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Why was Cotton King up until

1860?

•Cotton was 2/3 of the total export trade of the U.S.

Who was running for president in the Election

of 1860?

GOP = Lincoln

Northern Demo = S. Douglas

S. Demo = Breckinridge

Constitutional Union = Bell

Why did Lincoln win the presidency in 1860?

The Democratic Party split in two when

Stephen Douglas won the party’s nomination.

What state seceded 1st from the Union in Dec. 1860?

South Carolina

Where were the 1st shots of the Civil War first AND who

fired them?

•Fort Sumter, SC

•SC fired them 1st

What was Lincoln’s main purpose for fighting the Civil War when it started in 1861?

To preserve the Union and protect federal

property.

What did Lincoln say in his 1st Inaugural Address in

1861?

Lincoln's inaugural address combined a number of measures.

1. Wanted reconciliation w/ seceded states. He had no interest in anything concerning the slave laws.2. He pledged to "hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the government"3. He argued that the Federal Union indissolvable. 4. He promised that — while he would not be the first to attack — any force of arms used against the U.S. would be regarded as rebellion and met w/ force.

What did Lincoln say in his 2nd Inaugural Address in 1865?

“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the

right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan,

to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace

among ourselves and all nations.”

What was the Union’s plan for defeating the

C.S.A./South?

Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan:

•Blockade the Atlantic & Gulf Coast

•Get Miss. River dividing the C.S.A. in two.

•Take the interior of the South

•Capture Richmond

What advantages did the Union have over the C.S.A.?

•More industry

•Naval superiority

•More railroads

•More guns

•Dominance in foreign trade overall

•Larger population

How did the Civil War affect the economy of the U.S.?

•Created a more uniform nat’l banking system

•Caused runaway inflation in the South

•Allowed trusts (monopolies) to form

•Transcontinental rr built

What states made up the C.S.A.?

GA,SC,TX,LA,Miss., AL, FL, NC,

VA, Ark, TN

What were Border States?

•Slave states that separated the Union from the C.S.A.

•Did NOT join the C.S.A.

•Emancipation Proclamation did NOT apply to them.

How & why were civil liberties denied to Border states during

the Civil War?

•How? Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus; martial law; speech & press restricted

•Why? To make sure they didn’t join the C.S.A.

How & why were civil liberties denied to people living in the

Union?

Northerners were conscripted against their will or forced to

pay a sub

What was the Trent Affair?

•Union impressed a British ship carrying two CSA

diplomats.

•Lincoln forced to release them to avoid a war with

Britain.

How did Britain & France respond to the Civil War?

They pursued CAUTIOUS policies toward both

sides even though they saw advantages with

both sides.

What was the Union’s greatest fear from 1861-

1863?

That the British would recognize the CSA as a sovereign nation & ally

with it.

List 9 major battles of the Civil War.

•1st Bull Run

•2nd Bull Run

•Antietam

•Shiloh

•Vicksburg

•Gettysburg

•Atlanta

•Petersburg

•Richmond

Who was the most effective Union

General?

U.S. Grant

What was the bloodiest single day battle of the

Civil War?

Antietam 1862 (MD)

When did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation

& why?

•1863

•Lincoln wanted to deliver it after a Union victory (Antietam) to give the

North a better moral purpose.

•Now purpose is to fight for liberty & freedom for ALL men.

Why didn’t Lincoln emancipate the slaves in the CSA in 1861?

Feared the Border states would

secede.

When did the Union pass the Conscription Act AND what is the effect in NYC?

•1863

•Irish riot and commit violence against black

people

What was a copperhead?

•Northern Democrat who wanted peace with the CSA at ANY price.•They did NOT support

the war effort at all.

What country challenged the Monroe Doctrine

during the Civil War AND how?

•France

•Invaded and took over Mexico

What is the mnemonic for remembering the legislation passed during the Civil War

by the GOP?

A.P. History Makes Me Nauseas

What legislation was passed by the GOP

Congress during the Civil War?

•Abolition of slavery

•Pacific RR Act

•Homestead Act

•Morrill Tariff

•Morrill Land Grant

•National Banking Act

Before the Homestead Act, what was the general

trend regarding price & minimum # of acres to purchase federal land in

the West?

•Prices were rising & the # of minimum acres were

rising as well.

•Bad for common man.

What did Homestead Act state?

160 acres of free land if you made a homestead & worked it for a min. of 5

years.

What was the Pacific RR Act?

•Fed’l gov’t subsidized the building of northern transcontinental RR.-2 companies: Union Pacific & Central Pacific built it.-Received $ and land grants.-Met at Promontory Point, Utah

Who immigrates to the U.S. during and after the Civil War to help build the

transcontinental rr?

Chinese

What was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War?

Gettysburg (PA) = 60,000 casualties

What is the turning point of the Civil War & what

YEAR?

•1863

•Battles of Vicksburg & Gettysburg

Who did Lincoln run against for president in

1864?

George McClellan

What political party was Lincoln in 1864 & why?

Union Party

Why does Lincoln win re-election in 1864?

General Sherman’s “March to the Sea” and Union victories in the South.

What are the two main types of Reconstruction?

•Presidential Reconstruction

•Congressional Reconstruction

What are the two types of Presidential

Reconstruction?

-Lincoln’s 10% Plan

-Johnson’s Amnesty Plan

What was Congressional Reconstruction?

•Radical Reconstruction

•Military Reconstruction Act

What was the purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau?

•To feed, adjust & educate (schools) former slaves• Promised 40 acres & a mule•Tried to help them get employment w/ labor contracts• Tried to economically help them adjust•Carpetbaggers

What is a carpetbagger?

•Northerner who came to the South after the Civil War (Freedmen’s Bureau)

•Image is they got rich off the South.

What is a scalawag?

Southerner who sympathized with the

Union and the freedmen.

What is sharecropping?

•Freedmen & many small white farmers became trapped in this new system of economic exploitation in the South.

•In exchange for land, a cabin, and supplies sharecroppers agreed to raise a cash crop and give half the crop to their landlord.

•High interests rates charged for goods bought on credit transformed sharecropping into a system of economic dependency and poverty.

What was the Wade-Davis Bill

(1864)?

•It was a bill passed by the Radical GOPs in Congress.

•Harsher plan than Lincoln’s.

•Required over 50% of the CSA to taken an “ironclad oath” of

allegiance to the U.S. before reentering.

•Lincoln pocket vetoed it!

What was Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction?

10% Plan: When 10% op pop. Of a state (based on the 1860 census) swears an oath of allegiance to

the Union, that state can regain it’s rights in the

Union.

Who assassinated Pres. Lincoln at Ford’s Theater

(April 15, 1865)?

John Wilkes Booth

Who assumes the presidency upon Lincoln’s

death?

VP Andrew Johnson

What was Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction?

•Lenient Plan

•Lincoln’s 10% Plan + 13th Amendment + Amnesty for all CSA

•Except CSA officers & people w/ more than $20,000

•Pres. Pardons available

What are the requirements for the former Confederate

states under the Reconstruction Act of

1867?

- They would be divided into 5 military districts headed by Union generals. - Voters, including African Americans, would elect delegates to draft new constitutions giving black men the right to vote.

- They had to ratify the 14th Amendment to be readmitted to the Union.

What’s the best word to describe Lincoln's original plan for Reconstruction, which Johnson largely

followed?

lenient

What did the 13th Amendment do?

Abolish slavery

Why is the midterm election of 1866

significant?

Radical Republicans gained a 2/3rd majority in

both the House & the Senate.

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Who are the Radical Republican leaders in

Congress after the 1866 election?

•Speaker of the House of Rep. = Thaddeus Stevens

•Senate Majority Leader = Charles Sumner

What was the BIG constitutional question

after the Civil War?

•Did the Southern states actually secede or were they merely in rebellion?

•Lincoln & Johnson believed in rebellion

•Radical GOP Congress believed they left

What was the purpose of the Military Reconstruction

Act of 1867?

To restrict the power of the president over

Reconstruction AND to punish the South.

Also, to take power & vote away from former CSA leaders

What did the 14th Amendment do?

•Granted citizenship to former slaves and black people of the North.

•Protected citizens from the States!

•States can’t deprive citizens of life, liberty, or property w/out due process of law.

•Equal Protection of the laws = States must enforce laws equally for all citizens.

Why does Sec. of State Seward

purchase Alaska for $7 million from Russia in 1867?

•Seward was an expansionist.

•He wanted to the spread U.S. influence throughout the Pacific as a means of enhancing the nation’s trade and military standing.

•Seward’s Folly/ Seward’s Ice Box

What were “Jim Crow” laws and when did they

start getting passed in the South?

When? 1866 in reaction to the Civil Rights Act of 1866

What? Black codes or state laws limiting the new

freedmen’s civil liberties (economic & personal

freedoms)

Why did U.S. Grant win the presidential election of

1868?

•Civil War Union hero

•Votes of former slaves in the South gave him an

edge.

•Not surprising he was a BIG supporter of the 15th

Amend.

Why did many Southern states change their voting

qualifications adding literacy tests, poll taxes,

and grandfather clauses to qualify to vote?

Southern Democrats didn’t want freedmen to

be able to vote.

South didn’t want freedmen in political

office.

What is Pres. Grant’s administration or

presidency famous for?

•SCANDALS

List two scandals that occurred during Grant’s

administration.

•Credit Mobilier Scandal

•Whiskey Ring

•Gold Ring/Black Friday

•Tweed Ring

What was the Credit Mobilier Scandal?

•U.S. Congressmen were stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad. •In 1867, two Congressmen formed Crédit Mobilier, a dummy construction company fobbed off as responsible for completing the transcontinental railway's last 600 miles.• In the process, U.P. stockholders and the federal government were bilked out of millions of dollars.

•When it appeared that an investigation was going to be launched, the Congressmen who formed the company bribed influential congressmen and were able to head off scrutiny. •Nevertheless, the fraud was exposed in 1872. •It was apparent that VP Schuyler Colfax had been bribed with stock. House Speaker James A. Garfield was linked to the dealings, but his participation was never proven. •Despite the loss of $20 million (a huge sum in the 1870s), no prosecutions ever occurred.

What was the Whiskey Ring?

•After the Civil War, federal liquor taxes were raised to extremely high rates to help pay off the cost of the fighting.

•To avoid the high tax, many of the nation’s distillers bribed officials in the Department of the Treasury, to pay lower taxes.

•The Sec. of Treasury discovered the dishonesty and launched a massive investigation.

•In the end, more than 100 officials were convicted. Grant, much to his discredit, successfully shielded his private secretary, Orville E. Babcock.

What was the Gold Ring that caused Black Friday?

•In 1869, speculators Jim Fisk and Jay Gould attempted to corner the nation’s gold market by buying up

lots of gold at cheaper prices & then selling it after gold prices

soared.•Caused gold prices to tank & hurt

the economy.•#####################

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What did the 15th Amendment do?

•Gave all male citizens (black & white) the right

to vote.

How did the Southern states respond to the 15th

Amendment?

•Pass Jim Crow state laws adding voting qualifications like:•Literacy tests•Grandfather clauses•Poll taxes

Who was running for president in 1876?

•GOP = Hayes (Union officer)

•Democrat = Tilden (NY)

What problem occurred in the presidential election of

1876?

•Tilden won the popular vote and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes's 165, with 20 votes uncounted.

The 20 electoral votes in dispute in 3 states: (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina); each party reported its candidate had won the state.

What was the Corrupt Bargain #2 or the

Compromise of 1877?

•GOP/North wins the election by getting all 20 disputed EC votes.•Democrats/South are “redeemed.” The GOP agree to end Military Reconstruction.

Why did Congressional Reconstruction end in

1877?

•Election of 1876 was contested.•Ended in basically a tie between GOP Hayes & Demo. Tilden.

•Compromise of 1877/Corrupt Bargain #2

What is the legacy of Reconstruction for most

African Americans?

•Poverty & discrimination

What are the effects of Reconstruction?

1. KKK emerged in the South2. 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments3. Black men elected to state federal

congress4. GOP splits into 2 factions: Radicals

(Half-Breeds) and Conservatives (Stalwarts)

5. Sharecropping/tenant farming6. Johnson impeached & Legislative

Branch dominates7. Freedmen’s Bureau &

carpetbaggers8. Jim Crow laws9. Public education in South

Who was the 1st black U.S. Senator?

Hiram Revels (Mississippi)