagai media

publikasi untuk masyarakat agar melestariakan danau

Ayamar; menanam tegakan hijau yang bernilai produktif

untuk masyarakat dan ekosistem Danau Ayamaru.

the locals—before land transportation system was built. People in Ayamaru District, Aitinyo District, and Aifak District use the lake to get to Teminabuan before heading for Sorong.

Lake Ayamaru contains various kinds of fish, such as carps, betik, satar, salamander, red shrimps,yellow shrimps, blue shrimps, snakeheads, and catfish. The people believe that the spirit of their ancestors provide source of living in Lake Ayamaru with abundance of fish. This lake is considered a heritage from the ancestors of Maybrat ethnic group—with 12 clans, such as Solossa, Jitmau, Kambuaya, Lemauk, and Howae.

In 2012, the Ministry of Environment conducted “Restoration and Preservation of Lake Ayamaru Ecosystem” as a rescue attempt. It was intended to establish a pattern of Lake Ayamaru ecosystem management which is environmentally-friendly and sustainable, between the community and regional government, with respect to its role in controlling pollution and environmental damage.

This activity was carried out with demonstration plots for controlling environmental damage in the lake ecosystem and controlling pollution to the lake water. As a pilot project, waste disposal facilities were built in Ayamaru District; an information board was also built as a publication medium for the people to perserve Lake Ayamaru; plant green stands with productive values for the people and ecosystem of Lake Ayamaru.

VARIOUS ACTIONS ANDLESSONS LEARNED

RAGAM AKSI DAN HIKMAH PEMBELAJARAN

A Model of Mining Management

Sebuah Teladan Pengelolaan Tambang

Degradasi lingkungan dari penambangan sering

menjadi isu lingkungan di ranah publik. Masyarakat

merasakan dampaknya dan LSM menyampaikan kritikan,

mengingatkan tanggung jawab rehabilitasi lingkungan

bekas pertambangan.

Untuk rehabilitasi lingkungan bekas tambang,

dikembangan praktik terbaik pengelolaan tambang.

Environmental degradation due to mining has often become a public issue. The people feel the impacts, and NGOs deliver criticisms to remind us of the responsibility for post mining land rehabilitation

To rehabilitate a post-mining site, best practices of mine management have been developed. South Kalimantan Province has developed a pilot project


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Figure 4.27 Two Adult Females with Three Juveniles (left); Two Adult Male Proboscis Monkeys (right) in a Reclamation Area Gambar 4.27. Dua betina dewasa dan tiga anak (kiri); dua bekantan jantan dewasa (kanan) di areal reklamasi

called Biodiversity Parkas a model for rehabilitation of post-mining sites. The location of the Biodiversity Park in South Kalimantan is a site that used to be a mine owned by PT Aneka Tambang in Bangkal, Cempaka District, City of Banjarbaru. The site covers an area of 31 hectares, The Government of the City of Banjarbaru has approved approximately 15 hectares.

The concept of the Biodiversity Park is to create a rehabilitation area as a place where local biological natural resources are reserved outside of forest areas. The Biodiversity Park serves as in-situ and ex-situ conservation, especially for plants whose pollination or seed dispersal relies on wild animals. Therefore, this park was built with vegetation structure and composition that help preserve animals that pollinate and disperse seeds.

In addition, through PROPER, the company applies the principle of sustainable development inproduction and service processes by implementing the environmental management system, which includes 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), energy efficiency, conservation, business ethics, and responsibility through community development programs.

By cooperating with local universities, this company strives to protect the population of proboscis monkeys, sharp-nosed monkeys that are endemic in Kalimantan. Until today, in the reclamation area have been discovered two subgroups of proboscis monkeys, totalling 25 individuals. Proboscis monkeys

Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan telah mengembangkan

proyek percontohan Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati

sebagai model rehabilitasi lahan bekas tambang.

Lokasi Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati Kalimantan

Selatan merupakan lahan bekas penambangan PT.

Aneka Tambang di Bangkal, Kecamatan Cempaka, Kota

Banjarbaru. Lokasi ini membentang seluas 31 hektare,

Pemerintah Kota Banjarbaru telah menyetujui sekira 15

hektare.

Konsep Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati adalah

menjadikan kawasan rehabilitasi menjadi areal

pencadangan sumber daya alam hayati lokal di luar

kawasan hutan. Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati

berfungsi konservasi in-situ danex-situ, khususnya

bagi tumbuhan yang penyerbukan atau pemencaran

bijinya dibantu satwa liar. Dengan begitu, Taman ini

dibuat dengan struktur dan komposisi vegetasi yang

mendukung kelestarian satwa penyerbuk dan pemencar

biji.

Selain itu,melalui PROPER, perusahaan menerapkan

prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam proses

produksi dan jasa, dengan menerapkan sistem

manajemen lingkungan, 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle),

efisiensi energi, konservasi, etika bisnis dan bertanggung

jawab melalui program pengembangan masyarakat.

Bekerja sama dengan perguruan tinggi setempat,

perusahaan ini melakukan upaya perlindungan populasi

bekantan, monyet mancung endemik Kalimantan. Saat

ini di areal reklamasi telah ditemukan dua subkelompok

bekantan, sejumlah 25 individu. Bekantan tidak hanya

memakai areal reklamasi (hutan sengon) sebagai sumber


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Figure 4.28 Trial species testing of Forest Plants in Reclamation Areas Gambar 4.28. Uji coba penelitian uji jenis untuk tanaman hutan di areal reklamasi

Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Teluk Tomini

Gulf of Tomini Environmental Management Action

Pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dan jasa lingkungan

di Teluk Tomini menghadapi berbagai masalah

yang mengancam keberlanjutan fungsi kawasan

ini. Diantaranya konflik pemanfaatan sumber daya

perikanan, pencemaran lingkungan, degradasi habitat

Natural resources management and environmental services at Gulf of Tomini are facing various problems that threaten ecosystem. One of them is a conflict around utilizations of fishery resources, environmental pollution, coastal habitat degradation,

pangan, tetapi juga sebagai daerah jelajahnya.

Perusahaan juga menggandeng Balai Penelitian

Kehutanan (BPK) Banjar baru membuat model hutan

reklamasi di lahan bekas tambang untuk melanjutkan

fungsi hutan. Salah satu kegiatannya, pengumpulan

jenis tanaman hutan Kalimantan, yang telah terkumpul

16.000 bibit, antara lain ulin, keruing, tengkawang, kapur,

bayur, tarantang, penawar semangkok/keminting rantau,

nyatoh, gaharu, pasak bumi. Ulin, keruing, tengkawang,

kapur dan biwan sudah termasuk tumbuhan langka.

Program-program serupa juga dikembangkan oleh

perusahaan yang memperoleh peringkat Hijau dan Emas

PROPER. Dari 183 perusahaan yang dinilai Hijau dan

Emas, pada 2010, anggaran program pengembangan

masyarakat mencapai Rp 731 miliar. Pada 2011, nilai itu

menjadi Rp 928 miliar. Sampai medio 2012, anggaran

pengembangan masyarakat perusahaan yang mengikuti

PROPER, sebesar Rp 646 miliar.

use the reclamation area (sengon forest) not only as a source of food, but also as their exploration area.

The company also works together with Banjarbaru Forestry Research Board (BPK) to make a model of reclamation forest in the post-mining area to restore the functions of the forest. One of the activities is to collect certain species of Kalimantan forest plants, 16,000 seedlings so far, including ulin, keruing, tengkawang, kapur, bayur, tarantang, penawar semangkok/keminting rantau, nyatoh, gaharu, and pasak bumi. Ulin, keruing, tengkawang, kapur and biwan already belong to the category of rare plants.

Similar programs are also developed by companies with PROPER Green and Gold rating. Of 183 companies that belong to Green and Gold categories, the budget for community development programs in 2010 amounted to Rp 731 billion. In 2011, the amount increased to Rp 928 billion. Until mid-2012, the budget for community development spent by the companies that participate in PROPER was Rp 646 billion.


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pesisir dan kemerosotan keanekaragaman hayati.

Bermacam kepentingan terjadi di Teluk Tomini. Hal

itu bisa dimengerti, karena Teluk Tomini berada

di tiga provinsi: Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Utara

dan Gorontalo, dengan15 kabupaten/kota yang

berhubungan langsung dengan perairan ini. Dan

daerah aliran sungai (DAS) yang bermuara ke Teluk

Tomini mencakup 20 kabupaten/kota.

Wilayah Sulawesi Tengah berbatasan langsung dengan

Teluk Tomini dengan garis pantai sepanjang sekitar

1.179 km, meliputi kabupaten: Banggai, Tojo Una-

una, Poso dan Parigi Moutong. Provinsi Sulawesi

Utara berbatasan langsung dengan Teluk Tomini, yang

panjang garis pantainya sekitar 784,94 km, melintasi

Kota Bitung, Minahasa Utara, Minahasa, Minahasa

Tenggara, Bolaang Mongondow Timur dan Bolaang

Mongondow Selatan. Sedangkan Gorontalo yang

berbatasan langsung dengan perairan Teluk Tomini

dengan garis pantai sekitar 436,52 km terdiri Kota

Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Bone Bolango, Boalemo dan

Pohuwato.

Dalam upaya mengatasi berbagai persoalan di Teluk

Tomini,Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup bekerja sama

dengan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Utara dan

Gorontalo menggelar Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan

Teluk Tomini.

Keterlibatan seluruh pemangku kepentingan sangat

diperlukan dalam implementasi rencana aksi di

kawasan tersebut. Dengan sinergi dan koordinasi,

permasalahan lingkungan dapat diatasi secara efektif

dan efisien. Dalam implementasinya, peran setiap

pemangku kepentingan dan pemerintah daerah dapat

dipadukan untuk pemecahan masalah jangka pendek

dan panjang.

Rencana Aksi Pengelolaan Pesisir dan Laut Terpadu Teluk

Tomini telah selesai disusun. Teluk Tomini diharapkan

menjadi model pola pengelolaan terintegrasi antar-

tiga provinsi dan kementerian terkait di pusat. Solusi

di kawasan pesisir dan laut ini dilakukan dengan

pendekatan kewenangan pemerintah sesuai peraturan

perundangan yang berlaku. Pengelolaan sumber daya

diharapkan dapat mengembangkan wilayah teluk dan

meningkatkan kesejahteraan di kawasan Teluk Tomini.

and biodiversity loss.

There are a number of interests involved in the Gulf of Tomini. This is understandable, considering the fact that Gulf of Tomini is situated in three provinces: Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, and Gorontalo, with 15 regencies/cities directly borderin these waters. Moreover, the watershed area that empties into the Gulf of Tomini covers 20 regencies/cities.

Central Sulawesi region is directly bordered with the Gulf of Tomini, with a coastline approximately 1,179 km long, across the following regencies: Banggai, Tojo Una-una, Poso, and Parigi Moutong. North Sulawesi Province is directly bordered with the Gulf of Tomini, with a coastline approximately 784.94 km long, across the City of Bitung, North Minahasa, Minahasa, Southeast Minahasa, East Bolaang Mongondow, andSouth Mongondow. Gorontalo is bordered directly with the Gulf of Tomini, with a coastline 436.52 km long, crossing the City of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Bone Bolango, Boalemo and Pohuwato.

To address the various issues in the Gulf of Tomini, the Ministry of Environment worked together with the Provinces of Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, and Gorontalo, to organize Environmental Management Action in the Gulf of Tomini.

Involvement of all stakeholders was essential in implementing the action plan in the region. With synergy and coordination, environmental problems could be resolved effectively and efficiently. In the implementation, the roles of each stakeholder and regional government could be combined for short-term and long-term problem solving.

Action Plans for Integrated Coastal and Marine Management in the Gulf of Tomini have been completed. The Gulf of Tomini is expected to be a model for integrated management patterns involving three provinces and related ministries in the central government. Solutions at the coastal and marine areas were applied by government authority approach according to applicable laws and regulations. Resources management is expected to help develop the bay area and promote the prosperity in the Gulf of Tomini region.


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Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Selat Bali

Bali Strait Environmental Management Actions

Dalam upaya pengendalian kerusakan wilayah

pesisir dan laut, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

menyelenggarakan Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Selat

Bali. KLH bekerja sama dengan pemerintah daerah

Provinsi Bali dan Provinsi Jawa Timur.

Wilayah Selat Bali mengandung potensi sumber daya

alam dan jasa lingkungan yang sangat kaya. Selat

Bali menjadi menjadi pusat pertumbuhan ekonomi

kawasan berbasis sumber daya pesisir dan laut seperti

perikanan, industri dan pariwisata, baik diProvinsi Bali

maupun Provinsi Jawa Timur.

Sayangnya, Selat Bali dan muara sungai di perairan

pantai Bali Timur, mengalami red tide pada 1994, 1998,

2003, dan 2007. Sebagai satu kesatuan ekologis, wilayah

pesisir dan laut Selat Bali memiliki nilai konservasi

karena mengandung keanekaragaman hayati yang

tinggi. Nilai konservasi Selat Bali ada dalam segitiga

kawasan konservasi: Taman Nasional Bali Barat – Taman

Nasional Baluran – Taman Nasional Alas Purwo.

Masalah di Selat Bali mencakup konflik pemanfaatan

sumberdaya perikanan, pencemaran lingkungan baik

dari aktivitas di laut maupun di daratan, degradasi

habitat pesisir, dan kemerosotan keanekaragaman

hayati. Memperhatikan koneksi antar-wilayah pesisir

dan laut, nilai strategis Selat Bali dalam pembangunan,

keterkaitan ekonomi di kedua provinsi, serta

kompleksitas masalah yang lintas-wilayah, maka

diperlukan pengelolaan Selat Bali secara terpadu.

In order to control the damage to coastal and marine areas, the Ministry of Environment organized an Environmental Management Actions at Bali Strait. The Ministry of Environment worked together with regional governments of Bali and East Java Provinces.

The area around Bali Strait contains highly potential natural resources and environmental services. Bali Strait is the center of economic growth for regions based on coastal and marine resources such as fishery, industry, and tourism, both in Bali Province and East Java.

Unfortunately, Bali Strait and the estuaries in East Bali coast was hit by Red Tide in 1994, 1998, 2003, and 2007. Being an ecological entity, the coastal and marine regions of the Bali Strait have conservation values because its high biodiversity. The conservation values of Bali Strait exist in a triangle of conservation region: West Bali National Park – Baluran National Park – Alas Purwo National Park.

The problems at Bali Strait involves conflicts around the utilization of fishery resources, environmental pollution both from activities in the sea and on land, degradation of coastal habitats, and decline of biological diversity. Considering the connection between the coast and the sea, Bali Strait’s strategic value in development, economic ties between the two provinces, and the complexity of inter-regional issues, integrated management of Bali Strait is highly necessary.

Peraturan Tingkat Kampung Melindungi Terumbu Karang

Village-Level Regulations to Protect Coral Reefs

Segitiga terumbu karang dunia membentang dari

Malaysia di Kalimantan utara, Filipina, Indonesia, Timor

Leste di selatan, Papua Nugini dan Kepulauan Solomon

di timur. Di perairan seluas 6,5 juta kilometer persegi

ini hidup 600 spesies karang atau 75 persen spesies

karang dunia. Dan di jantung segitiga terumbu karang

dunia inilah terhampar gugusan Kepulauan Raja Ampat,

Papua Barat, yang dijuluki surga terumbu karang.

The triangle of the world’s coral reefs stretches from Malaysia in North Kalimantan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Timor Leste in the south, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands in the east. In the waters 6.5 million km2 in area live 600 species of coral reefs or 75 percent of the world’s coral reef species. At the heart of the world’s coral reef triangle lie the clusters of Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, often referred to as the paradise of coral reefs.


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Kepulauan Raja Ampat masuk dalam Program

Rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang (Coral

Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program—

COREMAP) Tahap II, 2004 - 2011. Program Kementerian

Kelautan dan Perikanan ini dengan cepat mendapat

tempat di hati masyarakat Raja Ampat.

Masyarakat pesisir pulau-pulau di Raja Ampat masih

menghargai pranata adat, yaitu sasi. Ada sasi kebun

kelapa, larangan memetik buah kelapa atau mengambil

daunnya selama periode tertentu. Pelanggar sasi

akan dikenai sanksi adat. Ada juga sasi laut, larangan

mengambil ikan atau hasil laut lainnya pada masa

tertentu buat memberi kesempatan ikan dan kerang-

kerangan berkembang biak.

Kampung Yenbekwan, Pulau Mansuar, Distrik

Meosmansar, Raja Ampat, dapat dijadikan contoh

upaya pelestarian laut. Di sini, masyarakat pesisirnya

sempat tergoda menangkap ikan secara destruktif,

lantas membuat peraturan untuk melindungi terumbu

karang dan ekosistemnya.

Raja Ampat Islands are included into Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program—COREMAP) Phase II, 2004 - 2011. This Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries program quickly won a place in the heart of the Raja Ampat population.

The people living in coastal islands in Raja Ampat still place a high importance on custom traditions, called sasi. There is sasi at coconut plantations, a prohibition to pick coconuts or take the leaves during certain periods. Sasi violators will be subject to indigenous law. There is also sasi for the sea, which is a prohibition to catch fish or other marine products during certain periods to provide the fish and oysters to breed.

Yenbekwan Village, Mansuar Island, and District of Meosmansar, Raja Ampat, are some of the examples of marine preservation measures. The coastal community in this area used to be tempted to catch fish using destructive means, but then they made regulations to protect the coral reefs and their ecosystem.


247

Laut sekitar kampung ini berlimpah jenis ikan yang

bernilai ekonomi, seperti napoleon, kerapu, cakalang,

bubara, dan tenggiri. Hasil laut lainnya berupa lobster,

lola, teripang dan aneka kerang-kerangan. Sebelum

1990, perairan sekitar Yenbekwan aman penangkapan

ikan yang merusak lingkungan.

Lantas, datang nelayan-nelayan dari luar daerah yang

memperkenalkan bahan peledak dan racun untuk

menangkap ikan. Penggunaan bom dan sianida pun

dipraktikkan penduduk Yehbekwan.

Ikan mudah tertangkap, tetapi terumbu karang

rusak. Ketika COREMAP II masuk pada 2006, nelayan

kampung Yenbekwan mendapat pengetahuan tentang

makna terumbu karang bagi kelestarian sumber daya

perikanan. Perlahan, mereka mulai meninggalkan

bahan peledak dan sianida.

Masyarakat kampung pesisir Pulau Mansuar ini,

pada 2007 menyusun Rencana Pengelolaan Terumbu

Karang Kampung Yenbekwan. Tak lama kemudian,

kampung ini menetapkan Peraturan Kampung 01/

The sea around these villages are blessed with an abundance of fish species with high economic value, such as napoleon, grouper, tuna, bubara, and mackerel. Other marine products include lobsters, lolas, sea cucumbers, and various kinds of oysters. Before 1990, the waters around Yenbekwan was safe from environmentally destructive fishing activities.

Then came fishermen from outside the area, who introduced explosives and poison tocatch fish. The use of bombs and cyanide was also practiced by Yenbekwan people.

Fish were easily caught, but the coral reefs by damage. When COREMAP II was introduced in 2006, fishermen in Yenbekwan were enlightened about the importance of coral reefs for the preservation of fishery resources. They gradually started to abandon explosives and cyanide.

The people of this coastal village on Mansuar Island formulated a Plan of Coral Reef Managementin Yenbekwan Village in 2007. Shortly afterwards,

Damaged coral reefs Terumbu karang yang telah rusakFoto: Pahlano Daud


248

the village enacted the Village Regulation 01/DPL/PK-YNBKWN/2008 on Community Based Regional Management of Marine Protection (DPL).

Yenbekwan Village Regulation was signed by the village chief on Desember 4, 2008, along with 21 other Village Regulations that were already registered into the Raja Ampat Regency Regional News. After the Marine Protection Region was stipulated in 2008, Coral Reef Resources Management Institution (LPSTK) was established. Regional Management for Marine Protection at Yenbekwan Village covering an area of 290 hectares was also subjected to sasi or prohibition by the Church.

Yenbekwan Village Regulation prohibit activities that include:- Fish bombing,- Fish anesthetization,- Rock and sand mining,- Beach reclamation,- Establishment of permanent tourism facilities,- Use of nets, trawls, and the like,- Fishing any kind of fish,- Catching fish using arrows and spears,- Picking oysters or other marine biota, dead or

alive,- Solid waste disposal,- Disposal of domestic, industrial, or ship waste,- Throwing boat anchors onto the coral reefs- Performing marine cultivation,- Walking on the coral reefs,- Crossing with any kind of marine transportation

(unless approved by DPL administrators or the village chief; or an emergency due to high waves; or other events beyond human power).

Activities permitted by these Village Regulations only include:- Scientific research,- Educational activities,- Limited tourism/diving activities,- Monitoring or controlling activities by

administrator groups.

The Administrator Groups determine financial fines to any violator, according to the loss caused by the violation. All yields and equipment used in the violation will be confiscated. Violators are also obliged to do social work for the benefits of the village community. Forms of social work that must be undertaken by the violator is determined by the village chief.

DPL/PK-YNBKWN/2008 tentang Pengelolaan Daerah

Perlindungan Laut (DPL) Berbasis Masyarakat.

Peraturan Kampung Yenbekwan ditandatangani kepala

kampung pada 4 Desember 2008, yang bersama

21 Peraturan Kampung lainnya sudah terdaftar

dalam Berita Daerah Kabupaten Raja Ampat. Setelah

Daerah Perlindungan Laut ditetapkan pada 2008,

dibentuk Lembaga Pengelola Sumberdaya Terumbu

Karang (LPSTK). Pengelolaan Daerah Perlindungan

Laut Kampung Yenbekwan seluas 290 hektare juga

diberlakukan sasi atau larangan dari Gereja.

Peraturan Kampung Yenbekwan melarang kegiatan:

- Pengeboman ikan,

- Pembiusan ikan,

- Penambangan karang dan pasir,

- Reklamasi pantai,

- Pembangunan fasilitas pariwisata parmanen,

- Penebaran jala,pukat atau sejenisnya,

- Memancing segala jenis ikan,

- Menangkap ikan dengan panah dan tombak,

- Pengambilan kerang-kerangan atau biota laut

lainnya dalam keadaan hidup ataupun mati,

- Membuang sampah,

- Membuang limbah rumah tangga, industri ataupun

limbah kapal,

- Melego jangkar perahu di atas terumbu karang,

- Melakukan budidaya laut,

- Berjalan di atas terumbu karang,

- Melintasi dengan segala jenis angkutan laut (kecuali

disetujui pengelola DPL atau kepala kampung; atau

keadaan terpaksa akibat gelombang; atau keadaan

lain di luar kemampuan manusia).

Kegiatan yang diperbolehkan oleh Peraturan

Kampung hanya meliputi:

- Penelitian ilmiah,

- Kegiatan pendidikan,

- Kegiatan pariwisata/penyelaman terbatas.,

- Kegiatan monitoring atau pengawasan oleh

kelompok pengelola.

Kelompok Pengelola menentukan sanksi denda uang

bagi siapa pun yang melanggar, sesuai dengan kerugian

akibat pelanggaran. Semua hasil dan peralatan yang

digunakan dalam pelanggaran disita. Pelanggar juga

diwajibkan melakukan kerja sosial untuk kepentingan

masyarakat kampung. Bentuk kerja sosial yang dijalani

pelanggar ditentukan kepala kampung.

Pelanggar akan diminta menyampaikan permohonan


249

The violator will be asked to apologize to all of the people in the village. The violator is also made to promise not to repeat his/her action by means of a written statement that he/she signs and readsbefore the people. If he/she commits another violation, besides the fine and confiscation of catches and equipment, the violator will be turned in to the police for legal process.

Ever since the Village Regulation was enacted, this coastal village has been safe from all kinds of destructive fishing activities, the coral reefs have been safe, and the environment has been preserved. The capacity of the regulation and the village human resources have responded well against the threat to the fishery resources ecosystem. Things that need to be anticipated: massive development of marine tourism that may put pressure on the efforts by the people of Raja Ampat to preserve their marine ecosystem.(Source: Adrianto, Lucky, Editor, Local Construction for Fishery Resources Management, IPB Press, 2011

maaf kepada seluruh warga kampung. Dia juga

berjanji tidak mengulangi perbuatannya dengan surat

pernyataan yang dia tandatangani, lalu dibaca sendiri di

depan warga. Bila masih juga melanggar, selain denda

dan penyitaan hasil tangkapan dan alat, pelaku akan

diserahkan kepada polisi untuk diproses sesuai hukum.

Sejak Peraturan Kampung diberlakukan, kampung

pesisir ini jauh dari cerita perikanan destruktif, terumbu

karang aman, lingkungan hidup pun terlindungi.

Kapasitas peraturan dan sumber daya manusia

kampung ini telah merespon dengan baik ancaman

terhadap ekosistem sumber daya perikanan. Yang perlu

diantisipasi: perkembangan wisata bahari yang semakin

ramai, yang bisa menekan upaya masyarakat Raja Ampat

melestarikan ekosistem lautnya.(Sumber:Adrianto,

Lucky, Editor, Konstruksi Lokal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya

Perikanan, IPB Press, 2011

Usaha Pelestarian Badak Jawa Dan Badak Sumatera

Efforts to Preserve the Javan and Sumatran Rhinoceros

Badak merupakan binatang langka yang terancam

punah dan masuk Daftar Merah IUCN. Populasi kedua

jenis badak ini tersisa sekitar 200 individu, 150 ekor di

antaranya ada di Indonesia (Gambar 4.29). Indonesia

memiliki dua jenis: badak bercula satu, badak jawa

(Rhinocerus sondaicus)hanya di Ujung Kulon dan badak

bercula dua,badak sumatera (Dicerorhinus sumtrensis)

di Sumatera.

Dari monitoring, populasi kedua jenis badak ini di

habitat aslinya dari tahun ke tahun terus berubah.

Badak jawa di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon pada 1967

tercatat 21-29 ekor; kemudian naik pada 1981, menjadi

54-60 ekor; kemudian pada 2008, menjadi 42-54 ekor

(Gambar 4.30). Pada 2011 terekam hanya 35 ekor,

namun pada 2012 terekam lagi 51 ekor dengan rasio

29 ekor jantan dan 22 ekor betina (data 2011 dan 2012

dimasukan dalam Grafik).

Sementara itu, badak sumatera tersisa di beberapa

taman nasional: Leuser, Bukit Barisan Selatan dan Way

Kambas. Populasinya pada 2011 diperkirakan sebanyak

107 ekor.

Rhinoceroses are rare animals endangered to extinction and included in IUCN Red List. The population of these two species of rhinos are only 200, 150 of them are in Indonesia (Figure 4.29). Indonesia has two kinds of rhinos: one-horned rhino, or javan rhino, (Rhinocerus sondaicus) can only be seen in Ujung Kulon, and two-horned, or Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumtrensis) in Sumatra.

Monitoring results have shown that the population of these two kinds of rhinos in their natural habitat keep changing every year. There were 21-29 javan rhinos in Ujung Kulon National Park in 1967; this number increased in 1981 to become 54-60 rhinos; then in 2008, 42-54 rhinos were recorded (Figure 4.30). Only 35 rhinos were recorded in 2011, but in 2012 51 more were recorded with a ratio of 29 males and 22 females (2011 and 2012 data were included in the diagram).

On the other hand, sumatran rhinos are found in several national parks: Leuser, South Bukit Barisan, and Way Kambas. In 2011, the population was


250

Figure 4.29 Sumatran rhinos Andatu and Ratu caught on Camera. Andatu is the offspring of Andalas (male) and Ratu (female) Gambar 4.29. Badak Sumatera yang berhasil terekam kamera, Andatu dan Ratu. Andatu adalah anak badak hasil perkawinan Andalas (jantan) dan Ratu (betina).

Source: Indonesian Rhino Foundation (YABI). Sumber: Yayasan Badak Indonesia (YABI).

Source: Indonesian Institute of ScienceSumber: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

Figure 4.30 Historic Range of the Sumatran RhinocerosGambar 4.30. Populasi badak Sumatera di awal penyebarannya


251

estimated to be 107 rhinos.

Attempts to conserve the rhinos keep developing as the government non-governmental organizations, and private organizations have always been involved. In December 2011, Directorate General of PHKA issued Regulation No P.7/IV-SET/2011 on how to enter a sanctuary reserve area, nature conservation area, and hunting parks.

Indonesian Rhinoceros Foundation (YABI), WWF, and WCS have been raising funds from domestic and foreign sources in their attempt to conserve the rhinos and provide environmental education to develop public awareness. One private companies that produce refreshing drinks also set aside their CSR funds for one-horned rhinos in Ujung Kulon. The world’s concern on rhinoceroses through IUCN has stipulated June 5, 2013 as the international year of the rhinoceros.

Usaha konservasi badak terus berkembang, selain

pemerintah, lembaga swadaya masyarakat dan swasta

juga terus terlibat. Direktorat Jenderal PHKA, Desember

2011 menerbitkan Peraturan No P.7/IV-SET/2011

tentang tata cara masuk kawasan suaka alam, kawasan

pelestarian alam dan taman buru.

Yayasan Badak Indonesia (YABI), WWF, dan WCS

menggalang dana dari dalam dan luar negeri untuk

usaha konservasi badak dan pendidikan lingkungan

membangun kesadaran masyarakat luas. Salah satu

pihak swasta produsen minuman penyegar juga

mengalokasikan dana CSR bagi badak bercula satu di

Ujung Kulon. Perhatian dunia terhadap badak melalui

IUCN menetapkan 5 Juni 2013 sebagai tahun badak

Internasional.

The most important populations, none of which number more than 100, are in Sumatra - Bukit Barisan Selatan, Way Kambas & Gunung Leuser NP.

Other Viable populations are in Peninsula Malaysia - Taman Negara, and Sabah - Tabin

Danum

Bukit Barisan Selatan

Tabin

Way Kambas

Taman Negara

Belum

Gunung Leuser

Gunung Imas

Malaysia - Sabah : 25

Peninsula Malaysia : 75

Sumatra : 200

Figure 4.31 Current Population of the Sumatran Rhinoceros in Indonesia (in Leuser, Bukit Barisan Selatan and Way Kambas National Parks)

Gambar 4.31. Populasi badak Sumatera yang masih tersisa di Indonesia (di TN. Leuser, TN. Bukit Barisan Selatan dan TN Way Kambas)

Source: Indonesian Institute of ScienceSumber: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia


252

Sources: Indonesian Institute of Sciences Sumber: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 4.32 Estimated Population of the Javan Rhinoceros 1967 – 2012 Gambar 4.32. Estimasi populasi badak Jawa tahun 1967 – 2012

Popu

latio

n Ju

mla

h Po

pula

si

1967 1971 1974 1977 1981 1984 1993 1997 2002 2005 2008Year

Tahun

Tahun 2011 = 35Tahun 2012 = 51

Pelestarian Spesies Bambu

Preservation of Bamboo Species

Upaya pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati juga

mendapat perhatian dunia usaha. Di tengah perkebunan

nenas seluas 32 ribu hektar di Lampung Tengah, PT

Great Giant Pineapple (GGP) mengembangkan kebun

konservasi bambu.

Upaya ini mulai dikembangkan sejak 1987. Mula-

mula bambu ditanam di lahan marjinal dan bantaran

sungai, untuk mencegah erosi, menekan sedimentasi

sungai, dan menyimpan air. Kemudian, di atas lahan

khusus seluas 10 hektar, Setiawan Achmad, Direktur

Pelaksana PT GGP mengembangkan kebun koleksi

spesies bambu.

Dari hanya beberapa spesies, koleksinya terus

bertambah dengan aneka spesies bambu dari berbagai

daerah dan luar Indonesia. Luas kebun koleksi bambu

juga terus bertambah. Pada 2012 koleksi bambu sudah

mencapai lebih 200 spesies.

Dari menanam bambu untuk melindungi lingkungan,

menjadi upaya melindungi spesies-spesies bambu dari

kelangkaan dan kepunahan. Koleksi di pusat agribisnis

nenas ini ternyata melampaui jumlah spesies bambu

Efforts for biodiversity preservation also receive attention from businesses. In the middle of a pineapple plantation covering an area of 32 thousand hectares in Central Lampung, PT Great Giant Pineapple (GGP) has developed a plantation for bamboo conservation.

This project has been developed since 1987. First, bamboos are planted on marginal land and riverbanks to prevent erosion, suppress river sedimentation, and store water. Then, on a special land covering an area of 10 hectares, Setiawan Achmad, Executive Director of PT GGP develops a plantation with a collection of bamboo species.

Starting from only a few species, his collection keeps growing with more varieties of bamboo species from many regions in and outside Indonesia. The area of bamboo plantation keeps expanding, as well. In 2012, the bamboo collection has reached more than 200 species.

Planting bamboos to protect the environment has turned into an effort to protect bamboo species


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Kebun Raya Bogor, yang hanya 20 jenis, dan Kebun

Raya Purwadadi, sebanyak 30 jenis.

Upaya konservasi bambu tanpa banyak publikasi di

tengah deretan jutaan nenas ini ternyata mendapat

perhatian Yayasan Kehati. Pada 2004, Setiawan

Achmad mendapat anugerah “Kehati Award“ untuk

kategori “Peduli Lestari Kehati”, yang diserahkan Emil

Salim, mantan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan pendiri

Yayasan Kehati.

Kini, menjadi pemandangan lumrah di areal perkebunan

nenas GGP, rumpun-rumpun aneka jenis bambu

tumbuh menjulang di bantaran sungai dan lereng

bukit. Koleksi bambu dari perusahan buah olahan ini,

kini sudah menjadi tujuan para peneliti bambu dari

berbagai negeri.

Bambu merupakan tumbuhan subkeluarga rumput

yang sangat dikenal masyarakat Indonesia. Dia

memiliki batang yang kuat tapi lentur, lurus, mudah

dibelah, mudah dibentuk, serta ringan. Karena sifat-

sifatnya ini, bambu sangat berguna bagi manusia, yang

dimanfaatkan sejak nenek moyang masih menghuni

gua alam, berburu dan meramu.

Bambu yang tumbuh liar di alam maupun hasil budidaya

sudah berabad-abad digunakan manusia, mulai untuk

rumah, jembatan, pagar, wadah penampung air, pisau,

tombak, panah, hingga kerajinan. Banyak alat musik

tradisional dibuat dari bambu misalnya angklung,

suling, dan sasando. Rebungnya dijadikan sayur,

daunnya untuk pembungkus makanan.

Dari 1.250 spesies bambu di Bumi, 125 di antaranya

tumbuhan asli Indonesia. Karena inilah perusahaan

agribisnis nenas ini masih terus mengembangkan koleksi

spesies bambunya. PT GGP yang mengembangkan

manajemen ekonomi hijau, kini memulai perintisan

blueeconomy, ekonomi biru, yang dicetuskan Gunter

Pauli, pendiri Zero Emmissions Initiatives.

Ekonomi biru memanfaatkan modal alam, dengan

teknologi yang berorientasi pada pelestarian alam,

mendesain ulang produksi dan konsumsi melalui

berbagai inovasi. WWF Indonesia memantau rintisan

ekonomi biru di PT GGP ini. Sebagai perusahaan yang

menerapkan prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan,

from becoming scarce or extinct. The collection at this pineapple agribusiness center, in fact, exceed the number of bamboo species at Bogor Botanical Garden, which has only 20 species, and Purwadadi Botanical Garden, which has 30.

Bamboo conservation efforts, without much publication, among millions of pineapples, have attracted the attention of Kehati Foundation. In 2004, Setiawan Achmad received the “Kehati Award“ for the category of “Peduli Lestari Kehati”, presented by Emil Salim, former Minister of Environment and founder of Kehati Foundation.

It is now a common sight that, in GGP’s pineapple plantation area, clusters of various kinds of bamboos grow tall along the riverbanks and hill slopes. Bamboo collection belonging to this processed fruit company is now an object of bamboo researches from many countries.

Bamboo is a plant from a subfamily of grass which is well known by Indonesian people. It has a strong but flexible, straight, easy to split, easy to shape, and light trunk. Due to these characteristics, bamboo is very useful to man as it has been utilized since our ancestors still lived in caves, hunted animals, and concocted herbs.

Bamboos, either those growing in the wild or cultivated, have been used by man for centuries for building houses, bridges, fences, water containers, knives, spears, arrows, and handicraft. Many traditional musical instruments are made from bamboo, such as angklung, flute, and sasando. The young plants are cooked as a vegetable, and the leaves are often used for food wrapping.

Of 1,250 bamboo species on Earth, 125 of them are native Indonesian plants. This is the reason the pineapple agribusiness company are still developing their collection of bamboo species. PT GGP, which developed green economy management, is now initiating blue economy, proposed by Gunter Pauli, founder of Zero Emmissions Initiatives.

Blue economy relies on nature for its capital, using technology oriented towards natural preservation,


254

Proyek Raksasa Konservasi Lahan

Giant Land Conversion Project

Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE)

salah satu proyek konservasi lahan terbesar yang

pernah direncanakan pemerintah, selain proyek lahan

sawah gambut 1 juta hektar di Kalimantan yang gagal.

Dengan laju pertambahan penduduk yang mencapai 2

persen per tahun, kebutuhan dan ketahanan pangan

menjadi persoalan serius bagi bangsa ini. Karena,

percetakan sawah setiap tahun hanya berkisar 20

– 40 ribu hektar. Artinya, pertumbuhan luas sawah

belum bisa mengejar kebutuhan beras bagi penduduk

Indonesia.

Lantaran itulah, dicanangkan rencana raksasa

menjadikan Merauke sebagai kawasan lumbung pangan

dan energi atau MIFEE Food Estate (FE) merupakan

pengembangan produksi pangan terintegrasi

mencakup pertanian, perkebunan, bahkan peternakan

di suatu lahan yang sangat luas (an integrated farming,

plantation and livestock zone)

Merauke dipilih karena wilayah 47.075 kilometer

persegi ini memiliki potensi besar agrobisnis. Tak

kurang ada lahan seluas 2,5 juta hektar yang siap

dijadikan pertanian pangan. Dan dari luas itu, yang

bisa dijadikan sawah berupa lahan basah seluas 1,94

juta hektar. Lahan ini berada di hutan produksi konversi

(HPK), sekitar 1,43 juta hektar dan areal penggunaan

lainnya (APL) sekitar 202.869 hektar. Pada tahap awal,

dari lahan itu, yang diproyeksikan untuk tanaman

pangan seluas 50 ribu hektar.

Dalam konsep MIFEE, Merauke menjadi lahan garapan

korporasi yang juga menaungi petani lokal. Lahan

satu juta hektar dimanfaatkan dalam lima kluster.

Tiap kluster seluas 200 ribu hektar terdiri dari 40

subkluster. Selain itu, Kementerian Kehutanan juga

mengalokasikan 585 ribu hektar untuk pengembangan

produksi tanaman pangan, khususnya padi. Status

lahan tersebut nanti disewakan kepada swasta dalam

bentuk hak guna usaha.

Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) is one of the largest land conversion projects ever planned by the government other than the unsuccessful 1-million-hectare peatland paddy field in Kalimantan. With the acceleration of population growth reaching 2 percent per year, food necessity and security are serious issues faced by this country. This is due to the fact that paddy field extensification every year is only around 20 – 40 thousand hectares. This means, the growth of paddy field area cannot keep up with the demand.

To fulifil the demand, the government planned to make Merauke a region for food and energy estate or MIFEE Food Estate, which is an integrated development of food production that includes farming, plantation, and even livestock in one vast area.

Merauke was chosen because the area of 47,075 square kilometers held promising agribusiness potentials. No less than a 2.5 million hectares of land is ready for crop farming. In the vast area, paddy fields can be established over a wet land covering an area of 1.94 million hectares. This land is situated in a conversion production forest (HPK) of approximately 1.43 million hectares and other utilization areas (APL) of around 202,869 hectares. During the early stages, the amount of land projected to be utilized for crops is 50 thousand hectares.

In MIFEE concept, Merauke becomes a corporate arable land that also embraces local farmers. One million hectares of land is utilized in five clusters. Each cluster is 200 thousand hectares in size, comprising 40 subclusters. In addition, the Ministry of Forestry also allocates 585 thousand hectares for developing crop production, particularly paddy field. The land will be rented out to private parties in the form of cultivation rights.

redesigns production and consumption through numerous innovations. WWF Indonesia are monitoring the blue economy initiative by PT GGP. As a company that runs on the principle of sustainable development, it has a special division for sustainable development headed by a director.

perusahaan ini memiliki divisi khusus pembangunan

berkelanjutan yang dikepalai seorang direktur.


255

Skala proyek ini begitu besar baik luas lahan maupun

nilai investasinya. Diperkirakan pengembangan

kawasan pangan dalam skala luas di Merauke perlu

investasi sekitar Rp 50 triliun hingga Rp 60 triliun. Saat

ini sudah ada 36 investor dalam negeri yang siap masuk,

terutama dari dalam negeri dan 28 investor asing.

Hanya saja, proyek konversi lahan ini patut

memperhatikan potensi negatif perubahan ekologi

besar-besaran, seperti rusaknya ekosistem, potensi

banjir dan kekeringan akibat hilangnya daerah

tangkapan air, dan menurunnya keanekaragaman

hayati.

The scale of this project is so large, both in terms of land area and its investment value. It is estimated that the development of a large-scale food producing region in Merauke requires investments of Rp 50 trillion to Rp 60 trillion. At the moment there are already 36 domestic investors ready to come,and there are also 28 foreign investors.

The problem is, this land conversion project must be aware of adverse effects on massive ecological changes, including damage to the ecosystem, possibility of flood and, drought due to lack of water catchment areas, and biodiversity loss.

Pembuangan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun

Disposal of Hazardous Waste

Kajian Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup pada 2011

terhadap sentra peleburan logam usaha kecil menengah

(UKM) di Desa Pesarean, Kecamatan Adiwerna, Tegal,

Jawa Tengah memberikan gambaran limbah bahan

berbahaya beracun (limbah B3) wajib dikelola dengan

baik sesuai peraturan yang berlaku.

Sentra kegiatan peleburan logam ini bahan bakunya

memakai limbah B3: slag timah putih, accu bekas,

timah hitam, limbah handpohe serta limbah scrap

logam yang terkontaminasi limbah B3 lainnya. Produk

yang dihasilkan berupa ingot timah, kuningan, dan

alumunium. Berdasarkan data dari dokumen Amdal

2007, tercatat 300 orang terlibat dalam peleburan

logam pengrajin galvanis, elektroplating, pembuatan

arde listrik dan sebagainya. Saat ini, yang aktif ada

sekitar 150 orang.

Lokasi tersebut memiliki radius antara 25 m – 75 m dari

fasilitas umum dan sosial. Dalam proses produksinya,

UKM memakai teknologi yang sangat sederhana, tanpa

dilengkapi fasilitas pengendalian pencemaran (udara dan

air). Limbah B3 yang dihasilkan ditimbun dan dibuang ke

lingkungan begitu saja selama bertahun-tahun.

Melihat kondisi itu, KLH bersama BLH Kabupaten Tegal,

perguruan tinggi dan lembaga swadaya masyarakat,

melakukan kajian dampak limbah B3 yang ditimbun

terhadap air tanah. Kajian juga dilakukan bagi

kesehatan masyarakat dari peleburan logam itu.

A 2011 Ministry of Environment assessment on a small-scale metal-smelting center in the village of Pesarean, Adiwerna District, Tegal, Central Java illustrates the need for proper management of hazardous and toxic (B3) waste in accordance with existing regulations.

The metal-smelting center uses B3 waste such as zinc slag, used car batteries, lead, disposed cell phones and scrap metal contaminated with other B3 waste as raw material and produces zinc, brass and aluminum ingots. A 2007 EIA document showed that 300 craftsmen working at the center were offering galvanizing and electroplating services as well as producing earth-electrodes and other equipment. Today about 150 workers remain.

The center is located within 25 m to 75 m from public and social facilities. Its production processes use very simple technologies and neglect pollution control (air and water) entirely. Any B3 waste generated has been dumped and disposed off carelessly for many years.

In view of this condition, the Ministry of Environment together with the Tegal Regency Environmental Agency, universities and NGOs launched a study to assess the impact of the dumped B3 waste on ground water. A concurrent study focused on the health of people living in proximity to the metal-smelting center.


256

Hasil kajian air tanah (hidrogeologi)

• Kondisi air tanah di Pesarean dan sekitarnya

menunjukkan adanya parameter logam Zn, Cu dan Pb

yang melebihi baku mutu air minum yang ditetapkan

pemerintah.

• Volume limbah B3 yang ditimbun dan menjadi

sumber pencemaran air tanah mencapai 16.200

meter kubik.

Hasil kajian kesehatan

• Hasil pemeriksaan kadar Timbal (Pb) menunjukkan

terdapat peningkatkan kadar Timbal (Pb) :

• Terhadap 9,8 persen responden, kadar Timbal (Pb)

darah yang berbahaya (>30 µg/dL).

• Terhadap 22 persen responden memiliki kadar

Timbal (Pb) yang memerlukan perhatian medis

(>10 µg/dL - <30 µg/dL).

• Hasil pemeriksaan kadar Timbal (Pb) darah <1 µg/

dL terdapat pada 198 (49,5 persen) responden.

Hal ini menunjukkan total responden yang harus

mendapat perhatian penanganan lebih lanjut

sebanyak 31,8 persen.

• Terdapat gejala dan tanda kelainan fisis yang sesuai

dengan keracunan Timbal (Pb) pada responden yang

diteliti, yaitu: gangguan pencernaan 82,5 persen;

gangguan neuromuskuler 56,5 persen; conjungtiva

anemis 26,8 persen; gangguan reproduksi 25 persen;

dan pucat 5 persen.

Kajian memberikan informasi tentang burukanya

pengelolaan limbah B3 yang dilakukan UKM. Hal ini

memberikan potret: masyarakat belum begitu peduli

untuk mendapatkan lingkungan yang sehat lantaran

upaya pemenuhan ekonomi tanpa diimpangi dengan

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang baik. Berdasarkan

kajian ini, KLH bersama dengan pemerintah kabupaten

Tegal akan melakukan upaya pemulihan dan relokasi

kegiatan, sehingga dapat mengurangi dampak

pencemaran yang lebih luas.

Results of the study on ground water- Ground water in Pesarean and its surrounding area

showed levels of Zn, Cu and Pb that were above the quality standard for drinking water set by the government.

- The volume of B3 waste that was dumped and became a source of ground water contamination amounted to 16,200 cubic meters.

Results of study on public health• Lead (Pb) blood level testing gave the following

results- 9.8 percent of respondents had dangerously

high lead blood levels (>30 µg/dL)- 22 percent of respondents had lead blood levels

that required medical attention (>10 µg/dL - <30 µg/dL).

- 49.5 percent of respondents had lead blood levels of <1 µg/dL. This meant that 31.8 percent of respondents were in need of further treatment.

• Respondents also showed symptoms and signs of physical abnormalities that corresponded with lead (Pb) poisoning. 82.5 percent suffered from indigestion, 56.5 percent experienced neuromuscular disorders, 26.8 percent had anemic conjunctiva, 25 percent complained about reproductive disorders, and 5 percent were anemic.

The studies provided information about the inadequate management of B3 waste by the metal-smelting center. They showed that the public in general is more concerned about making a living than about maintaining a healthy environment. Based on these studies, the Ministry of Environment in cooperation with the Regency of Tegal will conduct rehabilitation and relocation efforts to prevent further pollution.


257

Drums filled with Hazardous substancesTong-tong tempat penyimpanan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan BeracunPhoto Foto: Documentation of Ministry of EnvironmentDok. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND MANAGEMENT CAPACITY5

KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN DAN KAPASITAS PENGELOLAANNYA

Environmental Quality and Management Capacity5

260

Bab-bab sebelumnya telah menyajikan

status lingkungan hidup, kapasitas

pengelolaan, dan upaya yang berpihak

kepada lingkungan hidup. Walaupun

berbagai upaya sudah dilakukan dan

sedang dilakukan pemerintah bersama

para pemangku kepentingan, secara

umum status lingkungan hidup Indonesia

masih memprihatinkan.

Di balik status yang belum menggembirakan, ada

keyakinan kualitas lingkungan hidup berkaitan erat

dengan kapasitas pengelolaannya. Karena itu, bab ini

akan menyajikan keterkaitan kedua aspek tersebut.

Bab ini juga akan melihat potensi tekanan di masa

depan yang perlu diantisipasi, agar lingkungan hidup

tidak bertambah buruk. Bagian terakhir bab ini berisi

paparan pengembangan kapasitas pengelolaan yang

diperlukan, untuk mengatasi tantangan ke depan.

The previous chapters have presented environmental status, management capacity, and efforts in favor of the environment. Although various measures have been and are being carried out by the government and the stakeholders, Indonesia’s environmental status still needs improvement.

Behind this status, environmental quality is closely related to its management capacity. This chapter will discuss the relationship between the two aspects in depth and will also highlight potential pressures in the future that need to be anticipated to prevent further degradation. The last part of the chapter contains explanations on the management capacity required to overcome the challenges ahead.

KONDISI SAAT INICURRENT CONDITIONS

Berbagai catatan menurunnya kualitas lingkungan

hidup masih sering didengar oleh publik. Merespon

tantangan tersebut, pemerintah bersama para pihak

terkait, terus berupaya keras. Upaya tersebut terbagi

dua, yaitu: memulihkan lingkungan yang menurun,

serta menjaga lingkungan yang tersisa sebagai

warisan masa depan. Walaupun berbagai upaya telah

menghasilkan hal-hal positif, kapasitas pengelolaan

tampaknya belum memadai untuk mengatasi degradasi

lingkungan.

Pada 2009 – 2011 Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

mengevaluasi kondisi lingkungan di semua provinsi

berdasarkan kualitas udara, kualitas air dan tutupan

hutan (Tabel 5.1). Hasilnya memperlihatkan lingkungan

yang buruk, dengan indeks kualitas lingkungan hidup

(IKLH) yang rendah di provinsi-provinsi di Pulau Jawa.

Sementara itu, hanya empat provinsi yang memiliki

IKLH yang relatif baik, yaitu Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Bali

dan Sulawesi Tengah.

Tingkat kapasitas pemerintah dalam mengelola

lingkungan hidup harus diukur dari berbagai aspek

dan komponen dengan rangkaian data dan informasi

The decline of environmental quality is a public concern. The government and other related parties have been working continuously to respond to those challenges. Their efforts include two aspects: restoring deteriorating environment while preserving the rest for the next generations to inherit. Although some of the efforts have had positive results, the management capacity seems to be inadequate to address the issue of environmental degradation.

In 2009-2011, the Ministry of Environment evaluated the environmental condition in all provinces based on the quality of air, water, and land cover (Table 5.1). The results indicated environments on Java had relatively low quality, with low environmental quality indexes (IKLH). On the other hand, there were only 4 provinces that had environments with relatively good quality, namely Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Bali and Southeast Sulawesi.

The government’s capacity level in environmental management should be measured by various aspects and components with time series data and information sequences. However, relative descriptions can be

5Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya

261

yang cukup panjang. Untuk memberi gambaran relatif

dapat memakai data yang ada, dengan tetap merujuk

pada peraturan yang berlaku pada umumnya. Dari data

yang ada, direkapitulasi tingkat kapasitas pemerintah

provinsi dalam mengelola lingkungan hidup. Kapasitas

diwakili lima komponen: bentuk lembaga, anggaran,

peraturan daerah, sumber daya manusia dan sarana-

prasarana.

• Bentuk lembaga ideal untuk pengelola lingkungan

hidup adalah badan, karena mandiri, punya fungsi

operasional dan koordinasi.

• Anggaran merupakan rasio perbandingan anggaran

fungsi lingkungan hidup dan APDB total provinsi.

• Peraturan daerah dilihat dari sisi kelengkapan

peraturan yang mengatur isu lingkungan hidup.

Bila ada lebih dari satu peraturan mengatur isu

lingkungan hidup—misalnya air, hanya dihitung

satu.

• Sumberdaya manusia diwakili pemegang sertifikasi

kompetensi penyusunan AMDAL dan Pejabat

Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah.

• Sarana-prasarana diwakili jumlah laboratorium

terakreditasi dan teregistrasi, status lingkungan

hidup daerah—baik jumlah yang telah disusun

maupun kualitasnya, serta sistem pengoperasian

tempat pemrosesan akhir (TPA) sampah. Dalam hal

TPA, idealnya sistem sanitary landfill. Asumsinya:

sistem controlled landfill sudah sekitar 50 persen

diupayakan menjadi sanitary landfill, sedangkan

open dumping dilihat belum ada upaya atau sama

dengan 0 persen.

Untuk menggambarkan tingkat kapasitas provinsi

dilakukan pendekatan relatif. Dari sebaran jumlah angka

setiap komponen dihitung reratanya. Dari angka rerata

itu, dibuat 5 rentang klasifikasi: rerata, di atas dan di

bawah rerata, serta jauh di atas dan di bawah rata-rata.

Kemudian dilakukan pembobotan sebagai berikut: 1

untuk jauh di bawah rerata; 2 untuk di bawah rerata;

3 untuk rerata; 4 untuk di atas rata-rata; dan 5, jauh

di atas rata-rata. Setiap komponen yang masuk dalam

rentang, kemudian diberi bobot dan diakumulasikan,

sehingga setiap provinsi memiliki poin.

Kapasitas pengelolaan dinilai dari 5 aspek, yaitu:

lembaga, anggaran, peraturan daerah, sumber daya

manusia dan sarana prasarana; dimana masing-masing

aspek memiliki bobot 20%. Aspek sumber daya manusia

dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu sertifikasi, Pusat

Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah serta diklatnya.

Bagian sarana dan prasarana juga terdiri dari 3 bagian,

provided using existing data while still referring to generally applicable rules. Existing data are then recapitulated at provincial government’s capacity level in environmental management. This capacity is represented by five components: institutional form, budget, regional regulations, human resources, and infrastructure. • The ideal institutional form for environmental

management is agency as it is independent and has operational and coordinative functions.

• Budget is the ratio of environmental function budget and a province’s total regional revenue and expenditure (APBD).

• Regional regulations are viewed from the comprehensiveness of regulations that address environmental issues. In cases when there is more than one regulation on environmental issues - water, for example - only one prevails.

• Human resources are represented by the holder of the certificate of competence in environmental impact analysis (EIA) formulation and the Regional Environmental Inspector.

• Infrastructure is represented by the number of accredited and integrated laboratories, regional state of environment reports -– in terms of both the number of reports and their evaluation scores - and the operation system of landfills. Regarding landfills, the ideal system would be sanitary landfills. This is based on the assumption that: around 50 percent of the controlled landfill system has been transformed into sanitary landfills, while the open dumping system shows no progress or stands at 0 percent.

A relative approach is used to describe the level of provincial capacity. Average numbers are calculated from the distribution of numbers in each component. Based on the average, 5 classification ranges are made: above and below the average, and far above and far below the average. Then, weighting is made as follows: 1 for far below the average; 2 for below the average; 3 for the average; 4 for above the average; and 5 for far above the average. Each component within the range is then weighted and accumulated so that every province receive points.

Management capacity is represented by 5 aspects: institutions, budget, regional regulations, human resources, and infrastructure; each aspect is weighted 20%. The human resources aspect is divided into 3 parts: certification, Regional Environmental Education Center, and its education and training.


262

yaitu laboratorium, laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup

Daerah dan Tempat Pembuangan Akhir. Setiap bagian

dari kedua aspek tersebut mempunyai bobot yang

berbeda. Detail pembobotan selengkapnya dapat

dilihat pada gambar 5.2.

Infrastructure also comprises 3 parts: laboratories, Regional State of Environment Reports, and landfills. Each part of the two aspects has different weight. Details of the weighting can be viewed on Figure 5.2

Table 5.1 Environmental Quality Index in Indonesia 2009-2011 Tabel 5.1 Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2009-2011

Province Provinsi

Environmental Quality Index Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup

Air Pollution Index Indeks

Pencemaran Udara

Forest Cover Index Indeks

Tutupan Hutan

Water Pollution Index Indeks

Pencemaran Air

Average EnvironmentalQuality Index

Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup

rata-rata

Gorontalo Gorontalo 98,04 92,65 94,35 95,01

Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 98,21 95,20 71,21 88,21

Bengkulu Bengkulu 98,29 91,21 83,73 91,08

Lampung Lampung 93,82 65,47 87,87 82,39

Bali Bali 97,60 100,00 72,86 90,00

North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 98,02 83,66 75,30 85,66

West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 98,84 75,71 73,59 82,71

South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 95,26 38,38 88,85 74,17

West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 96,85 92,85 55,82 81,83

West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 97,07 60,34 65,18 74,19

Maluku & North Maluku Maluku Utara 98,17 75,26 58,17 77,20

North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 98,60 58,56 64,70 73,95

East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 97,23 88,15 16,23 67,20

DI. Yogyakarta DI. Yogyakarta 97,86 38,18 58,28 64,77

Papua & West Papua Papua Barat 99,13 81,27 23,37 67,79

West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 97,56 81,26 19,54 66,12

Aceh Aceh 98,61 95,32 22,59 72,17

Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 98,53 13,72 69,81 60,69

Jambi Jambi 98,15 60,42 44,20 67,59

Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 97,70 42,88 19,49 53,35

South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 97,60 73,78 21,76 64,38

South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 98,46 41,62 26,69 55,59

East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 96,59 60,99 18,77 58,78

Riau & Riau Archipelago Kep. Riau 94,48 29,42 38,84 54,25

East Java Jawa Timur 97,86 50,59 14,53 54,33

Southeast Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 98,65 68,42 8,48 58,52

West Java Jawa Barat 97,51 38,72 17,80 51,34

Central Java Jawa Tengah 97,98 32,44 25,29 51,90

Banten Banten 97,11 37,05 14,67 49,61

DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 97,27 2,93 24,65 41,62

Indonesia Indonesia 97,57 62,21 45,89 60,37



263

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264

Figure 5.1.Calculating Weighted Environmental Management CapacityGambar 5.1. Perhitungan Pembobotan Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

Certification Sertifikasi 40%

Education and Training for Regional

Environmental Inspector

Diklat PPLHD 15%

Regional Environmental Inspector PPLHD 45%

Lab 30%

Quantity Jumlah 20%

Quality Kualitas 80%

Landfill TPA 40%

Institutions Lembaga 20%

Budget Anggaran 20%

Regional government regulation Perda 20%

Human resources SDM 20%

Facilities & infrastructure Sarpras 20%

Environmental Management

Capacity Kapasitas

PengelolaanLingkungan Hidup

Regional State of the Environment Reportal SLHD

30%

Perda = Peraturan daerahSDM = Sumber Daya ManusiaSarpras = Sarana dan PrasaranaDiklat PPLHD = Pendidikan dan Latihan Pejabat Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup DaerahPPLHD = Pejabat Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup DaerahSLHD = Status Lingkungan Hidup daerahTPA = Tempat Pembuangan Akhir

Keterangan gambar:

Konsep rekapitulasi kapasitas pengelolaan ini masih

perlu disempurnakan. Karena konsep ini dilakukan

dengan pendekatan relatif, tidak menyatakan baik

atau buruk, tinggi atau rendah, maka tetap dapat diacu

untuk pembandingan antar provinsi.

Matriks Rekapitulasi Kapasitas ini kemudian

disandingkan dengan IKLH untuk mendapatkan

kuadran hubungan antara kualitas lingkungan

dan kapasitas pengelolaannya. Indeks IKLH, yang

telah dilakukan selama tiga tahun, masih memiliki

kelemahan karena kurang sensitif, setiap tahun nilainya

berfluktuasi cukup tajam. Untuk mendapatkan kondisi

yang mendekati kenyataan diambil rerata selama tiga

tahun tersebut.

Hal yang perlu dicatat, IKLH mengacu pada baku mutu

medium. Misalnya, kualitas air mengacu baku mutu klas

II dari Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 82/2001. Artinya,

acuan kualitas air itu bukan yang terbaik, masih ada

kualitas di atasnya, yaitu kelas I (air baku air minum)

dan kualitas air minum.

Atau, kualitas udara yang mengacu baku mutu udara PP

Nomor 41/1999 yang sangat longgar, walau memakai

This concept of management capacity recapitulation still needs to be improved. Nevertheless, as it is based on a relative approach and does not state good or bad and high or low, it can still be referred to for comparisons between provinces.

This Capacity Recapitulation Matrix is then plotted with IKLH to obtain the relationship quadrants between environmental quality and its management capacity. The IKLH index, which has been deployed for three years, still lacks the required sensitivity and produces results that fluctuate from year to year. Because of this, the scores in the index are averaged for three years in order to represent actual conditions more closely.

It is important to note that IKLH refers to medium quality standard. For instance, water quality refers to class II quality standard based on Government Regulation Number 82/2001. This means it is not the best water quality and there is still a better one, which is class I (raw water for drinking water) and drinking water quality.

Air quality refers to the air quality standard



265

standar World Health Organization (WHO). Ini juga

berarti masih ada standar yang lebih baik. Hal serupa

terjadi pada tutupan hutan yang berpatokan pada

Surat Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan. Dengan begitu,

diambil angka median untuk kualitas lingkungan, pada

angka 90.

Kualitas lingkungan di berbagai provinsi itu seiring

dengan kapasitas pemerintah provinsi dalam mengelola

lingkungan—diukur dengan lima komponen di atas

(Tabel 5.2). Gambar 5.1 memberi petunjuk korelasi

antara IKLH yang rendah dengan kapasitas pengelolaan

juga rendah. Memang ada pengecualian di beberapa

provinsi. DKI Jakarta misalnya, memiliki kapasitas

tertinggi, namun IKLH-nya terendah. Begitu juga Jawa

Barat yang kapasitasnya termasuk tinggi—kedua

setelah DKI Jakarta, juga memiliki IKLH yang rendah.

Hal sebaliknya dialami Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Bali dan

Sulawesi Tengah, dengan kapasitas pengelolaan

sedang, namun IKLH tertinggi.

Terlepas dari keadaan khusus itu, Gambar 5.1

memperlihatkan sebuah kecenderungan: IKLH yang

relatif rendah berkorelasi dengan kapasitas pengelolaan

yang rendah pula. Hal itu memberi isyarat: rendahnya

kapasitas pengelolaan menjadi salah satu faktor upaya

pemulihan dan pelestarian sumberdaya alam dan

lingkungan hidup tidak optimal.

according to Government Regulation Number 41/1999 which, although in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, is very lenient. There are higher standards for air quality. The same applies to forest cover, which refers to a Decree of the Minister of Forestry. Therefore, the median value for environmental quality was set at 90.

Environmental quality in different provinces goes along with the capacity of regional governments in environmental management, which is measured by the five components mentioned above (Table 5.2). Figure 5.1 indicates the correlation between low IKLH and low management capacity. However, there are exceptions in certain provinces. DKI Jakarta, for example, has the highest capacity, but the lowest IKLH. The same is true for West Java, which has relatively high capacity - second only to DKI Jakarta, also has low IKLH. The opposite applies to Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Bali, and Southwest Sulawesi, which have medium management capacities, but the highest IKLH.

Despite these special cases, Figure 5.1 suggests a trend that: relatively low IKLH correlates with low management capacity. This also suggests that: low management capacity is one of the factors that undermines the efforts to restore and preserve natural resources and the environment.

Sampah di kali Sunter, Tanjung Priok Jakarta UtaraPhoto Foto: Siswanto


266

Table 5.2 Environmental Management Capacities by Province Tabel 5.2 Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Tingkat Provinsi

No ProvinceProvinsi

Percentage of environmental

institution (Agency) Pengelola

LH Kab/Kota Berbentuk

Badan(%)

Budget Anggaran

(%)

Environmental-related

regulations Peraturan

Daerah Terkait Lingkungan Hidup

Human Resources SDM Infrastructure Sarana-Prasarana

Point

Holder of Environmental Impact Analysis Competence

Certification (SKPA) until March 2013

Pemegang Sertifikasi Kompetensi Penyusunan Amdal (SKPA) s/d maret

2013

PPLH/DAccredited &/

Registered Laboratories

Lab Terakreditasi &/

Teregistrasi

Regional State of Environment

Report SLHDLandfills TPA

Total Regional

Environmental

Inspector

Education and

Training

Total Diklat PPLH/D

Regional

Environmental

Inspector

PPLH/D

Number Jumlah

Quality Kualitas

Sanitary Landfill

(%)

Controlled Landfill

(%)

Open Dumping or unidentified

tidak teridentifikasi(%)

Progress TPA(%)

1 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 100,0 4,66 10 155 35 7 7 10 90,95 0,0 100,0 0,0 50,0 4,66

2 West Java Jawa Barat 66,7 1,02 10 170 96 60 7 7 68,55 0,0 26,7 73,3 13,3 3,97

3 East Java Jawa Timur 59,0 0,33 11 40 41 34 4 6 90,46 23,5 47,1 29,4 47,1 3,56

4 DIY DIY 50,0 0,62 11 15 53 7 2 9 83,86 33,3 16,7 50,0 41,7 3,33

5 North Sumatera Sumatera Utara 55,9 2,90 7 11 73 15 1 8 87,99 0,0 20,0 80,0 10,0 3,21

6 East Kalimantan* Kalimantan Timur* 86,7 0,34 5 39 87 17 3 8 70,05 0,0 25,0 75,0 12,5 3,18

7 Gorontalo Gorontalo 85,7 1,18 6 3 28 3 0 5 62,22 50,0 0,0 50,0 50,0 3,17

8 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 90,0 0,49 4 13 70 26 1 6 78,11 0,0 42,9 57,1 21,4 3,17

9 South Sumatera Sumatera Selatan 75,0 0,23 9 25 18 10 2 9 77,06 0,0 8,3 91,7 4,2 3,15

10 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 66,7 0,41 8 21 62 11 2 4 50,91 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 3,14

11 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 87,5 0,69 5 7 15 11 1 3 49,01 57,1 0,0 42,9 57,1 3,12

12 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 87,5 0,49 5 5 40 23 1 3 69,99 25,0 25,0 50,0 37,5 3,12

13 West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 70,0 0,56 6 2 60 14 1 7 50,56 37,5 25,0 37,5 50,0 3,11

14 East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 90,9 0,56 6 4 76 6 0 4 50,1 20,0 0,0 80,0 20,0 3,07

15 Bengkulu Bengkulu 81,8 0,36 6 5 15 12 0 8 64,03 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 3,04

16 Banten Banten 71,4 0,32 7 19 54 10 2 1 70,09 0,0 40,0 60,0 20,0 3,02

17 Riau Riau 84,6 0,24 5 28 99 15 1 9 53,6 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,99

18 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 91,7 0,56 4 6 45 9 1 4 74,75 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,96

19 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 86,7 0,49 6 19 9 15 0 3 0 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,92

20 Lampung Lampung 60,0 0,29 8 6 22 7 2 11 62,69 0,0 50,0 50,0 25,0 2,90

21 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 78,6 0,45 5 35 44 23 2 5 0 0,0 50,0 50,0 25,0 2,89

22 Bali Bali 50,0 0,65 6 11 50 15 0 10 88,17 27,3 0,0 72,7 27,3 2,88

23 West Sumatera Sumatera Barat 40,0 0,68 9 8 30 14 2 9 90,88 11,1 11,1 77,8 16,7 2,88

24 Central Java Jawa Tengah 58,3 0,35 5 23 115 55 4 9 53,74 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,83

25 North Maluku Maluku Utara 100,0 0,63 5 2 41 6 0 3 0 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,78

26 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 54,2 1,95 4 27 52 11 2 9 69,1 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,78

27 Aceh Aceh 58,3 0,26 7 5 25 12 0 10 82,14 7,1 7,1 85,7 10,7 2,69

28 Jambi Jambi 41,7 0,41 8 6 29 15 1 7 62,56 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,69

29 West Papua Papua Barat 54,5 0,94 6 0 37 65 0 4 49,45 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,67

30 Papua Papua 33,3 0,35 8 3 45 2 1 10 9,67 16,7 0,0 83,3 16,7 2,63

31 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 83,3 1,18 4 0 4 3 0 2 0 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,46

32 Southeast Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 53,8 0,28 5 15 14 7 1 3 45,4 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,39

33 Maluku Maluku 30,0 0,27 4 11 7 3 1 4 6,24 57,1 0,0 42,9 57,1 2,33

Catatan: * Sebelum dimekarkan



267

Table 5.2 Environmental Management Capacities by Province Tabel 5.2 Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Tingkat Provinsi

No ProvinceProvinsi

Percentage of environmental

institution (Agency) Pengelola

LH Kab/Kota Berbentuk

Badan(%)

Budget Anggaran

(%)

Environmental-related

regulations Peraturan

Daerah Terkait Lingkungan Hidup

Human Resources SDM Infrastructure Sarana-Prasarana

Point

Holder of Environmental Impact Analysis Competence

Certification (SKPA) until March 2013

Pemegang Sertifikasi Kompetensi Penyusunan Amdal (SKPA) s/d maret

2013

PPLH/DAccredited &/

Registered Laboratories

Lab Terakreditasi &/

Teregistrasi

Regional State of Environment

Report SLHDLandfills TPA

Total Regional

Environmental

Inspector

Education and

Training

Total Diklat PPLH/D

Regional

Environmental

Inspector

PPLH/D

Number Jumlah

Quality Kualitas

Sanitary Landfill

(%)

Controlled Landfill

(%)

Open Dumping or unidentified

tidak teridentifikasi(%)

Progress TPA(%)

1 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 100,0 4,66 10 155 35 7 7 10 90,95 0,0 100,0 0,0 50,0 4,66

2 West Java Jawa Barat 66,7 1,02 10 170 96 60 7 7 68,55 0,0 26,7 73,3 13,3 3,97

3 East Java Jawa Timur 59,0 0,33 11 40 41 34 4 6 90,46 23,5 47,1 29,4 47,1 3,56

4 DIY DIY 50,0 0,62 11 15 53 7 2 9 83,86 33,3 16,7 50,0 41,7 3,33

5 North Sumatera Sumatera Utara 55,9 2,90 7 11 73 15 1 8 87,99 0,0 20,0 80,0 10,0 3,21

6 East Kalimantan* Kalimantan Timur* 86,7 0,34 5 39 87 17 3 8 70,05 0,0 25,0 75,0 12,5 3,18

7 Gorontalo Gorontalo 85,7 1,18 6 3 28 3 0 5 62,22 50,0 0,0 50,0 50,0 3,17

8 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 90,0 0,49 4 13 70 26 1 6 78,11 0,0 42,9 57,1 21,4 3,17

9 South Sumatera Sumatera Selatan 75,0 0,23 9 25 18 10 2 9 77,06 0,0 8,3 91,7 4,2 3,15

10 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 66,7 0,41 8 21 62 11 2 4 50,91 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 3,14

11 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 87,5 0,69 5 7 15 11 1 3 49,01 57,1 0,0 42,9 57,1 3,12

12 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 87,5 0,49 5 5 40 23 1 3 69,99 25,0 25,0 50,0 37,5 3,12

13 West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 70,0 0,56 6 2 60 14 1 7 50,56 37,5 25,0 37,5 50,0 3,11

14 East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 90,9 0,56 6 4 76 6 0 4 50,1 20,0 0,0 80,0 20,0 3,07

15 Bengkulu Bengkulu 81,8 0,36 6 5 15 12 0 8 64,03 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 3,04

16 Banten Banten 71,4 0,32 7 19 54 10 2 1 70,09 0,0 40,0 60,0 20,0 3,02

17 Riau Riau 84,6 0,24 5 28 99 15 1 9 53,6 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,99

18 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 91,7 0,56 4 6 45 9 1 4 74,75 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,96

19 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 86,7 0,49 6 19 9 15 0 3 0 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,92

20 Lampung Lampung 60,0 0,29 8 6 22 7 2 11 62,69 0,0 50,0 50,0 25,0 2,90

21 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 78,6 0,45 5 35 44 23 2 5 0 0,0 50,0 50,0 25,0 2,89

22 Bali Bali 50,0 0,65 6 11 50 15 0 10 88,17 27,3 0,0 72,7 27,3 2,88

23 West Sumatera Sumatera Barat 40,0 0,68 9 8 30 14 2 9 90,88 11,1 11,1 77,8 16,7 2,88

24 Central Java Jawa Tengah 58,3 0,35 5 23 115 55 4 9 53,74 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,83

25 North Maluku Maluku Utara 100,0 0,63 5 2 41 6 0 3 0 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,78

26 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 54,2 1,95 4 27 52 11 2 9 69,1 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,78

27 Aceh Aceh 58,3 0,26 7 5 25 12 0 10 82,14 7,1 7,1 85,7 10,7 2,69

28 Jambi Jambi 41,7 0,41 8 6 29 15 1 7 62,56 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,69

29 West Papua Papua Barat 54,5 0,94 6 0 37 65 0 4 49,45 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,67

30 Papua Papua 33,3 0,35 8 3 45 2 1 10 9,67 16,7 0,0 83,3 16,7 2,63

31 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 83,3 1,18 4 0 4 3 0 2 0 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,46

32 Southeast Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 53,8 0,28 5 15 14 7 1 3 45,4 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2,39

33 Maluku Maluku 30,0 0,27 4 11 7 3 1 4 6,24 57,1 0,0 42,9 57,1 2,33

Catatan: * Sebelum dimekarkan



268

POTENSI TEKANAN DAN ISU LINGKUNGAN DI MASA DEPAN

POTENTIAL PRESSURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE FUTURE

Sebaran dan Pertumbuhan Penduduk

Population Distribution and Growth

Kondisi lingkungan hidup yang masih memprihatinkan

saat ini berpotensi memburuk. Tidak mengejutkan,

karena berbagai faktor penekan punya kecenderungan

meningkat di masa depan. Beberapa faktor penekan

yang berpotensi meningkat—atau relatif tetap—di

masa depan, antara lain pertumbuhan penduduk dan

kemiskinan; alih fungsi lahan; pertumbuhan sektor

transportasi dan energi; dan rendahnya persepsi

masyarakat tentang lingkungan.

Apparently, environmental conditions at the moment are declining and various pressure factors are also increasing in the future. Some of those factors expected to rise - or stay relatively steady - in the future are population growth and poverty, land use change, transportation and energy growth, and negative perspective of the community about the environment.

Karakteristik kependudukan Indonesia ditandai dengan

sebaran yang tidak merata dan laju pertumbuhan yang

relatif tinggi. Hingga 2010, Pulau Jawa yang hanya

seluas 6,77 persen wilayah negeri ini, dihuni 138,09 juta

jiwa atau 57,4 persen penduduk Indonesia. Sementara

itu, Papua yang luasnya 21,77 persen dari luas daratan

Indonesia, hanya didiami 3,69 juta jiwa atau 1,5 persen

penduduk (Tabel 5.3).

Proyeksi Badan Pusat Statistik, Bappenas, dan

UNPF (2012a) mengabarkan, walau rata-rata laju

pertumbuhan diduga turun dari 1,29 persen pada 2000

- 2005, menjadi 0,95 persen pada 2020 - 2025 (Tabel

5.4), penduduk Indonesia akan meningkat dari 240,673

juta pada 2000, menjadi 284,315 juta pada 2025. Pada

2025, sekitar 55,5 persen dari total proyeksi penduduk

tersebut akan tinggal di Pulau Jawa.

Meningkatnya jumlah penduduk di masa depan,

terutama kurun 2025 - 2035, akan menciptakan ‘Bonus

Demografi’. Tingginya penduduk usia muda pada

periode itu dapat menjadi kekuatan sumberdaya

manusia untuk pembangunan ekonomi. Hanya saja, jika

tidak dikelola dengan baik, pertambahan penduduk

ini dapat menjadi bumerang bagi pertumbuhan

ekonomi dan lingkungan hidup. Bersama faktor-faktor

lain, pertumbuhan penduduk yang tidak terkelola

baik akan meningkatkan beban tekanan terhadap

lingkungan. Dengan persebaran yang tidak seimbang,

pertambahan penduduk di wilayah tertentu, terutama

Jawa, berimbas pada menurunnya daya dukung dan

daya lenting lingkungan.

Indonesia’s population is characterized by uneven distribution and relatively high growth rate. Until 2010, the Island of Java, the area of which only covers 6.77 percent of this country, is occupied by 138.09 million people or 57.4 percent of the total population. Papua, on the other hand, which covers 21.77 percent of Indonesian land, is only populated by 3.69 million people or 1.5 percent of the total population (Table 5.3).

Projection by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), Bappenas, and UNPF (2012a) reveals that, although average growth rate is expected to decline from 1.29 percent in 2000 - 2005 to 0.95 percent in 2020 - 2025 (Table 5.4), Indonesia’s population will increase from 240.673 million in 2000 to 284.315 million in 2025. In 2025, approximately 55.5 percent of the total projected population will live on the Island of Java.

Population increase in the future, particularly during the period between 2025 and 2035, will create a “Demographic Bonus”. The large number of young population in that period may mean power of human resources for economic development. However, if not managed properly, this population increase could negatively affect economic and environmental development. Along with other factors, improperly managed population growth will increase the pressure on the environment. Uneven distribution of population growth in certain areas, especially Java, has contributed to deterioration of environmental support and resilience capacity.


269

Photo by courtesyFoto: Istimewa


270

Table 5.3 Population Growth by Province 2010-2035Tabel 5.3 Pertumbuhan Penduduk Menurut Provinsi 2010-2035

No Province Provinsi 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 20351. Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Aceh 4.554 4.978 5.377 5.734 6.045 6.314

2. North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 13.151 13.889 14.521 15049 15.467 15.764

3. West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 4.908 5.180 5.434 5.672 5.890 6.077

4. Riau Riau 5.610 6.356 7.096 7.827 8.554 9.273

5. Jambi Jambi 3.132 3.447 3.738 4.000 4.235 4.443

6. South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 7.547 8.081 8.548 8.941 9.259 9.505

7. Bengkulu Bengkulu 1.738 1.890 2.028 2.150 2.255 2.343

8. Lampung Lampung 7.706 8.121 8.467 8.735 8.922 9.028

9. Bangka Belitung Island Kepulauan Bangka Belitung 1.239 1.382 1.521 1.652 1.776 1.895

10. Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 1.802 2.123 2.421 2.695 2.970 3.270

Sumatra Island Pulau Sumatera 51.387 55.447 59.151 62.455 65.373 67.912

11. DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 9.787 10.277 10.694 11.037 11.268 11.381

12. West Java Jawa Barat 43.740 47.028 50.065 52.811 55.217 57.024

13. Central Java Jawa Tengah 32.789 33.943 34.938 35.824 36.537 36.962

14. D I Yogyakarta D I Yogyakarta 3.501 3.710 3.907 4.080 4.228 4.351

15. East Java Jawa Timur 37.502 38.842 40.025 40.931 41.512 41.747

16. Banten Banten 10.770 11.955 13.087 14.125 15.049 15.856

Java Island Pulau Jawa 138.089 145.755 152.716 158.808 163.811 167.501

17. Bali Bali 3.939 4.168 4.369 4.549 4.711 4.845

18. West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 4.558 4.859 5.121 5.340 5.515 5.649

19. East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 4.744 5.129 5.514 5.914 6.325 6.736

bali Island & Nusa Tenggara Pulau Bali & Nusa Tenggara 13.241 14.156 15.004 15.803 16.551 17.230

20. West Kalimantam Kalimantan Barat 4.451 4.785 5.090 5.362 5.598 5.790

21. Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 2.240 2.520 2.796 3.062 3.315 3.554

22. South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 3.673 3.956 4.210 4.432 4.622 4.778

23. East Kalimantan* Kalimantan Timur* 3.599 4.093 4.575 5.043 5.506 5.966

Kalimantan Island Pulau Kalimantan 13.963 15.354 16.671 17.899 19.041 20.088

24. North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 2.299 2.458 2.600 2.726 2.832 2.921

25. Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 2.668 2.893 3.107 3.310 3.502 3.676

26. South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 8.137 8.546 8.906 9.209 9.444 9.603

27. Southeast Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 2.261 2.499 2.732 2.961 3.183 3.395

28. Gorontalo Gorontalo 1.053 1.134 1.210 1.283 1.349 1.406

29. West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 1.173 1.283 1.396 1.513 1.632 1.748

Sulawesi Island Pulau Sulawesi 17.591 18.813 19.951 21.002 21.942 22.749

30. Maluku Maluku 1.553 1.688 1.817 1.943 2.065 2.182

31. North Maluku Maluku Utara 1.160 1.297 1.418 1.528 1.622 1.702

Maluku Island Kepulauan Maluku 2.713 2.985 3.235 3.471 3.687 3.884

32. West Papua Papua Barat 820 929 1.042 1.150 1.258 1.369

33. Papua Papua 2.869 3.182 3.467 3.727 3.961 4.163

Papua Island Pulau Papua 3.689 4.111 4.509 4.877 5.219 5.532

TOTAL 240.673 256.621 271.237 284.315 295.624 304.896

Source: National Development Planning Agency, Central Statistics Agencys, United Nations Population Fund (2012)Note* Before provincial proliferation

Sumber: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Badan Pusat Statistik, UNPF (2012)Catatan * Sebelum pemekaran provinsi


271

Table 5.4.Population Growth Rate by Province 2010-2035Tabel 5.4. Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk Menurut Provinsi 2010-2035

No. Province Provinsi 2010-2015 2015-2020 2020-2025 2025-2030 2030-2035

1. Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Aceh 1,80 1,55 1,29 1,06 0,87

2. North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 1,10 0,89 0,72 0,55 0,38

3. West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 1,08 0,96 0,86 0,76 0,63

4. Riau Riau 2,53 2,23 1,98 1,79 1,63

5. Jambi Jambi 1,94 1,63 1,36 1,15 0,96

6. South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 1,38 1,13 0,90 0,70 0,53

7. Bengkulu Bengkulu 1,69 1,42 1,18 0,96 0,77

8. Lampung Lampung 1,05 0,84 0,63 0,42 0,24

9. Bangka Belitung Island Kepulauan Bangka Belitung 2,21 1,94 1,67 1,46 1,31

10. Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 3,33 2,66 2,17 1,96 1,94

Sumatra Island Pulau Sumatera 1,53 1,30 1,09 0,90 0,76

11. DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 0.98 0,80 0,63 0,42 0,20

12. West Java Jawa Barat 1,46 1,26 1,07 0,90 0,71

13. Central Java Jawa Tengah 0,69 0,58 0,50 0,39 0,23

14. D I Yogyakarta D I Yogyakarta 1,17 1,04 0,87 0,72 0,58

15. East Java Jawa Timur 0,70 0,60 0,45 0,28 0,11

16. Banten Banten 2,11 1,83 1,54 1,28 1,05

Java Island Pulau Jawa 1,09 0,94 0,79 0,62 0,45

17. Bali Bali 1,14 0,95 0,81 0,70 0,56

18. West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 1,29 1,06 0,84 0,65 0,48

19. East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 1,57 1,46 1,41 1,35 1,27

bali Island & Nusa Tenggara Pulau Bali & Nusa Tenggara 1,35 1,17 1,04 0,93 0,81

20. West Kalimantam Kalimantan Barat 1,46 1,24 1,07 1,87 0,68

21. Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 2,38 2,10 1,83 1,60 1,40

22. South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 1,50 1,25 1,03 0,84 0,67

23. East Kalimantan* Kalimantan Timur* 2,61 2,25 1,97 1,77 1,62

Kalimantan Island Pulau Kalimantan 1,92 1,66 1,43 1,24 1,08

24. North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 1,35 1,13 0,95 0,77 0,62

25. Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 1,63 1,44 1,27 1,13 0,97

26. South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 0,99 0,83 0,67 0,51 0,33

27. Southeast Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 2,02 1,80 1,62 1,46 1,30

28. Gorontalo Gorontalo 1,49 1,31 1,18 1,01 0,83

29. West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 1,81 1,70 1,62 1,52 1,38

Sulawesi Island Pulau Sulawesi 1,35 1,18 1,03 0,88 0,72

30. Maluku Maluku 1,68 1,48 1,35 1,23 1,11

31. North Maluku Maluku Utara 2,26 1,80 1,51 1,20 0,97

Maluku Island Kepulauan Maluku 1,93 1,62 1,42 1,21 1,05

32. West Papua Papua Barat 2,53 2,32 1,99 1,81 1,71

33. Papua Papua 2,09 1,73 1,46 1,23 1,00

Papua Island Pulau Papua 2,19 1,87 1,58 1,36 1,17

TOTAL 1,29 1,11 0,95 0,78 0,62

Source: National Development Planning Agency, Central Statistics Agencys, United Nations Population Fund (2012)Note* Before provincial proliferationSumber: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Badan Pusat Statistik, UNPF (2012)Catatan * Sebelum pemekaran provinsi


272

KemiskinanPoverty

Hubungan antara kemiskinan dengan degradasi

lingkungan telah lama menjadi perdebatan. Kemiskinan

dianggap penyebab memburuknya lingkungan, namun

di sisi lain, bukan sebagai faktor utama degradasi

lingkungan. Bahkan ada pendapat, justru lingkungan

yang terdegradasi yang melahirkan kemiskinan. Dalam

kasus tertentu, tidak dapat diingkari kemiskinan adalah

salah satu faktor penyumbang menurunnya kualitas

lingkungan. Kemiskinan dan kerusakan lingkungan

hidup berada dalam lingkaran sebab-akibat yang tidak

jelas awal-mulanya (vicious cycle). Kemiskinan dapat

memicu kerusakan lingkungan, sebaliknya lingkungan

yang rusak juga bisa menyebabkan kemiskinan.

Data kemiskinan Indonesia menyajikan tendensi

penurunan persentase penduduk miskin: dari 16,66

persen pada Februari 2004, menjadi 11,66 persen

pada September 2012 (Gambar 5.3). Lepas dari tren

penurunan tersebut, secara absolut 28,59 juta penduduk

hidup di bawah garis kecukupan/kemiskinan yang

ditetapkan pemerintah. Besarnya jumlah penduduk

miskin, bersama faktor lain, berpotensi menambah

Relationship between poverty and environmental degradation has long been debated. The debate comprises two sides: poverty is considered to be the cause of environmental deterioration; while on the other hand, it is not the main factor in environmental degradation. Some people even argue that degrading environment is actually the culprit of poverty. Despite the debate, in certain cases, it is undeniable that poverty is one of the factors that contribute to the decline in environmental quality. It seems that poverty and environmental damage are locked in a clausal loop with unknown origin (vicious cycle). Poverty may also trigger damage to environment, while damaged environment may also cause poverty.

Poverty data in Indonesia present a tendency of decline in the percentage of poor people: from 16.66 percent in February 2004 to 11.66 percent in September 2012 (Figure 5.3). Despite the declining trend, there are 28.59 million people living below the adequacy/poverty line set by the government.

Photo by courtesyFoto : istimewa


273

tekanan terhadap kelestarian sumberdaya alam dan

lingkungan hidup.

Secara umum, jumlah dan persentase warga miskin

berfluktuasi selama periode 1996 - 2012. Sempat

menurun selama 2000 – 2005, kemudian meningkat

pada 2006, dan kembali turun pada 2007 - 2012. Pada

periode 1996-1999, karena krisis ekonomi, jumlah

warga miskin meningkat 13,96 juta jiwa—dari 34,01

juta (17,47 persen) pada 1996, menjadi 47,97 (23,43

persen) pada 1999. Dengan standar kemiskinan yang

disempurnakan, jumlah itu terus berkurang hingga

29,13 juta jiwa (11,96 persen) pada Maret 2012. Bila

dibandingkan dengan Maret 2011, angka kemiskinan

berkurang 0,89 juta orang (0,53 persen), dari jumlah

30,02 juta orang (12,49 persen).

Selama Maret 2011 – Maret 2012, penduduk miskin

di perkotaan berkurang 399,5 ribu orang—dari 11,05

juta orang pada Maret 2011, menjadi 10,65 juta orang

pada Maret 2012. Sementara di perdesaan berkurang

487 ribu orang—dari 18,97 juta orang pada Maret 2011

menjadi 18,48 juta orang pada Maret 2012. Persentase

penduduk miskin di daerah perkotaan pada Maret 2011

sebesar 9,23 persen, menurun 8,78 persen pada Maret

2012. Begitu juga penduduk miskin di perdesaan, dari

15,72 persen pada Maret 2011 menjadi 15,12 persen

pada Maret 2012.

The large number of poor people as well as other factors may potentially increase the pressure on natural resources and environmental preservation.

In general, the number and percentage of poor people were fluctuating during 1996 - 2012 period. It declined during 2000 - 2005, then it went back up in 2006, and declined again in 2007 - 2012. During the 1996-1999 period, due to economic crisis, the number of poor people increased by 13.96 million people - from 34.01 million (17.47 percent) in 1996 to 47.97 million (23.43 percent) in 1999. With improved poverty standard, the number kept declining to 29.13 million people (11.96 percent) in March 2012. Compared to March 2011, the poverty rate declined by 0.89 million people (0.53 percent), from 30.02 million people (12.49 percent). From March 2011 - March 2012, the number of poor people in the cities declined by 399.5 thousand people - from 11.05 million people in March 2011 to 10.65 million people in March 2012. In rural areas, the number of poor people declined by 487 thousand people - from 18.97 million people in March 2011 to 18.48 million people in March 2012. Poor people in urban areas in March 2011 were 9.23 percent of the population, and declined to 8.78 percent in March 2012. Poor people in rural areas also declined in numbers, from 15.72 percent in March 2011 to 15.12 percent in March 2012.

Figure 5.3 Poverty in Indonesia, 2004-2012 Gambar 5.3. Perkembangan Kemiskinan di Indonesia, 2004-2012

Feb 04 Feb 05 Mar 06 Mar 07 Mar 08 Mar 09 Mar 10 Mar 11 Sept 11 Mar 12 Sept 12

36,10 35,10

16,66 15,9717,75 16,58

15,42 14,15 13,33 12,49 12,36 11,96 11,66

39,3037,17

34,9632,53 31,02 30,02 29,89 29,13 28,59

Persentase (PO)

Penduduk Miskin(Juta)

Percentage (PO)

The Poor (million)

Source: Based on data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (NSES) Sumber: Diolah dari data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas)

Tabl

e 5.

5. P

over

ty S

ever

ity

Inde

x (P

2) b

y Pr

ovin

ce, S

epte

mbe

r 201

2 T

abel

5.5

. Ind

eks K

epar

ahan

Kem

iski

nan

(P2)

Men

urut

Pro

vins

i, Se

ptem

ber 2

012

Prov

ince

Pr

ovin

si

Num

ber o

f Poo

r Peo

ple

Jum

lah

Pend

uduk

Mis

kin

(000

)Po

or p

eopl

e (p

erce

nt)

Pend

uduk

Mis

kin

( per

sen)

Pove

rty

Line

G

aris

Kem

iski

nan

(Rp)

P1 (

perc

ent p

erse

n)P2

( pe

rcen

t per

sen)

City

Ko

taVi

llage

Des

a

City

+

Villa

geKo

ta +

Des

a

City

Ko

taVi

llage

Des

a

City

+

Villa

geKo

ta

+Des

a

City

Ko

taVi

llage

Des

a

City

+

Villa

geKo

ta

+Des

a

City

Ko

taVi

llage

Des

a

City

+

Villa

geKo

ta

+Des

a

City

Ko

taVi

llage

Des

a

City

+

Villa

geKo

ta

+Des

a

Aceh

Aceh

165,

4071

1,10

876,

6012

,47

20,9

718

,58

352.

056

310.

089

321.

893

1,44

3,71

3,07

0,27

1,04

0,83

Nor

th S

umat

raSu

mat

era

Uta

ra66

9,40

709,

101,

378,

4010

,28

10,5

310

,41

295.

080

249.

165

271.

738

2,04

1,61

1,82

0,63

0,38

0,50

Wes

t Sum

atra

Sum

ater

a Ba

rat

124,

3027

3,60

397,

906,

458,

998,

0032

1.12

827

3.65

529

2.05

21,

131,

301,

240,

300,

320,

31

Riau

Riau

156,

4032

4,90

481,

306,

688,

948,

0533

3.93

329

5.58

231

0.60

30,

971,

231,

130,

200,

280,

25

Jam

biJa

mbi

105,

3016

4,70

270,

1010

,53

7,29

8,28

328.

504

248.

812

273.

267

2,37

0,93

1,37

0,92

0,22

0,44

Sout

h Su

mat

raSu

mat

era

Sela

tan

367,

6067

4,40

1,04

2,00

13,2

913

,58

13,4

829

6.93

323

8.90

125

9.66

82,

041,

751,

850,

500,

390,

43

Beng

kulu

Beng

kulu

92,7

021

7,80

310,

5016

,89

17,8

017

,51

318.

881

267.

273

283.

252

2,72

3,20

3,05

0,66

0,87

0,80

Lam

pung

Lam

pung

237,

9098

1,10

1,21

9,00

11,8

816

,96

15,6

529

7.42

125

1.20

226

3.08

81,

542,

872,

530,

300,

730,

62

Bang

ka B

elitu

ngBa

ngka

Bel

itung

24,0

046

,20

70,2

03,

736,

965,

3737

4.28

439

0.29

438

2.41

20,

390,

920,

660,

060,

220,

14

Riau

Arc

hipe

lago

K

epul

auan

Ria

u10

6,60

24,6

013

1,20

6,77

7,08

6,83

373.

725

316.

963

363.

450

0,81

0,99

0,85

0,17

0,31

0,19

DKI

Jaka

rta

DKI

Jaka

rta

366,

80 -

366,

803,

700,

003,

7039

2.57

1 -

392.

571

0,56

-0,

560,

15 -

0,15

Wes

t Jav

aJa

wa

Bara

t2.

560,

001.

861,

504,

421,

508,

7112

,13

9,89

249.

170

228.

577

242.

104

1,40

2,05

1,62

0,35

0,54

0,42

Cent

ral J

ava

Jaw

a Te

ngah

1.94

6,50

2.91

6,90

4,86

3,40

13,1

116

,55

14,9

824

5.81

722

3.62

223

3.76

92,

062,

672,

390,

500,

630,

57

DI Y

ogya

kart

aD

I Yog

yaka

rta

306,

5025

5,60

562,

1013

,10

21,2

915

,88

284.

549

241.

975

270.

110

2,29

4,07

2,89

0,58

1,09

0,75

East

Java

Jaw

a Ti

mur

1.60

6,00

3.35

4,60

4,96

0,50

8,90

16,8

813

,08

253.

947

234.

556

243.

783

1,29

2,52

1,93

0,30

0,57

0,44

Bant

enBa

nten

333,

5031

4,80

648,

304,

418,

315,

7126

2.37

122

8.79

425

1.16

10,

771,

300,

950,

240,

360,

28

Bali

Bali

93,2

067

,70

161,

003,

814,

173,

9527

0.02

023

0.38

925

4.22

10,

420,

350,

390,

080,

050,

07

Wes

t Nus

aTe

ngga

raN

usa

Teng

gara

Ba

rat

415,

4041

2,90

828,

3021

,65

15,4

118

,02

274.

879

230.

054

248.

758

4,40

2,34

3,20

1,23

0,54

0,83

East

Nus

a Te

ngga

raN

usa

Teng

gara

Ti

mur

117,

4088

2,90

1,00

0,30

12,2

122

,41

20,4

129

3.90

620

5.08

322

2.50

72,

593,

683,

470,

810,

930,

91

Wes

t Kal

iman

tan

Kalim

anta

n Ba

rat

74,2

028

1,50

355,

705,

499,

047,

9625

4.97

223

2.30

323

9.16

21,

111,

301,

240,

390,

310,

33

Cent

ral K

alim

anta

nKa

liman

tan

Teng

ah32

,30

109,

6014

1,90

4,21

7,19

6,19

274.

222

279.

008

277.

407

0,92

1,16

1,08

0,25

0,27

0,27

Sout

h Ka

liman

tan

Kalim

anta

n Se

lata

n56

,50

132,

7018

9,20

3,56

6,07

5,01

286.

844

257.

282

269.

714

0,47

0,97

0,76

0,10

0,23

0,17

East

Kal

iman

tan

Kalim

anta

n Ti

mur

91,5

015

4,60

246,

103,

8210

,56

6,38

384.

413

330.

329

363.

887

0,73

1,43

0,99

0,22

0,30

0,25

Nor

th S

ulaw

esi

Sula

wes

i Uta

ra66

,80

110,

7017

7,50

6,36

8,69

7,64

231.

794

217.

355

223.

883

1,14

1,21

1,18

0,33

0,27

0,30

Cent

ral S

ulaw

esi

Sula

wes

i Ten

gah

60,2

034

9,40

409,

609,

0216

,85

14,9

429

2.57

825

8.39

326

6.71

81,

943,

102,

820,

680,

870,

82

Sout

h Su

law

esi

Sula

wes

i Sel

atan

133,

6067

2,30

805,

904,

4412

,93

9,82

215.

790

183.

959

195.

627

0,48

2,37

1,68

0,09

0,62

0,42

Sout

heas

t Sul

awes

iSu

law

esi T

engg

ara

29,6

027

4,70

304,

304,

6216

,24

13,0

621

5.05

019

8.90

220

3.33

30,

192,

581,

920,

020,

660,

49

Gor

onta

loG

oron

talo

17,8

016

9,90

187,

704,

8023

,63

17,2

221

7.07

321

0.10

121

2.47

60,

644,

533,

210,

121,

220,

84

Wes

t Sul

awes

iSu

law

esi B

arat

29,1

013

1,50

160,

6010

,03

13,9

213

,01

212.

579

205.

383

207.

072

1,83

1,72

1,74

0,47

0,38

0,40

Mal

uku

Mal

uku

51,1

028

7,80

338,

908,

3928

,12

20,7

631

4.85

528

4.62

929

5.90

41,

616,

034,

380,

461,

811,

31

Nor

th M

aluk

uM

aluk

u U

tara

8,70

79,6

088

,30

2,92

9,98

8,06

276.

117

240.

447

250.

184

0,08

1,14

0,85

0,00

0,20

0,14

Wes

t Pap

uaPa

pua

Bara

t13

,30

210,

0022

3,20

5,36

36,3

327

,04

374.

382

346.

157

354.

626

0,65

7,88

5,71

0,15

2,37

1,71

Papu

aPa

pua

48,1

092

8,30

976,

405,

8139

,39

30,6

634

4.41

528

1.02

229

7.50

21,

289,

497,

350,

483,

132,

44In

done

sia

10.5

07,8

018

.086

,90

28.5

94,6

08,

6014

,70

11,6

627

7.38

224

0.44

125

9.52

01,

382,

421,

900,

360,

610,

49

Sour

ce: S

usen

as M

arch

201

2Su

mbe

r: Su

sena

s M

aret

201

2


275

Alih Fungsi LahanLand Use Change

Sejak lama alih fungsi lahan telah menjadi permasalahan

serius. Secara khusus melanda kawasan perlindungan

yang dirombak menjadi lahan pertanian, perkebunan,

pertambangan, industri dan permukiman. Alih fungsi

lahan telah mendorong degradasi sumberdaya alam

dan lingkungan hidup. Di masa depan, untuk berbagai

kebutuhan di atas, alih fungsi lahan masih akan tetap

berlangsung. Bahkan untuk sektor tertentu, seperti

pertambangan, diperkirakan akan terjadi lebih intens.

Jika melihat tren pada tahun sebelumnya, untuk

memenuhi pangan dalam negeri, khususnya beras,

proyeksi kebutuhan lahan sawah akan terus meningkat.

Pada 2008 luas panen padi sebesar 12.327 hektare,

meningkat menjadi 13.443 hektare pada 2012; atau

naik 9,05 persen selama lima tahun. Jika kebutuhan

beras harus dipenuhi dari dalam negeri, tingginya

kebutuhan lahan sawah pasti berdampak pada alih

fungsi lahan untuk membuat sawah baru. Sangat

mungkin terjadi, alih fungsi lahan mengarah pada

kawasan yang berfungsi lindung.

Tingginya kebutuhan pangan mendorong pemerintah

membangun kawasan pertanian yang terintegrasi

dengan pengembangan energi: Merauke Integrated

Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) di Provinsi Papua.

MIFEE adalah tindak lanjut Masterplan Percepatan dan

Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia (MP3EI)

koridor ekonomi Papua-Kepulauan Maluku, sebagai

pusat pengembangan pangan, perikanan, energi dan

pertambangan nasional.

Di dalam MIFEE akan dikembangkan produksi pangan

yang mencakup aspek pertanian, perkebunan, dan

peternakan di kawasan yang luas (an integrated

farming, plantation and livestock zone). Tidak kurang

2,5 juta hektare lahan disiapkan untuk kawasan

pertanian pangan. Dari luas lahan itu, 1,94 juta hektare

direncanakan untuk lahan sawah. Lebih dari setengah

kawasan MIFEE (1,43 juta hektare) berada di lahan

hutan produksi konversi (HPK).

Sementara itu, meningkatnya permintaan dunia

terhadap minyak sawit juga telah mendorong

pengembangan kebun sawit dengan mengalih-

fungsikan lahan, khususnya lahan kehutanan. Pada

1995 lahan kelapa sawit seluas 992.400 hektare,

meningkat menjadi 5.406.900 hektare pada 2012 (BPS).

Atau naik lebih lima kali lipat selama kurang dari dua

Land use change has long been a serious problem. This particularly occurs in preservation areas converted into farmlands, plantations, mines, industries, and settlements. Obviously, land use change hasve contributed to natural resources and environmental degradation. It seems that shifts in land functionsland use change will continue into the future for the aforementioned purposes. In certain sectors, such as mining, the shifts are predicted to be more intensive.

Looking at previous years’ trends, in order to meet domestic demands for food, the need for more land for paddy fields will increase. In 2008, paddy was harvested over an area of 12,327 hectares, increased to 13,443 hectares in 2012, or increased by 9.05 percent over a period of five years. If the demand for rice must be fulfilled domestically, the high demands for farmlands will have certain effects on the land use change to extend existing rice fields and create new ones. It is highly likely that land use change are targeting conservation areas.

The high demands for food have encouraged the government to develop agricultural areas that are integrated with energy development: Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) in Papua Province. MIFEE is a follow-up of the Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesian Economic Development (MP3EI) in the economic corridor that includes Papua-Maluku Islands as the center for developing national food, fishery, energy, and mining.

Crop production that includes farming, plantation, and livestock over a vast area (an integrated farming, plantation, and livestock zone) will be developed within MIFEE. No less than 2.5 million hectares of land is being prepared for crop farming area. 1.94 million hectares of this area is intended to be used for paddy fields. More than half of MIFEE zone (1.43 million hectares) is located in conversion production forest (HPK).

At the same time, the increase of global demands for palm oil has also encouraged the development of oil palm plantations by land use change, particularly forestland. In 1995, oil palm plantation covering an area of 992,400 hectares expanded rapidly to

Sour

ce: S

usen

as M

arch

201

2Su

mbe

r: Su

sena

s M

aret

201

2


276

dekade. Konversi lahan tersebut akan terus terjadi

pada masa yang akan datang. Nantinya, konversi lahan

dapat terjadi sebagai lanjutan alih fungsi lahan saat

ini untuk pertambangan. Gambar 5.3 menampilkan

wilayah Indonesia yang memiliki kandungan batubara

di Sumatra dan Kalimantan.

5,406,900 hectares in 2012 (BPS). That means it became five times larger in less than two decades. Land conversion is obviously going to continue into the foreseeable future. Later on, land conversion for mining purposes may occur as a follow-up of land use change happening today. Figure 5.4 presents the regions in Indonesia that have coal potential in Sumatera and Kalimantan.

Table 5.6 Production, Harvested Area, and Productivity of Rice Paddy in IndonesiaTabel 5.6 Produksi, Luas Panen dan Produktivitas Padi di Indonesia

No Commodity Komoditas

Year Tahun

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012*

1.

Paddy Padi

• Production (000 Ton)Produksi (000 Ton) 60.326 64.399 66.469 65.757 69.045

• Harvested area (000 Ha)Luas panen (000 Ha) 12.327 12.884 13.253 13.204 13.443

• Productivity (Ku/Ha)Produktivitas (Ku/Ha) 48,94 49,99 50,15 49,80 51,36

2.

Wetland Paddy Padi Sawah




3.

Dryland Paddy Padi Ladang




Captions: 1) Temporary figuresKeterangan: *Angka sementara

Sources: Central Statistics Agency Sumber: Badan Pusat Statisik

Paddy field in the urbanTanaman padi di tengah perkotaanPhoto Foto: Siswanto


277

Figure 5.4 Map of Coal Resources

and Reserves Distribution

Status December

(2011)

Gambar 5.4 Lokasi Penyebaran

Sumber Daya dan Cadangan

Batubara Status Desember (2011)

!

Total Coal Resources (2011) = 105,187.44 Million Tons Coal Reserves (2011) = 21,131.84 Million Tons Total Sumber Daya Batubara (2011) = 105.187,44 Juta Ton Cadangan batubara (2011) = 21.131,84 Juta Ton

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2011 Sumber : Kementerian ESDM, 2011

Pertumbuhan Sektor Transportasi

Growth of Transportation Sector

Nota Keuangan dan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja

Negara 2013 mencatat ekonomi Indonesia selama 2007

– 2012 mampu tumbuh di atas 6 persen per tahun,

kecuali pada 2009 yang hanya 4,6 persen. Selain itu,

sejalan dengan target RPJMN, selama 2014 - 2016

pertumbuhan ekonomi diperkirakan akan berakselerasi

rata-rata di atas 7 persen.

Pencapaian pertumbuhan ekonomi dan estimasinya

itu, memberi tanda bahwa pembangunan ekonomi

akan stabil dan bahkan melampaui prestasi pada

2007 – 2012. Pencapaian pertumbuhan diyakini akan

memicu efek ganda (multiplier effects) pembangunan.

Misalnya, pertumbuhan sektor transportasi untuk

mendukung mobilitas masyarakat.

Pertumbuhan sektor transportasi selama 2000 -

2011, memperlihatkan jumlah kendaraan bermotor

meningkat tajam hingga lebih 4 kali lipat. Sebagai

contoh, pada 2000 terdapat sekitar 19 juta kendaraan

sepeda motor, bis, truk dan mobil penumpang. Jumlah

itu meningkat menjadi sekitar 85,6 juta pada 2011.

Data pertumbuhan kendaraan bermotor antara 1987-

2011 disajikan dalam Tabel 5.7.

Sadar atau tidak, meningkatnya kendaraan bermotor

diikuti dengan naiknya konsumsi bahan bakar fosil.

Sepanjang 20 tahun terakhir, konsumsi bahan bakar

minyak terus naik, dari sekitar 30 juta KL pada 1990

menjadi 60 juta KL pada 2010. Konsumsi BBM akan

terus meningkat seiring bertambahnya kendaraan,

yang berujung pada peningkatan pencemaran udara.

The State Budget Memorandum 2013 revealed that Indonesia’s economy from 2007 to 2012 managed to grow over 6 percent every year, except in 2009 when the growth was only 4.6 percent. In addition, consistent with the target of RPJMN during 2014 - 2016, economic growth is estimated to accelerate at an average of more than 7 percent.

These economic achievements and estimates provide signals that economic development will stabilize and even exceed the achievements during 2007 - 2012. Growth achievement is believed to trigger multiplier effects on development. Growth in the transportation sector to support people’s mobility is one example.

The growth in the transportation sector during 2000 - 2011 indicated that the number of motor vehicles climbed up to more than four times as many. For instance, there were around 19 million bicycles, motorcycles, buses, trucks, and passenger cars in 2000. The number increased to approximately 85.6 million in 2011. Data in motor vehicle growth between 1987-2011 are presented in Table 5.7.

The increase in motor vehicles is followed by the increase in fossil fuel consumption. Over the past 20 years, oil fuel consumption has been increasing, from approximately 30 million kiloliter in 1990 to 60 million kl in 2010. Oil fuel consumption will continue to rise along with increasing number of vehicles, which will ultimately increase air pollution


278

Density of motor vehicles in Thamrin, Jakarta, Every day growth New cars in Jakarta around 1,200 units and 2,800 units of motorcycles around

Kepadatan kendaraan bermotor di kawasan Thamrin, Jakarta, Setiap hari pertumbuhan mobil baru di Jakarta sekitar 1.200 unit dan sepeda motor sekitar 2.800 unit

Tempo/Tony Hartawan


279

Table 5.7 Growth of Motor Vehicles by Types in 1987-2011Tabel 5.7 Perkembangan Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor Menurut Jenis tahun 1987-2011

Year Tahun

Passenger Car Mobil

Penumpang

Bus Bis

Truck Truk

Motorcycle Sepeda Motor

Number Jumlah

1987 1.170.103 303.378 953.694 5.554.305 7.981.480

1988 1.073.106 385.731 892.651 5.419.531 7.771.019

1989 1.182.253 434.903 952.391 5.722.291 8.291.838

1990 1.313.210 468.550 1.024.296 6.082.966 8.889.022

1991 1.494.607 504.720 1.087.940 6.494.871 9.582.138

1992 1.590.750 539.943 1.126.262 6.941.000 10.197.955

1993 1.700.454 568.490 1.160.539 7.355.114 10.784.597

1994 1.890.340 651.608 1.251.986 8.134.903 11.928.837

1995 2.107.299 688.525 1.336.177 9.076.831 13.208.832

1996 2.409.088 595.419 1.434.783 10.090.805 14.530.095

1997 2.639.523 611.402 1.548.397 11.735.797 16.535.119

1998 2.769.375 626.680 1.586.721 12.628.991 17.611.767

1999*) 2.897.803 644.667 1.628.531 13.053.148 18.224.149

2000 3.038.913 666.280 1.707.134 13.563.017 18.975.344

2001 3.189.319 680.550 1.777.293 15.275.073 20.922.235

2002 3.403.433 714.222 1.865.398 17.002.130 22.985.183

2003 3.792.510 798.079 2.047.022 19.976.376 26.613.987

2004 4.231.901 933.251 2.315.781 23.061.021 30.541.954

2005 5.076.230 1.110.255 2.875.116 28.531.831 37.623.432

2006 6.035.291 1.350.047 3.398.956 32.528.758 43.313.052

2007 6.877.229 1.736.087 4.234.236 41.955.128 54.802.680

2008 7.489.852 2.059.187 4.452.343 47.683.681 61.685.063

2009 7.910.407 2.160.973 4.452.343 52.767.093 67.336.644

2010 8.891.041 2.250.109 4.687.789 61.078.188 76.907.127

2011 9.548.866 2.254.406 4.958.738 68.839.341 85.601.351

*) excluding Timor-Timur since 1999*) sejak 1999 tidak termasuk Timor-Timur

Source: Office of Indonesian National Police, excerpted from Central Statistics Agency Sumber: Kantor Kepolisian Republik Indonesia disadur dari Badan Pusat Statistik

Permintaan EnergiEnergy Demand

Dengan makin tingginya permintaan energi,

lingkungan hidup akan terus tertekan di masa depan.

Kebutuhan energi final masa datang akan didominasi

permintaan dari sektor industri (47,3 persen), diikuti

transportasi (29,8 persen) dan rumah tangga (14,1

persen). Pertumbuhan setiap sektornya, industri: 6,2

persen; transportasi: 6,1 persen; rumah tangga: 2,2

persen; komersial: 4,9 persen; dan PKP 3,8 persen.

Walaupun jumlah energi baru dan terbarukan (EBT )

cukup berkembang, pasokan energi Indonesia

mendatang masih akan didominasi batubara, diikuti

minyak bumi dan gas bumi. Berdasarkan Skenario

Dasar, bauran pasokan energi pada 2030 menjadi:

Higher demand for energy will result in more pressure on the environment. Final energy demand in the future will be dominated by demands from the industrial sector (47.3 percent), followed by transportation (29.8 percent), and household (14.1 percent). The growth of each sector includes industry: 6.2 percent; transportation: 6.1 percent; household: 2.2 percent; commerce: 4.9 percent; and PKP 3.8 percent.

Although the shares of new and renewable energy (EBT ) has been developing quite well, Indonesia’s energy supply in the future will still be dominated by coal, followed by oil and gas. Based on Basic Scenario,


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A tractor dispose pile of coal in steam power plant (power plant) 1 Indramayu, West JavaSebuah traktor merapihkan timbunan batu bara di Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) 1 Indramayu, Jawa Barat

TEMPO/Aditia Noviasnyah


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batubara 51 persen, minyak bumi 22,2 persen, gas bumi

20,4 persen, dan sisanya 6,1 persen EBT. Pada Skenario

Mitigasi, bauran pasokan energi 2030 adalah: batubara

29,5 persen, gas bumi 31,4 persen, minyak bumi 24,6

persen, dan sisanya 14,5 persen EBT. Jenis EBT yang

akan menonjol adalah BBN (5,8 persen), tenaga air

(2,9 persen) panas bumi (3,5 persen) dan biomassa

nonrumah tangga (2,9 persen).

Terkait pertumbuhan sektor transportasi, Kementerian

ESDM mencatat transportasi akan menjadi sektor kedua

yang mendominasi permintaan energi. Hal itu sejalan

dengan prediksi pertumbuhan transportasi yang

dikemukakan pada uraian terdahulu. Namun demikian,

dari segi pasokan, batubara akan banyak mendukung

pertumbuhan energi Indonesia masa depan (2030),

yang diduga mencapai lebih 51 persen.

Alhasil, pasokan energi dari batubara akan menuntut

bertambahnya penambangan bahan mineral itu.

Seperti telah diuraikan, penambangan batubara

memungkinkan alih fungsi lahan, yang berimbas pada

degradasi lingkungan hidup.

the mix of energy supply in 2030 will be: coal (51 percent), oil (22.2 percent), gas (20.4 percent), and renewable (6.1 percent). According to Mitigation Scenario, the mix of energy supply in 2030 will be: coal (29.5 percent), oil (31.4 percent), gas (24.6 percent), and renewable (14.5 percent). Types of renewable energy that will be prominent are BBN biofuel (5.8 percent), hydroenergy (2.9 percent), geothermal (3.5 percent), and nonhousehold biomass (2.9 percent).

In terms of transportation sector growth, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has noted that transportation will be the second sector that dominates the demand for energy. This is in line with the prediction of transportation growth already presented in the previous explanation. However, in terms of supply, coal will play an important role in supporting Indonesia’s energy growth in the future (2030), which is estimated to reach more than 51 percent.

Consequently, energy from coal will demand more mining activities for this particular mineral. As previously mentioned, coal mining justifies land use change, which results in environmental degradation.

Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan

Environmentally Friendly Behavior

Di samping berbagai faktor di atas, naik-turunnya

kualitas lingkungan hidup dapat dipengaruhi oleh

pemahaman dan kesadaran masyarakat. Kemudian

bagaimana kesadaran masyarakat terhadap

lingkungan hidup? Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

pada 2012 mengkaji perilaku peduli lingkungan hidup

di beberapa provinsi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan, pada

umumnya indeks perilaku lingkungan provinsi yang

diteliti berkategori ‘cukup’ atau di angka 5,7 (lihat Bab

III). Selain perilaku pemanfaatan bahan bakar nasional

yang bernilai ‘belum cukup’, indeks perilaku lainnya

bernilai ‘sedang’. Bahkan indeks perilaku konsumsi

energi termasuk tinggi. Karena biaya untuk energi

makin mahal, bisa dipahami sebagian besar masyarakat

terdorong melakukan hemat energi, misalnya energi

listrik.

In addition to the factors mentioned above, environmental quality may also be affected by comprehension and awareness of the community. To measure environmental awareness, the Ministry of Environment studied environmentally friendly behavior in a number of provinces in 2012. The study showed that, in general, index of environmentally friendly behavior in these provinces belonged to the category of ‘adequate’ at 0,5.7 points (see Chapter III). Apart from the national behavior of fuel utilization that belonged in the ‘inadequate’ category, other behaviors were ‘moderate’. Energy consumption behavior index was comparatively high. Due to increasingly high costs of energy, it is understandable that large parts of society are keen to save energy, such as electricity.


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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITY IN THE FUTURE

Deforestation, pollution, deterioration of coasts and oceans, and biodiversity loss are the challenges Indonesia is still facing today. These challenges and problems are related to low environmental management capacity. Although various efforts have been made, many of which are unsuccessful, environmental management as a whole is still unable to improve the quality of the environment. It is even unable to deal with the symptoms of environmental deterioration.

In the future, it seems that the environment is going to face similar, or perhaps even harder, pressures Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the environmental capacity in order to deal with the environmental issues that are getting harder every day. Sufficient capacity improvement is absolutely crucial to restore the environmental condition in this country, while preserve the good parts.


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KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN

LINGKUNGAN HIDUP MASA DEPAN

Mengecilnya tutupan hutan,

pencemaran, memburuknya pesisir dan

laut, serta merosotnya keanekaragaman

hayati masih menjadi tantangan bagi

Indonesia. Tantangan dan permasalahan

yang terjadi, berjalan seiring dengan

masih rendahnya kapasitas pengelolaan

lingkungan. Berbagai upaya telah

dilakukan, dan banyak di antaranya

yang berhasil, pengelolaan lingkungan

secara keseluruhan belum mampu

meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan.

Bahkan, belum mampu mengatasi gejala

memburuknya kualitas lingkungan.

Lingkungan hidup di masa depan masih

akan menghadapi berbagai tekanan yang

sama, atau bahkan mungkin lebih besar.

Karena itu, perlu penguatan kapasitas

lingkungan untuk menghadapi persoalan

lingkungan tersebut. Peningkatan

kapasitas yang memadai diperlukan,

agar kondisi lingkungan hidup Tanah

Air dapat dipulihkan kembali, disertai

dengan melestarikan lingkungan hidup

yang masih baik.

Sisa-sisa penebangan hutanFoto: Dok KLH

SYNERGY FORTHE FUTURE6

BERSINERGI MENATAP MASA DEPAN

Synergy For The Future6

286

“Status lingkungan hidup Indonesia

masih membuat banyak pihak

mengelus dada. Namun harus diakui

bahwa laju kerusakan dan pencemaran

juga berkurang. Ibarat adu cepat,

laju kerusakan dan pencemaran

lingkungan menurun, sementara

aksi-aksi lingkungan makin kencang.

Banyak kalangan bahu-membahu turut

mencegah dan memulihkan lingkungan

hidup”.

“The state of the environment of Indonesia is still alarming for many people. However, the rate of environmental damage and pollution admittedly has decreased. Environmental damage and pollution have decreased while environmental actions have gained momentum. Large numbers of parties are participating in the prevention and rehabilitation of environmental damage”.

SINTESISSYNTHESIS

Kapasitas kelembagaan berperan penting dalam

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia. Seperti

telah diuraikan di depan, kapasitas kelembagaan

yang mumpuni diharapkan menjadi pengungkit bagi

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang lebih baik. Kondisi

lingkungan hidup merupakan hasil interaksi kompleks

berbagai aspek: ekonomi, sosial dan teknologi.

Interaksi setiap aspek itu dipertautkan oleh kapasitas

kelembagaan.

Secara umum, kapasitas kelembagaan memberikan hasil

beragambagi tren status lingkungan hidup. Ini terjadi

lantaran begitu banyak variabel kapasitas kelembagaan

pengelolaan lingkungan.Sekadar mengingatkan

kembali, variabel itu mencakup anggaran, sumberdaya

manusia, kebijakan, program serta rentang kewenangan

dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, baik tingkat

lokal, regional, nasional maupun internasional.

Interaksi yang kompleks dan transmisi dampak dari

berbagai variabel itu tak mudah diidentifikasi, karena

satu sama lain saling mempengaruhi. Dalam perspektif

SLHI 2012, kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungandilihat

secara implisit melalui tren kualitasudara, air, lahan

dan hutan, pesisir-lautserta keanekaragaman hayati.

Dinamika status lingkungan itu tak lepas dari berbagai

tekanan yang membebani lingkungan—seperti

pertumbuhan penduduk dan kegiatan ekonomi.

Interaksi kedua faktor ini membuat tekanan terhadap

lingkungan menjadi lumayan berat. Kualitas udara

misalnya. Melejitnya konsumsi bahan bakar minyak—

diiringi jumlah kendaraan bermotor yang terus

Institutional capacities play a major role in environmental management in Indonesia. As previously discussed, strong institutional capacities are expected to become a leverage to improve environmental management. The state of the environment is the result of complex interactions of economic, social and technological aspects, and the interactions of these aspects are governed by institutional capacities.

Generally speaking, institutional capacities have provided a variety of results regarding trends in the state of the environment. This is due to the sheer number of variables in environmental management. These variables encompass budgets, human resources, policies, programs and the scope of authority in environmental management at the local, regional and, national as well as international levels. It is not easy to identify such complex interactions and transmissions of impacts because they have overlapping effects. In the perspective of the 2012 SOER, environmental management capacity should be viewed implicitly through air quality, water quality, lands and forests, coastal and marine regions, and biodiversity.

The dynamics of the state of the environment are closely correlated with pressures on the environment — such as population growth and economic activities. The interaction of the two factors creates aggravated pressure on the environment, as is evident in air quality, for instance. Increased fuel consumption

6Bersinergi Menatap Masa Depan

287

menanjak, berefek padanaiknya emisi oksida nitrogen

(NOx), karbon monoksida (CO), sulfur dioksida(SO2),

debu diameter 10 mikron dan 2,5 mikron ke bawah

(PM10 dan PM2,5), dan hidrokarbon (HC).

Tekanan penduduk dan ekonomi juga menambah

tekananbagi kualitas air. Meski beban pencemaran

air dari sektor industri cenderung turun—salah

satunya melalui penerapanprogram peringkat kinerja

perusahaan (PROPER), pencemaran air dari limbah

rumah tangga masih menjadi tantangan besar. Tak

sekadar kualitas air yang menurun, tekanan juga

menimpa kuantitas sumberdaya air. Ini khususnya

menerpa Jawa, Sumatera dan Kalimantan. Hingga

medio 2000-an saja, jumlah DAS kritis meningkat

dari 22 menjadi 62 DAS selama 1984-2005. Tak

mengherankan,banjir dan kekeringan kerap mendera

wilayah DAS kritis. Kualitas air sungai, khususnya di

Jawa, masih menunjukkan pencemaran yang relatif

tinggi. Dampaknya, ketersediaan air bersih bagi

masyarakat kian berkurang. Sekitar 119 juta masyarakat

Indonesia kini tanpa akses terhadap air bersih.

Beban cukup berat juga dialami komponen lahan dan

hutan. Polanya cenderung sama. Pada periode 2000 –

2011, luas tutupan hutan cenderung berkurang, dan

deforestasi sebesar 6,5 juta hektar selama 11 tahun

belakangan. Deforestasi dan degradasi hutan terkait

erat dengan perkembangan lahan kritis di Indonesia.

Lahan kritis adalah lahan yang fisiknya telah rusak,

sehingga tidak dapat berfungsi baik sebagai media

produksi atau pengatur tata air. Selama 2000-2011,

lahan kritis bertambah 4 juta hektar, dengan kontribusi

setiap provinsi yang berbeda-beda.

Tak hanya matra terestrial, pesisir dan laut juga

menderita tekanan yang tak kalah berat. Kendati ada

tren perbaikan, hingga 2012, kondisi terumbu karang

misalnya, yang berkategori sangat baik dan baik, hanya

sekitar 5,30 persendan 27,19 persen. Sementara luas

hutan mangrove menyusutdari sekitar 7,7 juta hektar

pada 2006, menjadi sekira 5,5 juta hektar pada 2011.

Selain itu, beberapa wilayah pengelolaan perikanan

(WPP) mengalami overfishing atau moderately

overfishing, dan airnya tercemar tumpahan minyak

yang mengancam sumberdaya hayati laut.

Tekanan yang menderamatra terestrial dan pesisir-

laut, tak pelak lagi berdampak langsung pada

keanekaragaman hayati yang terpendam di kedua

ekosistem itu. Walau berbagai upaya pencegahan tengah

dilakukan pemerintah,beberapa flora-fauna negeri

— coupled with a persistent rise in the number of motor vehicles - results in increased emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide(SO2) , dust particles with a diameter of 10 micron and 2.5 micron or less (PM10 dan PM2,5), as well as hydrocarbon (HC).

Population and economic pressures have also increased pressure on water quality. Despite declining trends in water pollution in the industrial sector— among other things due to the implementation of the corporate performance rating program (PROPER), water pollution caused by household waste remains a major challenge. Not only has water quality decreased, there is also pressure on the quantity of water. This is particularly the case on Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. The number of critical watersheds has increased from 22 to 62 from 1984 to2005, and these are frequently by floods and droughts. The quality of river water, especially on Java, currently indicates high levels of pollution. Consequently, the availability of clean water for communities has become limited. Approximately 119 million Indonesians have no access to clean water.

The land and forest component also had similar patterns. In 2000 – 2011, forest cover area showed a tendency to shrink and deforestation reached 6.5 million hectares within the last 11 years. Deforestation and forest degradation are closely related to the expansion of critical lands in Indonesia. The term critical lands applies to physically degraded areas of land that are no longer function as production media or water regulator. In 2000-2011, the extent of critical lands increased by 4 million hectares with uneven distribution by province.

It is not just terrestrial areas that had to face serious pressures, but coastal and marine as well. Despite of improving trends, the percentage of coral reefs in excellent and good condition, for example, amounted to just 5.30 percent and 27.19 percent, respectively. Mangrove formations shrunk from around 7.7 million hectares in 2006 to approximately 5.5 million hectares by 2011. Furthermore, several fisheries management areas experienced moderate overfishing and water pollution due to oil spills that threaten marine biodiversity. Pressures on terrestrial and coastal-marine areas have direct impacts on the biodiversity of the two ecosystems. Despite various preventive efforts by the


288

ini terancam punah. Upaya yang sama juga dilakukan

masyarakat,yang telah banyak menyelamatkan flora

dan fauna dari kepunahan.

Di sisi lain, telaah dalam pustaka ini memberi gambaran

tren meningkatnya berbagai komponen kapasitas

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Porsi anggaran

lingkungan hidup di tingkat nasional maupun daerah

cenderung meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Demikian

juga kapasitas sumberdaya manusia terus membaik—

baik melalui pendidikan formal maupun nonformal.

Beberapa tahun terakhir, peningkatan kapasitas

terkait kebijakan makro dalam mendukung ekonomi

hijau, misalnya, terus diupayakan. Hal itu terlihat

dariberbagai pelatihan tentang perhitungan PDRB

hijau dan instrumen ekonomi lainnya. Dalam beberapa

kasus, peningkatan kapasitas memberi hasil positif,

seperti pelaporan status lingkungan hidup daerah

yang makin berkualitas.

Di sisi lain, kinerja pengelolaan lingkungan hidup juga

bisa dilihat dari beberapa inisiatifpemerintah pusat dan

daerah dalam kebijakan yang mendukung perbaikan

lingkungan hidup. Di tingkat nasional, Indonesia

berperan penting dalamaneka forum: pembangunan

government, a part of Indonesia’s flora and fauna is threatened with extinction. Similar efforts launched by communities have saved a number of flora and fauna from extinction.

On the other hand, studies presented in this report indicated improving trends for various components of environmental management capacity. Budget allocation for the environment tended to increase year by year on both the national and the regional level. Human resources capacities are also continuously being improved by way of formal and informal education. There have been continuous efforts to strengthen capacities in response to macro policies that support green economy in the last few years, . including various training activities on calculating green gross regional domestic product (green GRDP) and other economic instruments. In some cases, the capacity increase has generated positive results such as higher standards of regional environmental status reporting.

Environmental management performance is also apparent in various initiatives of the central and regional government regarding environmental improvement policies. At the national level, Indonesia

1 BILLION TREES PLANTING PROGRAM - President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono accompanied by Mrs. Ani Yudhoyono on 1 billion trees planting event taking place at Jatiluhur reservoir, Purwakarta, Sunday, 28 November 2010

AKSI PENANAMAN 1 MILYAR POHON- Presiden Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono di dampingi Ny. Ani Yudhoyono saat menanam pohon dalam gerakan penanaman 1 milyar pohon di waduk Jatiluhhur, Purwakarta, minggu 28 november 2010

Photograph Foto: TEMPO/Wisnu Agung Prasetyo


289

berkelanjutan, produksi dan konsumsi berkelanjutan,

perlindungan lapisan ozon, pengurangan limbah B3 dan

perdagangan internasional yang terkait lingkungan.

Indonesia juga telah beberapa kali menjadi tuan

rumah pertemuan lingkungan Internasional, seperti

COP14 tahun 2007, Joint9th Meeting of the Conference

of Parties to the Vienna Convention dan 23rd Meeting

of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol; Environmentally

Sustainable City (ESC) Program;dan Konferensi Asia

Pacific Roundtable for Sustainable Consumption and

Production (APRSCP) ke-10. Partisipasi ini menunjukkan

komitmen Indonesia dalam pengelolaan lingkungan

hidup nasional dan global.

Di tingkat daerah, beberapa daerah berinisiatif dalam

kebijakan untuk memperbaiki lingkungan hidup. Seperti

inisitatif pengelolaan hutan bersama masyarakat (PHBM)

di Jawa yang memberikan kepastian hak atas pengelolaan

hutan. Demikian juga, program lain seperti program

PERMATA (Penyelamatan mata air), program penyelamatan

danau dan sungai, serta program penyelamatan teluk

dan selat—Teluk Tomini dan Selat Bali. Beragam inisiatif

tersebut memberi penyadaran kepada masyarakat

tentang nilai penting penyelamatan lingkungan. Selain itu

upaya penyelamatan flora dan fauna, seperti pelestarian

badak jawa, badak sumatera dan spesies bambu yang

menumbuhkan kesadaran khalayak tentang pentingnya

keanekaragaman hayati negeri ini.

Sementara itu, pengakuan hak adat dan nilai budaya

telah banyak dilakukan dengan terbitnya peraturan

daerah. Kabupaten Lebak, Banten, misalnya,

menerbitkan peraturan daerah yang mengakui

masyarakat Baduy dalam mengelola sumberdaya alam

dan lingkungan. Hal lain yang menarik adalahkerjasama

Kabupaten Kuningan dan Kota Cirebon, Jawa Barat,

yang bersinergi dalam konservasi sumber air di lereng

Gunung Ciremai.

Kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan hidup juga semakin

bisa unjuk gigi. Beberapa aspek menunjukkan hal itu,

seperti anggaran, peraturan, sumberdaya manusia,

baik di pemerintahan maupun para pemangku

kepentingan. Interaksi antara kapasitas dan kualitas

lingkungan memang masih sulit diukur dengan nilai

tertentu. Derajat kualitas lingkungan hidup dapat

dilihat dari beberapa indikator yang telah dipaparkan

dalam laporan ini. Kendati secara ilmiah dapat

berterima, namun memang masih perlu upaya keras

untuk mendapatkan satu kesimpulanakurat tentang

status lingkungan hidup Indonesia. Begitu jugadalam

has assumed key roles in various forums, namely: sustainable development, sustainable production and consumption, protection of the ozone layer, the reduction of hazardous waste, and issues of international trade related to the environment.

Indonesia has also hosted a number of international environmental meetings, such as COP14 in 2007, the Joint 9th Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Vienna Convention and the 23rd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol; Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program; and 10th Asia Pacific Rountable for Sustainable Consumption and Production (APRSCP). This participation proved Indonesia’s commitment towards environmental management on the national and global levels.

At the regional level, several regions have taken the initiative to draw up environmental improvement policies. One such example was the Managing Forests with Community (PHBM) initiative on Java, which provided legal certainty over forest management rights. Other examples included the PERMATA (Penyelamatan Mata Air/Spring Conservation) program, lake and river conservation programs, as well as gulf and straits conservation programs, for instance in the Gulf of Tomini and the Bali Straits. These various initiatives created public awareness about the importance of environmental conservation. Furthermore, efforts in flora and fauna conservation, such as the conservation of the Javan rhinoceros, the Sumatran rhinoceros, and bamboo species, have generated public awareness about the importance of Indonesia’s biodiversity.

Customary rights and cultural values have been recognized in many regional regulations. The District of Lebak, Banten, for instance, has issued a regional regulation that acknowledges the role of the Baduy tribe in the management of natural resources and the environment. Another interesting development is the cooperation between the Regency of Kuningan and the City of Cirebon in West Java to preserve water resources on the slopes of Mount Ciremai.

Environmental management capacities are improving. This is supported by budgets, regulations and human resources, both within the government and among stakeholders. However, it remains difficult to measure the interaction of environmental capacity and quality precisely. The level of environmental quality may be measured by various indicators that


290

mengukur tingkat kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan

hidup. Tentu saja, seraya tetap berikhtiar mencari

ukuran dan nilai yang tepat, untuk memberi gambaran

simultan,tetap diperlukan satu kesimpulan.

Interaksi kapasitas pengelolaan dan kualitas lingkungan

hidup dapat dilihat pada gambar 6.1. Nampaknya, status

lingkungan hidup memang masih mengisyaratkan

kerja keras di masa datang. Sedangkan untuk kapasitas

pengelolaan rupanya juga masih belum memadai untuk

‘mengungkit’ kondisi lingkungan menjadi lebih baik.

Harapannya, bila kapasitas pengelolaan ditingkatkan

di masa depan, lingkungan hidup akan mencapai titik

balik: statusnya kian membaik.

Lantas kapan harapan itu mewujud. Jawabannya

terletak di pundak semua pihak: komitmen bersama

bagi terciptanya lingkungan hidup yang lestari.

Seluruh potret status lingkungan hidup dan kapasitas

pengelolaannya dalam pustaka ini sejatinya mengajak

semua komponen bangsa untuk merenung dan

mengambil hikmahnya. Dengan begitu, aksi selanjutnya

adalah kajian mendalam dan luas bagi perencanaan,

penelitian dan memutuskan kebijakan.

have been discussed in this report. Although this is scientifically acceptable, further efforts are still needed to produce an accurate conclusion about the state of the environment of Indonesia. The same applies to measuring environmental management capacities. While the search for the most accurate parameters and criteria to provide a comprehensive picture continues, it is still necessary to draw a conclusion.

The interaction of environmental management capacity and environmental quality is shown in Figure 6.1. There is so much to be done to improve the state of the environment in the future. Environmental management capacity is still inadequate to enhance environmental conditions. Hopefully, the state of the environment will be better because stronger management capacities, and then start to change for the better.

The answer to the question about when this can be achieved depends on the joint commitment of all parties involved. The overall view of the state of the environment and management capacities presented in this report calls for all parties to ponder the current situation. This would pave the way for comprehensive and extensive studies for use in planning, research and policy-making.

Figure 6.1 Environmental Management Capacity vs. Environmental Quality Gambar 6.1. Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup vs Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup

High environmental quality Kualitas LH tinggi

Low environmental quality Kualitas LH rendah

Low environmental

capacity Kapasitas LH

rendah

High environmental

capacity Kapasitas LH

tinggi



291

HARAPAN KE DEPAN

EXPECTATIONS FOR THE FUTURE

Mount Dempo, Pagar Alam, South SumatraGunung Dempo, Pagar Alam, Sumatera Selatan

Photograph Foto: TEMPO/ Gunawan Wicaksono

Sebagai ilustrasi awal tantangan dan langkah ke depan,

diperlukan paparan pengharapan bagi perlindungan dan

pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Pada masa mendatang,

Indonesia bakal menginjak pada tahap pembangunan

jangka menengah ketiga (2015-2019) dengan situasi

politik yang kian dinamis. Tantangan pembangunan

jangka menengah ketiga akan semakin kompleks dengan

target pembangunan bertahap menuju Visi Indonesia

2025: PDB ditargetkan mencapai US$ 3,8 — 4,5 triliun

dan pendapatan per kapita US$ 13.000-16.000.

Untuk mencapai target itu tentu saja tak mudah.

Diperlukan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tetap positif,

bertahan pada 6 – 7 persen per tahun, dengan

kontribusi ekstraksi sumberdaya alam yang makin

giat. Arah menuju ke sana saat ini sudah dimulai

dengan kebijakan Masterplan Percepatan dan

Perluasan Pembangunan(MP3EI). Selain mempercepat

pertumbuhan ekonomi dan meningkatkan konektivitas,

kebijakan MP3EI tidak dipungkiri bakal menambah

beban bagi sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan.

Jika dilihat dari hasil sintesis di atas, tanpa intervensi

akselerasi pembangunan pun, kualitas lingkungan

cenderung menurun. Meski berbagai upaya juga

To provide an initial illustration of future challenges and measures, it it is necessary to prepare a statement of expectation in regard to environmental protection and management. Indonesia will enter the third mid-term development stage (2015-2019) amidst an increasingly dynamic political situation. Challenges awaiting in the third mid-term period of development will be increasingly complex with phased development targets in the run up to achieve the Indonesia 2025 Vision: US$ 3.8 - 4.5 trillion GDP and US$ 13,000 -16,000 per capita income.

Achieving that target obviously will not be an easy task.Positive economic growth is required to be maintained at 6 – 7 percent per annum with increasingly active contribution from natural resources extraction. The issuance of the Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia’s Economic Development (MP3EI) is a step in that direction. While these policies will accelerate economic growth and improve connectivity, they will also add pressures on natural resources and the environment.

Judging by the findings of the above synthesis, even without this intervention, environmental quality will


292

telah dilakukan, beban berat atas lingkungan rupanya

belum bisa diimbangi dengan kebijakan dan aksi untuk

mengurangi beban itu. Dengan demikian, tekanan

terhadap lingkungan akan semakin besar dengan adanya

percepatan pembangunan.

Melihat kecenderungan itu, intervensi pemerintah yang

kontinyu dan konsisten untuk memperbaiki lingkungan

akan berdampak positif bagi status lingkungan hidupdi

masa depan. Program dan aksi bagi perbaikan mutu air,

udara, pesisir-laut, lahan-hutan, dan keanekaragaman

hayati, yang dikemas dalam kerangka ekonomi hijau,

akan memberi insentif bagi masyarakat, swasta dan

pemerintah untuk turut memperbaiki lingkungan dan

ekonomi.

Kapasitas kelembagaan pengelolaan lingkungan akan

berperan dalam meningkatkan intervensi kebijakan

pemerintah di bidang lingkungan hidup. Peningkatan

anggaran lingkungan hidup di pusat dan daerah akan

memperkuat pelaksanaan program pengendalian

kerusakan dan peningkatan kualitas lingkungan.

Demikian juga, dengan peningkatan kapasitas

sumberdaya manusia dan infrastuktur—seperti

laboratorium yang terakreditasi.

Sementara itu, peran pemerintah daerah dengan

menerbitkan regulasi terkait lingkungan hidup

akan memberikan payung hukum dan kekuatan

kelembagaan dalam mengembangkan instrumen

ekonomi lingkungan, seperti pembayaran jasa

lingkungan, subsidi lingkungan dan sejenisnya. Hal ini

tidak terlepas dari kapasitas daerah dalam menangkap

peluang dan memecahkan masalah lingkungan melalui

kerangka regulasi dan mekanisme lainnya.

tend to decline. Despite a variety of efforts, reduction policies and actions cannot keep up with environmental destruction. Thus, pressure on the environment will increase due to development acceleration. Looking at this trend, continuous and consistent interventions by the government to improve the environment will affect the states of the environment in the future. Programs and actions to improve the quality of water, air, coastal-marine areas, lands-forests and biodiversity within a green economic framework will provide incentives for the public, private sector and government to contribute in the improvement of the environment and economy.

Institutional capacity in environmental management will have a major role in improving interventions through environmental policies. Larger environmental budgets at the central and regional government levels will strengthen the implementation of environmental damage control and quality improvement programs, as well as improve human resources and infrastructure — such as accredited laboratories.

Meanwhile, environment-related regulations issued by regional governments will provide legal protection and institutional power in the development of environmental economic instruments that include payment for environmental services, environmental subsidies, and the like. Regional governments have capacities to seize opportunities and solve environmental issues through regulations and other mechanisms.

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Translation supported by JICA

Ministry of EnvironmentThe Republic of Indonesia

Jl. D. I. Panjaitan Kav. 24 Jakarta 13410Telp : 021 -8580081Fax: 021 -8580081

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTTHE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

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