Rome Chapter 5
description
Transcript of Rome Chapter 5
Rome Chapter 5
Warm Up1. First king of united Persia:2. Define Satrap:3. Explain the religion of Persia:4. What was the urban center of Greece5. Hoplite:6. Greek military formation and its success:7. Invention in Lydia:8. Government in Athens:9. Government in Sparta:10. Compare women in the two Greek cities
Warm Up1. Explain the Persian Wars:2. Explain the purpose of the Delian
League:3. What was the real purpose of the
Delian League:4. What book did Plato write? What
did it explain?5. Alexander the Great was from
what empire?6. How did he gain power?7. Explain Hellenism:
Fun Facts about Rome Slaves in Ancient Rome made up to
40% of the population. Asparagus was a highly prized
delicacy in Ancient Rome and was kept frozen in the Alps for Feasts and Festivals.
In Ancient Rome, only boys went to school. The girls stayed at home.
Fun Facts Women dyed their hair with goat fat
and beech wood ashes. Blonde and red were the most popular colors
Instead of Soap, Romans used oil and scraped off the oil with a metal tool
Romans played board games like chess, checkers and tic-tac-toe.
Fun Facts Our Planets in the Solar System are
well named after the main Roman Gods
Roman soldiers, or legionaries, usually covered roughly eighteen miles per day.
Only citizens of Rome were allowed to wear a toga
Romans used a sponge soaked in salt water, on the end of a stick as toilet paper
ROME
I. Rome’s Mediterranean Empire, 753 BCE – 600 CE A. Republic of Farmers, 753-31 BCE Rome was ruled first by kings until 507 BCE Representatives from senate overthrew and established
a republic Government: Rome was ruled by 2 consuls (elected
every year!) and a senate, created law of 12 tables and law of nations
12 tables were laws applied to Roman citizens Law of nations applied to non Roman citizens Law of nations created innocent until proven guilty and
allowing accused right to a defense Family structure: Roman families lived under the
authority of the oldest male living (paterfamilias) Role of Women in Rome: more freedom than Greek
women, subordinate to paterfamilias, some women became independent after death of their fathers
12 tables
Law of Nations
Roman religion worshipped supernatural gods like Jupiter and Mars, rituals were performed to ensure favor with the gods
http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/roman/index.htm
B. Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean
Explanations for expansion included greed, aggressiveness, fear of attack, show military strength
Conquered all of Italy by 290 BCE and granted all Roman citizenship
Gave conquered citizenship and built up their cities!
Importance of citizenship: could have better rights and be a part of a great empire. Cities just had to pay a tax and provide troops
Roman Sewer System
Roman aqueducts For most of their length the early
aqueducts were simply channels bored through the rock, from the water intake in the hills almost to the distribution cistern in Rome.
Only in the final stretches was theconduit raised on arches, to give a sufficient head for distribution of the water within the city.
Roman aqueducts Many cities still maintain and use the
ancient aqueducts even today, although open channels have usually been replaced by pipes.
The Romans typically built numerous aqueducts to serve any large city in their empire, as well as many small towns and industrial sites.
Roman Aqueducts The aqueducts required very careful
planning before building, especially to determine the water source to be used, the length of aqueduct needed and its size. Great skill was needed to ensure a regular gradient, so that the water would flow smoothly from its source without the flow damaging the walls of the channel.
Roman aqueducts The aqueducts were built from a
combination of stone, brick and the special volcanic cement pozzuolana. While their visible remains leave a definite impression, the great bulk of the Roman waterway system ran below ground. Channels bored through rock, or dug below the surface carried water where it was convenient and possible. Of the approximately 260 miles in the aqueduct system, only 30 miles consisted of the visible, mammoth arched structures.
Roman aqueducts Maintenance of the water system
was a continuous task, and the Romans assigned a Curator Aquarum to oversee this undertaking. Paid laborers, slaves and the legions all had parts in building parts of the water system. The Curator Aquarum maintained the aqueducts of Rome, while similar curators oversaw those in the provinces.
Three Punic Wars: Roman expansion stretches across the Med Sea and wants islands off Italy
First Punic War War started in 246 BC when the Romans
sent an army to help some allies in Sicily Carthage considered this an act of war
because they believed Sicily to be part of their empire
Carthage’s powerful navy dominated the fighting early on
The Romans were a land power and had to create their own navy
The war ended when the Roman navy defeated the Carthaginian navy off the coast of Sicily
Hannibal
Second Punic War Rome encouraged one of Carthage’s Spanish
allies to revolt and Carthage struck back with the greatest Carthaginian general, Hannibal
Hannibal decided to bring war home to the Romans
218 BC Hannibal led a well-trained army of 46,000 men and a force of 37 war elephants across the Pyrenees and the Alps to invade Italy
216 BC Romans decided to meet Hannibal head on
Was a disaster for Rome Refused to surrender and raised another army
For many years Hannibal dominated the Italian countryside
Defeated one Roman army after another
Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, the Romans decided on a new strategy
The Roman army sailed across the Mediterranean and attacked Carthage
Carthage was forced to recall Hannibal
Battle of Zama (202 BC) – Romans defeat Hannibal’s army
Carthage lost Spain, which became part of Rome
Carthage was stripped of its navy Rome is now the dominant power on
the Mediterranean
Battle of Zama
Third Punic War: Romans decide in favor of the complete destruction of Carthage
After a siege of three years, Carthage finally fell in 146 BC
Roman soldiers spent ten days burning and demolishing buildings
The entire population was sold into slavery
Carthage became a Roman province called Africa
Governors (consuls) only serve one year and want their name and legacy to be known so they make drastic changes which leads to instability
C. Failure of the Republic Latifundia and its impact: when military men
go off to fight no one is there to tend their land, large landowners bought up their land and created large estates called latifundia
Therefore there was a decline in soldiers and a decline in food production for the empire (cash crops not essential crops)
Slaves are now driven off farm land and sent to the cities where they are unemployed creating a divide between rich and poor
Roman army was so big that it needed to be divided into legions
Soldiers would now be devoted to legion leaders and not to the empire
D. Roman principate, 31 BCE-330 CE Julius Caesar’s grandnephew comes to power
(Octavian) he takes the name Caesar Augustus and he ruled Rome as a military dictator
During his reign Egypt, Middle East, and Central Europe was added to the empire
Emperors are now chosen by the army and not by birth
Roman law was no longer made by the senate as it had in the republic, now it was made by the emperor
E. Urban Empire Most of the Roman empire was made up
of farmers to sustain the population 50-60 million people in the empire Three largest cities outside of the capital:
Alexandria, Antioch, and Carthage Plebeians: roman working class lived in crowded apartment buildings
where fire was a constant hazard To keep the poor from rebelling against
the bad living conditions, free food and public entertainment became a major feature of city life
“Bread and Circuses”
Slavery Romans relied the most on slave labor and
had the most slaves Large numbers of captured peoples
brought back as slaves Slaves built buildings and roads, were used
as tutors, on farms, and as shop assistants Patricians: roman wealthy usually had a house in the city and one in
the country Mostly owned land and dominated the
government positions Ones that funded aqueducts, baths,
theatres, gardens, and temples
Pax Romana = Roman Peace Age of peace and prosperity Started off with the reign of Augustus in 27 BC
and ended with the death of the last Good Emperor, Marcus Aurelius, in 180 AD
Stable gov’t, strong legal system, widespread trade
Not much war or invasion The Roman gov’t was the strongest unifying
force in the empire Maintained order and enforced the laws
Romanization: Latin language, Roman clothing, Roman lifestyle was spread throughout the empire
Extension of Roman citizenship to all free adult inhabitants
GLADIATORS
Roman gladiatorial combat originated as a religious event. The Romans claimed that their tradition of gladiatorial games was adopted from the Etruscans
These games symbolized the re-enactment of the Campanians' military success over the Samnites, in which they were aided by the Romans. The first Roman gladiatorial games were held in 246 BCE by Marcus and Decimus Brutus in honor of their father, Junius Brutus
It was a relatively small affair that included the combat of three pairs of slaves in the Forum Boarium
Eventually gladiatorial games reached spectacular heights in the number of combatants and their monumental venues.
Gladiators Gladiators were usually recruited
from criminals, slaves (especially captured fugitives), and prisoners of war. Criminals, having lost their citizen rights and slaves and prisoners of war having none, had no choice about becoming a gladiator, if they had the physical and emotional make-up necessary for the profession
Some free-born men, however, although they had not lost their citizen rights, voluntarily chose the profession and bound themselves body and soul to the owner of a gladiatorial troupe (lanista) by swearing an oath "to endure branding, chains, flogging or death by the sword" and to do whatever the master ordered
When he took the gladiator’s oath, he agreed to be treated as a slave and suffered the ultimate social disgrace (infamia). Seneca describes the oath as "most shameful" (Ep. 37.1-2). As unattractive as this may sound to us, there were advantages. The candidate's life took on new meaning. He became a member of a cohesive group that was known for its courage, good morale, and absolute fidelity to its master to the point of death.
The living conditions of gladiators were harsh but, as profitable investments, they perhaps lived better than many commoners in terms of food, housing, and medical attention. New or undisciplined men were shackled and unattended only in the bathroom, but trained gladiators were not always bound, imprisoned, or even confined to barracks
The gladiator was often the object of female adoration. This is clear in the following graffiti from Pompeii (CIL 4.4397 and 4356):
Celadus the Thracian, three times victor and three times crowned, adored by young girls.
WOMEN!!!! Even women fought as gladiators,
although rarely. Aristocratic women and men fought as an entertainment for Nero in 63 AD. Domitian had women fight by torchlight and on another occasion had women fight with dwarves. Romans loved these exotic gladiatorial combats.
"The men have no defensive armour. They are exposed to blows at all points, and no one ever strikes in vain....There is no helmet or shield to deflect the weapon. What is the need of defensive armour, or of skill? All these mean delaying death....The spectators demand that the slayer shall face the man who is to slay him in his turn; and they always reserve the latest conqueror for another butchering. The outcome of every fight is death, and the means are fire and sword. This sort of thing goes on while the arena is empty" (Epistle VII).
Arenas
Types of Gladiator Games Venationes were usually held in the
morning of game days (but could be offered on their own). Bestiarii, or combatants trained to fight animals, were pitted against wild animals from all over the empire (bullfights and rodeos are the modern heirs and/or equivalents). The slaughter of wildlife in these contests was astonishing. Hundreds of deaths in a day were routine. At the games held by Trajan when he became Emperor, 9,000 were killed.
Morning of the Games began with an elaborate procession
that included the combatants and was led by the sponsor of the games, the editor; in Rome during the imperial period, this usually was the emperor, and in the provinces it was a high-ranking magistrate. The parade and subsequent events were often accompanied by music; the mosaic at right depicts a water organ and the curved horn
The morning's events might begin with mock fights such as this contest. These would be followed by animal displays, sometimes featuring trained animals that performed tricks, but more often staged as hunts (venationes) in which increasingly exotic animals were pitted against each other or hunted and killed by bestiarii
Lunch Break
The lunch break was devoted to executions of criminals who had committed particularly heinous crimes—murder, arson, sacrilege (the Christians, for example, were considered to be guilty of sacrilege and treason, because they refused to participate in rites of the state religion or to acknowledge the divinity of the emperor).
In the afternoon came the high point of the games—individual gladiatorial combats. These were usually matches between gladiators with different types of armor and fighting styles, refereed by a lanista. Although it is popularly believed that these bouts began with the gladiators saying “Those who are about to die salute you,” the only evidence for this phrase is only found in the description of a naumachia staged by Claudius using condemned criminal
After lunch, the gladiatorial contest were held. Originally, gladiators were identified with ethnic names (e.g., Thracian or Samnite) which indicated the kind of weaponry they used, not the actual ethnic identity. In fact, the evidence suggests gladiators fought hard to resist the pseudo-ethnic labeling
Samnites (later called secutores) carried oblong shields and short swords and wore plumed helmets with visors. Thracians carried small round shields and curved daggers
Retiarius (“net-and-trident” fighter): Arm protector (often topped with a high metal shoulder protector), large net, trident, small dagger, no helmet; the retiarius was the only type of gladiator whose head and face were uncovered. Since he wore practically no defensive armor, the retiarius was more mobile than most gladiators but was also more vulnerable to serious wounds
Bestiarius: This was a special type of gladiator trained to handle and fight all sorts of animals. The bestiarii were the lowest ranking gladiators; they did not become as popular or individually well known as other types of gladiators
F. Rise of Christianity Jesus lived in the Roman society and
sought to reform Jewish religious practices
Traveled around preaching people to repent their sins and seek God’s forgiveness
People were to practice humility, mercy, and charity
Roman authorities feared a political uprising and arrested Jesus and sentenced him to death
Paul of Tarsus believed that God had sent him to convert non-Jews
Martyrs = people who die for their faith and thus inspire others to believe
G. Byzantines and Germans Roman rule collapses but is culture is
preserved in the Byzantine empire and its capital Constantinople
Huns and Visigoths from Germany helped destroy Rome
Fall of Rome 476 Many consider this to be the end of the
Western Roman Empire Division of the Roman Empire: To slow the empire’s decline, emperors
Diocletian and Constantine divided the empire into two parts
Western Roman Empire – capital at Rome Eastern Roman Empire – capital at
Byzantium, later renamed Constantinople Lasted another thousand years,
becomes known as the Byzantine Empire
Warm Up1. Explain the Punic Wars and their
importance:2. Define Latifundia and how it impacts
Rome:3. Poor working class of Rome:4. Wealthy landowning class of Rome:5. Pax Romana:6. Spread of Roman culture and ideas:7. Sent to convert non Jews to
Christianity:8. Person who dies for their faith:
II. Origins of Imperial China A. Resources and Populations Agriculture produced wealth and taxes
supported the government B. Hierarchy, Obedience, and Belief Family was the basic unit of society and
ancestors were an important part of the family and were routinely consulted and appeased
Elder male dominated the family Status of women depended on their
social class: women of royalty had political influence, women were expected to be obedient
C. First Chinese empire, 221-207 BCE 221 BCE Qin dynasty unified all of north and
central China Legalism: Believed that human beings are evil
by nature Reject Confucius’ idea of leading by virtue Instead need harsh laws and punishments to
make sure people stay on the correct path A ruler does not need to be compassionate or
show mercy People must be kept in line by fear of
punishment Qin were able to rule with a strong centralized
government, strong bureaucracy, standardized laws, and coinage, and broke the rule of aristocracy
To secure the borders the Qin dynasty begins to construct the Great Wall of China
Qin dynasty required men to serve in the military and required citizens to work one month a year on public buildings
210 BCE Shi Huangdi dies with 7000 clay soldiers!
206 BCE Qin dynasty fell
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080429-warrior-video-ap.html
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/specials/photography-specials/behind-the-shot/terracotta-warriors-mazzatenta.html
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/reuters/3037-terracotta-warriors-exhibit-in-london-video.htm
Army of the Dead The terracotta figures, dating from
210 BC, were discovered in 1974 by several local farmers near Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China near the Mausouleum of the First Qin Emperor
construction of this mausoleum began in 246 BC and involved 700,000 workers
Army of the Dead The figures include warriors, chariots,
horses, officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians. Current estimates are that in the three pits containing the Terracotta Army there were over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which are still buried in the pits
The terracotta figures are life-like and life-sized. They vary in height, uniform and hairstyle in accordance with rank
Bronze Chariots
Shield from the army!
Great Wall of China At that time, the total length of the wall
had already reached 3,107 miles, belonging to different states.
In 221 BC, the Emperor Qin absorbed the other six states and set up the first unified kingdom in Chinese history. In order to strengthen his newly born authority and defend the Huns in the north, he ordered connecting the walls once built by the other states as well as adding some sections of his own. Thus was formed the long Qin's wall which started from the east of today's Liaoning Province and ended at Lintao, Gansu Province.
Eleven Garrisons were distributed along the main line of the wall. The countless walls, fortresses, and watch towers made the country strongly fortified
More than a million people died building this 3,000 mile section more than 300 people per mile.
Three million people--70 percent of China's population at the time--was involved in building the Qin Wall.
The Great Wall's height averages from 15 to 30 feet high it's width averages from 15 to 25 feet wide with about a 13-foot wide roadway on top.
End Ends at the Qilian Mountains
Jiayu Pass is the western starting point of the existing Great Wall, which then crosses deserts and follows mountain ridges for more than five thousand kilometers until it reaches the sea coast in eastern Liaoning Province.
D. Long Reign of the Han, 206 BCE-220 CE
Liu Bang was a peasant who started an uprising that defeated the Qin dynasty
Han dynasty relied on a hybrid of Confucius philosophy with legalistic techniques
Han expanded the empire through Emperor Wu increasing the power and rule of the Han
Han and Qin dynasties built extensive road systems for troops and trade, these roads will eventually connect all of Asia to Europe
Silk road and its impact: Road that linked China to Rome, was
4,000 miles long Traded in luxury goods such as silk,
spices, teas, and ivory Dangerous due to geography and
bandits
Emperor Wu of Han
Influences of Long-distance Trade Brought wealth and access to foreign
products and enabled people to concentrate their efforts on economic activities best suited to their regions
Facilitated the spread of religious traditions beyond their original homelands
Facilitated the transmission of disease
Silk Roads As classical empires reduced the
costs of long-distance trade, merchants began establishing an extensive network of trade routes that linked much of Eurasia and northern Africa
Collectively, these routes are known as the “Silk Roads” because high-quality silk from China was one of the principal commodities exchanged over the roads
Route of the Overland Silk Road
Linked China and the Holy Roman Empire The two extreme ends of Eurasia
Started in the Han capital of Chang’an and went west to the Taklamakan Desert
There the road split into two main branches that skirted the desert to the north and south
Silk Road
It continued west and terminated at the Mediterranean ports of Antioch (in modern Turkey) and Tyre (in modern Lebanon)
Organization of Long-distance Trade Individual merchants usually did not
travel from one end of Eurasia to the other
Instead they handled long-distance trade in stages Chinese, Parthians, Persians, Indians,
Romans, and others would dominate the caravan or maritime trade routes within their empire or territory of influence
Spread of Christianity Antioch, the western
terminus of the overland Silk Roads, was an important center in early Christianity
“Then Barnabas went to Tarsus to look for Saul, and when he found him, he brought him to Antioch. So for a whole year Barnabas and Saul met with the church and taught great numbers of people. The disciples were called Christians first at Antioch.” Acts 11: 25-26
St. Peter’s cave church in Antioch
Spread of Christianity
Paul began his missionary journeys at Antioch
Spread of Disease The Antonine Plague (165-180 A. D.) was a
plague of either smallpox or measles brought back to the Roman Empire by troops returning from campaigns in the Near East Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius
Antoninus was among the victims The disease broke out again nine years
later and the Roman historian Dio Cassius reported it caused up to 2,000 deaths a day at Rome
Total deaths have been estimated at five million
Age of European Exploration Europeans wanted access to those
Asian goods without having to go through the Muslim middlemen
They began seeking maritime trade routes directly to Asia which would largely displace the Silk Roads We’ll discuss this in Lesson 26
E. Technology and Trade Crossbows and cavalry bring great
success to military Watermill: harnessed the power of
running water to turn a grindstone
Chinese were the first to successfully make paper for everyday use
Roads enabled fast military movement and supplies
Most important export in China was silk F. Decline of the Han Empire Imperial court had many weak leaders and court
corruption Nobles and merchants built up large landholdings
hurting small farmers and reducing revenues for the empire
Empire needed more military and hired mercenaries who did not have loyalty for the empire
Like Rome the Han needed more military and the troops are not loyal to the empire
Dynasty fell in 220 CE
The Han Dynasty’s later years were filled with internal conflict, as court officials battled with the emperor and the Taoists. During this time, nomads in the north and near the Korean Peninsula destroyed the Chinese settlements as civil war rocked the Han. In the end, the emperors lost most of their power, and China split into various warring factions that were eventually transformed into three new kingdoms. Both the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire were powerful and impressive. They both fell because of weak leaders and power hungry individuals. The Han practice of concubinage led to much violence and strife in the royal family, causing disunity and internal conflict. Regents often attempted to seize power. Love of money led to the precarious situations of Rome’s later emperors, as soldiers demanded gold for loyalty. In both empires, corruption of government contributed to the bitterness of the common people. These two empires could not escape the corruption of human nature.